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1
Wigley, A. "WAP." Computer Bulletin 42, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/combul/42.5.32.
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Dulz, Winfried. "WAP." Informatik-Spektrum 23, no. 4 (August 21, 2000): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002870000113.
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Phoha, V. V., and R. Bangalore. "To WAP or not to WAP? [Letters]." Computer 33, no. 10 (October 2000): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2000.876286.
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Nursahid, Hanafi, Rukmowati Brotodjojo, and Oktavia Sarhesti Padmini. "THE EFFECT OF Beauveria bassiana APPLICATION TO CONTROL MAIN PESTS OF STRING BEANS (Vigna sinensis) ON PLANT DAMAGE AND YIELD." Agrivet 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/agrivet.v25i1.4182.
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String beans productivity decreases every year. One of the causes is pest attacks. Pest control using Beauveria bassiana is an enviromentally friendly pest control. The aim of this study was to determine of the effect B. bassiana’s application to control string beans main pests, determine the best B. bassiana application frequency to control pest attacks and determine the correlation between main pests population and plant damage and yield of string beans. This study was conducted in Krebet, Sendangsari, Pajangan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta in Januari – April 2019. This study used a single factor experiment arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). This study used the following treatments: once application of B. bassiana at 5 weeks after planting (wap), two times application of B. bassiana at 3 wap (week after planting) and 7 wap, three times application of B. bassiana at 3 wap, 5 wap and 7 wap, four times application of B. bassiana at 3 wap, 4 wap, 6 wap and 7 wap, five times application of B. bassiana at 3 wap, 4 wap, 5 wap, 6 wap and 7 wap, negative control (without B. bassiana application) and positive control (synthetic insectiside profenofos application). The results of the study showed that B. bassiana could control Aphis craccivora. The best B. bassiana application frequency was 5 times at 3 wap, 4 wap, 5 wap, 6 wap and 7 wap. Leaves damage increased as the population of leaf beetles increased. Yield of string beans decreased as the population of A. craccivora and leaf beetles increased as well as the leaves damage increased.Keyword: main pests, Beauveria bassiana, damage, string beans, yield
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Meyers, Stephen L., Katherine M. Jennings, and David W. Monks. "Sweetpotato Tolerance and Palmer Amaranth Control with Metribuzin and Oryzalin." Weed Technology 31, no. 6 (September 14, 2017): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.56.
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Field studies were conducted in Clinton, NC in 2007 and 2009 to determine sweetpotato crop response and Palmer amaranth control with metribuzin and oryzalin. Treatments consisted of 140 and 202 g ai ha−1metribuzin applied immediately after transplanting [0 wk after transplanting (WAP)] or 2 WAP, 560 and 1121 g ha−1oryzalin 0 WAP, and tank mixes of metribuzin (140 or 202 g ha−1) and oryzalin (560 or 1,121 g ha−1) 0 WAP. At 2 WAP, metribuzin alone applied 0 WAP resulted in greater crop injury (33%) than oryzalin alone (1%), and the tank mix of metribuzin plus oryzalin resulted in greater crop injury (49%) than either herbicide applied alone. Greater crop injury occurred when metribuzin was applied at 202 g ha−1(54%) than 140 g ha−1(34%). Levels of injury were similar at 4 WAP (34, 8, and 52% for metribuzin, oryzalin, and the tank mix, respectively). At 4 WAP, injury from metribuzin was greater when it was applied 0 WAP (34%) compared to 2 WAP (18%). By 10 WAP, injury from metribuzin applied at 2 WAP was only 4%. At 4 WAP, Palmer amaranth control was excellent for all treatments and ≥98%. At 10 WAP, control among treatments ranged from 77% to 85%. Palmer amaranth control provided by metribuzin was similar for applications made 0 WAP (78%) and 2 WAP (77%). Oryzalin alone provided similar control (85%) to metribuzin alone 0 WAP, but greater control than the tank mix (77%). Neither metribuzin nor oryzalin rate differed in weed control provided at 10 WAP. Oryzalin 0 WAP and metribuzin 2 WAP provided no. 1 sweetpotato yields equivalent to the hand-weeded check. No. 1 yields of all other treatments were less than the hand-weeded check but greater than the weedy check.
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Meyers, Stephen L., Katherine M. Jennings, and David W. Monks. "Sweetpotato Response to Simulated Glyphosate Wick Drip." Weed Technology 31, no. 1 (January 2017): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-16-00073.1.
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Field studies were conducted in 2009 at Clinton, NC and 2014 at Pontotoc, MS to determine the influence of simulated glyphosate drip on sweetpotato yield and quality. Treatments consisted of three glyphosate solution (140 g ae L–1) drip volumes (0.16, 0.32 and 0.48 ml) by four application timings [(4 wk after transplanting (WAP); 6 WAP; 8 WAP; and 4 WAP followed by (fb) 6 WAP fb 8 WAP]. A non-treated check was included for comparison. Visual sweetpotato injury consisted of chlorosis at the shoot tips approximately 1 wk after treatment fb necrosis and stunting. At 6 WAP and 8 WAP, sweetpotato injury following glyphosate applied 4 WAP was 71 and 65%, respectively. Injury from glyphosate applied 4 WAP fb 6 WAP was 78%. Injury from glyphosate applied 6 WAP was 26% at 8 WAP. In 2009, jumbo, no. 1, canner, and marketable yield of the non-treated check were two to three times greater than glyphosate treatments (0.16, 0.32, 0.48 ml). Likewise, yield of the non-treated check was substantially greater than those treated with 0.16 to 0.48 ml glyphosate solution in 2014. In 2009 and 2014, sweetpotato yield of all grades increased as glyphosate application timing was delayed. In 2009, no. 1 yield from glyphosate 8 WAP (8,210 kg ha–1) was similar to the non-treated check. In 2009, there were no cracked storage roots in the non-treated check. However, sweetpotatoes receiving 0.16 to 0.48 ml glyphosate solution displayed 8 to 17%, 11 to 18%, 5 to 13%, and 11 to 16% cracking (by weight) in jumbo, no. 1, canner, and marketable storage roots, respectively. Compared to the non-treated check, glyphosate applied 4 WAP, 6 WAP, or 4 WAP fb 6 WAP fb 8 WAP had a greater percentage of cracked marketable sweetpotato storage roots.
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Michael, Gerald. "WAP plan." British Journal of General Practice 68, no. 669 (March 28, 2018): 176.3–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x695441.
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Kaiser, Mark J., and Allan G. Pulsipher. "WAP explained." Energy Policy 32, no. 16 (November 2004): 1843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(03)00175-7.
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Anantharam, Parasuram. "Practical WAP." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 27, no. 2 (March 2002): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/511152.511165.
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Gwo-Jen Hwang, J. C. R. Tseng, and Yu-San Huang. "I-WAP: an intelligent WAP site management system." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 1, no. 2 (April 2002): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2002.1038345.
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Odeleye, F. O., O. M. O. Odeleye, J. K. Vessey, Z. Dong, and H. N. Ebuzome. "Response of cucumber to timing of fertilizer application in southwest Nigeria." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, Special Issue (December 1, 2006): 1391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-105.
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A field trial was conducted at the experimental farm of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, to determine the growth and yield response of cucumber (cv. Poinsett) to timing of fertilizer application. Fertilizer (20:10:10), at the rate of 150 kg N ha-1, was applied at: planting, 3 weeks after planting (WAP) and 6 WAP. Similarly, split applications were given at planting + 3 WAP, at planting + 6 WAP and at 3 WAP + 6 WAP. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with seven treatments (six fertilizer application treatments plus a non fertilizer control) and four replications. Means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% level of significance. In general, plants that were fertilized performed better than control plants in terms of vegetative growth and yield. A split application at 3 WAP + 6 WAP performed the best in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Fertilizer applied once-over at 6 WAP was the least beneficial; application of fertilizer once-over at planting, or a split application at planting + 3 WAP, resulted in a high level of vegetative growth but lower fruit yield compared with the split application at 3 WAP + 6 WAP. Key words: Cucumber, N-P-K., time of application, vegetative growth, fruit yield
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Xu, Hong Yun. "Research and Design of WAP-Based Mobile E-Commerce System." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.403.
