Academic literature on the topic 'War of Canudos'

ResumoEste ensaio examina a sobrevida textual de uma cabeça — a de Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel, o Antônio Conselheiro (1830-1897), a partir de sua morte na Guerra de Canudos (1896-1897). Traçam-se as figurações do crânio de Conselheiro na imprensa brasileira do fim do século XIX e nos trabalhos do médico legista Raimundo Nina Rodrigues e do engenheiro e escritor Euclides da Cunha. Embora ambos esperassem que o crânio de Conselheiro apresentasse evidências físicas de degeneração racial, as observações craniométricas de Nina Rodrigues revelaram um crânio normal. Argumenta-se que esse fracasso da aproximação materialista à psique humana deu proeminência a explicações sociológicas para o fenômeno de Canudos, além de levantar questões sobre visibilidade, raça e racismo científico na virada do século XX e no mundo contemporâneo.Palavras-chave: Raça. Psiquiatria. Guerra de Canudos. Antropologia criminal. AbstractThis essay examines the textual afterlife of a head—that of Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel (Antônio Conselheiro [1830-1897]), after his death in the Canudos War (1896-1897). It traces figurations of Conselheiro’s skull in the late nineteenth-century Brazilian press and in the works of Raimundo Nina Rodrigues and Euclides da Cunha. Although these two social scientists expected Conselheiro’s skull to display physical evidence of racial degeneration, Nina Rodrigues’s craniometric measurements and observations revealed a perfectly normal skull. It is argued that this failure of a materialist approach to the human psyche allowed a stronger reliance on sociological explanations for the Canudos phenomenon that opens up questions on scientific racism and the visibility of race in the turn of the twentieth century and in contemporary times.Keywords: Race. Psychiatry. Canudos War. Criminal Anthropology.

Colonel Antônio Moreira César, the Commander of the third Expedition against Canudos (1896-1897), nicknamed "head-chopper", was considered an implacable military man, a synonym of ferocity and extreme brutality against his adversaries. Therefore, he was nominated the Commander of an expedition considered almost invincible. Since his 30's he presented epileptic seizures, which increased in frequency and severity on his way to Canudos. After several well-documented episodes and probably considering himself the winner in anticipation, he ordered a premature and almost ingenuous attack against Canudos. His misjudging is attributed to the effect of successive seizures. He was shot and killed on the very first day of that battle and his expedition had a horrible and unexpected end. Based on the descriptions of his biographer we discuss the nature of his disease probably characterized by focal seizures with elementary and complex visual hallucinations followed by language deficits and episodes of complex partial seizures and secondary generalization and its role in this episode of Brazilian history.

Two millenarian events, one in Brazil (Canudos Rebellion, 1897) and the other in South Africa (Bulhoek Massacre, 1921) have inspired two works of narrative fiction: Mario Vargas Llosa's The War of the End of the World (1981) and Mike Nicol’s This Day and Age (1992). In both novels the events are presented from the perspectives of both the oppressed landless peasants and the oppressors, who were the ruling élites. In both instances, governments which purported to be models of enlightenment and modernity resorted to violence and repression in order to uphold their authority. Vargas Llosa's novel was written in the Latin American tradition where truth and fiction mingle indistinguishably while in the South African novel fictional elements override historical truth.

Busca-se, neste artigo, analisar o documentário Paixão e Guerra no Sertão de Canudos, de autoria do Cineasta Antônio Olavo, a partir da eficácia instrumental do cinema documentário como um veículo potencializador de discursos críticos sobre eventos e representações sociais. Tem-se como objetivo refletir, por meio de uma obra fílmica, o evento da saga conselheirista como um processo demarcador da cisão do urbano e do rural no pensamento social brasileiro.Palavras-chave: Cinema Documentário. Sertão. Intersecção Urbano-Rural. Movimento Conselheirista.Canudos: The “Essence” of Sertão Baiano (Bahian Backlands) AbstractIn this article, it is sought to analyse the documentary “Paixão e Guerra no Sertão de Canudos” (Passion and war at Canudos’ Backland), written by the filmmaker Antônio Olavo, from the perspective of the instrumental efficacy of Documentary Cinema, as a potentializing vehicle of critical speech over events and social representations. It is taken as an objective in this article to reflect upon a filmic work over the event of the Conselheiro’s saga (Antônio Conselheiro and his followers’ movement). This work aims at such saga as a landmark in the breach process between urban and rural in Brazilian social thinking.Keywords: Documentary Cinema. Sertão (Backlands). Rural-Urban Intersection. Conselherista Movement.

