Academic literature on the topic 'War crimes, 1939-1945'
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Journal articles on the topic "War crimes, 1939-1945"
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Buscher, Frank M., and Alfred M. de Zayas. "The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945." German Studies Review 16, no. 2 (May 1993): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431687.
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Seregin, A. V. "COOPERATION OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH WITH FASCIST AND NATIONAL SOCIALIST STATE REGIMES: PROBLEMS OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY." Russian-Asian Legal Journal, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ralj(2020)3.10.
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The article raises the problems associated with the need to prosecute the Vatican for crimes againstpeace and humanity committed by the Catholic clergy during the Second World war 1939–1945. The authoron the basis of monographic studies, documents, court verdicts and normative-legal acts proves that thebloody genocide of Orthodox Serbs was carried out systematically by the ustashe fascist government thanksto the ideological support of the Latin priesthood. For crimes that do not have a Statute of limitations, itis proposed to deprive the Vatican of sovereignty, force it to admit its guilt for organizing the genocide ofOrthodox Serbs during the occupation of Yugoslavia in 1941–1945, as well as for the destruction and seizureof Orthodox churches to recover monetary compensation in favor of the victims and their descendants,including the Serbian Orthodox Church.
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Böhler, Jochen, and Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk. "Collaboration and Resistance in Wartime Poland (1939–1945) – A Case for Differentiated Occupation Studies." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 2 (May 2018): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-2-225.
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Collaboration and Resistance in Wartime Poland (1939-1945) - A Case for Differentiated Occupation Studies This article aims to diffenenciate the often simplistic depiction of war and occupation in Europe between 1939 and 1945 as a fight of good against evil. Such a description can be found not only in popular culture, but also, though less blatantly, in historical literature. Without questioning the overall responsibility of the Axis powers for the horrendous crimes committed during the war, this article argues for a more nuanced approach that takes into account the often complex nature of interaction between the occupiers and the occupied. Instead of invoking moral judgment, the authors aim to prioritize the historical analysis of the reality of Poland's occupation by the Nazis, recognizing that the parties involved had their own agency and often conflicting agendas. The authors apply this approach to two major phenomena: collaboration with, and resistance against the occupying forces. It thereby becomes clear that violence was exchanged not only between the occupants and the occupied, but also between different political and ethnic groups of the Polish society.
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Bryan, Ian, and Peter Rowe. "The Role of Evidence in War Crimes Trials: the Common Law and the Yugoslav Tribunal." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2 (December 1999): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000477.
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With the passing into law of the War Crimes Act of 1991, the United Kingdom joined common law states such as Canada and Australia in conferring upon its domestic courts jurisdiction to try individuals suspected of having committed war crimes in Europe during the Second World War. Under the 1991 Act, proceedings for murder, manslaughter or culpable homicide may be brought, with the consent of the Attorney-General, against any person who, on 8 March 1990 or later, became a British citizen or resident in the United Kingdom, providing that the offence charged is alleged to have been committed between 1 September 1939 and 4 June 1945 in a place which was, at the material time, part of Germany or under German occupation. The Act further provides that the offence charged must have constituted a violation of the laws and customs of war under international law at the time it was committed. In addition, the Act stipulates that the nationality of the alleged offender at the time the alleged offence was committed is immaterial.
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Rolińska, Justyna. "Miejsce straceń obywateli polskich w Glinniku‑Przegorzałach w Krakowie w latach 1939‑1944 – przegląd źródeł." Sowiniec 28, no. 50-51 (March 14, 2018): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sowiniec.28.2017.50-51.04.
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The Mass Executions of Poles in Glinnik‑Przegorzały in Krakow during the German Occupation of 1939–1944: An Overview of SourcesDuring the German occupation of Krakow in 1939‑1945, mass executions were among the methods used to exterminate Poles and the members of other ethnic groups. One of the sites of the largest such crimes was Glinnik, situated in a former clay quarry in Przegorzały, which at the time was part of Krakow’s western suburbs. The exact number of victims and their names remain unknown, while the place itself has been neglected. A recent historiographical debate has been initiated as a result of efforts to grant Glinnik the status of a war cemetery and because of disagreement between researchers and the victims’ families. This article aims to give an overview of the available historical sources and previous statements. With regards to the lack of proper documentation of the occupying German police administration, the main sources are materials collected in the case that has since 1945 been investigated by the Main Commission for the Prosecution of the Nazi Crimes in Poland and is currently investigated by the Institute of National Remembrance. Since 2015, they may be new perspectives on this research as a result of the archaeological excavations conducted in this area, but the excavated artifacts are still under study.