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WAP technology is the world's leading standards that the mobile terminals access wireless information services, through which you can access internet anytime and anywhere. This paper describes the basic concepts and characteristics of WAP, analyze its implementation framework in detail, study the WAP development model, and problems should be pay attention to in WAP development, at the same time a practical business development example based on WAP is given to illustrate how to build e-commerce system based on WAP.
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Irwanto, Irwanto, Rustam Baraq Noor, and Abdul Rofik. "Pengaruh Perendaman Air Kelapa Dan Rootone F Terhadap Pertumbuhan Stek Tanaman Nilam (Pogstemon cablin, Benth)." Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 8, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v8i2.795.
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This study aims to determine the growth rate of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin, Benth) with f rotoone administration and coconut water. The research was conducted on land peraktek Polytechnic State Agricultural Samarinda time for 2 months starting from the month of June to August 2016. The research design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 6 replications. treatment is a0 = control, a1 = Immersion Coconut Water with a concentration of 50% pure coconut water, a2 = Immersion Coconut Water with a concentration of 100% pure coconut water, a3 = Immersion Rootone F with a concentration of 50 grams, a4 = basting mixture Coconut Water 50% with a mixture of 50 grams Rootone F, basting mixture a5 = 100% Coconut Water with a mixture Rootone F 50 grams. Results of analysis of variance showed that the Effects of Immersion Water Oil And Rootone F on Growth Cuttings Plant Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin, Benth) a very significant effect on the number of shoots 2 weeks after planting, plant height 2 WAP, 6 WAP, stem diameter 2 WAP, 4 WAP, 6 WAP and 8 WAP. real effect on the number of parameters shoots 4 WAP, 6 WAP, 8 WAP, plant height 4 and 8 WAP.
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Fitzgerald, Dominic A. "Written action plans (WAP) for children with asthma: Shoo be do wah or should we do WAP?" Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal 2, no. 2 (2007): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ebch.143.
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Meyers, Stephen L., Katherine M. Jennings, Jonathan R. Schultheis, and David W. Monks. "Evaluation of Wick-Applied Glyphosate for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Sweetpotato." Weed Technology 30, no. 3 (September 2016): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-16-00024.1.
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Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Clinton, NC to determine the effect of glyphosate applied POST via a Dixie wick applicator on Palmer amaranth control and sweetpotato yield and quality. In 2007, treatments consisted of glyphosate wicked sequentially 6 and 8 wk after transplanting (WAP) and glyphosate wicked sequentially 6 and 8 WAP followed by (fb) rotary mowing 9 WAP. In 2008, treatments consisted of glyphosate wicked once 4 or 7 WAP, wicked sequentially 4 and 7 WAP, mowed once 4 WAP, and mowed 4 WAP fb wicking 7 WAP. In 2008, Palmer amaranth control 6 WAP varied by location and averaged 10 and 58% for plots wicked 4 WAP. Palmer amaranth contacted by the wicking apparatus were controlled, but weeds shorter than the wicking height escaped treatment. Palmer amaranth control 9 WAP was greater than 90% for all treatments wicked 7 WAP. Competition prior to and between glyphosate treatments contributed to large sweetpotato yield losses. Treatments consisting of glyphosate 7 or 8 WAP (in 2007 and 2008, respectively) frequently had greater no. 1 and marketable yields compared to the weedy control. However, jumbo, no. 1, and marketable yields for all glyphosate and mowing treatments were generally less than half the hand-weeded check. Cracked sweetpotato roots were observed in glyphosate treatments and percent cracking (by weight) in those plots ranged from 1 to 12% for no. 1 roots, and 1 to 6% for marketable roots. Findings from this research suggest wicking might be useful in a salvage scenario, but only after currently registered preemergence herbicides and between-row cultivation have failed to control Palmer amaranth and other weed species below the sweetpotato canopy.
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MacRae, Andrew W., David W. Monks, Roger B. Batts, and Allan C. Thornton. "Sweetpotato Tolerance to Thifensulfuron Applied Postemergence." Weed Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 928–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-179.1.
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An experiment was conducted at two locations in 2003 and 2004 to determine the timing and rate of thifensulfuron that is safe to use on sweetpotato. Thifensulfuron was applied 1, 2, and 4 wk after transplanting (WAP) in 2003 and 4, 6, and 8 WAP in 2004. Within each timing, thifensulfuron treatments were 1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 4.3, and 8.5 g ai/ha plus a weed-free control. The 1 and 2 WAP timings of thifensulfuron reduced the yield of number 1 roots greater than 25%. The 4, 6, and 8 WAP timings had less than 15% reduction in yield, with the 6 WAP timing reducing number 1 roots and total yield 10% or less. When 4.3 g/ha of thifensulfuron was applied 4 WAP, total yield was reduced 13%. The 6 and 8 WAP timings had little yield reduction, with no rate response observed. Application of 4.3 g/ha of thifensulfuron at 6 WAP would allow for control of problematic weed species while limiting potential yield loss. Yield loss from a 4 WAP application of thifensulfuron may in fact be a delay in crop maturity that could be recovered if the sweetpotato harvest was delayed to allow for the optimal amount of number 1 grade roots to be produced.
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Dale, T. C., M. J. Krnacik, C. Schmidhauser, C. L. Yang, M. J. Bissell, and J. M. Rosen. "High-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein gene is mediated by elements in the promoter and 3' untranslated region." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 3 (March 1992): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.3.905-914.1992.
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The high-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) gene in transgenic mice depends on the interaction of 5'-flanking promoter sequences and intragenic sequences. Constructs containing 949 bp of promoter sequences and only 70 bp of 3'-flanking DNA were expressed at uniformly high levels, comparable to or higher than that of the endogenous gene. Although this WAP transgene was developmentally regulated, it was expressed earlier during pregnancy than was the endogenous WAP gene. Replacement of 3' sequences, including the WAP poly(A) addition site, with simian virus 40 late poly(A) sequences resulted in an approximately 20-fold reduction in the expression of WAP mRNA in the mammary gland during lactation. Nevertheless, position-independent expression of the transgene was still observed. Further deletion of 91 bp of conserved WAP 3' untranslated region (UTR) led to integration site-dependent expression. Position independence was restored following reinsertion of the WAP 3' UTR into the deleted construct at the same location, but only when the insertion was in the sense orientation. The marked differences observed between the expression levels of the 3'-end deletion constructs in transgenic mice were not seen in transfected CID 9 mammary epithelial cells. In these cells, expression of the endogenous WAP gene was dependent on the interaction of these cells with a complex extracellular matrix. In contrast, the transfected WAP constructs were not dependent on extracellular matrix for expression. Thus, both the abnormal expression of WAP in cells cultured on plastic and the precocious developmental expression of WAP in transgenic mice may reflect the absence of a negative control element(s) within these recombinant constructs.
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Dale, T. C., M. J. Krnacik, C. Schmidhauser, C. L. Yang, M. J. Bissell, and J. M. Rosen. "High-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein gene is mediated by elements in the promoter and 3' untranslated region." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 3 (March 1992): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.3.905.
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The high-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) gene in transgenic mice depends on the interaction of 5'-flanking promoter sequences and intragenic sequences. Constructs containing 949 bp of promoter sequences and only 70 bp of 3'-flanking DNA were expressed at uniformly high levels, comparable to or higher than that of the endogenous gene. Although this WAP transgene was developmentally regulated, it was expressed earlier during pregnancy than was the endogenous WAP gene. Replacement of 3' sequences, including the WAP poly(A) addition site, with simian virus 40 late poly(A) sequences resulted in an approximately 20-fold reduction in the expression of WAP mRNA in the mammary gland during lactation. Nevertheless, position-independent expression of the transgene was still observed. Further deletion of 91 bp of conserved WAP 3' untranslated region (UTR) led to integration site-dependent expression. Position independence was restored following reinsertion of the WAP 3' UTR into the deleted construct at the same location, but only when the insertion was in the sense orientation. The marked differences observed between the expression levels of the 3'-end deletion constructs in transgenic mice were not seen in transfected CID 9 mammary epithelial cells. In these cells, expression of the endogenous WAP gene was dependent on the interaction of these cells with a complex extracellular matrix. In contrast, the transfected WAP constructs were not dependent on extracellular matrix for expression. Thus, both the abnormal expression of WAP in cells cultured on plastic and the precocious developmental expression of WAP in transgenic mice may reflect the absence of a negative control element(s) within these recombinant constructs.