Canadians rightly pride themselves on their technological achievements in outer space. Heralded as a pioneer with several “firsts” in space exploration, public perception is that Canada explores the “final frontier” in the name of peace. This is the myth perpetuated by scientists and politicians alike, distorting clear evidence to the contrary. This study aims to rectify this fallacy by demonstrating that Canadian space initiatives were a product of Cold War relations, a need for domestic and international security against the threat of nuclear war. Contextualized within the paradigm of a bipolar world, an ostensibly civilian space program only thinly veiled military objectives. Consulting military, political and scientific sources from the end of the Second World War to contemporary conflicts, what emerges is a complex relationship between civilian and military initiatives. Balancing demands from the United States for hemispheric security against the increasing threat of the Soviet Union whilst maintaining sovereignty over Canadian territory presented immense challenges to government leaders. Coupled with a shrinking defence budget, space research fulfilled specific niche roles in Canadian‐American relations. Deconstructing the objectives of prominent satellite programs, Canada‐U.S. (CANUS) agreements, and concomitant government sponsored defence research into theoretical space programs reveals policy marked by the vestiges of war. Peaceful orientations toward outer space perpetuated in historical literature sets a dangerous precedent. Future conflicts will not always pit technologically advanced societies against underdeveloped armies, and ignoring the military advantages of outer space could prove a fatal mistake in confrontations that will assuredly come.Defence in

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O tema principal desta dissertação é a guerra de Canudos (1896-1897) tal como apresentada por dois jornais da capital federal: Jornal do Brasil e O Paiz. As reportagens destes dois jornais são a documentação analisada neste trabalho. Mudanças políticas implicam na criação ou reafirmação de símbolos e valores que podem vir a constituir uma cultura política que legitime o novo regime. A República ainda não havia conseguido a estabilidade desejada para garantir a continuidade do regime, e o conflito foi visto como uma oportunidade de consolidar a cultura republicana no Brasil, criando-se nas páginas destes jornais o ideal de patriotismo do novo regime, bem como seus heróis e inimigos.
The main theme of this dissertation is the war of Canudos (1896-1897) as featured in two newspapers of the capital of Brazil: Jornal do Brasil and O Paiz. The reports in those two newspapers are the documentation analysed in this work. Political changes implicate the creation or the reaffirmation of symbols and values that may constitute a political culture that legitimates the new regime. The Republic hadn t become stable yet, and the conflict was seen as an opportunity to consolidate the republican culture in Brazil, by creating on the pages of these newspapers the ideal of patriotism of the new regime as well as its heroes and enemies.

