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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'War victims'
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1
Shore, Michael R. (Michael Richard). "America's Vietnam casualties--victims of a class war?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17269.
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O'Donnell, Arden Elise. "Strengthening the capacity of helping professionals to provide psychosocial support to communities affected by armed conflict : the evaluation of one program : a project based upon an independent investigation / Arden E. O'Donnell." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5919.
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Cheung, Hok-wong. "The demand for reparations and the grievances of war crime victims in China /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202002%20CHEUNG.
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Hooks, Stephanie L. "Victims, Victors, or Bystanders? African American College Students' Perceptions of African American Agency During the Civil War." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5503.
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This dissertation examines African American students’ perspectives of African American agency during the Civil War. It also seeks to understand where their knowledge of African Americans during the Civil War comes from. The topic fits within the Critical Race Theory framework and utilized a mixed methods approach to understand the study findings. The methodology included an online survey completed by forty-two participants at a Historically Black university and 3 semi-structured interviews using the interview protocol. Descriptive statistical demographic data, open-ended responses and interview transcripts were analyzed using the agency rubric developed by the researcher. The themes that emerged from the study included the limited agency of African Americans during the Civil War, silenced voices of African American women, students’ limited knowledge of ancestors’ emancipation and emancipation narratives, and little specific knowledge of African Americans involvement in the Civil War
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McDonald, A. M. "Rights to legal remedies of victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273093.
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Gustafsson, Mai Lan. "War of the shadow world angry ghosts and their victims in Vietnam /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Wager, James B. "Towards the attenuation of hardship : is there room for combatant immunity in internal armed conflicts? /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.
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Fridh, Ebba, and Lisa Aspsjö. "Moving on from war : Empowerment of young war victims and Peacebuilding in Gulu and its neighboring districts in Uganda." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85362.
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This study considers the role war victims empowerment has on peacebuilding. Even though the relation between empowerment and peacebuilding is well examined, the importance of involving war victims in the peacebuilding process has been given less attention. Through a qualitative case study on the NGO GWED-G’s interventions for young war victims in Gulu, Amuru, and Nwoya districts in Uganda, this study contributes to the discussion on the importance of empowering young war victims for improved peacebuilding efforts. The findings and analysis are based on two analytical frameworks, empowerment theory and the four dimensions of peacebuilding, as well as previous realized linkage between the two. Through these frameworks, it is clear that the empirical data collected in this study regarding the empowerment of young war victims are strongly correlated to the four dimensions of peacebuilding. When carrying out the research, it was also discovered that this linkage goes well beyond what previous research have stated. This study additionally discovered that the empowerment of young war victims has contributed to peacebuilding by impacting whole communities as well. By empowering these war victims, GWED-G has generated a ripple effect, the impact extended to families and entire communities of the empowered war victims and thereby more effectively contributed to peacebuilding.
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Garbett, Claire Joyce. "War and its witnesses : International criminal justice and the legal recognition of civilian victims." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514287.
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Larson, Kevin Marc. "Germans as Victims? The Discourse on the Vertriebene Diaspora, 1945-2005." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04262006-071805/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Joseph Perry, committee chair; Jared Poley, committee member. Electronic data (126 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 20, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-119).
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Jacob, Heidi Carolyn. "MASS FOR A TIME OF WAR: A REQUIEM HONORING THE VICTIMS OF THE IRAQI CONFLICT." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/152551.
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Music CompositionD.M.A
My final project for the D.M.A. in composition consists of a Requiem Mass honoring the victims of the Iraqi war, a conflict that has stirred public debate since the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It is not meant as a political statement; rather, it is intended as a tribute in the broadest sense--not only for the combatants who lost their lives, but also for the innocent citizens caught in the cross-fire, all the families left in grief, and the returning soldiers whose lives were altered if not shattered by the experience of war. It speaks to the devastating toll war has on society in general. The Requiem lasts approximately 56 minutes. Except for the Sanctus, the seven movements of the work are all performed contiguously. It is scored for mixed chorus; SSAATBB, a solo, coloratura soprano, solo tenor and orchestra (3333 2431, 2 harps, percussion and strings). Mass for a Time of War reflects a broad array of stylistic impulses from the medieval through the present day, all the while transcending the boundaries of the various musical gestures and resources. These influences include: Schoenberg's signature hexachord pair (012569) (013478), the tone row from Webern's Op. 21 Symphony (1928), Charles Ives's The Unanswered Question (1906), Stravinsky's Requiem Canticles (1966), Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time (1941), Franz Liszt's Via Crucis (LW J33) and the Kyrie from Haydn's Mass in C major, Paukenmesse (Hob. XXII: 9). Techniques of contrafactum, serialism, including a section of total serialization as well as an aleatoric passage, are of structural importance in the work. Several new compositional methods developed for the Credo include the use of a matrix multiplier on rhythmic and tone rows to produce a new row--albeit a tonal one--and a procedure the author calls "rhythmic resonances." In Mass for a Time of War, texts and chants from the Missa pro defunctis [Mass for the Dead] are interwoven with Czeslaw Milosz's poem Meaning, and serve as structural scaffolding throughout. The choices of additional texts and what the author terms "musical subtexts" that surround the scaffolding of the Latin are selected and positioned to heighten the unfolding narrative. The texts from the Mass for the Dead anchors the Requiem, while the emotional thrust is guided by Milosz's Meaning. Although the Latin texts are deeply religious, they have been taken from their familiar context by aligning them with prose and poetry. It was not intended to remove their religious connotations, but to instead expand their significance to a metaphoric stature. Additional texts include Emily Dickinson's stark poem on death, LXXVI, several lines from Rainer Maria Rilke's The Ninth Duino Elegy, texts from Eugene O'Neill's Mourning Becomes Electra, The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, Dexter Filkin's The Forever War, texts in both the Ancient Greek and English translation of Homer's Iliad, Erich Maria Remarcque's All Quiet on the Western Front, several texts from The New York Times Magazine and New Yorker Magazine articles, as well as the names of victims on both sides of the war. The arrangement of the texts and subtexts are consciously meant to imitate "cut-up" poetry or fiction, also called découpage, a form that takes small sections of words from existing poems as well as additional texts, such as those from newspapers and magazines and rearranges them to create new poems or other texts. The dichotomy of tonal and atonal impulses, compositional constructs that informed other of my compositions, form some structural basis for the work. Choice of these and other musical procedures is not arbitrary. They are not reasons in themselves, or meant to form a new mode of expression or imitate a particular musical style. Rather they support a dramatic narrative with deep resonances and historical allusion, one that draws the listener into the emotional substance of the difficult, often brutal dilemmas of war that humankind has wrestled and struggled with since before the printed word.
Temple University--Theses
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Hronesova, Jessie. "Salience, authority, and resources : explaining victims' compensation in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd26cfd4-9887-4ebf-9831-98c0fdd324d5.