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Sebayang, Nico Syahputra, Diah Eka Puspita, and Surya Basri. "Different Planting Media in Barangan Banana (Musa Acuminata Colla) Breeding in Southeast Aceh." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 1, no. 3 (February 19, 2019): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v1i3.473.
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Many banana plants in Indonesia have been cultivated by the community, one banana plant that has a high potential and has a chance to be developed is barangan banana (Musa acuminata Colla). The aim of this study is to find out the response of the growth of banana suckers using different planting media. This study was conducted in Kumbang Jaya Village of Badar District of Southeast Aceh Regency, which took place from April to June 2017. A non factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 3 levels of treatment with 4 replications was used as a research design in this study. The level of treatment is PM1: soil without mixture, PM2: soil + manure + sand (1: 1: 1) and PM3: soil + husk + sand (1: 1: 1). Parameters observed were plant height aged 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting (WAP), stem diameter aged 2, 4, 6 and 8 WAP and number of leaves aged 2, 4, 6 and 8 WAP. The results showed that different planting media had a very significant effect on plant height at 8 WAP, number of leaves aged 6 WAP and significantly affected the stem diameter of 8 WAP. But the effect was not significant on plant height aged 2, 4 and 6 WAP, stem diameter aged 2, 4 and 6 WAP and the number of leaves aged 2, 4 and 8 WAP. For plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves aged 2, 4 and 6 WAP, the growth produced by each treatment tends to be the same
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Kusuma, Ridho Ari, Suswati Suswati, and Erwin Pane. "Pengaruh Pemberian Kompos Paitan (Tithonia Diversifolia) dan Nanopartikel Cangkang Telur Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum)." Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian ( JIPERTA) 3, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiperta.v3i1.434.
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This study aims to determine the effect of giving Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) compost, Eggshell Nanoparticles, and a combination of giving Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) compost and eggshell nanoparticles simultaneously on growth and production of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum). This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with two research factors, namely giving paitan compost (P0 = without applying fertilizer; P1 = 0. 5 kg / plot; P2 = 1 kg / plot; P3 = 1. 5 kg / plot) and giving egg shell nanoparticles (N0 = without giving nanoparticles; N1= 1 g / plot; N2 = 1. 5 g / plot; N3 = 2 g / plot), repeated 2 times. eggshell nanoparticles had a very significant effect on plant height at the age of 2. 4 and 5 WAP, on the number of leaves at 3 WAP, and had a significant effect on plant height at 3 and 6 WAP, on the number of leaves 2 and 4 WAP but not significant effect on plant height 7 and 8 WAP, on the number of leaves at 5 to 8 WAP, and other parameters. The combination effectiveness of paitan compost and eggshell nanoparticles had a very significant effect on the number of leaves at 2 and 3 WAP, and had a significant effect on the number of leaves at 4 WAP but had no significant effect on plant height at 2 to 8 WAP, for the number of leaves at 5 to 8 MST and on other parameters
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Guevara-Ibarra, Dinael, Byron Medina-Delgado, and Luis Leonardo Camargo-Ariza. "Diseño y montaje de una página wap que implemente el acceso a la información académica de la universidad francisco de paula santander." Respuestas 8, no. 1 (June 18, 2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.708.
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WAP es la sigla del protocolo para aplicaciones inalámbricas (Wireless Application Protocol) y es el medio de transporte de las comunicaciones entre los dispositivos sin cable y servidores. La Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander contará a partir del segundo semestre de 2003 con un portal WAP que permitirá a los estudiantes e interesados, consultar la información de la institución utilizando los beneficios de un equipo de comunicaciones móviles (celular). En este artículo se describen brevemente las bases teóricas que fueron objeto de estudio para la realización del proyecto de la página WAP de la institución como lo es el estándar WAP, las capas del protocolo WAP, los componentes y el modelo de operación de un sistema WAP, y el lenguaje de programación para desarrollar aplicaciones WAP; además, se exponen los parámetros que se tuvieron en cuenta para la selección de la información que se desea mostrar en el portal y las herramientas utilizadas en la elaboración y montaje de la página de Internet Móvil de la Universidad Francisco de Paula SantanderPalabras Clave : WML; WMLScript; DTD;Gateway
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Sriskanthan, N., P. K. Meher, G. S. Ng, and C. K. Heng. "WAP-teletext system." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 50, no. 1 (February 2004): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2004.1277852.
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Quah, Jon T. S., and Vincent L. H. Seet. "Adaptive WAP portals." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 7, no. 4 (December 2008): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2007.09.002.
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Meyers, Stephen L., Katherine M. Jennings, and David W. Monks. "‘Covington' Sweetpotato Tolerance to Flumioxazin Applied POST-Directed." Weed Technology 28, no. 1 (March 2014): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00092.1.
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Field studies were conducted at Clinton, NC (2009, 2010), and Kinston, NC (2010), to determine ‘Covington' sweetpotato tolerance to flumioxazin applied after transplanting. Flumioxazin was directed to 25% of the sweetpotato vine beginning at the distal end (shoot tip), 25% of the vine beginning at the proximal end (crown), or to the entire vine (over-the-top) and was applied at 2 or 5 wk after transplanting (WAP). Applications made at 2 WAP resulted in 10 to 16% foliar necrosis at 3 WAP. Necrosis was transient and ≤ 2% by 6 WAP. Stunting injury at 6 WAP for flumioxazin applied at 2 WAP was greatest (12%) with the over-the-top application, followed by crown (5%), and shoot tip (1%) applications. Applications made at 5 WAP resulted in 35, 23, and 15% foliar necrosis at 6 WAP for over-the-top, crown, and shoot tip applications, respectively. By 12 WAP, stunting injury for all treatments was ≤ 3%. No. 1, jumbo, canner, and total marketable sweetpotato yield of the nontreated check was 36,670; 7,610; 7,170; and 51,450 kg ha−1, respectively. No. 1 and total marketable sweetpotato yields were reduced when flumioxazin was applied at 2 or 5 WAP. No. 1 sweetpotato yield was reduced when flumioxazin was applied to the crown or over-the-top (27,240 and 28,330 kg ha−1, respectively). Sweetpotato receiving flumioxazin applied to the shoot tip had similar no. 1 (31,770 kg ha−1) yields as the nontreated check, crown, and over-the-top applications. Total marketable sweetpotato yield was reduced by flumioxazin application to shoot tip, crown, and over-the-top (45,350; 40,100; 40,370 kg ha−1, respectively). Neither flumioxazin application timing nor placement influenced either jumbo- or canner-grade sweetpotato yields. Currently, after-transplant applications of flumioxazin do not appear to be a suitable fit for POST weed control in North Carolina sweetpotato production systems.
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Imai, Tsuyoshi, Masao Ukita, Jun Liu, Masahiko Sekine, Hiroshi Nakanishi, and Masayuki Fukagawa. "Advanced start up of UASB reactors by adding of water absorbing polymer." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0616.
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We have developed a new approach to enhance granulation by adding water absorbing polymer (WAP) particles into the inoculated digested sludge. In this study, the effect of adding WAP on formation of anaerobic granular sludge was evaluated in lab-scale UASB reactors using two typical synthetic wastewater, i.e. glucose or volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture solution. In addition, side by side with the lab-scale experiment, a pilot-scale experiment using the VFA mixture was carried out to evaluate the availability of accelerated start-up by adding WAP. The development of granular sludge was significantly enhanced by adding WAP. Granules developed on glucose and VFAs had high methanogenic activities and good settleability. From results of lab-scale experiment, the recommended dosage of WAP was about 750 mg/l of reactor volume. The results, pilot-scale experiment, indicated the availability of accelerated start-up by adding WAP.
