Journal articles: 'War crimes, 1939-1945'

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Buscher, Frank M., and Alfred M. de Zayas. "The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945." German Studies Review 16, no. 2 (May 1993): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431687.

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Seregin, A. V. "COOPERATION OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH WITH FASCIST AND NATIONAL SOCIALIST STATE REGIMES: PROBLEMS OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY." Russian-Asian Legal Journal, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ralj(2020)3.10.

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The article raises the problems associated with the need to prosecute the Vatican for crimes againstpeace and humanity committed by the Catholic clergy during the Second World war 1939–1945. The authoron the basis of monographic studies, documents, court verdicts and normative-legal acts proves that thebloody genocide of Orthodox Serbs was carried out systematically by the ustashe fascist government thanksto the ideological support of the Latin priesthood. For crimes that do not have a Statute of limitations, itis proposed to deprive the Vatican of sovereignty, force it to admit its guilt for organizing the genocide ofOrthodox Serbs during the occupation of Yugoslavia in 1941–1945, as well as for the destruction and seizureof Orthodox churches to recover monetary compensation in favor of the victims and their descendants,including the Serbian Orthodox Church.

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Böhler, Jochen, and Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk. "Collaboration and Resistance in Wartime Poland (1939–1945) – A Case for Differentiated Occupation Studies." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 2 (May 2018): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-2-225.

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Collaboration and Resistance in Wartime Poland (1939-1945) - A Case for Differentiated Occupation Studies This article aims to diffenenciate the often simplistic depiction of war and occupation in Europe between 1939 and 1945 as a fight of good against evil. Such a description can be found not only in popular culture, but also, though less blatantly, in historical literature. Without questioning the overall responsibility of the Axis powers for the horrendous crimes committed during the war, this article argues for a more nuanced approach that takes into account the often complex nature of interaction between the occupiers and the occupied. Instead of invoking moral judgment, the authors aim to prioritize the historical analysis of the reality of Poland's occupation by the Nazis, recognizing that the parties involved had their own agency and often conflicting agendas. The authors apply this approach to two major phenomena: collaboration with, and resistance against the occupying forces. It thereby becomes clear that violence was exchanged not only between the occupants and the occupied, but also between different political and ethnic groups of the Polish society.

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Bryan, Ian, and Peter Rowe. "The Role of Evidence in War Crimes Trials: the Common Law and the Yugoslav Tribunal." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2 (December 1999): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000477.

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With the passing into law of the War Crimes Act of 1991, the United Kingdom joined common law states such as Canada and Australia in conferring upon its domestic courts jurisdiction to try individuals suspected of having committed war crimes in Europe during the Second World War. Under the 1991 Act, proceedings for murder, manslaughter or culpable homicide may be brought, with the consent of the Attorney-General, against any person who, on 8 March 1990 or later, became a British citizen or resident in the United Kingdom, providing that the offence charged is alleged to have been committed between 1 September 1939 and 4 June 1945 in a place which was, at the material time, part of Germany or under German occupation. The Act further provides that the offence charged must have constituted a violation of the laws and customs of war under international law at the time it was committed. In addition, the Act stipulates that the nationality of the alleged offender at the time the alleged offence was committed is immaterial.

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Rolińska, Justyna. "Miejsce straceń obywateli polskich w Glinniku‑Przegorzałach w Krakowie w latach 1939‑1944 – przegląd źródeł." Sowiniec 28, no. 50-51 (March 14, 2018): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sowiniec.28.2017.50-51.04.