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The aim of this thesis is to probe subnational varieties in compensation enacted for war victims in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. The current literature in transitional justice posits that mainly the nature of previous conflicts, democratic and economic development, international normative pressures, and the regional clustering of justice explain why only some post-war countries award material assistance to victims (Olsen et al. 2010; Kim 2012; Risse and Sikkink 2013; Powers and Proctor 2015). While these explanations provide critical insights into the processes behind compensation adoption across states, they do not explain why only some victim categories within a state secure compensation. Drawing on a large database of qualitative data ranging from interviews to newspaper articles collected during fieldwork in Bosnia, this thesis explores compensation for military and civilian war victims, victims of torture and sexual violence, and families of missing people. By zooming in on these victim categories in the Bosnian context, this thesis advances a new understanding of compensation for victims as an outcome of complex political, external, and economic influences exerted on the main domestic policymakers. This thesis uses a new analytical framework about the inter-category varieties in compensation that draws upon arguments about bounded agency of war victims who are constrained by the parameters of post-war political structures that to a large degree shape their strategies. I show that the different compensation outcomes can primarily be explained by the varying effectiveness of victims in convincing domestic political authorities that compensation is in their political interest by using framing and advocacy strategies at the domestic and international level. While such strategies are limited by the political and socioeconomic characteristics of the state, victim categories that are able to strategically frame their demands and access resources to mobilize are more likely to secure compensation adoption. Therefore, this thesis introduces three tools that victims can leverage - international salience, moral authority, and mobilization resources - that are shaped by both structural conditions and the victims' agency.
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Alenizi, Mohammad Abdullah. "The application of DNA profiling to the identification of victims in the Gulf War (1990-1991)." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2009. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20370/.
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This project was designed and developed in response to the need to improve the methodology employed in the DNA profiling of the Kuwaiti victims of the First Gulf War (1990-1991). The main challenges have involved developing the methodology in an attempt to increase the DNA recovery from the skeletal remains and also assess the preservation of DNA in the remains. In addition, work was undertaken to assess two commercial STR amplification kits, the Identifiler® and MiniFilerTM, to establish allele frequency databases for use in Kuwait and to assess the concordance of the two kits. In order to assess the methodology for DNA extraction and prediction of DNA preservation two sources of materials were used: simulated casework samples and actual casework samples. To obtain simulated casework samples, bones from sheep and teeth from human were buried at three different sites within Kuwait. These were sampled over a period of 60 weeks. In addition, samples from the femur and humerus of 25 individuals who were killed during the Gulf War, but had not yet been identified, were taken for analysis. These were exhumed from five gravesites, three in Iraq and two in Kuwait. Previous attempts to generate DNA profiles from the samples had failed. Different extractions protocols and purification methods were assessed including: a phenol:chloroform-based extraction; the GENECLEAN® Kit (Obiogene); QlAquick Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen); the QIAamp DNA Blood Maxi kit (Qiagen), using a protocol based on Davoren et al (2007); and a modified silica-based extraction using the DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen). PCR amplification of the extracts and the real-time quantification results showed that the modification of a silica-based method, using the Qiagen DNeasy® kit, was successful in removing inhibitors that were present in the extracts and obtained with all the other extraction methods. This allowed the successful profiling of 19 out of the 25 samples that had previously failed. In an attempt to further improve the DNA extraction efficiency, the effect of Nphenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB) was assessed. PTB has been reported previously to improve DNA extraction from ancient DNA samples (Paabo, 1989; Poinar et al., 1998) by releasing DNA that has become cross-linked with proteins. In this study, the effect of PTB, while statistically significant when used with samples from some sites, was minimal. The power of different methods to allow an effective system of triage (sorting of samples based on the likelihood of successful analysis) was examined. Three parameters were assessed: gross morphology, histology, and chemical status of the bones were compared with the amount and quality of DNA that was recovered from different samples. The simulated casework samples displayed only minor changes in gross morphology and histology over the period of the study, whereas the casework samples displayed varying degrees of change. The samples from Iraqi sites generally displayed good morphological and histological preservation. In contrast, the samples from the two sites within Kuwait displayed an almost complete lack of histological features and changes (pitting/cracks) to the surface. The morphological and histological preservation correlated closely with the success rate when extracting DNA from casework samples that were buried in Iraq and Kuwait. Nitrogen content in all samples was very similar and the results showed that it was not a useful indicator of preservation. The MiniFilertM (Applied Biosystems) is designed for the analysis of degraded DNA. Before applying this to casework, it is important to carry out a concordance study in order to ensure the results with the MiniFilerTM are comparable to the Identifiler® (Applied Biosystems) DNA profiles. The reference database with relatives' DNA profiles are all generated using Identifiler®. To assess the concordance, the MiniFilerTM profiles from 200 unrelated Kuwaiti samples were compared to Identifiler® profiles. Concordance was observed for 99.875% of the compared loci (1598 of 1600). The two discordant profiles displayed allelic dropout: one at the Dl 35317 locus due to non-amplification of allele 10 in the MiniFilerTM profile, and one at the D18S51 locus due to nonamplification of allele 18 in the Identifiler® profile. Finally, since the population of Kuwait is heterogeneous, with a strong tribal system, the possibility of subpopulation effect within the Kuwaiti population was examined. Allele frequencies for the 15 STR loci included in Identifiler® kit were ascertained in a sample population of 502 unrelated Kuwaiti individuals. The results were compared with 6 different populations. The Kuwaiti population was very similar to neighboring Iraqi and Saudi populations. These data are now used in casework undertaken in Kuwait, to calculate the statistical significance of matching DNA profiles (the results of the reference database work are included in Appendix 1 rather than in the main body of the thesis).
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Sikulibo, Jean De Dieu. "Sexual violence as a weapon of war : ensuring effective redress for victims in post-conflict situations." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27530.
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Hodgson, Shane Ralph Colin. "The psychological sequelae of involvement in combat: a preliminary investigation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002502.
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The psychological sequelae of being involved in combat are only recently coming to be understood. Most of the available data are from research conducted on help-seeking Vietnam veterans in the United States, and very little work has been done in South Africa. There does not as yet appear to be any instrument designed specifically to detect combat-related psychopathologies amongst soldiers who are still in active service, either in the USA or in South Africa. Combat involvement has been shown to lead to a high incidence of combat stress reaction. This in turn has shown that it can predispose sufferers to the development of a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. It is thus expected that there would be significantly higher incidences of reported symptoms of stress disorders amongst soldiers exposed to high levels of combat as compared with a similar group of soldiers who had no combat involvement. This study used a self-reporting questionnaire, developed in the USA but adapted for use in South Africa, to allow the soldiers in the study to rate the severity of various symptoms derived from the DSM-III criteria for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. A Beck Depression Inventory was also administered to eliminate any persons who nay have been exhibiting symptoms of depression, as this would have confounded the results. Both questionnaires were administered to serving members of the Permanent Force of the South African Defence Force, with one group being members of various high-combat units based in what was then South West Africa, and the other group being non-combat or Headquarters elements. As a precondition of the study, absolute confidentiality of the respondents and their units was maintained. The study found the expected higher scores in the high-combat group, and also showed that the Keane questionnaire has a good coefficient alpha in South Africa. The study closes with several recommendations for further research, especially in the light of the new PTSD criteria in the DSM-IIIR.
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N'dri, Maurice Kouadio. "Critical analysis of victims rights before international criminal justice." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7533_1183427953.
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History is regrettably replete with wars and dictatorial regimes that claimed the lives of millions of people. Most of the time the planners were not held accountable for their misdeeds. Fortunately in recent years the idea of people being prosecuted for mass atrocities was launched and debated. The purpose of this study was to propose avenues for promoting respect for victims rights. It examined the rationale of the victims reparation, its evolution, its denial and its rebirth. It canvass victims rights in domestic law especially in the civil law in comparison with international law. It proposed means whereby the international community may better address the issue of victims rights.