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Uczkiewicz, Dominika. "Dekret Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej o odpowiedzialności karnej za zbrodnie wojenne z dnia 30 marca 1943 roku." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 79–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.2.4.
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On 30 March 1943 the Decree of the President of the Polish Republic on Criminal Liability for War Crimes, the first normative act setting down the legal basis for persecution of war criminals issued by one of the Allies during the Second World War, was proclaimed. The promulgation of the decree can be considered as the turning point in the Polish government-in-exile’s policy towards the problem of the prosecution and punishment of Nazi criminals, which started in autumn 1939. After the announcement of the draft decree, developed by the Polish minister of justice, professor of state law, Wacław Komarnicki and by an international lawyer, professor of criminal law, Stefan Glaser in the spring of 1942, a fierce discussion on the legal act’s concept broke out in the Polish government and lasted until November 1942. Although all Polish politicians agreed on the need to define the principles of individual criminal liability for war crimes, the proposal to promulgate criminal legislation with retroactive effect aroused much controversy. However, as the course of these debates shows, the critical point was not the mere fact of violating the lex retro non agit principle. The scepticism of some Polish politicians towards this idea resulted from purely pragmatic reasons and was caused by lack of support from the American and British governments for the proposal to define legal frames for the future trials of war criminals this attitude changed only in spring 1945. This article presents the genesis and provisions of the Decree of the President of the Polish Republic on Criminal Liability for War Crimes of 30 March 1943 in the context of international debates on international criminal law and individual liability for war crimes. It argues that the legislative works on the decree and its proclamation in March 1943 mark an important point in the process of shaping the concept of prosecution and punishment of war criminals during the Second World War.
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Kornat, Marek. "Stolica Apostolska w polskiej polityce zagranicznej na uchodźstwie (Wrzesień 1939 – czerwiec 1940)." Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.02.
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The Holy See In Polish Foreign Policy of the Government on exile (September 1939 — June 1940) The article is devoted to the reexamining of the policy of Polish Government on exile toward the Holy See after Poland’s defeat in September 1939 and the reestablishment of the legal authorities of Poland in France, under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski as Prime Minister. Terminus ad quem of the narration is the collapse of France and transfer of the Government of Poland to London in June 1940. Problems of Vatican’s perception of Polish Question is discussed on the basis of Polish archival documents, especially those of Polish Embassy to the Holy See. Vatican-Polish relations at the beginning of the World War II require special attention because the last treatment of this highly debatable problem was made in historiography by Zofia Waszkiewicz more than thirty five years ago in her monograph Polityka Watykanu wobec Polski 1939–1945 [Policy of the Vatican toward Poland 1939—1945] (Warsaw 1980). How much Polish diplomacy achieved fighting for the Holy See’s support against Nazi Germany? Two things must be said. Firstly, the Holy See recognized the legal continuity of Polish State after the German-Soviet occupation of Poland’s territory in September 1939, but did not sent the papal nuncio to Angers, when Polish Government resided. Secondly, Polish thesis on the special significance of Polish Question as the test-case of international justice received the positive response of the Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Summi Pontificatus published on October 20 1939, but the guidelines of Vatican’s policy were based on the doctrine of strict neutrality of the Papacy in the international relations. It did not permit for Papal condemnation ex officio of the Nazi crimes and criminal policy of extermination in Poland.
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Motyka, Grzegorz. "Ćwiczenia z polityki wobec pamięci." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 59, no. 2 (May 12, 2015): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2015.59.2.15.
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This essay contains a description and critical appraisal of the contemporary Ukrainian state’s policy in regard to memory of the Volhynian and Galician massacres of 1943–1945. The author engages in polemics with Tomasz Stryjek, who recently published a book on this and other issues: Ukraina przed końcem Historii. Szkice o polityce państw wobec pamięci [Ukraine Before the End of History: Essays on State Policy in Regard to Memory]. In the author’s opinion, Stryjek one-sidedly, or even naively, places hope in the idea that the EU, in the not-too-distant future, will exert effective pressure on the government in Kiev to make it adapt its narrative about the activities of the OUN and UIA against Poles and Jews to European standards of memory about the Second World War. In the author’s opinion, the Ukrainian narrative about the activities of the OUN and UIA is based on the erroneous conviction—which is comfortable for the Ukrainian side—of equal guilt in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict of 1939–1947. He argues that there should be no cessation of efforts to remind Ukrainian historians and authorities about the responsibility to condemn, unambiguously, the mass crimes committed by national independence groups.