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The Mass Executions of Poles in Glinnik‑Przegorzały in Krakow during the German Occupation of 1939–1944: An Overview of SourcesDuring the German occupation of Krakow in 1939‑1945, mass executions were among the methods used to exterminate Poles and the members of other ethnic groups. One of the sites of the largest such crimes was Glinnik, situated in a former clay quarry in Przegorzały, which at the time was part of Krakow’s western suburbs. The exact number of victims and their names remain unknown, while the place itself has been neglected. A recent historiographical debate has been initiated as a result of efforts to grant Glinnik the status of a war cemetery and because of disagreement between researchers and the victims’ families. This article aims to give an overview of the available historical sources and previous statements. With regards to the lack of proper documentation of the occupying German police administration, the main sources are materials collected in the case that has since 1945 been investigated by the Main Commission for the Prosecution of the Nazi Crimes in Poland and is currently investigated by the Institute of National Remembrance. Since 2015, they may be new perspectives on this research as a result of the archaeological excavations conducted in this area, but the excavated artifacts are still under study.

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Uczkiewicz, Dominika. "Dekret Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej o odpowiedzialności karnej za zbrodnie wojenne z dnia 30 marca 1943 roku." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 79–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.2.4.

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On 30 March 1943 the Decree of the President of the Polish Republic on Criminal Liability for War Crimes, the first normative act setting down the legal basis for persecution of war criminals issued by one of the Allies during the Second World War, was proclaimed. The promulgation of the decree can be considered as the turning point in the Polish government-in-exile’s policy towards the problem of the prosecution and punishment of Nazi criminals, which started in autumn 1939. After the announcement of the draft decree, developed by the Polish minister of justice, professor of state law, Wacław Komarnicki and by an international lawyer, professor of criminal law, Stefan Glaser in the spring of 1942, a fierce discussion on the legal act’s concept broke out in the Polish government and lasted until November 1942. Although all Polish politicians agreed on the need to define the principles of individual criminal liability for war crimes, the proposal to promulgate criminal legislation with retroactive effect aroused much controversy. However, as the course of these debates shows, the critical point was not the mere fact of violating the lex retro non agit principle. The scepticism of some Polish politicians towards this idea resulted from purely pragmatic reasons and was caused by lack of support from the American and British governments for the proposal to define legal frames for the future trials of war criminals this attitude changed only in spring 1945. This article presents the genesis and provisions of the Decree of the President of the Polish Republic on Criminal Liability for War Crimes of 30 March 1943 in the context of international debates on international criminal law and individual liability for war crimes. It argues that the legislative works on the decree and its proclamation in March 1943 mark an important point in the process of shaping the concept of prosecution and punishment of war criminals during the Second World War.

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Kornat, Marek. "Stolica Apostolska w polskiej polityce zagranicznej na uchodźstwie (Wrzesień 1939 – czerwiec 1940)." Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.02.

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The Holy See In Polish Foreign Policy of the Government on exile (September 1939 — June 1940) The article is devoted to the reexamining of the policy of Polish Government on exile toward the Holy See after Poland’s defeat in September 1939 and the reestablishment of the legal authorities of Poland in France, under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski as Prime Minister. Terminus ad quem of the narration is the collapse of France and transfer of the Government of Poland to London in June 1940. Problems of Vatican’s perception of Polish Question is discussed on the basis of Polish archival documents, especially those of Polish Embassy to the Holy See. Vatican-Polish relations at the beginning of the World War II require special attention because the last treatment of this highly debatable problem was made in historiography by Zofia Waszkiewicz more than thirty five years ago in her monograph Polityka Watykanu wobec Polski 1939–1945 [Policy of the Vatican toward Poland 1939—1945] (Warsaw 1980). How much Polish diplomacy achieved fighting for the Holy See’s support against Nazi Germany? Two things must be said. Firstly, the Holy See recognized the legal continuity of Polish State after the German-Soviet occupation of Poland’s territory in September 1939, but did not sent the papal nuncio to Angers, when Polish Government resided. Secondly, Polish thesis on the special significance of Polish Question as the test-case of international justice received the positive response of the Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Summi Pontificatus published on October 20 1939, but the guidelines of Vatican’s policy were based on the doctrine of strict neutrality of the Papacy in the international relations. It did not permit for Papal condemnation ex officio of the Nazi crimes and criminal policy of extermination in Poland.