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Lim, Wee Shiong, Wee Kooi Cheah, Noorhazlina Ali, Huey Charn Han, Philomena Vasantha Anthony, Mark Chan, and Mei Sian Chong. "Worry about performance: a unique dimension of caregiver burden." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 4 (January 2, 2014): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213002445.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Recent studies that describe the multidimensionality of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) challenge the traditional dual-factor paradigm of personal and role strains (Whitlatch et al., 1991). These studies consistently reported a distinct dimension of worry about caregiver performance (WaP) comprising items 20 and 21.The present study aims to compare WaP against conventional ZBI domains in a predominantly Chinese multi-ethnic Asian population.Methods:We studied 130 consecutive dyads of family caregivers and patients. Factor analysis of the 22-item ZBI revealed four factors of burden. We compared WaP (factor 4) with the other three factors, personal strain, and role strain via: internal consistency; inter-factor correlation; item-to-total ratio across Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) stages; predictors of burden; and interaction effect on total ZBI score using two-way analysis of variance.Results:WaP correlated poorly with the other factors (r = 0.05–0.21). It had the highest internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.92) among the factors. Unlike other factors, WaP was highly endorsed in mild cognitive impairment and did not increase linearly with disease severity, peaking at CDR 1. Multiple regression revealed younger caregiver age as the major predictor of WaP, compared with behavioral and functional problems for other factors. There was a significant interaction between WaP and psychological strain (p = 0.025).Conclusion:Our results corroborate earlier studies that WaP is a distinct burden dimension not correspondent with traditional ZBI domains. WaP is germane to many Asian societies where obligation values to care for family members are strongly influential. Further studies are needed to better delineate the construct of WaP.
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Kim, Sungju, and Jong Hyuk Lee. "Price-Cutting Trends in New Drugs after Listing in South Korea: The Effect of the Reimbursement Review Pathway on Price Reduction." Healthcare 8, no. 3 (July 26, 2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030233.
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This study aims to analyze the trends of post-listing price changes for new drugs listed from 2007, when the health technology assessment (HTA) was introduced in South Korea, until 2017. We analyzed 135 products that have undergone price cuts. These products were analyzed by their respective review pathways, namely, pharmaco-economic study (PE), weighted average price (WAP), and the without a cost-effectiveness (CE) pathway. Prices were discounted faster in PE than in WAP (p = 0.002 in a comparison between PE and WAP). In addition, the median discount rate of the first price cut was 5.0% (range: 0.1–20.0) for PE, 3.0% (range: <0.1–30.0) for WAP, and 5.0% (range: 0.6–10.9) without a CE pathway. The median cumulative discount rate of PE and WAP showed that the PE pathway products’ discount rates were higher: 10.4% for PE and 6.0% for WAP (p = 0.025 for comparison between PE and WAP). It is necessary to discuss the practical effects of the price-cutting system from a myriad of perspectives, including insurance finance, the value of new drugs, and the accessibility of new drugs to patients.
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Tambunan, Syariani, Afkar Afkar, and Nico Syahputra Sebayang. "Growth and Yields Response of Some Varieties of Soybean (Glycine Max (L) Merill) on Ultisol Soil." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 2, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v2i3.2035.
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Soybean is an agricultural product that has a good nutritional value, especially Protein content. This study aims to find superior varieties that have a wide adaptation to the sour soil especially in Ultisol soils. The study was conducted in Gulo Village, Darul Hasanah Sub-District, Southeast Aceh Regency, Aceh Province, from May to September 2019. The study used a non factorial randomized block design (RBD), with 4 treatment varieties (V) levels that were repeated as many as 4 replications; namely V1: Anjasmoro Varieties, V2: Dena Varieties, V3: Deja Varieties 1, V4: Detaptive Varieties 1, Variance analysis test results showed that the plant height was 1 WAP, Age 2 WAP, Age 3 WAP, Age 4 WAP, Age 5 WAP , and Age 6 WAP had no significant effect. However the highest yield on 1 WAP was found in variety V4 (10.40) in the second test and the lowest was in the first test. V2 was second test. While the best number of segments and branches were produced by V3 treatment. The best results for the total number of pods, number of pods, total empty pods, number of sample plant seeds and weight of sample plant seeds were produced by treatment V3.
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Littlefield, Terry A., Daniel L. Colvin, Barry J. Brecke, and Lambert B. McCarty. "Effect of Nicosulfuron Mixtures and Time of Application on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Cultivars." Weed Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041245.
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Field experiments were conducted near Marianna, Trenton, and Archer, FL in 1990 and 1991 to investigate the effect of nicosulfuron mixtures and time of application on five peanut cultivars. Nicosulfuron at 54 g ai/ha was applied alone or in mixture with 2,4-DB at 280 g ai/ha 5 weeks after planting (WAP), 9 WAP, or 5 plus 9 WAP. Injury was greater from early and sequential nicosulfuron applications while a single application 9 WAP typically did not cause significant injury or reduce peanut yield. The 5 WAP and 5 plus 9 WAP applications often caused early visible injury and sometimes reduced peanut yield. When peanut yields were compared, ‘Florigiant’ was the most sensitive cultivar while ‘Southern Runner’ and ‘Valencia’ were more tolerant to nicosulfuron. ‘Sunrunner’ and ‘NC-7’ were intermediate in tolerance to nicosulfuron. In several instances, the addition of 2,4-DB to nicosulfuron reduced initial crop injury and ameliorated yield losses resulting from nicosulfuron applied alone.
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Robinson, G. W., R. A. McKnight, G. H. Smith, and L. Hennighausen. "Mammary epithelial cells undergo secretory differentiation in cycling virgins but require pregnancy for the establishment of terminal differentiation." Development 121, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 2079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.7.2079.
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Postnatal development of the mammary gland begins during puberty with ductal proliferation and is completed at delivery with the appearance of secretory alveolar structures. Using endogenous milk protein genes and a WAP-lacZ reporter transgene, we show that the differentiation of alveolar cells is initiated in virgin mice in estrus in a limited number of cells. With the onset of pregnancy, the number of expressing cells and the cellular expression levels increase until full activity is reached at lactation. Milk protein genes are activated in a defined temporal sequence. WDNM1 and beta-casein are expressed early in pregnancy and increase during alveolar proliferation. WAP (whey acidic protein) and alpha-lactalbumin are expressed later near the end of gestation, which is characterized by terminal differentiation of the mammary secretory phenotype. By in situ hybridization, we have established evidence for asynchrony in milk protein gene expression among alveolar cells showing large variations in the intensity of hybridization among adjacent cells. The asynchrony of maturation of epithelial cells within a given alveolus suggests that the genetic program leading to terminal differentiation is subject to local modulation. It is likely that these signals are manifest through various pathways including growth factors, the extracellular matrix or gene products specific to terminal differentiation such as WAP. We extended our analyses to WAP/WAP transgenic mice in which WAP is synthesized precociously and functional differentiation of alveolar cells is impaired. We found an altered expression pattern of milk protein genes, with a strong reduction of alpha-lactalbumin RNA. We conclude that the early production of WAP in WAP/WAP mammary glands disrupts the timing of gene activation leading to a premature termination of the differentiative program.
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MILLOT, Benjamin, Lluís MONTOLIU, Marie-Louise FONTAINE, Teresa MATA, and Eve DEVINOY. "Hormone-induced modifications of the chromatin structure surrounding upstream regulatory regions conserved between the mouse and rabbit whey acidic protein genes." Biochemical Journal 372, no. 1 (May 15, 2003): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021894.