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Berkhof, G. C. "A.M. de Zayas, The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939–1945, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London 1989, 364 pp., £ 38.65 h.b., £ 14.35 p.b." Netherlands International Law Review 37, no. 02 (August 1990): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00006677.
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B, CHINTHU I. "Educational Progress in Travancore: Review on the Role of Travancore Royal Family in Higher Education." GIS Business 14, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4668.
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“Education is the basic tool for the development of consciousness and the reconstitution of society” -Mahatma Gandhi.
In Kerala formal and higher education started much earlier than rest of the Indian states. Educational initiatives made the state the most literate one and placed it as well ahead in gender and spatial equity. During the initial phase of educational expansion, education got its prominence for its intrinsic worthiness and played the role of enlightenment and empowerment. Kerala has occupied a prominent place on the educational map of the country from its ancient time. Though there is no clear picture of the educational system that prevailed in the early centuries of the Christian Era, the Tamil works of the Sangam age enable us to get interesting glimpses of the educational scene in Tamilakam including the present Kerala[i]. The standards of literacy and education seem to have been high. The universal education was the main feature of sangam period.
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Evolution and Growth of Cyber Crimes: An Analys on the Kerala Scenario
S S KARTHIK KUMAR
Crime is a common word that we always hereof in this era of globalization. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since time immemorial.
Cyber crime is a new type of crime that occurs in these years of Science and Technology. There are a lot of definitions for cyber crime. It is defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. In addition, cyber crime also includes traditional crimes that been conducted with the access of Internet. For example hate crimes, telemarketing Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts. In simple word, cyber crime can be defined as any violence action that been conducted by using computer or other devices with the access of internet.
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Myriad Aspects of Secular Thinking on Malayali Cuisine
SAJITHA M
Food is one of the main requirements of human being. It is flattering for the preservation of wellbeing and nourishment of the body. The food of a society exposes its custom, prosperity, status, habits as well as it help to develop a culture. Food is one of the most important social indicators of a society. History of food carries a dynamic character in the socio- economic, political, and cultural realm of a society. The food is one of the obligatory components in our daily life. It occupied an obvious atmosphere for the augmentation of healthy life and anticipation against the diseases. The food also shows a significant character in establishing cultural distinctiveness, and it reflects who we are. Food also reflected as the symbol of individuality, generosity, social status and religious believes etc in a civilized society. Food is not a discriminating aspect. It is the part of a culture, habits, addiction, and identity of a civilization.Food plays a symbolic role in the social activities the world over. It’s a universal sign of hospitality.[i]
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Re-Appraising Taxation in Travancore and It's Caste Interference
REVATHY V S
Travancore , one of the Princely States in British India and later became the Model State in British India carried a significant role in history when analysing its system of taxation. Tax is one of the chief means for acquiring revenue and wealth. In the modern sense, tax means an amount of money imposed by a government on its citizens to run a state or government. But the system of taxation in the Native States of Travancore had an unequal character or discriminatory character and which was bound up with the caste system. In the case of Travancore and its society, the so called caste system brings artificial boundaries in the society.[i]
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Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore
SAFEED R
In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "War crimes, 1939-1945"
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Bloxham, Donald. "Genocide on trial : war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust history and memory /." Oxford : Oxford university press, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390951061.
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Texte remanié de: Ph.D.--Southampton, 1998. Titre de soutenance : The Holocaust on trial : the war crime trials in the formartion of history and memory.Documents en annexes (verdicts du procès de Nuremberg et d'autres procès). Bibliogr. p. 233-261. Index.
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Weisers, Marie-Anne. "Juger les crimes contre les Juifs: des Allemands devant les tribunaux belges, 1941-1951." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209269.
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La thèse porte sur le travail effectué par la justice belge, après la Seconde guerre mondiale, face aux crimes commis par les Allemands contre les Juifs. L'étude porte d'abord sur la mise en place du cadre juridique international et national. Ensuite, elle tente de montrer à travers une étude de cas comment, malgré un cadre juridique trop étroit, les juridictions militaires belges ont tenté de poursuivre et condamner les responsables allemands des persécutions raciales.Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Dirks, Christian. "Die Verbrechen der anderen : Auschwitz und der Auschwitz-Prozess der DDR: das Verfahren gegen den KZ-Arzt Dr. Horst Fischer /." Paderborn : Schöningh, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0604/2006374091.html.