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Motyka, Grzegorz. "Ćwiczenia z polityki wobec pamięci." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 59, no. 2 (May 12, 2015): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2015.59.2.15.

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This essay contains a description and critical appraisal of the contemporary Ukrainian state’s policy in regard to memory of the Volhynian and Galician massacres of 1943–1945. The author engages in polemics with Tomasz Stryjek, who recently published a book on this and other issues: Ukraina przed końcem Historii. Szkice o polityce państw wobec pamięci [Ukraine Before the End of History: Essays on State Policy in Regard to Memory]. In the author’s opinion, Stryjek one-sidedly, or even naively, places hope in the idea that the EU, in the not-too-distant future, will exert effective pressure on the government in Kiev to make it adapt its narrative about the activities of the OUN and UIA against Poles and Jews to European standards of memory about the Second World War. In the author’s opinion, the Ukrainian narrative about the activities of the OUN and UIA is based on the erroneous conviction—which is comfortable for the Ukrainian side—of equal guilt in the Polish-Ukrainian conﬂict of 1939–1947. He argues that there should be no cessation of efforts to remind Ukrainian historians and authorities about the responsibility to condemn, unambiguously, the mass crimes committed by national independence groups.

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Berkhof, G. C. "A.M. de Zayas, The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939–1945, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London 1989, 364 pp., £ 38.65 h.b., £ 14.35 p.b." Netherlands International Law Review 37, no. 02 (August 1990): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00006677.

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B, CHINTHU I. "Educational Progress in Travancore: Review on the Role of Travancore Royal Family in Higher Education." GIS Business 14, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4668.

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“Education is the basic tool for the development of consciousness and the reconstitution of society” -Mahatma Gandhi. In Kerala formal and higher education started much earlier than rest of the Indian states. Educational initiatives made the state the most literate one and placed it as well ahead in gender and spatial equity. During the initial phase of educational expansion, education got its prominence for its intrinsic worthiness and played the role of enlightenment and empowerment. Kerala has occupied a prominent place on the educational map of the country from its ancient time. Though there is no clear picture of the educational system that prevailed in the early centuries of the Christian Era, the Tamil works of the Sangam age enable us to get interesting glimpses of the educational scene in Tamilakam including the present Kerala[i]. The standards of literacy and education seem to have been high. The universal education was the main feature of sangam period. 196-201 Evolution and Growth of Cyber Crimes: An Analys on the Kerala Scenario S S KARTHIK KUMAR Crime is a common word that we always hereof in this era of globalization. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since time immemorial. Cyber crime is a new type of crime that occurs in these years of Science and Technology. There are a lot of definitions for cyber crime. It is defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. In addition, cyber crime also includes traditional crimes that been conducted with the access of Internet. For example hate crimes, telemarketing Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts. In simple word, cyber crime can be defined as any violence action that been conducted by using computer or other devices with the access of internet. 202-206 Myriad Aspects of Secular Thinking on Malayali Cuisine SAJITHA M Food is one of the main requirements of human being. It is flattering for the preservation of wellbeing and nourishment of the body. The food of a society exposes its custom, prosperity, status, habits as well as it help to develop a culture. Food is one of the most important social indicators of a society. History of food carries a dynamic character in the socio- economic, political, and cultural realm of a society. The food is one of the obligatory components in our daily life. It occupied an obvious atmosphere for the augmentation of healthy life and anticipation against the diseases. The food also shows a significant character in establishing cultural distinctiveness, and it reflects who we are. Food also reflected as the symbol of individuality, generosity, social status and religious believes etc in a civilized society. Food is not a discriminating aspect. It is the part of a culture, habits, addiction, and identity of a civilization.Food plays a symbolic role in the social activities the world over. It’s a universal sign of hospitality.[i] 207-212 Re-Appraising Taxation in Travancore and It's Caste Interference REVATHY V S Travancore , one of the Princely States in British India and later became the Model State in British India carried a significant role in history when analysing its system of taxation. Tax is one of the chief means for acquiring revenue and wealth. In the modern sense, tax means an amount of money imposed by a government on its citizens to run a state or government. But the system of taxation in the Native States of Travancore had an unequal character or discriminatory character and which was bound up with the caste system. In the case of Travancore and its society, the so called caste system brings artificial boundaries in the society.[i] 213-221 Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore SAFEED R In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries. 222-

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Jones, Priscilla Dale. "The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939–1945. By Alfred M. de Zayas. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. Pp. xix + 364. $15.95 pbk." Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (March 1991): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014072.