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The upstream regulatory regions of the mouse and rabbit whey acidic protein (WAP) genes have been used extensively to target the efficient expression of foreign genes into the mammary gland of transgenic animals. Therefore both regions have been studied to elucidate fully the mechanisms controlling WAP gene expression. Three DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HSS0, HSS1 and HSS2) have been described upstream of the rabbit WAP gene in the lactating mammary gland and correspond to important regulatory regions. These sites are surrounded by variable chromatin structures during mammary-gland development. In the present study, we describe the upstream sequence of the mouse WAP gene. Analysis of genomic sequences shows that the mouse WAP gene is situated between two widely expressed genes (Cpr2 and Ramp3). We show that the hypersensitive sites found upstream of the rabbit WAP gene are also detected in the mouse WAP gene. Further, they encompass functional signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-binding sites, as has been observed in the rabbit. A new hypersensitive site (HSS3), not specific to the mammary gland, was mapped 8 kb upstream of the rabbit WAP gene. Unlike the three HSSs described above, HSS3 is also detected in the liver, but similar to HSS1, it does not depend on lactogenic hormone treatments during cell culture. The region surrounding HSS3 encompasses a potential matrix attachment region, which is also conserved upstream of the mouse WAP gene and contains a functional transcription factor Ets-1 (E26 transformation-specific-1)-binding site. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time that variations in the chromatin structure are dependent on prolactin alone.
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Kim, Hyewon Heather, Ya-Wei Luo, Hugh W. Ducklow, Oscar M. Schofield, Deborah K. Steinberg, and Scott C. Doney. "WAP-1D-VAR v1.0: development and evaluation of a one-dimensional variational data assimilation model for the marine ecosystem along the West Antarctic Peninsula." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 4939–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4939-2021.
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Abstract. The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a rapidly warming region, with substantial ecological and biogeochemical responses to the observed change and variability for the past decades, revealed by multi-decadal observations from the Palmer Antarctica Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. The wealth of these long-term observations provides an important resource for ecosystem modeling, but there has been a lack of focus on the development of numerical models that simulate time-evolving plankton dynamics over the austral growth season along the coastal WAP. Here, we introduce a one-dimensional variational data assimilation planktonic ecosystem model (i.e., the WAP-1D-VAR v1.0 model) equipped with a model parameter optimization scheme. We first demonstrate the modified and newly added model schemes to the pre-existing food web and biogeochemical components of the other ecosystem models that WAP-1D-VAR model was adapted from, including diagnostic sea-ice forcing and trophic interactions specific to the WAP region. We then present the results from model experiments where we assimilate 11 different data types from an example Palmer LTER growth season (October 2002–March 2003) directly related to corresponding model state variables and flows between these variables. The iterative data assimilation procedure reduces the misfits between observations and model results by 58 %, compared to before optimization, via an optimized set of 12 parameters out of a total of 72 free parameters. The optimized model results capture key WAP ecological features, such as blooms during seasonal sea-ice retreat, the lack of macronutrient limitation, and modeled variables and flows comparable to other studies in the WAP region, as well as several important ecosystem metrics. One exception is that the model slightly underestimates particle export flux, for which we discuss potential underlying reasons. The data assimilation scheme of the WAP-1D-VAR model enables the available observational data to constrain previously poorly understood processes, including the partitioning of primary production by different phytoplankton groups, the optimal chlorophyll-to-carbon ratio of the WAP phytoplankton community, and the partitioning of dissolved organic carbon pools with different lability. The WAP-1D-VAR model can be successfully employed to link the snapshots collected by the available data sets together to explain and understand the observed dynamics along the coastal WAP.
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Simpson, KJ, P. Bird, D. Shaw, and K. Nicholas. "Molecular characterisation and hormone-dependent expression of the porcine whey acidic protein gene." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0200027.
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A 17.5 kDa protein was isolated from porcine whey by reverse phase HPLC and identified as a putative whey acidic protein (WAP) homologue by sequencing 35 and 40 amino acid residues of the amino- and carboxy-terminus respectively. Degenerate oligonucleotides to both of these amino acid sequences were designed and used in reverse transcriptase PCR with RNA from lactating porcine mammary gland as a template. A 162 bp PCR fragment was detected and sequenced. Compilation of the deduced and determined amino acid sequence revealed a protein of 111 amino acids, which had approximately 75, 50, 40 and 35% similarity at amino acid level to camel, rabbit, rat and mouse WAP respectively. It also included the four-disulphide core characteristic of all WAP proteins and most Kunitz-type protease inhibitors. This provides the first unequivocal evidence for WAP secretion in the pig. SDS PAGE analysis of the whey fraction showed that WAP is secreted as a major protein in sow's milk from farrowing to weaning. The molecular mass of WAP in SDS PAGE was significantly greater than the 11.7 kDa determined from amino acid sequence, indicating that porcine WAP is possibly glycosylated. Northern analysis detected a single mRNA transcript of approximately 600 bp in porcine RNA from the mammary gland of lactating sows. To examine the hormone-regulated expression of the WAP gene the mammary glands of sows at day 90 of pregnancy were biopsied and explants cultured for 3 days in the presence of various combinations of porcine insulin (I), cortisol (F) and porcine prolactin (P). Northern analysis of RNA extracted from the tissue indicated that WAP gene expression was barely detectable in the mammary gland prior to culture and there was no increment in explants cultured in the presence of I and F. However, a significant increase in the accumulation of WAP mRNA was observed in explants cultured in I, F and P. A similar result was observed for beta-casein and alpha-lactalbumin gene expression.
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Meyers, Stephen L., and Mark W. Shankle. "Postemergence Yellow Nutsedge Management in Sweetpotato." Weed Technology 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00032.1.
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Field studies were conducted in 2013 at Houlka, MS and in 2014 at Houston, MS to evaluate herbicide programs for yellow nutsedge control and sweetpotato crop response. Treatments consisted of halosulfuron-methyl at 13, 26, and 34 g ai ha−1 2 wk after transplanting (WAP) followed by (fb) S-metolachlor at 856 g ai ha−1 4 WAP; a sequential application of 13 g ha−1 halosulfuron-methyl at 2 and 4 WAP; and halosulfuron-methyl at 13 g ha−1 plus either S-metolachlor or 1,123 g ai ha−1 alachlor 2 WAP. Crop injury in treated plots ranged from 29 to 44% at 3 WAP. Injury from the sequential application increased slightly between 3 and 5 WAP (29 to 38%), but decreased between 5 WAP and harvest (19%). Injury with all other treatments was unchanged from 5 WAP through harvest. The sequential application of halosulfuron-methyl provided the greatest control of yellow nutsedge throughout the duration of the study with ≥ 83% control from 5 WAP through harvest. Control from all other treatments ranged from 38 to 78% from 5 WAP through harvest. No. 1, canner, and marketable sweetpotato yields of the hand-weeded check were 19,900; 7,140; and 27,590 kg ha−1, respectively. No. 1, canner, and marketable yields of the weedy check were only 15, 51, and 25% of the hand-weeded check, respectively. With the exception of halosulfuron-methyl at 13 g ha−1 fb S-metolachlor, which was similar to the weedy check, no. 1 and marketable yields with all treatments were greater than the weedy check, but less than the weed-free check. A sequential application of halosulfuron-methyl and a tank mix of halosulfuron-methyl plus S-metolachlor would fit well into an overall yellow nutsedge management program in sweetpotato. However, as halosulfuron-methyl is not registered for use in sweetpotato, growers must continue to manage yellow nutsedge primarily with crop rotation and sanitation.
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MacRae, Andrew W., David W. Monks, Roger B. Batts, Allan C. Thorton, and Jonathan R. Schultheis. "Sweetpotato Tolerance to Halosulfuron Applied Postemergence." Weed Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-060178.1.
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Studies were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to determine the effect of application timing and halosulfuron rate on sweetpotato yield and quality. Halosulfuron was applied 1, 2, and 4 wks after transplanting (WAP) sweetpotato in 2003, and 2, 3, and 4 WAP in 2004. Treatments within each timing included halosulfuron at 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65 g ai/ha plus a weed-free control. Combined over year, site, cultivar and rate, halosulfuron applied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 WAP stunted sweetpotato 32, 15, 11, and 14%, respectively, rated 2 wks after treatment. The stunting observed with the 1 and 2 WAP timings caused a 17 and 10% reduction in yield of No. 1 roots, respectively, compared with the weed-free control. The 3 and 4 WAP timings of halosulfuron did not reduce yield of No. 1 roots. Total yield was reduced approximately 11% at the 1, 2, and 3 WAP application timings. Halosulfuron at 4 WAP did not reduce total yield. Combined over year, site, and cultivar, halosulfuron applied at 39 g/ha did not reduce the weight of No. 1 roots or total crop yield and thus could be an effective POST option for weed control in sweetpotato.