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Hutchinson, Careen. "Darfur Conflict: A Phenomenological Study of Female Victims’ Perception of Justice." Diss., NSUWorks, 2017. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/73.
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This qualitative research study used hermeneutical phenomenology to understand how female victims of the Darfur conflict perceived justice, as related to their lived experiences. Reports from the various international media and Human Rights Organizations and United Nations agencies have revealed a disproportional number of victims’ claims on the lack of effective legal ramifications for perpetrators and the high impunity rates that rob victims of achieving justice for the atrocities they have experienced. The purpose of this investigation was to discover how and if the challenges that the victims’ experienced shaped their interpretation of justice, and how they made meaning of these experiences, as related to their perceptions of justice. This study was important for building peace, since there could be no peace without justice
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Scheibmeir, Julia T. "Film, Fashion and Fotografía: The Exoticism and Eroticism of Female Victims in Juárez." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/132.
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This thesis examines the phenomenon of feminicide in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and the representation of female victims in U.S. and Mexican mainstream media and performance activism. Specifically analyzing representations of maquiladora workers and feminicide victims in film, fashion and photography, this thesis explores the simultaneous fetishization and devaluation of border women in patriarchal society. By broadening the base of pressure for justice, via performance and internet activism, misogynist governments and policies can and will change.
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Holm, Fanny. "Justice for victims of atrocity crimes : prosecution and reparations under international law." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138761.
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This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.
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Mérida, Lindgren Frida. "From War to "Peace" in Guatemala and The Following Effects on The Ixil Community : A study on the transition to peace in Guatemala after the civil war for the Ixil community and the post-effects of the conflict." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106250.
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Gless, Kathleen M. E. "A critique of testimonies and an art of surviving Rwandanese genocidal rape survivors, incest and stranger rape survivors /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3064.
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Thesis (M.A.)--George Mason University, 2008.Vita: p. 142. Thesis director: Debra Bergoffen. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 3, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-141). Also issued in print.
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Schneider, Julia Rose. "Perpetrators, Bystanders, and Victims: An Examination of Women's Roles in the Yugoslav Wars." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1619190860477378.
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Starmes, Hazel Fiona. "The forgotten Holocaust? : post-war representations of the non-Jewish victims in the United States of America and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442766.
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Motl, Kevin C. "Victims of Hope: Explaining Jewish Behavior in the Treblinka, Sobibór and Birkenau Extermination Camps." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2558/.
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I analyze the behavior of Jews imprisoned in the Treblinka, Sobibór, and Birkenau extermination camps in order to illustrate a systematic process of deception and psychological conditioning, which the Nazis employed during World War II to preclude Jewish resistance to the Final Solution. In Chapter I, I present resistance historiography as it has developed since the end of the war. In Chapter II, I delineate my own argument on Jewish behavior during the Final Solution, limiting my definition of resistance and the applicability of my thesis to behavior in the extermination camp, or closed, environment. In Chapters III, IV, and V, I present a detailed narrative of the Treblinka, Sobibór, and Birkenau revolts using secondary sources and selected survivor testimony. Finally, in Chapter VI, I isolate select parts of the previous narratives and apply my argument to demonstrate its validity as an explanation for Jewish behavior.
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Ndzengu, Nkululeko Christopher. "The war againts organised crime: a critical assessment of South African asset forfeiture law and its impact on redress for victims of crime." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/905.
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This research will be undertaken in the field of both criminal and civil law with particular focus on international interventions in the fight against organized criminal activities, assets forfeitsure in South Africa in general and its treatment of victims of the underlying forfeitsure crimes ("the victims") in assert forfeitsure, more specifically.
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Hultman, Lisa. "Targeting the Unarmed : Strategic Rebel Violence in Civil War." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8852.
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lundahl, catherine. "Irakkriget 030320 : En komparativ studie av svensk och amerikansk nyhetsrapportering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-145764.
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Abstract Title: Irakkriget 030320 – en komparativ studie av svensk och amerikansk nyhetsrapportering. (Iraq war 030320 – a Comparative Study of Swedish and American Newsreport) Author: Catherine Lundahl Tutor: Christian Christensen Course: Media and Communication C – Bachelor Thesis University: Uppsala Universitet Keywords: Iraq war, framing, war journalism, propaganda, Swedish press, American press, democracy, totalitarianism, president Bush, president Hussein, the UN, victims. Aim The purpose with this essay is to compare the Swedish and American press during the 2003 Iraq war newsreport. Focus is put on the framework of news each country presents. Material/Methodology The essay represent a selection of articles during the week before the invasion 030313-030320 which delimited to a material of 20 newsarticles from each country. The essay represent a methodology based on the critical discourse analysis. Theoretical perspectives The essay leans on the theory of framing which is a common and well suitable theory for war journalism. The theory’s purpose has delimited to focus on the frameworks of the newsreport and not the frames affect of the public opinion. Conclusion The essay reveals both differences and similarities between the Swedish and American news frames. The most articulated similarity between the countries articles were the “evil” framing of president Saddam Hussein as well as the framing of the opposite relationship between democracy and totalitarianism. Indicators of propaganda reflected the most articulated differences between each country where the Swedish press neglected this kind of news framing. Other articulated differences reflected framing of president Bush as well as the civil Iraqi people as victims.
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Henry, Nicola Michele. "Disclosure, sexual violence and international jurisprudence : a therapeutic approach /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/1385.
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This thesis examines the relationship between justice and recovery for survivors of sexual violence in the aftermath of armed conflict. Using the case study of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the thesis evaluates whether international criminal justice can contribute positively to victim vindication and restoration. While the historical war crimes tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo have been widely criticised for exercising a “victor’s justice”, this thesis illustrates a discernible shift towards a form of “victim’s justice” that extends beyond the parameters of punishment and proportionality for serious violations of international humanitarian law (IHL). Restorative principles of justice have thus been increasingly incorporated within current international criminal jurisdictions, reflected in victim-friendly legislation at the ICTY and the recently established International Criminal Court (ICC). These developments recognise the significance of justice for victims in the aftermath of armed conflict. (For complete abstract open document)
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Blizzard, Sarah Marie. "Women's roles in the 1994 Rwanda genocide and the empowerment of women in the aftermath." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07062006-212615/.
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Hogue, Kari L. "Representaciones de la Guerra Civil Espanola en la novela y el cine: Hacia una comprension del pasado y una reconciliacion con la realidad actual." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1363358669.
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Barton, Verena. "Killed in the line of duty who is killing foreign correspondents and why? : this thesis is submitted to AUT University in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Communication, 2009 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/755.