A Guerra de Canudos ocorreu no sertão baiano, entre novembro de 1896 e outubro de 1897, figurando como um dos episódios mais sangrentos da história do Brasil. Ao mesmo tempo em que se desenrolava a tragédia, o País estava se urbanizando, industrializando-se, e, em certo sentido, modernizando-se. Interessava às elites que o Brasil adentrasse o quanto antes no que viam como a marcha do progresso e se configurasse como nação moderna, com uma identidade assentada em valores ocidentais. A comunidade de Canudos, percebida na contramão desses valores, significava uma ameaça ao poder local e ao poder republicano. Essa cidadela se organizava a partir de uma divisão social do trabalho que não se baseava na exploração. Também, esses sertanejos praticavam a religião cristã reinterpretada; concebiam Antônio Conselheiro como um salvador que lhes dava esperanças de uma vida melhor na terra e nos céus. O modo de vida canudense era apresentado, nos jornais da época, como uma vergonha para a civilização e uma ameaça â nação brasileira, amplificando boatos que acusavam Canudos de ser um reduto monarquista. A reação a o Conselheiro e a seus seguidores foi tanto material quanto discursiva: foram organizadas quatro campanhas que destruíram o arraial de Canudos, e circularam na imprensa e nos espaços públicos discursos que caluniavam os sertanejos e os tratavam como bandidos, incivilizados, atrasados e retrógrados. Nossa intenção, nesta dissertação, é apresentar os discursos que possuíam uma natureza cientificista que, a partir de conceitos evolucionistas e positivistas, contribuíram para a campanha que apresentava os conselheiristas como elementos de desordem e de retrocesso e representavam a instituição republicana como o fundamento da constituição do Brasil em uma nação moderna, promotora da ordem e do progresso e, sobretudo, civilizada. Para isso, analisamos textos que circularam no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo, apresentando os discursos científicos e cientificistas os quais visavam representar e interpretar a Guerra de Canudos. Há um destaque para os artigos de Euclides da Cunha, publicados sob o título de Diario de uma expedição. Oferecemos, também, um breve estudo da imprensa de fins do século XIX, das principais fontes dos discursos cientificistas (positivismo e evolucionismos) e do papel da ciência no contexto de modernização do Brasil. A situação do sertão, onde houve secas devastadoras, movimentos messiânicos e resistência à ordem social e moral imposta pelas elites locais, também é apresentada. Os principais resultados deste trabalho identificam o uso de discursos científicos e cientificistas em notícias, reportagens e artigos publicados na imprensa, que contribuíram para a construção da opinião pública que se posicionou, de modo geral, em favor do governo republicano e contra os sertanejos
The Canudos War that happened on the hinterlands of Bahia between november 1896 and october 1897 figures as one of the bloodiest episodes of Brazilian history. While the tragedy was unfolding, the country was going through processes of urbanization, industrialization, and, in a certain sense, modernization. Elites were interested in the earliest possible take up of what they saw as the march of progress, with Brazil refashioning itself as a modern nation, with an identity grounded upon Western values. The community of Canudos was perceived as being the exact opposite of these values, and represented a threat to local and republican powers. The citadel was organized according to a social division of labor that was not based on exploitation. Also, its dwellers (the sertanejos) practiced a reinterpreted form of Christianity; they conceived of Antonio Conselheiro as a savior that gave them hopes of a better life on this earth and in heaven. The way of life of Canudos was portrayed, in contemporary newspapers, as shameful to civilization and a threat to the Brazilian nation, amplifying rumors that pointed the village as a monarchist stronghold. The reaction against Conselheiro and his followers was at once material and discursive: four military campaigns annihilated the community, and the periodical press and public spaces were filled with discourses calumnious to the sertanejos, picturing them as bandits, uncivilized, backwards and archaic. Our aim, in this dissertation, is to present discourses that possessed a scientistic nature, and which, from evolutionist and positivist standpoints, contributed to a portrait of Conselheiros followers as elements of disorder and regress, representing the republic as the cornerstone of Brazil as a modern nation, grounded on order and progress, and, above all, a civilized country. To this end, we analyze texts that circulated in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, presenting the scientific and scientistic discourses that aimed at representing and interpreting the Canudos War. We highlight the pieces by Euclides da Cunha, published under the title Journal of an Expedition. We also offer cursory reports on the periodical press in the late 19th century, on the main sources of scientistic discursiveness (positivism and evolutionisms) and on the role of science in the context of Brazilian modernization. The situation of the hinterlands, with devastating droughts, messianic movements and resistance to the social and moral orders imposed by local elites is discussed as well. The main results of this research identify the use of scientific and scientistic discourses in news and articles published by the periodical press, which contributed to the consolidation of a public opinion that was generally favorable to the government and against the sertanejos

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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo uma análise direcionada da obra A Guerra do Fim do Mundo (1981) de autoria do aclamado escritor peruano Mario Vargas Llosa. Pretendo demonstrar que o autor se utilizou do humor, da paródia e do sarcasmo em consonância com as mais primitivas interpretações a respeito da Guerra de Canudos (1896- 97), um dos conflitos mais marcantes da história do Brasil e tema central de sua obra, bem como se apropriou e ressignificou alguns dos elementos da carnavalização literária, teoria proposta e desenvolvida pelo igualmente célebre crítico russo Mikhail Bakhtin. Tal teoria alcançou os meios intelectuais e acadêmicos americanos com maior força justamente no período em que a obra vargallosiana estava sendo elaborada. O trabalho é composto por uma introdução sumária, na qual se demonstra de que maneira o tema foi pensado e delineado, três capítulos, nos quais a argumentação é gradativamente construída, e uma conclusão.
This dissertation aims at an analysis of the book The War of the End of the World (1981) authored the acclaimed Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa. I intend to show that the author used humor and parody in line with the earliest interpretations of the War of Canudos (1896- 97), one of the most outstanding conflicts in the history of Brazil and central theme of his work, as well as new meaning and appropriated some elements of carnivalization literary, theory developed by the equally famous critic Russian Mikhail Bakhtin and reached the American academic and intellectual circles with greater strength precisely while the Vargas Llosa’s work was being prepared. The work consists of a summary introduction, three chapters, in which the argument is gradually built, and a conclusion.