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Bar-Yaacov, N. "The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945. By Alfred M. de Zayat in collaboration with Walter Rabus. Foreword by Howard Levie. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. xix + 364 pp." British Yearbook of International Law 61, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bybil/61.1.365.

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Radchenko, Iryna Gennadiivna. "The Philanthropic Organizations' Assistance to Jews of Romania and "Transnistria" during the World War II." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261714.

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The article is devoted to assistance, rescue to the Jewish people in Romanian territory, including "Transnistria" in 1939–1945. Using the archival document from different institutions (USHMM, Franklyn D. Roosevelt Library) and newest literature, the author shows the scale of the assistance, its mechanism and kinds. It was determined some of existed charitable organizations and analyzed its mechanism of cooperation between each other. Before the war, the Romanian Jewish Community was the one of largest in Europe (after USSR and Poland) and felt all tragedy of Holocaust. Romania was the one of the Axis states; the anti-Semitic policy has become a feature of Marshal Antonescu policy. It consisted of deportations from some regions of Romania to newly-created region "Transnistria", mass exterminations, death due to some infectious disease, hunger, etc. At the same moment, Romania became an example of cooperation of the international organizations, foreign governments on providing aid. The scale of this assistance was significant: thanks to it, many of Romanian Jews (primarily, children) could survive the Holocaust: some of them were come back to Romanian regions, others decide to emigrate to Palestine. The emphasis is placed on the personalities, who played important (if not decisive) role: W. Filderman, S. Mayer, Ch. Colb, J. Schwarzenberg, R. Mac Clelland and many others. It was found that the main part of assistance to Romanian Jews was began to give from the end of 1943, when the West States, World Jewish community obtained numerous proofs of Nazi crimes against the Jews (and, particularly, Romanian Jews). It is worth noting that the assistance was provided, mostly, for Romanian Jews, deported from Regat; some local (Ukrainian) Jews also had the possibility to receive a lot of needful things. But before the winter 1942, most of Ukrainian Jews was exterminated in ghettos and concentration camps. The main kinds of the assistance were financial (donations, which was given by JDC through the ICRC and Romanian Jewish Community), food parcels, clothes, medicaments, and emigrations from "Transnistria" to Romania, Palestine (after 1943). Considering the status of Romania (as Nazi Germany's ally in World War II), the international financial transactions dealt with some difficulties, which delayed the relief, but it was changed after the Romania's joining to Allies. The further research on the topic raises new problem for scholars. Particularly, it deals with using of memoirs. There is one other important point is inclusion of national (Ukrainian) historiography on the topic, concerning the rescue of Romanian Jews, to European and world history context.

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Motyka, Grzegorz. "Czy zbrodnia wołyńsko-galicyjska 1943–1945 była ludobójstwem? Spór o kwalifikację prawną „antypolskiej akcji” UPA." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 24/2 (April 29, 2016): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2016.24.15.