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The world of journalism is becoming increasingly dangerous, as figures published by international media organisations demonstrate. But the Western news media suggests, that particularly Western foreign correspondents are facing incredibly high risks and cases of abducted, tortured and murdered foreign correspondents are reported regularly. The question arises “Have they become targets?” Foreign correspondence has been a dangerous occupation since it first emerged during the Crimean War, when the first consistent war reporting was established. Ever since then, foreign correspondents have had to face opposition, criticism and harsh realities. However, they have also always been highly valued journalists and well-respected for their courage to travel overseas, often into conflict-riddled areas, to report important news to their audiences back home. Sometimes they have even lost their lives in the pursuit of truth. Daniel Pearl, Christian Struwe and Karen Fischer or Trent Keegan are just a few examples of the many correspondents and journalists who have died as martyrs for their profession. As the actual data published by international media organisations, such as Reporters Without Borders, the Committee to Protect Journalists or Freedom House, suggests, it has rapidly become worse for all journalists in the last 20 years and there is worse to come. It appears as if the factors leading to their deaths are increasing and will be contributing to even higher death tolls in the future. The thesis will consider such questions as: Who is there to protect journalists and foreign correspondents? Independent media organisations are trying their best. The international press is bemoaning the many deaths and governments have promulgated laws to protect their reporters, but does that actually help? Will those attempts make it better in future? And can the Western news media apparatus itself be held partly responsible for some of the deaths?
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Valeišaitė, Vita. "Tarptautinė humanitarinė teisė Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070102_162531-42357.
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Antrasis pasaulinis karas – vienas iš baisiausių karų žmonijos istorijoje. Jis nusinešė
daugiau nei 60 milijonų žmonių gyvybių. Pagrindinis tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės tikslas –
apsaugoti žmonių gyvybes. Deja, Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu to padaryti nepavyko. Šiame
darbe siekiama apžvelgti šio karo metu galiojusias tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normas, jų
spragas, valstybių įsipareigojimų apimtį ir vykdytus pažeidimus bei išsiaiškinti jų priežastis. Taip
pat apžvelgiama Antrojo pasaulinio karo įtaka vėlesnei tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės raidai.
Pirmoje darbo dalyje apžvelgtos pagrindinės iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo priimtos
tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normos, Tarptautinių diplomatinių konferencijų baigiamieji
aktai, siekta išsiaiškinti valstybių ketinimus ir tikslus dėl tarptautinių ginkluotų konfliktų
reglamentavimo. Toliau apžvelgiami tarptautiniai konfliktai, autoriaus nuomone, turėję priversti
tarptautinę bendriją susimąstyti dėl humanitarinės teisės normų veiksmingumo. Pirmasis
pasaulinis karas ir Italijos – Etiopijos karas parodė, kad galiojusias teisės normas būtina tobulinti,
nes jos nesugebėjo užtikrinti pagrindinių humanitarinės teisės tikslų – apsaugoti žmonių gyvybių
bei padaryti karą humaniškesnį.
Antroji šio darbo dalis skirta karo aukų apsaugai. Iš pradžių kalbama apie sužeistųjų
ir ligonių apsaugą ginkluoto konflikto metu. Jų padėtį reglamentavo 1929 m. Ženevos
konvencija dėl sužeistųjų ir sergančiųjų padėties veikiančiose armijose... [to full text]The Second World War is one of the most terrible wars in the history of mankind. There were about 60 million direct victims of the war. The main aim of international humanitarian law is to protect lives of human beings. Unfortunately, it failed to do this during the Second World War. In this work it is intended to review the main rules which were in effect during this war, their gaps and imperfections, the obligations of the belligerents and violations committed by them. It is also discussed the impact of the World War Two to the future development of the international humanitarian law.
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Masuku, M. T. (Mnyalaza Tobias). "The ministry of Dr Beyers Naude : towards developing a comprehensive mission (communication) strategy towards the victims of oppression." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25384.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis proposes that the ministry of Dr Beyers Naudé to the victims of oppression during the apartheid rule in South Africa had a missionary dimension. It argues that the credibility of the Christian faith was challenged by the victims of oppression, as a result of the way in which it was used as a supportive tool for oppression. Through his ministry, Beyers Naudé succeeded in communicating the Christian faith in a special way to the victims of oppression. This led to a change of mind for the victims of oppression with regard to their negative attitude to the Christian faith. This study further resulted in the development of a comprehensive mission (communication) strategy to the victims of oppression. The argument is that there is another form of post-1994 victims of oppression in South Africa made out of those who feel left out by government poverty alleviation, economic development and service delivery programmes. The inability of government to strike a balance between the rich and the poor as well as corruption will always yield the ‘disadvantaged’ section of society who may feel ‘oppressed’, neglected and left out in favour of the few who have ‘connections’ at higher levels of government. These victims’ response will be characterized by anger which results into protest actions similar to those seen during the time of the ministry of Beyers Naudé. The question posed in this study is ‘how to minister to angry people who feel left out by government?’ In order to respond to this challenge and to equip ministers of religion and other interested people, a comprehensive mission (communication) strategy to victims of oppression was therefore developed based on the example of Beyers Naudé. The main question posed in this study around the reason for the success of Beyers Naudé’s ministry is “what ‘muthi’ did he use to win the hearts, love and support of the victims of oppression?” In order to answer this question, there is a three step approach that has been followed. Firstly I looked at factors that made him or influenced his making i.e. his life from his birth to his ‘conversion’, South African political landscape divided into two periods (1940-1963 and 1963-1994) as well as Faith Based Organisations’ response to apartheid. Secondly, I looked at his actual ministry to the victims of oppression from 1963 to 1994. I divided his ministry between the categories of centripetal and centrifugal patterns of mission. Thirdly a comprehensive mission (communication) strategy to the victims of oppression was developed, based on his contribution to a positive Christian witness. In the concluding chapter, I made some proposals for a way-forward in terms of areas for further study which were triggered by this research. The best statement for concluding this study, indicating the commitment of Beyers Naudé for God’s mission and how this was misunderstood by his church (the DRC) was taken from Mokgoebo (2009) who states: Beyers Naudé was a prophet of his time. As the saying goes, ‘the prophet is never respected at his own home’. His witness will remain long after we have gone, as a White man who was grasped by the powerful message of the Kingdom of God, of justice and reconciliation.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Science of Religion and Missiology
unrestricted
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Mohan, Mahdev. "The paradox of victim-centrism : a case study of the civil party process at the Khmer Rouge Tribunal /." Thesis, Scroll list to author, 2009. http://www.law.stanford.edu/publications/dissertations_theses/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (J.S.M.)--Stanford University, 2009.Submitted to the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies at the Stanford Law School, Stanford University. "April 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Abstract available online.
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Robinson, Jacobus Abraham. "The right to recovery and reintegration of child victims of armed conflict : a public subjective rights approach / Jacobus Abraham Robinson." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8400.
Full textAbstract:
The right of child victims of armed conflict to recovery and reintegration in essence is a particular exposition of the public law relationship. In this study reference is made to the theory of public subjective rights as it applies in German law to explain the relationship. Shortcomings in the theory are identified after which aspects of the Reformed Tradition are discussed to come to sound solutions. An effort is made to establish a theoretical framework in terms of which the relationship can be explained comprehensively.
The conclusion is reached that particular status aspects of child victims are activated in their relationship with the State. It is only in terms of the negative and positive status aspects (which relate to the juridical destination of the State) that child victims may demand negative or positive State conduct in their favour.Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
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Tomsson, Viktoria. "UN Transitional Administrations: enjoying immunity or impunity? : A legal study on UN Transitional Administrations and their post-colonial impact on victims’ access to justice." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444165.