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Fundação Araucária
This study presents a reading of narratives that, on the borderline between fiction and history, focus the tessiture of their plots on one single theme: the war of Canudos. Based upon the theoretical presumptions related to the writings of history in confluence with those of fiction and memories, as well as upon studies directed towards the modalities of historical novels developed since the 19th century up to today, we sought to establish a path that encompasses the reading of novels here denominated as canudenses . In this set of works we sought, primarily, to establish some relevant aspects of novels published along the period of 1898 to 2006. These novels establish a trajectory of the theme since the traditional models (LUKÁCS, 1977), passing through the critical readings of the past by the new Latin American historical novel and the historical metafictions (AÍNSA, 1988, 1991; MENTON, 1993; HUTCHEON, 1991) until the recently hybrid writings guide by mediation (FLECK, 2007, 2008, 2011). They are: Os jagunços (1898), by Afonso Arinos; João Abade (1958), by João Felício dos Santos; A casca da serpente (1989), by José J. Veiga; Canudos as memórias de Frei João Evangelista de Monte Marciano (1997), by Ayrton Marcondes; Veredicto em Canudos (2002) by Sándor Márai; and Luzes de Paris e o fogo de Canudos (2006), by Angela Gutiérrez. On a second moment, we focus ourselves on the analysis of La Guerra del fin del mundo (1981), by Mario Vargas Llosa, and O pêndulo de Euclides (2009), by Aleilton Fonseca, in order to demonstrate distinct biases related to the evolution of the approaches on this shared theme. In this corpus, we sought to make evident the strategies used by the novelists to propitiate the confluences of history and fiction, as well as the narrative resources used in this process of rereading the past through novelist art which go further than the conflicts of the war itself.
Este estudo apresenta a leitura de narrativas que, no limiar entre a ficção e a história, focalizam a urdidura de seus enredos numa temática comum: a Guerra de Canudos. Apoiados nos pressupostos teóricos relativos às escritas da história em confluência com a ficção e a memória, bem como em estudos direcionados às modalidades de romances históricos desenvolvidos a partir do século XIX até a atualidade, procuramos estabelecer um percurso que embase a leitura dos romances aqui denominados canudenses. Desse conjunto de obras, apresentamos, num primeiro momento, alguns aspectos relevantes de romances publicados no período de 1898 a 2006. Estes traçam uma trajetória da temática desde as modalidades tradicionais (LUKÁCS, 1977), passando pelas releituras críticas dos novos romances históricos e metaficções (AÍNSA, 1988, 1991; MENTON, 1993; HUTCHEON, 1991) até as escritas atuais voltadas à mediação (FLECK, 2007, 2008, 2011). São eles: Os jagunços (1898), de Afonso Arinos; João Abade (1958), de João Felício dos Santos; A casca da serpente (1989), de José J. Veiga; Canudos as memórias de frei João Evangelista de Monte Marciano (1997), de Ayrton Marcondes; Veredicto em Canudos (2002) de Sándor Márai; e Luzes de Paris e o fogo de Canudos (2006), de Angela Gutiérrez. Num segundo momento, voltamo-nos à análise de La guerra del fin del mundo (1981), de Mario Vargas Llosa, e O pêndulo de Euclides (2009), de Aleilton Fonseca, a fim de demonstrar distintos vieses relativos à evolução das abordagens sobre essa temática em comum. Nesse corpus buscamos evidenciar as estratégias utilizadas pelos romancistas para propiciar as confluências da história e da ficção, assim como os recursos narrativos empregados nesse processo de releitura do passado pela arte romanesca que vão além dos conflitos da própria guerra.