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The anti-Polish purges carried out by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Bandera (OUN-B) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which are known in Polish history as the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, claimed the lives of about 100,000 people. These purges were among the bloodiest episodes in Poland’s twentieth-century history and among the major mass killings of civilians during World War II. Moreover, they were committed by an irregular partisan formation. In terms of scale, the massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia can be compared to the mass pacification of Belarusian villages by German police formations and the massacres of Serbs by Croatian nationalists.Historical research indicates that, regardless of whether the objective of the OUN and the UPA was to exterminate or ‘only’ to expel the Poles, implementation of their plan must have assumed the killing of the Polish population, or at least part of it, in the disputed areas. Therefore, further research conducted in Poland confirmed the conviction about the genocidal nature of the UPA’s activities. Jędrzej Giertych was probably the first Pole to use the term ‘genocide’ in this context. He used it in the London-based literary weekly ‘Wiadomości’ [News] in 1951. In the second half of the 1990s, this opinion became dominant among scholars dealing with the issues in question. Similar conclusions were reached by prosecutors of the Institute of National Remembrance. It seems that their evaluation could not be different in the light of the definition of genocide specified in Article 118 of the Polish Criminal Code.Polish scholars argue, however, whether the term ‘genocide’ should be used in reference to all of the activities conducted by the OUN and UPA in the years 1939–1947, or only those conducted in the period from 9 February 1943 to 18 May 1945, known as the anti-Polish action (mass murders). They also argue whether the UPA’s actions were typical genocide, or should be considered as a specific example of cruel genocide (genocidum atrox) due to their ferocity. Some scholars are inclined to recognize the UPA’s ‘anti-Polish campaign’ as ethnic cleansing rather than genocide, but the scale of the crimes against the Polish population seems to undermine this opinion.The author suggests that the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia should be recognized as ‘genocidal ethnic cleansing’, or ‘ethnic cleansing that meets the definition of genocide’, as the terms indicate that from the very beginning perpetrators committed ethnic cleansing in the regions with intent to conduct mass murder of civilians.

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Greenwood, Christopher. "The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939–1945. By Alfred M. De Zayas, with the collaboration of Walter Rabus [Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 1989. xix, 328, (Bibliography) 23 and (Index) 12 pp. Hardback £38.65, paperback £14·35 net.]." Cambridge Law Journal 49, no. 1 (March 1990): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300106968.

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Shendrikova, S. P., and N. E. Vishnyakova. "Charitable Activities of German Settlers Representatives in the Social Life of the Crimea (Mid-19th - Early 20th Century)." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (207) (October 19, 2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-3-72-77.

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The article reveals the main issues of charitable activities of German landowners of the Tauride province of the 19th century, who not only created large model farms, but also devoted themselves to the social life of the Peninsula. The events of the Second World War (1939-1945) provoked the formation of negative public opinion about the German people, although the positive role of representatives of this nation is known in the history of Russia. However, today, the topic of charitable activities, patronage and philanthropy among the Ger-mans of the Crimea in the 19th - beginning of the 20th century is very inquisitive. The authors focus on the social activities of the German ethnic group in the territory of the Tauride province. Charitable activities in the Russian Empire initially did not have a sufficiently clear legal basis, however, with the adoption of the necessary legislative aspects, this direction became popular among a wealthy group of interested persons.

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RUIZ, JULIUS. "A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War." Contemporary European History 14, no. 2 (May 2005): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002304.

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This article considers whether the Franco regime pursued a genocidal policy against Republicans after the formal ending of hostilities on 1 April 1939. In post-war Spain, the primary mechanism for punishing Republicans was military tribunals. Francoist military justice was based on the assumption that responsibility for the civil war lay with the Republic: defendants were tried for the crime of ‘military rebellion’. This was, as Ramón Serrano Suñer admitted his memoirs, ‘turning justice on its head’. But although it was extremely harsh, post-war military justice was never exterminatory. The article stresses that the institutionalisation of military justice from 1937, following the arbitrary murders of 1936, contributed to a relative decline in executions. Although the regime's determination to punish Republicans for ‘military rebellion’ inevitably led to the initiation of tens of thousands of post-war military investigations, only a minority of cases ended in execution. This was especially the case from January 1940, when the higher military authorities ended the autonomy of military tribunals over sentencing. This reassertion of central control in January 1940 was part of a wider policy to ease the self-inflicted problem of prison overcrowding; successive parole decrees led to a substantial and permanent decrease in the number of inmates by 1945. Allied victory in the Second World War did not mark the beginning but the end of the process of bringing to a close mass military justice.