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Chen, L. H., and M. J. Bissell. "A novel regulatory mechanism for whey acidic protein gene expression." Cell Regulation 1, no. 1 (November 1989): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.1.1.45.
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When primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (PMME) are cultured on a basement membrane type matrix, they undergo extensive morphogenesis leading to the formation of 3-dimensional alveoli-like spherical structures surrounding a closed lumen. We show for the first time that cells cultured on basement membrane-type matrix express high levels of whey acidic protein (WAP) mRNA and secrete the protein into the lumen. The expression of WAP appears to be dependent upon the formation of the alveoli-like spheres: prevention of sphere formation by fixation or drying of the matrix abolishes the expression of WAP. Co-culturing PMME on native and fixed basement membrane matrix indicates that the suppression of WAP expression is dominant, thereby revealing the existence of a diffusible inhibitor(s). The inhibitory activity is present in the conditioned medium of PMME cultured on plastic surface and floating collagen gels, substrata that do not form alveoli and do not allow WAP expression. These findings are consistent with the model that the synthesis, or the action, of the WAP inhibitory factor is regulated by the tissue-like multicellular organization of mammary cells. When PMME do not have correct 3-dimensional structures, one (or more) inhibitor is secreted into the medium which suppresses WAP expression by an autocrine or paracrine mechanism. Nuclear run-on experiments suggest that the suppression of WAP expression is posttranscriptional. These results have obvious bearings on the understanding of the mechanisms by which cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction regulate tissue specific gene expressions.
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Fan, Jing. "Research and Design of Webpage Adaptive Matching Platform Based on Mobile Phone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 2276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2276.
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Mobile learning with smart phone can offer learners a better platform for communicating and learning. Constructing Webpage automatic matching platform based on existing Web site could converted Webpage into Wap page, and the converted Wap page is pushed to the mobile phone. Web information content is extracted through HttpClient, JTidy, DOM4J and XSLT technology and then is converted to a XML file, realizing Wap page template clustering through tag attribute of Webpage clustering algorithm. The Wap template and the data are displayed on the mobile phone by 3G network, so as to realize the Webpage adaptive matching function.
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Ramalingam, Vijayalakshmi, Kamalesh Ramesh, Madhankumar Duraipandi, Jayesh U, and Selvam Kuppusamy. "Water absorbing polymer balls as internal water curing agent in concrete to support hydration reaction." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 1 (2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.1.83.
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polymer balls can supply water to the mortar or concrete mixture when added during the initial stage of mixing the concrete ingredients. It supplies the absorbed water during the hydration process of concrete as an internal water source. Water Absorption polymers (WAP) can absorb water up to hundred times of their own weight. Using this idea, the concrete mixture has been prepared with WAP and without WAP (Control) and subjected to air curing and water curing respectively. In this work WAP has been added in two different percentages i.e., 2.5% and 5% of the weight of cement, and the hardened concrete has been subjected to compression load. The mechanical strength and the volumetric change of these mixes were compared with the water cured control mix (Concrete without WAP). From the result, it was concluded that the air-cured specimen showed strength of 30.37 MPa and 28.74 MPa for 2.5% and 5% of addition of WAP balls respectively. This strength is about 99% and 94.2% of the strength of control water-cured specimen. Results also showed that specimens in air behave for expansion while samples in the water acted for shrinkage. Experiment results also showed that air-cured concrete specimens with WAP balls show significant strength gain over a period of 84 days compared to water-cured normal concrete mix samples.
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Zhang, M., Y. Shi, D. Magit, P. A. Furth, and R. Sager. "Reduced mammary tumor progression in WAP-TAg/WAP-maspin bitransgenic mice." Oncogene 19, no. 52 (December 2000): 6053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204006.
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Sladek, Bradley S., Gerald M. Henry, and Dick L. Auld. "Effect of Genotype, Planting Date, and Spacing on Zoysiagrass Establishment from Vegetative Plugs." HortScience 46, no. 8 (August 2011): 1194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.8.1194.
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Slow growth and establishment rate has become a major limitation to the increased use of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) as a turfgrass surface. Two separate field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of genotype, planting date, and plug spacing on zoysiagrass establishment. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to quantify the establishment rate of six zoysiagrass genotypes from vegetative plugs. ‘Meyer’ exhibited the largest plug diameter (22 cm) 6 weeks after planting (WAP). In contrast, ‘Diamond’ exhibited the smallest plug diameter (13 cm) 6 WAP. A similar trend was observed 12 WAP. ‘Meyer’, ‘Zorro’, and ‘Shadow Turf’ exhibited the largest plug diameters (60, 58, and 57 cm, respectively) 12 WAP. In contrast, ‘Emerald’ and ‘Diamond’ exhibited the smallest plug diameters (41 and 40 cm, respectively) 12 WAP. Although statistically different, all zoysiagrass genotypes reached similar establishment 18 WAP indicating that plugging these genotypes in a comparable environment and using techniques described in this research may result in analogous long-term (18 weeks) establishment. Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to determine the optimum planting date and plug spacing of ‘Shadow Turf’ zoysiagrass. ‘Shadow Turf’ zoysiagrass plugs planted on 28 July 2006 (11% to 65% cover) and 14 June 2007 (5% to 39% cover) exhibited the greatest increase in turfgrass cover 6 WAP, except for plugs planted 15.2 cm apart on 26 May 2006 (74% cover). Zoysiagrass cover was greatest for plugs planted on 26 May 2006 (63% to 100%) and 17 May 2007 (46% to 97%) 16 WAP regardless of plug spacing. These planting dates corresponded to the highest accumulative growing degree-days (GDD) experienced by all planting dates in both years. Plugs planted on 15.2-cm centers exhibited the greatest zoysiagrass cover 6 and 16 WAP regardless of planting date. Using late spring/early summer planting dates and 15.2- to 30.5-cm plug spacings may result in the quickest turfgrass cover when establishing ‘Shadow Turf’ zoysiagrass from plugs.
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Doane, Roy Naldo, Mihwan Sataral, and Dwi Maharia. "APLIKASI BIANG PGPR (PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA) DARI AKAR BAMBU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN PARE (Momordica charantia L)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52045/jimfp.v2i2.302.
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Paria (Momordica charantia L) is one of the plants from the Cucurbitaceae tribe or the pumpkin tribe, including lowland vegetables, and is classified as a herbaceous plant aged one year or more, growing creeping and climbing. PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) bamboo roots are bacteria that live around the roots of bamboo plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PGPR from bamboo roots and the right concentration on the growth and yield of pariah plants. This research was conducted in Kelapa Lima village, South Banggai District, Banggai Laut Regency from August 2021 to November 2021. This study used a one-factor randomized block design (RBD) method. This study consisted of 5 levels of treatment, namely: P0 = control, P1 = concentration of 12.5 ml/liter of water, P2 = concentration of 15 ml/liter of water, P3 = concentration of 17.5 ml/liter of water and P4 = concentration of 20 ml / liter of water. Each treatment was repeated five times so that there were twenty-five experimental units. The results showed that the application of PGPR from bamboo roots had a significant effect on plant height at 5 WAP, 7 WAP, and 8 WAP, significantly affected the number of leaves at 3 WAP, 5 WAP, 7 WAP, and 8 WAP, very significant effect on fruit weight, fruit length, and fruit diameter and had no significant effect on the number of pariah fruit.
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Saidi, Busyra B., Jon Hendri, and Suratman. "Assessment of water management technology on rice productivity on iron poisoning rice fields in Jambi." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604018.