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Os Sert?es of Euclides da Cunha is one of the most studied books of Brazilian social thought, with approaches ranging from literature to geology, mobilizing concepts and theoretical and disciplinary perspectives the most diverse. This work aims to identify the process of building the concept of race by Euclides da Cunha in this work. To achieve this goal, will be studied, at first, the process of intellectual and political formation of Euclides da Cunha in the years prior to his trip to Canudos, in order to identify the presence of themes and authors in their thinking, using for this purpose, as the main source, your correspondence and press articles, which are expressed in the basic references of his training and dialogue on topics and authors that permeated their way of thinking about the Brazilian reality in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In the second stage of labor, with reference to the study of the presence of several theories that explain human behavior from racial lines, with a strong Brazilian influence in the intellectual environment of the late nineteenth century, an analytical effort will be made in order to understand the synthesis made specific by Euclides da Cunha in the preparation of his work, to identify the main authors based their thinking on this aspect of the changes in your way of thinking about the man of the interior in an attempt to understand how the concept this race is in the interpretation of the conflict happened in Canudos and action of some of her protagonists
Os Sert?es de Euclides da Cunha ? um dos mais estudados livros do pensamento social brasileiro, com abordagens que v?o da literatura a geologia, mobilizando conceitos e perspectivas te?ricas e disciplinares as mais diversas. Neste trabalho, pretende-se identificar o processo de constru??o do conceito de ra?a por Euclides da Cunha nessa obra. Para atingir esse objetivo, ser? estudado, num primeiro momento, o processo de forma??o intelectual e pol?tica de Euclides da Cunha nos anos anteriores ? sua ida a Canudos, com o prop?sito de identificar a presen?a de temas e autores no seu pensamento, utilizando-se, para essa finalidade, como fonte principal o seu epistol?rio e os artigos publicados na imprensa, nos quais est?o expressas as refer?ncias b?sicas da sua forma??o e o di?logo sobre temas e autores que permearam a sua forma de pensar a realidade brasileira no final do s?culo XIX e in?cio do s?culo XX. No segundo momento do trabalho, tomando como refer?ncia o estudo da presen?a das diversas teorias que explicavam o comportamento humano a partir de crit?rios raciais, com forte influ?ncia no ambiente intelectual brasileiro do final do s?culo XIX, ser? realizado um esfor?o anal?tico no sentido de compreender s?ntese espec?fica realizada por Euclides da Cunha no processo de elabora??o de sua obra, no sentido de identificar os principais autores que fundamentaram o seu pensamento nesse aspecto, as mudan?as na sua de forma de pensar sobre o homem do sert?o, na tentativa de compreender como o conceito de ra?a est? presente na interpreta??o do conflito acontecido em Canudos e na a??o de alguns dos seus protagonistas

Uma mentalidade de indiferença em relação à desigualdade, à violência e à exclusão é comum em um país como o nosso. Vive-se como se fosse natural tanto a opulência em meio à pobreza quanto as regalias de poucos em meio às dificuldades de tantos. Existe uma cultura de aceitação de tais situações, que acredita ser possível conciliar ideais libertários e democráticos com uma estrutura social absolutamente injusta. O trabalho tem como enfoque central as Prédicas Dores de Maria, que constituem a primeira parte do manuscrito de Antônio Conselheiro, publicado por Ataliba Nogueira. Concluímos que o movimento de Canudos, que teve a religiosidade como força motriz, foi liderado por um homem de profunda religiosidade, que acima de tudo sobrepujou tradições ambíguas e reavivou as que estavam latentes. Dessa maneira o trabalho visa valorizar a experiência religiosa que se refletiu na pregação e atuação do líder/beato como resposta às formas situacionais daquela época. Pois ao que se sabe a trajetória de Antônio Conselheiro em sua Canudos e a sua luta foram muito mais por justiça do que supuseram muitos estudiosos: o Conselheiro não foi um louco, fanático, beato ou qualquer outra das interpretações que a ele foram dadas, foi um líder religioso inteligente e sensível. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foi a análise do conteúdo. A análise do conteúdo dessas prédicas foi um caminho para interpretar as situações de injustiça então existentes em Canudos
A mentality of indifference to inequality, violence and exclusion is common in our country. It seems as if the presence of opulence and wealth of the few was natural. A culture of acceptance of such situations exists, and it believes that it is possible to conciliate democratic ideals and liberties and with a thoroughly unjust a social structure. Our study focalizes on the Sermons, Pains of Maria which constitute the first part of the manuscript of Antônio Conselheiro, published by Ataliba Nogueira. We conclude that the movement of Canudos had religiosity as the driving force and was led by a man of great religious motivation. He received an ambiguous tradition but revived the potentialities in it. In this way our study seeks to value the religious experience which is reflected in the preaching and career of the leader /beato as a reply to the historical and social context. It is well known that the life of Antônio Conselheiro in Canudos was much more concerned for social justice than scholars have assumed. Antônio Conselheiro was not an insane person, fanatic, beato or any another derogatory name given to him. He was an intelligent leader. The methodology of our study is an analysis of the sermons. Such an analysis helped us to interpret the social injustice then existing in Canudos