Full textAbstract:
United Nations peacekeeping forces and operations, have long had a history of crimes against civilians by its personnel, not least concerning crimes of sexual exploitation and abuse. While human rights violations are grave despite their origin, there is a specific element of impunity and distrust when the same people who comes to ‘protect’, are the same people who become perpetrators. In this sense, it is notably interesting and important to examine victims’ rights to access justice when crimes have been committed by UN Personnel. The primary aim is to explore to what extent the fore-mentioned victims have the possibility to access justice within the legal system of UN Transitional Administrations. These UN operations are chosen since it is particularly important to examine the extent to which victim’s may access justice when the UN exercises governmental powers and acts as a quasi-state. An underlying aim is to explore how the eventual inconsistencies within this system may be colored by postcolonial tendencies. In this sense, the study is conducted through a doctrinal method with a postcolonial perspective, examining the normative aspects of law in the light of a critical lens. The legal basis and the legal obligations of UN Transitional Administrations are compared to the International Standard on Victims’ rights and evidence on how victims’ rights to access justice is practiced within these administrations. Finally, the aim is to evaluate the result of this analysis from the standpoint of postcolonial theory.
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Soto, Fernández Francisco. "Engraved on Spain’s Memory : A case study of political discourses present in the media concerning three cemeteries for victims of the Civil War and the Francoist dictatorship, and their contested contribution to national reconciliation." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42811.
Full textAbstract:
This Degree Project (DP) deals with the current discourses present on several (web)sites of memory related to three selected cemeteries for victims of the Civil War and the Francoist dictatorship and analyzes their potential contribution to national reconciliation, taking into consideration the presumed social or political interests of the actors behind the (web)sites. Collective memory must be seen as a social construction since memory stems from the shared remembrances of society and relates to key social concepts such as identity. Memory is a changeable device forged through a transformative process in which different actors are involved, from direct witnesses to memory spaces, and recently, the Internet. Memory is also discourse and as discourse is aimed at achieving power by controlling the group. Lately, the Internet has become a battlefield for competing memories, and (web)sites of memory are an opportunity to impose, in the post-truth era, a partial version of historical events. With the purpose of providing answers about whether current discourses present on (web)sites of memory can help achieve national reconciliation, this DP makes use of Discourse Analysis as a primary method, and also in-depth semi-structured interviews - in a limited number - to attain a better understanding through the uniqueness of the knowledge generated by the respondents. The Analysis has proven that, despite the time elapsed, the current discourses present on (web)sites of memory are a continuation of the old Francoist and anti-Francoist rhetoric, their contents are designed for audiences deeply committed to sociopolitical interests and, therefore, their contribution to national reconciliation is poor. The analysis has also discovered interesting initiatives aimed at exploiting the Sites and (web)sites for educational purposes. Future research may include the repetition of a similar study in the coming years, when the new Law of Democratic Memory has come into force and the political situation in Spain has evolved. It may be also advisable to use contrasting quantitative methods and enlarge the research to other cemeteries, especially, for victims of the Francoist side.Este Degree Project (DP) aborda los discursos que actualmente pueden ser encontrados en varios sitios (web) de memoria vinculados a tres cementerios para víctimas de la Guerra Civil y la dictadura franquista, elegidos para el estudio, y analiza su potencial contribución a la reconciliación nacional, teniendo en cuenta los presuntos intereses socio-políticos de los actores detrás de estos sitios (web). La memoria colectiva debe verse como una construcción social, puesto que la memoria surge de los recuerdos compartidos de la sociedad y se relaciona con conceptos sociales clave como la identidad. La memoria es un mecanismo mutable creado por medio de un proceso transformador en el que se involucran diferentes actores, desde testigos directos hasta espacios de memoria, pero también Internet. La memoria también es discurso y como discurso tiene como objetivo alcanzar el poder controlando al grupo. Últimamente, Internet se ha convertido en un campo de batalla para recuerdos que compiten entre sí, y los sitios (web) de memoria son una oportunidad para imponer, en la era de la post-verdad, una versión parcial de los acontecimientos históricos acaecidos. Con el propósito de proporcionar respuestas sobre si los discursos actuales que están presentes en los sitios (web) de memoria pueden ayudar a lograr la reconciliación nacional, este DP hace uso del Análisis del Discurso como un método primario, y también de entrevistas en profundidad (semi-estructuradas), en un número limitado, para lograr una mejor comprensión a través de la singularidad del conocimiento generado por los participantes en la encuesta. El Análisis ha demostrado que, a pesar del tiempo transcurrido, los discursos actuales presentes en los sitios (web) de memoria son una continuación de la vieja retórica franquista y anti-franquista, sus contenidos están pensados para audiencias profundamente comprometidas con intereses socio-políticos y, por ello, su contribución a la reconciliación nacional es escasa. El análisis también ha descubierto iniciativas interesantes destinadas a explotar los sitios y sitios (web) de memoria con fines educativos. La futura investigación podría centrase en la repetición de un estudio similar en años próximos, una vez haya entrado en vigor la nueva Ley de Memoria Democrática y haya evolucionado la situación política en España. También puede ser aconsejable utilizar métodos cuantitativos que permitan contrastar y ampliar la investigación a otros cementerios, especialmente, para las víctimas del bando franquista.
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Reimbold, Emmanuelle. "Épreuves de la reconnaissance : stratégies, solidarité et concurrence des victimes de la Grande Guerre (1914-1930)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H062.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s’intéresse à la construction d’une hiérarchie officieuse des catégories de victimes de guerre pendant la Première guerre mondiale puis dans les années 1920. En effet, tandis que certaines catégories de victimes conservent leur notoriété, comme les mutilés, ou gagnent leur reconnaissance comme les anciens combattants, d’autres sont mises de côté, notamment les combattants « indigènes ». Cette hiérarchisation résulte de choix qui évoluent entre 1914 et 1930. Cette thèse se fixe pour objectif d’identifier les raisons de ces tris, les processus à l’œuvre et les protagonistes de cette politique mémorielle sélective. Les principales sources utilisées, le Journal officiel et deux journaux de victimes de guerre, le Journal des mutilés et réformés et La Voix du combattant, illustrent cette construction et éclairent les motivations qui ont justifié ces choix. Le Journal officiel documente les différentes formes de reconnaissance et de réparation accordées aux victimes et précise les distinctions qui sont faites selon les intérêts de l’État. Les journaux de victimes de guerre développent de leur côté des arguments pour défendre la cause des victimes en intégrant eux aussi des différences. Ceci contraint les catégories délaissées à modifier leur discours pour se faire entendre ou à accepter cette invisibilisation. Les journaux révèlent ainsi la complexité des relations entretenues par ces victimes de guerre qui se côtoient, s’entraident ou s'ignorent. L’ensemble de ces écrits alimente la construction mémorielle de la guerre et désigne ses représentants les plus dignes. Il reflète aussi les enjeux de pouvoir et de représentation et, ce faisant, les intérêts de ceux qui ont le pouvoir de faire ces choix. Mais cette hiérarchie n’est pas intangible. Les régions envahies et leur population, négligées dans les débats français, constituent un argument essentiel lors des négociations internationales. Les réparations accordées aux combattants « indigènes » varient d’une colonie à une autre selon les besoins des autorités coloniales. L’ordre hiérarchique varie donc selon l’arène des discussions et les intérêts en jeuThis thesis work focuses on the construction of an unofficial hierarchy on the war victims during World War I and then during the 1920’s. In fact, while some categories of victims such as the war-disabled maintain their notoriety or gain recognition like the veterans, others are neglected like the indigenous soldiers from the French colonial empire. This ranking results from choices which keep evolving from 1914 till 1930. This thesis aims at identifying the reasons for these sorts, the processes at work and the instigators of this selective political use of memory. The main sources used for the writing of this thesis are the following Journal officiel and two journals of the war victims themselves Journal des mutilés et réformés and La Voix du combattant. All of these sources illustrate this construction and throw light on the motivations which justify these choices. Journal officiel documents various forms of recognition and reparation granted to the victims and specifies the distinctions made according to the interests of the French State. As for the journals of the war victims, they develop arguments to defend the cause of the war victims and also integrate some differences. This constrains the neglected categories to modify their arguments in order either to be heard or to accept their invisibilization. The journals thus reveal the complexity of the relationships the war victims maintain. They either mix and help one another or ignore one another. All of these writings feed the construction of the memory of the war and designate its most worthy representatives. They also reflect the power and representation issues and in doing so, points out the interests of the persons who can make choices. However, this hierarchy is not intangible. The invaded regions and their population which were neglected during the French debates, constitutes a fundamental argument throughout the international negociations. The reparations granted to the indigenous soldiers differ depending on the colony, according to the necessities of the colonial authorities. The hierarchical ordrer thus varies depending on the discussion arena as well as on the interests at stake
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Amestoy, Pierre. "Le droit à réparation tel que prévu par le code des pensions militaires d'invalidité et des victimes de guerre." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20012.