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The study of “Water Management Technology Against Rice Productivity in New wetland Openings of Iron Poisoning Rice” was carried out in Betara District, West Tanjung Jabung Regency from April to October 2018. The research used a randomized block design (RBD) with four replications. The treatment consisted of four intervals of providing irrigation water, namely; (CI) Continuous irrigation, (DWI1) Dry wet irrigation (DWI) 5 day intervals from 1 week to 7 weeks after planting (WAP), (DWI2) DWI with 7 days interval from 1 week to 7 WAP, and (DWI3) DWI 7 days interval from 1 WAP to 65 days after planting (DAP) and inundation 15 days before harvest (DBH). Fertilizer recommendations based on soil nutrient status as a result of analysis with the Swamp Soil Test Kit (SSTK), namely 1.0 tonnes / ha lime, 75 kg ha-1 Urea (basic fertilizer) then based on LCC, 150 kg ha-1 SP 36 (given entirely at planting time) and 125 kg ha-1 KCl (1/3 part at planting, 1/3 part at 3-4 WAP and 1/3 part at plant age 6-7 WAP. Result showed the water supply interval significantly affects the growth and production of rice, the highest yield is obtained with a 7 day water supply interval from 1 to 7 WAP, with rice production 4,29 tonnes ha-1, whereas with the provision of water from 1 WAP until just before harvest, the rice production was 2.06 tonnes ha-1.
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Vukšić, Milan, Irena Žmak, Lidija Ćurković, and Andraž Kocjan. "Effect of Two-Step Sintering on Properties of Alumina Ceramics Containing Waste Alumina Powder." Materials 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 7840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217840.
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This study aims to evaluate the recycling potential of solid waste alumina powder (WAP) by utilization of the two-step sintering (TSS) process. For the study, WAP was collected as an industrial scrap after the machining process for the formation of green alumina compacts. The alumina samples were prepared according to the slip casting method by preparing suspensions containing commercial alumina with 0.8 μm average particle size and by adding up to 20 dwb. % (i.e., expressed on a dry weight basis) of WAP with 3.4 μm average particle size. The samples were sintered at optimized TSS conditions and compared with conventional one-step sintering (OSS) by conducting morphological analyses. The average grain size (AGS) was determined from the obtained field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images, while the sample porosity was calculated based on apparent densities. The obtained micrographs after TSS implementation revealed a partially textured microstructure. Furthermore, a comparison of the mechanical properties of alumina samples lacking or containing 20 dwb. % of WAP obtained after sintering is presented. The indentation fracture toughness (~3.2 MPa m1/2) and Vickers hardness data (~14.5 GPa) showed a positive effect of adding WAP to alumina samples. The slightly improved mechanical properties of ceramic samples containing waste alumina are a consequence of lower porosity, which is due to the remaining sintering additives in WAP. The collected results demonstrate the possibility of using TSS for sintering ceramic materials that contain WAP.
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Moore, Kimberly A., Amy L. Shober, Edward F. Gilman, Christine Wiese, S. Michelle Scheiber, Maria Paz, and Meghan M. Brennan. "Posttransplant Growth of Container-grown Wild Coffee, Copperleaf, and Orange Jasmine Is Affected by Irrigation Frequency." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.786.
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The survival of shrubs planted into the landscape depends on sufficient irrigation during the establishment period. Few studies have investigated the effect of irrigation frequency on the posttransplant growth of landscape shrubs. We conducted two studies in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zone 10b over a 2-year period in which we compared canopy growth index (GI), root extension to canopy spread ratio, canopy dry weight, and root dry weight of shrubs irrigated at different frequencies. In the first experiment, wild coffee (Psychotria nervosa) and ‘Lakeview’ orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) shrubs were planted in Sept. 2004, Dec. 2004, Mar. 2005, and June 2005 and irrigated for 28 weeks after planting (WAP) every 2, 4, or 8 days with 3 L of water per irrigation event. In the second experiment, ‘Macafeeana’ copperleaf (Acalypha wilkesiana) and orange jasmine shrubs were planted in Sept. 2005, Dec. 2005, Mar. 2006, and June 2006 and irrigated for 28 WAP every 1, 2, or 4 days with 3 L of water per irrigation event. Canopy GI and root extension to canopy spread ratio were determined at 28, 52, and 104 WAP. The entire canopy and roots were harvested 52 and 104 WAP to determine dry weight. In Expt. 1, wild coffee and orange jasmine plants irrigated every 2 days had greater GI than plants irrigated every 8 days at 28 WAP, but GI was not different at 52 or 104 WAP. Canopy dry weight at 52 WAP was greater for plants irrigated every 2 days than every 8 days, but there was no difference at 104 WAP. There was no difference in wild coffee or orange jasmine root dry weight or root extension to canopy spread ratio among the irrigation frequencies. In Expt. 2, there were no differences in GI, canopy dry weight, root dry weight, or root extension to canopy spread ratio of copperleaf or orange jasmine irrigated everyday compared with plants irrigated every 2 or 4 days. From the data collected in these studies, it appears that irrigating wild coffee or orange jasmine every 8 days during the first 28 WAP limited canopy growth but not root development. However, after 52 WAP, rainfall events appeared to be sufficient to eliminate any initial effects from irrigation frequency. Our data suggest that wild coffee, orange jasmine, and copperleaf from 3-gal containers can be successfully established in the landscape when irrigated with 3 L of water every 4 days for the first 28 WAP.
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Altland, James E., Charles H. Gilliam, James H. Edwards, and Gary J. Keever. "371 Influence of Inorganic and Organically Based Fertilizers on Plant Growth and Nutrient Leaching." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 456C—456. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.456c.
Full textAbstract:
Selected fertilizer treatments were applied to vinca (Catharanthus roseus `Peppermint Cooler') in the landscape to determine their effect on growth and nutrient leaching. In plots 0.9 m × 2.3 m, inorganic fertilizers were applied as either a single application of 4.9 g N/m2 pre-plant, or a split application with 4.9 g N/m2 applied pre-plant followed by application of 2.45 g N/m2 at 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP). Inorganic fertilizers included 15N–0P–12.6K granular fertilizer, Osmocote 14N–6.0P–11.6K, and Osmocote 17N–3.0P–10.1K controlled-release fertilizers. Three different organically based fertilizers were applied pre-plant and were composed of recycled newspaper amended with animal manures (chicken, beef cattle, or dairy) and adjusted with (NH4)2SO4 to achieve C:N ratios of either 20:1 or 30:1. A standard industry treatment of 13N–5.6P–10.9K (4.9 g N/m2) incorporated pre-plant and 17N–3.0P–10.1K (4.9 g N/m2) topdressed post-plant was also included. Leachates, collected with lysimeters, from inorganic fertilizer plots had lower levels of total N (NO3– + NH4+) compared to organically based fertilizer plots through 8 WAP. Of the inorganic fertilizer plots, those receiving 15N–0P–12.6K granular fertilizer had higher total N levels at 1, 2, and 4 WAP than other inorganic fertilizer plots. Total N in leachates declined over the study and by 12 WAP were similar among all treatments. Vinca treated with organically based fertilizers (C:N 20:1) had the highest foliar color ratings through 8 WAP; however, color ratings declined thereafter and by 16 WAP had the lowest ratings. Plants treated with organically based fertilizers had greater shoot dry weights 20 WAP and larger growth indices 8 and 20 WAP.
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Lutaakome, Moses, Samuel Kyamanywa, Pamela Paparu, Samuel Olaboro, Charles Halerimana, Stanley Tamusange Nkalubo, and Michael Hilary Otim. "Host and Seasonal Effects on the Abundance of Bean Leaf Beetles (Ootheca spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northern Uganda." Insects 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090848.