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Cheung, Hok-wong. "The demand for reparations and the grievances of war crime victims in China /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202002%20CHEUNG.
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Schöpfel, Ann-Sophie. "La France et le procès de Tokyo : l'Engagement de diplomates et de juges français en faveur d'une justice internationale 1941-1954." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0111/document.
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Face aux atrocités perpétrées par les armées allemandes et japonaises, les Alliés en viennent à la même conclusion durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la meilleure réponse à la barbarie se situe dans une justice exemplaire. Châtier les plus hauts dignitaires nazis et japonais est jugé de la plus haute importance. Ces idéaux élevés de justice se trouvent pourtant être vite compromis avec les réalités d’après-guerre. Invitée par les États-Unis à juger les grands criminels de guerre japonais, la France accepte de participer au Tribunal militaire international pour l’Extrême-Orient. De mai 1946 à décembre 1948, vingt-huit prévenus comparaissent devant un collège de juges de onze nationalités différentes pour répondre de leurs responsabilités dans la guerre du Pacifique. La présence de la France à ce procès est motivée par des enjeux politiques : le nouveau gouvernement français espère reconquérir l’Indochine ; ce procès international lui offre une scène inattendue pour affirmer son prestige en Extrême-Orient. Mais les délégués français vont se comporter de manière imprévisible à Tokyo. À partir de sources inédites, cette thèse se propose de suivre leur engagement en faveur d’une justice internationale. Elle apporte ainsi une nouvelle perspective sur le procès de Tokyo et sur l’histoire de la justice transitionnelleAlarmed by the magnitude of the atrocities perpetrated in Europe and in Asia, the Allies demonstrated their resolve to punish those responsible for such acts in 1945. From 1945 to 1948, prominent members of Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire were prosecuted at the Nuremberg and the Tokyo International Military Trials. In Japan, the United States invited France to participate in the Tokyo trial. This trial offered her an unexpected opportunity to build prestige in the Far East; during World War II, France had lost her richest colony, Indochina, and hoped to regain it. France wanted to prove that she was a nation of rights in Asia where decolonization was gaining ground. But it is hardly surprising that her delegates did not protect the national interest. On the contrary, they just wished to improve the fairness of the Tokyo trial. Based on unpublished sources, this thesis aims to understand their commitment to international justice. It sheds new light on the Tokyo trial and on the history of transitional justice
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Chinen, Biesen Sheri Lynn. "Film noir and World War II : wartime production, censorship, and the "red meat" crime cycle /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Croci, Osvaldo. "The Trieste crisis, 1953 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70276.
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This study applies the ICB model of state behavior in international crisis to one actor, Italy, in the 1953 Trieste crisis. At the historical level it reconstructs in detail, through recently declassified American and Italian documents, the flow of events from mid-1951 until October 5, 1954 when the signing of the so-called Memorandum of Understanding solved the Trieste question. At the theoretical level, it seeks to determine the impact of crisis-induced stress on the coping processes and choice patterns of Italian decision-makers. The findings confirm the major hypothesis (advanced by Holsti and George) about the stress-performance nexus, namely that "moderate" levels of stress improve decision-making performance while "high" stress might impair it. A modification of the definition of foreign policy crisis adopted by the ICB model is also suggested.
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Freudiger, Kerstin. "Die juristische Aufarbeitung von NS-Verbrechen /." Tübingen : Mohr-Siebeck, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/336807082.pdf.
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Tahvonen, Eryk Emil. "Perpetrators & Possibilities: Holocaust Diaries, Resistance, and the Crisis of Imagination." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07272006-000412/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Title from title screen. Jared Poley, committee chair; Alexandra Garbarini , Hugh Hudson, committee members. Electronic text (169 p.). Description based on contents viewed Apr. 30, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-169).
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Korf, Lindie. "D.F. Malan : a political biography." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3991.