This chapter examines how discourses of religious practices and beliefs of messianism and Catholic radicalism functioned to both unite rural workers and criminalize the rural social movements, while also coding o Nordeste as fanatical and non-modern. By connecting films and popular culture to rural social movement publications and U.S. and Brazilian government documents, the chapter shows the conflicting ways in which political and cultural actors resurrected the historical messianic movement and war of Canudos (1896-7) in the 1960s. Conservatives emphasized the “fanatical” features of social movement leaders and participants, mobilizing the dominant stereotype of Nordestinos as religiously devious. Rural social movements established their own religiously based narrative of a revolutionary Jesus who fought against the wealthy for the poor. The radicalization of Catholic doctrine along with debates about the meaning of past struggles in the Northeast such as Canudos both shifted and upheld the prevailing constructions of Northeastern Brazil.

This chapter explores the ways in which Flávio de Barros’s photographic documentation of the war in Canudos (1896–1897) has become a conceptual prism through which to consider the role of photography in both the maintenance and contestation of biopolitical control in Brazil. The photobook Desterro (2014), a creative archive of a “fictional ethnographic” expedition to the site of the war led by artist Ícaro Lira, sets up a dialogue with De Barros’s photographs and their role in the violent foundations of the Brazilian Republic at the end of the nineteenth century. By incorporating these photographs into an assemblage of texts, objects, and images that includes narrative, photographs of the desert landscape surrounding Canudos as well as rocks gathered during the expedition, Desterro shifts the focus from photography as a biopolitical technology to its role in the displacement of anthropocentrism in favor of a perspective that privileges the human’s constitutive entanglements with the nonhuman. As well as an engagement with the legacy of De Barros’s photography, Desterro is also a meditation on the artist’s book itself, a form that draws on a number of photo-textual traditions (including ethnographic photography and traveller-artists’ books), in order to intervene into changing conceptions of the human.

Chapter 9 explores the political landscape of the Late Classic Kaanul kingdom. Marcello A. Canuto and Tomás Barrientos Q. consider the role of secondary centers in the geopolitical landscape of the lowlands during the Late Classic period, using La Corona, Guatemala as a case study. In Chapter 9, Canuto and Barrientos Q. demonstrate that the relationship between the Kaanul hegemony and La Corona was much more complicated than simple political alliance. Kaanul’s complex interaction with its secondary center reveals some of the tools it used to create a monumental political landscape, including, in the case of La Corona, manipulating the local power structure, the community’s social organization, and even its sacred history.

This chapter emphasizes the intersection of natural (environmental) and social factors that made droughts calamitous for the poorest sertanejos. It traces the construction of the northeast (nordeste) as an identifiable region within modern Brazil, perceived as a challenge to modernization efforts due to its environment and its citizens’ mixed racial heritage. The chapter introduces central aspects of the sertão’s geography and economy, briefly outlining changes from the colonial period to the twentieth century. The role of the Great Drought (1877-1879) in shaping landholding patterns is emphasized, along with the impact that the Canudos rebellion had on other Brazilians’ views of sertanejos. Brazilian racial ideologies of the late nineteenth century are analysed in relation to the marginalization of sertanejos. The dynamics of political patronage by Brazil’s rural coronéis are introduced to explain how drought aid was often funnelled to wealthy landowners rather than to the poor. Finally, popular views of twentieth century drought works are accessed through reference to folk poems known as cordéis.