Full textAbstract:
Bean leaf beetles (BLBs) (Ootheca spp.) are serious legume pests in Uganda and sub-Saharan Africa, but their ecology is not well understood. We planted host plants, viz., common bean, cowpea, and soybean, in an experiment in the hotspot areas of Arua and Lira districts in Northern Uganda in order to assess their influence on the density of adults and immature stages of BLBs in different seasons. Overall, the number of adults, larvae, and pupae were higher in cowpea than common bean and soybean plots. The number of adults were highest in cowpea (29.5 adults/15 plants) in Arua during the long rainy season (2018A). The number of adults did not differ significantly during short rains (season B) in 2017 and 2018. Similarly, in Lira district, the highest number of adult BLBs was in cowpea (4.6 beetles) compared to the common bean (2.7 beetles) and soybean plots, with a peak at four weeks after planting (WAP). During 2018A, larvae of BLBs first appeared at five WAP and seven WAP and peaked at 13 WAP and 11 WAP in Arua and Lira, respectively. The pupae were present in the soil after the harvesting of crops during 2018A, but peaked at seven WAP and eight WAP in 2018B season in Arua and Lira, respectively. The occurrence of below-ground adults in 2018B followed the peak abundance of pupae, although this was delayed until six WAP in Arua compared to Lira. We conclude that cowpea is the most preferred by adults and larvae compared to common bean and soybean. Similarly, the first rain season (2018A) attracted higher abundance and damage than the second rain season. Management of the BLBs should thus take into consideration avoidance of host crop rotation and dealing with the below-ground stages.
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Kemp, Nathan J., Erin C. Taylor, and Karen A. Renner. "Weed Management in Glyphosate- and Glufosinate-Resistant Sugar Beet." Weed Technology 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-114.1.
Full textAbstract:
Field experiments were conducted to determine the critical period of weed interference in glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant sugar beet, and to determine if PRE herbicides increased weed control or sugar beet root yield when glufosinate, glyphosate, or conventional POST herbicides were applied. Glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant sugar beet root yields were reduced by up to 66 and 67%, respectively, when weeds remained all season in the weedy control treatment compared with yields when weed removal occurred as soon as the weeds were 2.5 cm tall, approximately 2 to 3 wk after planting (WAP). A critical period of weed interference did not occur in this research. The critical time of weed removal was approximately 8 WAP in 1998 and beyond 11 WAP in 1999. Weeds averaged 20 cm in height at 8 WAP and weed densities were greater in 1998 compared with 1999. The critical weed-free period for glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant sugar beet was 4.5 to 5 WAP in 1998. In 1999, the critical weed-free period at the Michigan Sugar location was 1.5 WAP in glyphosate-resistant sugar beet, and 6.5 WAP in glufosinate-resistant sugar beet for the Michigan Sugar site. Glyphosate or glufosinate POST provided better weed control and resulted in greater sugar beet root yield compared with conventional POST herbicides when data were combined over PRE herbicide treatments. PRE herbicides improved the control of common lambsquarters andAmaranthusspecies in some of the site-years when data were combined over POST treatments, but sugar beet yield did not increase. Our research suggests that PRE herbicides will not be necessary in glyphosate- or glufosinate-resistant sugar beet. To avoid sugar beet yield loss, multiple POST applications of glyphosate or glufosinate will be needed until 6 to 9 WAP to prohibit yield loss from weeds emerging after the last POST application.
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Brosnan, James T., Gregory K. Breeden, Patrick E. McCullough, and Gerald M. Henry. "PRE and POST Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) with Indaziflam." Weed Technology 26, no. 1 (March 2012): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00088.1.
Full textAbstract:
Indaziflam controls annual grassy weeds by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. Research was conducted from 2008 to 2011 in Tennessee, Texas, and Georgia evaluating the efficacy of indaziflam for PRE and POST control of annual bluegrass in bermudagrass turf. In Texas, indaziflam at 30, 40, 50, and 60 g ai ha−1 applied PRE provided 93 to 100% annual bluegrass control through 28 wk after treatment. When applied PRE at 80 g ai ha−1 and at 4, 8, and 12 wk after PRE (WAP), indaziflam controlled annual bluegrass 67 to 100% 32 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) in Tennessee; however, reduced efficacy was observed with 12 WAP treatments in a single year of a 2-yr study. Similarly, annual bluegrass control with PRE applications or with 4 and 8 WAP applications of indaziflam at 35 and 52.5 g ai ha−1 ranged from 88 to 100% at 30 WAIT in Tennessee. In Georgia, these rates of indaziflam applied PRE and 4 WAP controlled annual bluegrass 96 to 100% on all evaluation dates and resulted in 97 to 100% reduction in plant counts relative to the untreated control at 30 WAIT. When applied 8 WAP, the 35 and 52.5 g ai ha−1 rates of indaziflam controlled annual bluegrass only 51 to 71% at 30 WAIT in Georgia. Although increasing the application rate of indaziflam treatments 8 WAP provided greater annual bluegrass control, each rate provided significantly lower control when applied 8 WAP compared with PRE or at 4 WAP. No bermudagrass injury was observed in this research. Results suggest indaziflam provides effective PRE and early POST control of annual bluegrass in bermudagrass turf. However, additional research is needed to determine the effects of plant size and maturity on indaziflam efficacy for POST annual bluegrass control.
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Lin, C. Q., P. J. Dempsey, R. J. Coffey, and M. J. Bissell. "Extracellular matrix regulates whey acidic protein gene expression by suppression of TGF-alpha in mouse mammary epithelial cells: studies in culture and in transgenic mice." Journal of Cell Biology 129, no. 4 (May 15, 1995): 1115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.129.4.1115.
Full textAbstract:
Whey acidic protein (WAP) is an abundant rodent milk protein. Its expression in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures was previously found to require the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM)-induced three-dimensional alveolar structure. In the absence of such structures, cells were shown to secrete diffusible factors leading to suppression of WAP expression. We demonstrate here that (a) TGF-alpha production and secretion by mammary cells is downregulated by the basement membrane-dependent alveolar structure, and (b) compared with beta-casein, WAP expression is preferentially inhibited both in culture and in transgenic mice when TGF-alpha is added or overexpressed. Thus, (c) the enhanced TGF-alpha production when cells are not in three-dimensional structures largely accounts for the WAP-inhibitory activity found in the conditioned medium. Since this activity can be abolished by incubating the conditioned medium with a function blocking antibody to TGF-alpha. The data suggest that ECM upregulates WAP by downregulating TGF-alpha production. We also propose that changes in TGF-alpha activity during mouse gestation and lactation could contribute to the pattern of temporal expression of WAP in the gland. These results provide a clear example of cooperation among lactogenic hormones, ECM, and locally acting growth factors in regulation of tissue-specific gene expression.
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Smith, Valerie J. "Phylogeny of whey acidic protein (WAP) four-disulfide core proteins and their role in lower vertebrates and invertebrates." Biochemical Society Transactions 39, no. 5 (September 21, 2011): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0391403.
Full textAbstract:
Proteins containing WAP (whey acidic protein) domains with a characteristic WFDC (WAP four-disulfide core) occur not only in mammals (including marsupials and monotremes) but also in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. In addition, they are present in numerous invertebrates, from cnidarians to urochordates. Many of those from non-mammalian groups are poorly understood with respect to function or phylogeny. Those well characterized so far are waprins from snakes, perlwapins from bivalves and crustins from decapod crustaceans. Waprins are venom proteins with a single WAP domain at the C-terminus. They display antimicrobial, rather than proteinase inhibitory, activities. Perlwapins, in contrast, possess three WAP domains at the C-terminus and are expressed in the shell nacre of abalones. They participate in shell formation by inhibiting the growth of calcium crystals in the shell. The crustin group is the largest of all WFDC-containing proteins in invertebrates with the vast majority being highly expressed in the haemocytes. Most have a single WAP domain at the C-terminus. The presence and type of the domains between the signal sequence and the C-terminus WAP domain separate the different crustin types. Most of the Type I and II crustins are antimicrobial towards Gram-positive bacteria, whereas the Type III crustins tend to display protease inhibition. Expression studies show that at least some crustins have other important biological effects, as levels change with physiological stress, wound repair, tissue regeneration or ecdysis. Thus WAP domains are widely distributed and highly conserved, serving in diverse physiological processes (proteinase inhibition, bacterial killing or inhibition of calcium transport).