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Thesis (DPhil (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLSIH ABSTRACT: This study is a political biography of D.F. Malan (1874–1959), the first of the apartheid-era Prime Ministers, and covers the years 1874 to 1954, when Malan retired from politics. It endeavours to provide a warts-and-all account of D.F. Malan which challenges prevalent myths and stereotypes surrounding his public persona and his political orientation. While the overwhelming focus is on Malan’s political career, special attention is paid to his personal life in order to paint a multi-faceted picture of his character. The biography is written in the form of a seamless narrative and employs a literary style of writing. It is based on archival research which utilised Malan’s private collection, as well as the private collections of his Nationalist contemporaries. Malan takes the centre stage at all times, as the biography focuses on his perceptions and experiences. Malan’s views regarding Afrikaner nationalism, which was his foremost political priority, are described, and are related to his views of British imperialism as well as other ideologies such as communism and totalitarianism. This study demonstrates that there is a notable link between Malan’s perceptions of race relations and his concerns about the poor white problem. It reveals that Malan’s racial policy was, to some extent, fluid, as were his views on South Africa’s constitutional position. Debates about South Africa’s links to Britain and the nature of the envisioned republic preoccupied Afrikaner nationalists throughout the first half of the twentieth century – and served as an outlet for regional and generational tensions within the movement. Malan’s clashes with nationalists such as Tielman Roos, J.B.M. Hertzog and J.G. Strijdom are highlighted as an indication of the internecine power struggles within the National Party (NP). By emphasising these complexities, this study seeks to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the South African past.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is politieke biografie van D.F. Malan (1874–1959), die eerste van die apartheid-era Eerste Ministers, en dek die jare 1874 tot 1954, toe Malan uit die politiek getree het. Dit poog om onversuikerde beeld van Malan te skets wat heersende mites en stereotipes aangaande sy openbare beeld en sy benadering tot die politiek uitdaag. Die fokus is hoofsaaklik op Malan se politieke loopbaan, maar besondere aandag word aan sy private lewe geskenk om sodoende veelsydige portret van sy karakter te skilder. Die biografie is in die vorm van naatlose narratief geskryf en maak van literêre skryfstyl gebruik. Dit is gebaseer op argivale navorsing, waartydens daar van D.F. Malan se privaat versameling gebruik gemaak is, sowel as die privaat versamelings van sy tydgenote. Malan is ten alle tye die sentrale figuur en die biografie fokus op sy persepsies en ervarings. Malan se denke oor Afrikaner nasionalisme, wat sy vernaamste prioriteit was, word beskryf en in verband gebring met sy opinie van Britse imperialisme, sowel as ander ideologieë soos kommunisme en totalitarisme. Die studie wys op die verband tussen Malan se denke oor rasseverhoudinge en sy besorgdheid oor die armblanke vraagstuk. Dit dui daarop dat Malan se rassebeleid tot sekere mate vloeibaar was. Dit was ook die geval met sy benadering tot Suid-Afrika se konstitusionele posisie. Afrikaner nasionaliste het tydens die eerste helfte van die twintigste eeu baie aandag geskenk aan debatte oor Suid-Afrika se verhouding tot Brittanje en die aard van die voorgenome republiek. Dit was tot mate weerligafleier vir reeds bestaande spanning tussen die onderskeie streke en generasies. Malan se botsings met nasionaliste soos Tielman Roos, J.B.M. Hertzog en J.G. Strijdom word belig as aanduiding van die diepgewortelde magstryd binne die Nasionale Party (NP). Deur op hierdie kompleksiteite klem te lê, poog die studie om bydrae te lewer tot meer genuanseerde begrip van die Suid-Afrikaanse verlede.
Books on the topic "War crimes, 1939-1945"
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The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.
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Thomas, Hetherington, Chalmers William 1922-, and Great Britain Home Office, eds. War crimes: Report of the War Crimes Inquiry. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.
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Launay, Jacques de. Crimes nazis en Ardennes. Braine-l'Alleud: Editions J.-M. Collet, 1990.
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Morin, Isobel V. Days of judgment: The World War II war crimes trials. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 1995.
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Stoltzfus, Nathan. Nazi crimes and the law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Perzekúcie Rómov v Slovenskej republike, 1939-1945. Bratislava: Ústav pamäti národa, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "War crimes, 1939-1945"
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Rudnytska, Liudmyla. "ROKYTNE GLASS FACTORY. SOVIET RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNIZATION (1939–1945)." In Integration of traditional and innovation processes of development of modern science. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-021-6-12.