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Ewing, Keith. "The political constitution of emergency powers: a comment." International Journal of Law in Context 3, no. 4 (December 2007): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552307004041.

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The United Kingdom had the experience of at least five different kinds of emergency throughout the twentieth century. The first and most serious is war, though not all wars (including the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan) create or created national emergencies. Nevertheless, the world wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 almost certainly did, especially in the latter case with its risk – albeit short-lived – of invasion by a foreign power. The other causes of emergency were: second, the long-term internal conflict in Northern Ireland in what seemed like a separatist armed struggle, with one community pitted against another, and against the State (1969–2007); third, short-term but large-scale industrial action, which in at least one case (1926) was thought to border on the subversive; while the fourth has been an array of natural disasters, sometimes caused by adverse weather conditions, and sometimes caused by disease; finally, and most recently, there is the threat posed by international terrorism in the wake of 9/11 and our experiences in London in July 2005. Although emergency situations can thus arise for a host of reasons, it might be argued that the foregoing list is far from complete, with a sixth category of emergency being the various economic and fiscal crises that have engulfed the country from time to time, notably in 1931, when emergency powers were taken, and again after the end of World War II, when the country was financially exhausted by the demands of conflict.

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Haliti, Bajram. "Challenging the Nurney Procedure by the Roma national community." Bastina, no. 51 (2020): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina30-28830.

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World War II is considered to be the largest and longest bloody conflict in recent history. It began with the German attack on Poland on September 1, 1939. The war lasted six years and ended with the capitulation of Japan on September 2, 1945. The consequences of the war are still present in many countries today. "German, Italian and Japanese fascists waged a war of conquest with the aim of dividing the world and creating a New Order in which it would have economic, political and military domination, establish a rule of terror and violence and destroy all forms of human freedom, dignity and humanism. Only a few thousand Roma in Germany survived the Holocaust and Nazi concentration camps. Trying to rebuild their lives, after losing so many family members and relatives, and after their property was destroyed or confiscated, they faced enormous difficulties. The health of many was destroyed. Although they have been trying to get compensation for that for years, such requests have been constantly denied Based on established facts, eyewitnesses, witnesses, historical and legal documents, during the Second World War, the crime of genocide against Orthodox Serbs, Jews and Roma of all faiths except Islam was committed. The attempt to exterminate the Roma during the Second World War must not be forgotten. There was no justice for the survivors of the post-Hitler era. It is important to note that the trial in Nuremberg did not mention the genocide of the Roma at all. The Nuremberg trial is basically the punishment of the losers by the winners. This is visible even today because these forces rule the world. Innocent victims, primarily Roma, have not received justice, satisfaction or recognition from the world community. The Roma were further humiliated because they were not given a chance to speak about the few surviving witnesses about the victims and the horrors they survived. The Roma for the Nuremberg International Military Court and the Nuremberg judges simply did not exist, which called into question the legal aspect of the process, which has not been corrected to date. The Roma national community is committed to revising history, to reviewing the work of the Nuremberg tribunal.