Full textAbstract:
De l’aire Romaine au moyen âge et jusqu’à notre époque, ceux qui ont servi la France sous les armes se voient attribuer des avantages en nature et en argent. C’est la loi du 31 mars 1919 qui initie cette reconnaissance et forme le droit à réparation contemporain. Qu’elles soient victimes civile de la guerre ou militaires, victimes d’actes de terrorisme, leurs droit est contenu aujourd’hui dans le code des pensions militaires d’invalidité et des victimes de la guerre. Corpus de règles complexe dans sa mise en œuvre, c’est le Ministère de la Défense et des Anciens Combattants qui répare, témoigne la reconnaissance de la nation et assure une solidarité et la conservation de la mémoire à travers l’Office National des Anciens Combattants (ONAC). Pensions militaires d’invalidité, cartes et titres, décorations, emplois réservés et autres avantages de nature fiscale par exemple composent le panel des avantages accordés aux ressortissants du code des pensions. Les associations d’Anciens Combattants participent au conseil d’administration de cet établissement public tant au niveau national que départemental. Les décisions de concession ou de rejet de pension d’invalidité servies au titre du code des pensions tout comme les décisions concernant les soins médicaux gratuits et l’appareillage, sont susceptibles de recours devant le tribunal des pensions militaires en fonction du lieu de résidence du requérant. Ce Tribunal particulier, désormais régional, siège au Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI). Les arrêts de la Cour régionale des pensions peuvent être déférés devant le Conseil d’EtatFrom the Roman area to the Middle Ages and up to our time, those who served France under the weapons are granted benefits in kind and in money. The law of 31 March 1919 initiates this recognition and forms the right to contemporary reparation. Whether they are victims civilian war or military, victims of acts of terrorism, their right is contained today in the code of military invalidity pensions and victims of war. Corpus complex rules in its implementation, it is the Ministry of Armies which repairs, testifies the recognition of the nation and ensures solidarity and the preservation of memory through the National Office of Veterans and War Victims (ONACVG). Pensions disabilities, cards and titles, decorations, reserved employment and other benefits of a for example, make up the panel of advantages accorded to nationals of the pensions. Veterans Associations participate on the board of directors of this public institution at both national and departmental level. Concession decisions or disability pension benefits under the Pension Code, as well as decisions free medical treatment and equipment, are subject to appeal before the Court of military pensions court according to the place of residence of the applicant. This Tribunal which is now regional, is hosted by the Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI). The judgments of the Regional Court of Pensions may be referred to the Conseil d'Etat. While describing the various advantages accorded to nationals of the Pension Code, we shall raise the litigation arising from the application of this evolutive right to reparation while a summary comparison of the arrangements put in place by some of our European neighbors
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Shtembari, Arber. "Après la guerre : Mobilisations et luttes pour la reconnaissance. Contribution à une analyse sociohistorique de la construction de l'Etat au Kosovo (1945-2012)." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0057.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse est consacrée conjointement aux mobilisations et luttes de classement des groupes issus de la guerre de 1998-1999 au Kosovo et aux modalités d'accès à leur reconnaissance légale et légitime, ainsi qu'à l'étude du processus de construction de l’État au Kosovo et de la production de ses formes symboliques de consécration. Deux objectifs orientent ce travail : Le premier est de rompre avec certaines évidences et d'apporter de nouvelles pistes de réflexion sur la formation, l'identification, l'existence et la définition des groupes sociaux issus de la guerre (les victimes civiles, les anciens combattants, les prisonniers de guerre, les familles des personnes disparues, etc.). Le second est d'examiner les relations complexes entre le travail de domination symbolique de l’État au Kosovo et les luttes que mènent les groupes sociaux issus de la guerre pour pouvoir maintenir leur position dans l'espace socialThis thesis examines jointly, the mobilizations and the classification struggles of the post-war groups in Kosovo after 1999, focusing on the access procedures toward their legal and legitimate recognition. It also analyzes the State formation process in Kosovo and the production of its symbolic forms of consecration. Two main contributions of this work are: First, it highlights a number of issues on post-war groups formation, identification, lifestyles and definition (civils victims, war veterans, war prisoners, families of missing persons, etc.) needing reflection and it questions the conventional wisdom. Second, it examines the complex relationships between the symbolic domination work of the State in Kosovo and the struggles of post-war groups in freeing from their social condition
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Aktepy, Sarah Louise. "A RHETORIC OF BETRAYAL: MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA AND THE REPORTED EXPERIENCES OF OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM AND OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM WOMEN VETERANS." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2118.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2010.Title from screen (viewed on April 1, 2010). Department of Sociology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Carol Brooks Gardner, Carrie E. Foote, Lynn M. Pike. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-74).
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Robin, Azevedo Valérie. "Official Memories, Silent Memories in Ocros (Ayacucho, Perú). Reflections from a Commemoration of a Sendero Luminoso Massacre." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/78899.