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The article has been explored the features of the reconstruction and technical modernization of Rokytne glass factory during 1939-1945. The historiographical and source base made it possible to carry out a comprehensive scientific study on the issue. The economic transformations at the Rokytne glass factory can roughly be divided into three periods, namely Soviet nationalization, occupation, the beginning of reconstruction, during which both reconstruction and modernization of the enterprise were implemented. The Second World War led to colossal coup, the former Polish territories underwent changes; Rokytne village became a typical Soviet settlement of district importance. The first arrival of Soviet power in 1939 led to administrative and territorial transformations, especially the loss of urban status Rokytne town, and the wave of nationalization: glassworks, banks, transport, land, forced expropriation of property; repression and deportation were considered the core of a sharp decreasing of living standards and their social and cultural degradation. The glass factory nationalization after Rokytnе joined and considered as a part of the USSR in 1939 had the main objective to unify all production processes according to Soviet standards and introduce (implement) traditional methods of administration at the enterprise entities. The ownership underwent the noticeable transformations. The majority of the engineers, retreating army moved to Poland, taking with them the equipment and technical documentation as well in order to set up Kama-Vitrum, a new glass plant. With the beginning of the Soviet-German confrontation, the occupation enterprise policy provided primarily for the production of glass products, especially sheet glass, in order to satisfy war needs with minimal material and technical restoration to provide primitive conditions for conveyor production process. After the liberation in 1944, the Soviet economy suffered from the crisis at the initial stage of reconstruction due to the lack of financial, material and human resources in order to implement modernization, reconstruction and reconstruction processes at industrial facilities of local and national importance. Notwithstanding the contradictions and complexity of the processes, the Rokytne glass factory, due to local funds involvement, resources, personnel and their ingenuity and dedicated work, resumed production of glass products in terms of difficult conditions a month after liberation.
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Smetana, Vít. "Old Wine in New Bottles? British Policy towards Czechoslovakia, 1938–1939 and 1947–1948." In Czechoslovakia in a Nationalist and Fascist Europe, 1918–1948. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0009.
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Britain's policy towards Czechoslovakia, ironically and tragically, twice fell victim to the geo-strategic realities of the time. While the general approach to foreign policy conducted by Neville Chamberlain and Edward Halifax, the prime minister and his foreign secretary, was very different from that of Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin, neither the government in 1938–1939 nor that in 1947–1948 could find the resources or will to overcome these strategic constraints. However, the impact of the crucial events in Czechoslovakia upon British foreign policy was remarkable. This chapter compares the two Czechoslovak crises from a British governmental perspective. It shows remarkable parallels between 1938 and 1948, in terms both of British attitudes and of their wider international significance. The juxtaposition itself is revealing, in that the extent of British interest and sympathy appears to have been greater post-1945 than before 1938.
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Lienhard, John H. "War and Other Ways to Kill People." In The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135831.003.0012.
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We humans are a hardy lot. It eventually takes the cellular deterioration of old age to set most of us up for death, which then occurs by cancer, heart disease, pneumonia, or other illness. Death by natural causes is almost always the result of a protracted assault on our bodies. We are hard to kill. But now and then we undertake the technological problem of killing one another intentionally. That is seldom easy to do, and it has to play out against the universal human commandment “Thou shalt not kill.” So the problem is not only a difficult one technologically, it is also one that calls up all manner of creative tactics of self-justification. The motivation for killing takes many forms—the greater good of society as expressed in war and capital punishment, mercy killing, personal gain (often expressed in crime against another person), revenge, anger, or suicide. I expect we all have sanctioned killing by one or more of these means at one time or another, by either words or deeds. We have created little original technology for the purpose of killing one another. However, a great deal of our existing technology has been adapted to that purpose. Weapons for hunting have repeatedly been elaborated into weapons of crime or war. Lisa Meitner, whose 1939 paper described the energy release of nuclear fission, clearly thought she had identified the ultimate peacetime power source. Asked what use the Wrights’ new airplane would be, Orville Wright unhesitatingly shot back, “Sport!” While war was far from the Wright brothers’ minds in the process of invention, their first big commercial sale was to the United States Army. The peculiar relation between creativity and killing comes home to me in my reaction to an event in the late days of World War II, when the war finally came closest to my quiet home in Minnesota. Since Tokyo was more than six thousand miles away, the mutual slaughter of Japanese and the Allies had largely been carried out in the Pacific Ocean. Then in January 1945 we learned about Japan’s secret weapon. She was trying to ignite our mainland with incendiary bombs.