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Kim, JongHo. "Between cooperation and survival." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 14, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2018-0007.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the survival capability of Chaoshan people in the maritime world of the South China Sea amidst the changing monetary systems of the rival empires and political regimes from 1939 to 1945. It particularly focuses on overseas Chinese remittance business in Shantou under the Japanese rule. Local societies in coastal China and overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia experienced severe hardships due to the Sino-Japanese War, the Pacific War and the Chinese Civil War. As fighting among the rival empires and regimes intensified, Chinese migrant communities straddling between Southeast Asia and South China had to negotiate and adapt to survive these crises, regardless of whether they were government-affiliated or local autonomous subjects. Design/methodology/approach This research draws on archival materials to investigate the reactions of Chinese migrant communities in Chaoshan region in times of war and regime change. How did local maritime societies and overseas Chinese adapt to the harsh realities of the wartime? How did the Japanese Empire use Wang Jingwei’s puppet government in Nanjing to control the Chaoshan remittance network? How did the remittance network shift its operational structure in face of a wartime crisis? Findings Faced with the wartime crisis and the Japanese occupation, Chaoshan communities used a variety of survival strategies to protect and maintain the overseas Chinese remittance business. In dealing with remittances from Singapore, British Malay and Indonesia, they cooperated with the Japanese military authority and its puppet government to maximize the autonomy of their business operation in the Japanese-controlled East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere. On the other hand, to secure the flow of remittances from French Indochina and Thailand, the indirectly controlled territories in the Japanese Empire, Chaoshan merchants sought an alternative path of delivering remittances, known as the Dongxing route, to bypass the Japanese ban on private remittances from these two regions. Research limitations/implications It would be a better research if more resources, including remittance receipts and documents during the Japanese occupation, could be found and used to show more detailed features of Chaoshan local society. Originality/value This research is the first one to investigate the contradictory features of local Chaoshan society during the Japanese occupation, an under-explored subject in the Chinese historiography.

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Collins, Peter, Inga Brandes, Jonathan Cherry, Brendan Scott, Karl S. Bottigheimer, Deirdre McMahon, Jennifer Kelly, et al. "Reviews: Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory, Social Security in Ireland, 1939–1952: The Limits to Solidarity, the Big Houses and Landed Estates of Ireland: A Research Guide, the Parish in Medieval and Early Modern Ireland: Community, Territory and Building, Seventeenth Century Ireland: Making Ireland Modern, Our War: Ireland and the Great War, Social Conflict in pre-Famine Ireland: The Case of County Roscommon, Ringing True: The Bells of Trummery and Beyond: 350 Years of an Irish Quaker Family, ‘The Downfall of Hagan’: Sligo Ribbonism in 1842, Guarding Neutral Ireland: The Coast Watching Service and Military Intelligence, 1939–1945, Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland, the Diocese of Lismore, 1801–1869, New Perspectives on the Irish in Scotland, Music in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, the Vestry Records of the United Parishes of Finglas, St Margaret's, Artane and the Ward, 1657–1758, Georgian Dublin, Jewish Ireland in the Age of Joyce: A Socioeconomic History, the First Citizens of the Treaty City: The Mayors and Mayoralty of Limerick, 1197–2007, the Journal of Elizabeth Bennis, 1749–1779, the Murder of Major Mahon, Strokestown, County Roscommon, 1847, Tourism, Landscapes and the Irish Character: British Travel Writers in pre-Famine Ireland, Politics, Pauperism and Power in late Nineteenth Century Ireland, Sources for the Study of Crime in Ireland, 1801–1921, Photographs and Photography in Irish Local History." Irish Economic and Social History 36, no. 1 (December 2009): 113–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/iesh.36.8.

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"The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945." Choice Reviews Online 27, no. 07 (March 1, 1990): 27–4024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-4024.

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"The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945. By Alfred M. de Zayas. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. Pp. xix, 364.)." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 3 (July 1991): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203130.

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Olex-Szczytowski, Matthew. "The German Military Opposition and National Socialist Crimes, 1939–1944: The Cases of Stauffenberg, Tresckow, and Schulenburg." War in History, July 5, 2019, 096834451984005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344519840054.

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Abstract:

The historiography of the German opposition to Hitler involved in the putsch on 20 July 1944 is very mature. Nevertheless we still lack a comprehensive view of the involvement in Nazi excesses of many major participants. This article presents new evidence and consolidates earlier knowledge about three key actors, Colonel Claus Schenk Count von Stauffenberg, Brigadier General Henning von Tresckow, and Fritz-Dietlof Count von der Schulenburg. It demonstrates that they were prima facie perpetrators of Crimes against peace, War crimes, and Crimes against humanity, as defined by international jurisprudence after 1945. The article should inform future studies of the conspiracy and of the mental trajectories of its participants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'War crimes, 1939-1945'

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