Full textAbstract:
La recopilación de testimonios que se llevó a cabo en el ámbito de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2001-2003) suscitó dinámicas socioculturales inéditas en cuanto a la producción de historias locales sobre el conflicto interno. En este artículo nos centraremos primero en la actuación carnavalesca realizada en el distrito de Ocros, donde se escenificaron las masacres perpetradas por el PCP-Sendero Luminoso, así como en la consiguiente organización en rondas campesinas de los sobrevivientes. Más allá de la conmemoración de este episodio, ¿cómo entender la realización de esta performance y los objetivos que conlleva? ¿Qué muestran o qué silencian los actores con esta ‘escritura’ del pasado de violencia, necesariamente fragmentaria? Enfocándonos en las creaciones coreográficas y narrativas de la violencia, procuraremos entender los usos estratégicos a los que dan lugar. Finalmente, veremos de qué manera las distintas memorias se enfrentan y articulan entre sí para mostrar los mecanismos de legitimación y las lógicas diferentesde esas proyecciones públicas de la historia reciente.The gathering of testimonials by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in the aftermath of the armed conflict opposing the Sendero Luminoso guerrilla and the Peruvian state has led to original socio-cultural dynamics around the local histories of the war. This article will focus on a carnival performance carried out in the Andean district of Ocros (Prov. of Huamanga), staging the massacres committed by the Sendero Luminoso and the struggle of the peasant militias. Beyond the commemoration of this episode, what are the issues and the objectives that underlie the performance? What view is given and what is left in silence, unsaid, by the actors in this type of unavoidably fragmentary ‘writing’ of the history of violence? Analyzing both the choreographic and the narrative production concerning the war, we will address the strategic uses they give rise to. Finally, we will focus on the way in which different memories compete and articulate to one another, so as to determine the mechanisms of legitimation and the competitive logics at playin these public projections of recent history.
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Le, Roux Elisabet. "The role of African Christian churches in dealing with sexual violence against women : the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Liberia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95826.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sexual violence against women (SVAW) has always been part of armed conflict. However, only recently has international law deemed it a crime against humanity and a genocidal crime, thus finally recognising that it is a strategy and weapon that is used extensively during conflict. SVAW and its consequences, however, also continue in the aftermath of conflict, with both ex-combatants and civilians perpetrating SVAW. The effectiveness of SVAW as a weapon and strategy relies on the existence of gender identities and relations that subjugate women. This gender inequality is instated and perpetuated through hegemonic masculinity and patriarchy, and violence against women is one way in which the imbalance is enforced. Patriarchal beliefs and structures, combined with a form of militarised hypermasculinity, lead to SVAW being used during armed conflict, but also continuing in its aftermath. The consequences for survivors are that they are often stigmatised and discriminated against by their husbands, families and communities, and this contributes to their further marginalisation and exploitation. As the state and international security and peacekeeping bodies fail to adequately address SVAW, civil society organisations (CSOs) tend to fill this void by providing mostly support to women affected. One sector of African civil society, namely African Christian churches, has a good record of effectively filling roles usually associated with the state. Furthermore, African Christian churches have increased tremendously in the last century, function at grassroots-level, and are of the few CSOs that continue functioning during armed conflict. As religious institutions they have authority and impact, for religion has the ability to influence behaviour, facilitate societal change, and provide societal solidarity and cohesion. Thus, for the marginalised in Africa, religion is a powerful resource. This leads one to assume that churches can be effective in addressing SVAW. This supposition was tested by studying how churches address SVAW in three different areas affected by armed conflict, namely the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Liberia, by using a qualitative, multiple-case case study approach. In two sites in each country, one urban and one rural, structured interview questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and nominal groups were done, focusing on the causes and consequences of SVAW and how it is being addressed, specifically by churches. The findings showed that SVAW in areas affected by armed conflict are due to patriarchal structures and beliefs, and the military hypermasculinity that has infused civilian masculinities. Patriarchy is also the indirect cause of the most severe consequences of SVAW. These are physical, psychological, social and economic, but the impact of the stigmatisation and discrimination that survivors experience is what they find most debilitating. Unfortunately, neither government nor civil society is addressing SVAW to any great extent and where they do, their actions are reactive not proactive in terms of prevention. This was no different in terms of the role and influence of the churches. While people believe in the ability of churches to be important actors in addressing SVAW, churches are not doing so, for they, too, are patriarchal institutions. Their ability to address injustice is limited when the cause of the injustice are practices and beliefs that lie at the heart of the religion and the churches, especially if these practices and beliefs are upholding the power of those currently in power. By perpetuating patriarchy, churches are actually contributing to SVAW being used as a weapon and strategy of warfare.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Seksuele geweld teen vroue (SGTV) was nog altyd deel van gewapende konflik. Dis egter eers onlangs wat internasionale wetgewing bepaal het dat dit ‘n misdaad teen die mensdom en van volksmoord is, en sodoende uiteindelik erken dat dit ‘n veelgebruikte konflikstrategie en -wapen is. SGTV en die gevolge daarvan hou egter aan ná konflik, met beide gewese vegters en burgerlikes wat SGTV pleeg. Die doeltreffendheid van SGTV as 'n wapen en strategie berus op geslagsidentiteite en -verhoudings wat vroue onderwerp. Hierdie geslagsongelykheid word ingestel en voortgesit deur hegemoniese manlikheid en patriargie, en geweld teen vroue is een manier waarop die wanbalans afgedwing word. Patriargale oortuigings en strukture, gekombineer met 'n vorm van militêre hipermanlikheid, lei daartoe dat SGTV nie net tydens gewapende konflik plaasvind nie, maar ook daarna. Die oorlewendes word dikwels gestigmatiseer en teen gediskrimineer deur hulle mans, families en gemeenskappe, en dit dra by tot hulle verdere marginalisering en uitbuiting. Aangesien die staat en internasionale veiligheids- en vredesliggame versuim om SGTV voldoende aan te spreek, is burgerlike organisasies (BOs) geneig om hierdie leemte te vul deur die verskaffing van meesal steun aan vroue wat deur SGTV geaffekteer word. Een sektor van Afrika se burgerlike samelewing, naamlik Afrika Christelike kerke, het 'n goeie rekord as dit kom by die vervulling van rolle wat gewoonlik geassosieer word met die staat. Verder het Afrika Christelike kerke geweldig toegeneem in die laaste eeu, funksioneer hulle op voetsoolvlak, en is hulle van die min BOs wat aanhou funksioneer tydens gewapende konflik. As godsdienstige instellings het hulle gesag en invloed, aangesien godsdiens die vermoë het om gedrag te beïnvloed, gemeenskapsverandering te fasiliteer, en solidariteit en samehorigheid aan ‘n gemeenskap te verskaf. Dus, vir gemarginaliseerdes in Afrika, is godsdiens 'n kragtige hulpbron. Dus neem ‘n mens aan dat kerke effektief kan wees in die aanspreek van SGTV. Hierdie veronderstelling is getoets deur te kyk na hoe kerke SGTV aanspreek in drie areas wat geraak word deur gewapende konflik, naamlik die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo, Rwanda en Liberië, deur die gebruik van 'n kwalitatiewe, meervoudige-geval gevallestudie benadering. In twee gemeenskappe in elke land, een stedelike en een landelike, is gestruktureerde onderhoudvraelyste, semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, en nominale groepe gedoen, met ‘n fokus op die oorsake en gevolge van SGTV en hoe dit aangespreek word, spesifiek deur kerke. Die bevindinge het getoon dat SGTV in gebiede geraak deur gewapende konflik, te wyte is aan patriargale strukture en oortuigings, en die militêre hipermanlikheid wat verweef geraak het met burgerlike manlikheid. Patriargie is ook die indirekte oorsaak van die mees ernstige gevolge van SGTV. Hierdie gevolge is fisies, sielkundig, maatskaplik en ekonomies, maar die impak van die stigmatisering en diskriminasie wat oorlewendes ervaar affekteer hulle die ergste. Ongelukkig spreek nie die regering óf burgerlike samelewing werklik SGTV aan nie, en waar hulle dit doen is hulle optrede reaktief en nie proaktief in terme van voorkoming nie. Dit was dieselfde met die rol en invloed van kerke. Terwyl mense glo in die vermoë van kerke om ‘n kernrol te speel in die aanspreek van SGTV, doen kerke dit nie, want hulle is óók patriargale instellings. Hulle vermoë om onreg aan te spreek is beperk wanneer die oorsaak van die onreg praktyke en oortuigings is wat aan die hart lê van die godsdiens en die kerke, veral as hierdie praktyke en oortuigings verseker dat dié in beheer hulle mag behou. Deur hulle voortsetting van patriargie, dra kerke by daartoe dat SGTV gebruik word as 'n wapen en strategie van oorlogvoering.
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Kuma, Johnson Kofi. "Angola: a victim of the Cold War cross-fire /." View online, 1995. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998780868.pdf.
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Sun, Holly. "Military manpower quality a victim of the Global War on Terror? /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6988.
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Nurenberg, Kenneth Martin. "On Approach: Making From and Towards the Image of the War Victim." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345485114.
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Hensley, Jordan C. "La Guerra Civil Española en la memoria histórica: Una conversación continua con el pasado." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1432737918.
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Cassam-Chenaï, Arnaud. "Représentations et réception des films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale en France à la Libération (1944-1950) : la concurrence des victimes." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30023.
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Dès les premiers jours de la Libération, de nombreux films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale vont être projetés dans les salles de cinéma françaises. Entre la fin de l’année 1944 et 1950, ce sont 302 films qui prennent le conflit comme sujet. Pourtant, ces films qui sortent en France ne sont pas issus des mêmes pays, ne datent pas tout à fait de la même période, et n’abordent pas la guerre de la même façon. Surtout, ces films ne vont pas traiter des mêmes victimes de la guerre. Il y a des différences importantes entre une chronique française de l’Occupation, un film de guerre américain, la vision du retour des prisonniers italiens, une histoire de résistants soviétiques ou le récit de vie de citoyens britanniques. Le public français et la presse de l’époque qui commente ces sorties ne reçoivent pas ces différentes visions de la Seconde Guerre mondiale de la même façon. Étudier ces films et l’accueil qui leur a été réservé au lendemain du conflit permet de mieux comprendre la mise en place d’une mythologie de l’évènement en France. Mon étude analyse en trois parties ces représentations des différentes victimes de la guerre, et leur réception dans l’immédiat après-guerre. La première présente les concepts théoriques de l’histoire au cinéma, et l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale telle qu’elle est visible durant la période, en prenant en compte des statistiques générales élaborées pour cette étude. Les deux parties suivantes proposent des études de cas, sélectionnés pour leur représentativité. On se concentre d’abord sur les différents types de victimes combattantes – les militaires à la guerre, les militaires hors du front, les résistants et enfin les espions et assimilés. Ensuite, on étudie les victimes non-combattantes – les civils occupés, les civils libres, les prisonniers et déportés, les prisonniers de retour, les Juifs et victimes de l’antisémitisme et enfin les enfantsIn the immediate aftermath of the French liberation, theaters across the country began to project movies centered around the recent conflict. Between 1944 and 1950, World War II was the central theme of more than 302 films. However, these films came from different countries; they were not produced at the exact same time; they did not depict the conflict through the same angle; and more importantly, they did not cover the same class of war victims. Wide differences exist between a French chronicle of the Occupation and a U.S. war movie, a depiction of the homecoming of Italian prisoners and the story of soviet resistance or a narration of British citizens’ everyday life during the war. At the time, the response of the French audience and critics to these diverse movie releases varied greatly too. By studying these movies and their reception at the time of their releases, the present study informs our understanding of the emergence of the French mythology surrounding this major conflict. In three chapters, I analyze the cinematographic depictions of various groups of war victims in movies of this era, as well as the audience and critics’ response at the time. In the first chapter, I describe the theoretical underpinnings of the cinema history, as well as the narration of World War II as presented by these movies, using statistics specifically collected for this study. The two following chapters offer a series of representative case studies. I first focus on different groups of victims actively involved in the conflict: militaries on and off the front-lines, members of the resistance, and spies and assimilated individuals. I then study the non-fighting victims: civilians under the occupation, civilians living in the free zone, homecoming prisoners, members of the Jewish community and other victims of antisemitism, and finally, the children
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Ehueni, Manzan Innocent. "Les accords politiques dans la résolution des conflits armés internes en Afrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROD028.
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L’Afrique est, depuis quelques décennies, « la zone stratégique la plus déstabilisée de la planète ». La question des conflits armés constitue un véritable « casse-tête africain » aussi bien pour les acteurs locaux qu’internationaux qui s’y intéressent en ce que son caractère interne contraste avec les conséquences transnationales qui en résultent.Comment sortir de cette insécurité chronique et de la guerre civile qui guette en permanence derrière le rideau et parvenir à une stabilité et un développement durables afin de limiter au mieux les nombreuses violations des droits de l’homme occasionnées à cet effet?Des approches de solution n’ont pas manqué, allant de la solution militaire, peu respectueuse des vies humaines, à la solution négociée qui appelle au génie créatif de l’homme et de son intelligence, soucieuse de préserver le genre humain en « imaginant » ou en « inventant » des compromis inscrits dans des accords, essentiellement, politiques. C’est donc, à juste titre, que l’objet de notre étude porte sur cette question africaine traduite par un intitulé très actuel : « Les accords politiques dans la résolution des conflits armés internes en Afrique ». L’analyse envisagée dans la présente étude expose la conclusion des accords politiques en insistant distinctement sur l’environnement politique de leur formation ainsi que le cadre juridique qui les caractérise, d’une part. D’autre part, il paraît indiqué d’examiner l’application de ces accords en décortiquant la feuille de route dans laquelle ils évoluent en vue d’en dresser un bilan scientifiquement objectif afin de mesurer l’effectivité de leur mise en œuvre et leur efficacité en matière de protection des droits de l’hommeSince some decades, Africa is «the most destabilized strategic area of the plane. » the issue of armed conflicts represent a real «African puzzle» as well for local actors as international ones who are involve in, with its internal characteristic contrast with the transnational consequences which result from.How to get out of this chronically in security and the civil war which permanently watch out behind curtain in order to reach sustainable development and stability in order to better limit numerous violations of human rights done in that fact?Some approaches of solution are numerous, going from military solution less respecting human lives, to the negociated solutions which call for the human genius and his intelligent, anxious to preserve human gender by «imaging» or by « inventing» Compromises signed in agreements, essentially political. Its then, precisely that African issue translated by an updated heading: agreements in the resolution of internal armed conflits in Africa. »The analysis considered in the present study will expose the conclusion of political agreements by insisting distinctly on political environment, their formation as well on the legal framework which characterizes them, on one hand. On the other hand, it seems important to examine the application of those agreements by analyzing in details the agenda in which they evoluate in order to draw up scientifically the balance sheet of the objective in order to assess the affectivity of their implementation and their effectiveness in domain of human rights protection
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Nantais, Joel David. "The Bush administration's decision to invade Iraq did they fall victim to groupthink? /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002870.
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