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Journal articles on the topic 'Warfare agents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 April 2025

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Ganesan, K., SK Raza, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Chemical warfare agents." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68498.

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2

Thavaselvam, Duraipandian, and Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. "Biological warfare agents." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68499.

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3

Kamboj, Dev Vrat, Ajay Kumar Goel, and Lokendra Singh. "Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 56, no. 4 (2006): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.56.1915.

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4

Shenoi, Rohit. "Chemical warfare agents." Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 3, no. 4 (2002): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1522-8401(02)90036-4.

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5

Geoghegan, James, and Jeffrey L. Tong. "Chemical warfare agents." Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain 6, no. 6 (2006): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl052.

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6

Chauhan, S., S. Chauhan, R. D’Cruz, et al. "Chemical warfare agents." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 26, no. 2 (2008): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.003.

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7

Sidell, Frederick R., and Jonathan Borak. "Chemical warfare agents: II. nerve agents." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 7 (1992): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81036-4.

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8

Spencer, R. C., and M. H. Wilcox. "Agents of biological warfare." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 4, no. 3 (1993): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199307000-00003.

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9

Song, Linan, Soohyoun Ahn, and David R. Walt. "Detecting Biological Warfare Agents." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 10 (2005): 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1110.050269.

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10

Awaad, M. "Protection Against Chemical Warfare Agents." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7, no. 7 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2014.35464.

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11

Lazarus, Angeline A., and Asha Devereaux. "Potential agents of chemical warfare." Postgraduate Medicine 112, no. 5 (2002): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2002.11.1350.

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12

Singh, Beer, Gangavarapu Prasad, K. Pandey, R. Danikhel, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 60, no. 4 (2010): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.487.

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13

Yang, Yu Chu, James A. Baker, and J. Richard Ward. "Decontamination of chemical warfare agents." Chemical Reviews 92, no. 8 (1992): 1729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00016a003.

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14

Muir, Bob, Ben J. Slater, David B. Cooper, and Christopher M. Timperley. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1028, no. 2 (2004): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.001.

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15

Muir, Bob, Suzanne Quick, Ben J. Slater, et al. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1068, no. 2 (2005): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.094.

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16

Muir, Bob, David B. Cooper, Wendy A. Carrick, Christopher M. Timperley, Ben J. Slater, and Suzanne Quick. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1098, no. 1-2 (2005): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.070.

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17

Newmark, Jonathan. "Chemical Warfare Agents: A Primer." Military Medicine 166, suppl_2 (2001): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/166.suppl_2.9.

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18

Haas, Rainer. "Determination of chemical warfare agents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5, no. 1 (1998): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986365.

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19

Haas, Rainer. "Determination of chemical warfare agents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5, no. 2 (1998): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986387.

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20

Vogel, LTC Peter. "The Agents of Biological Warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (1997): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050102044.

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21

Vogel, P. "The agents of biological warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (1997): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.5.438.

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22

Tokuda, Y. "Physicians and Biological Warfare Agents." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 4 (1998): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.4.273.

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23

Arduini, Fabiana. "Nanomaterials and Cross-Cutting Technologies for Fostering Smart Electrochemical Biosensors in the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020720.

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The smart, rapid, and customizable detection of chemical warfare agents is a huge issue for taking the proper countermeasures in a timely fashion. The printing techniques have established the main pillar to develop miniaturized electrochemical biosensors for onsite and fast detection of nerve and mustard agents, allowing for a lab on a chip in the chemical warfare agent sector. In the fast growth of novel technologies, the combination of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors with flexible electronics allowed for the delivery of useful wearable sensors capable of fast detection of chemical wa

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24

Moquin, Ross R., and Mary E. Moquin. "Weapons of mass destruction: biological." Neurosurgical Focus 12, no. 3 (2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2002.12.3.3.

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Humans are susceptible to microbial infections from many sources. Biological warfare is the use of microbial forms of life to diminish the capabilities, disrupt the organization, and terrorize the noncombatant population of an adversary. This form of warfare has been used throughout history and has gained renewed interest with the current use of asymmetrical warfare. The civilized world has condemned its use by the implementation of treaties specifically against it. This is a brief review of some of the more easily used biological agents such as anthrax, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and smallpo

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25

Shumeiko, Olexander E., and Mykola I. Korotkikh. "Chemical Warfare Agents: Structure, Properties, Decontamination (Part 2)." Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 22, no. 3 (2024): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.24959/ophcj.24.313307.

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The review is aimed at summarizing and systematizing information about various methods of deactivation of chemical warfare agents that are necessary on the battlefield, as well as in laboratories, research institutions, and facilities of production, storage, and destruction of poisonous substances. The review presents the main directions of neutralizing warfare poisonous substances, which are the most effective in the conditions of their real use. In the second part of this work, the methods of deactivating warfare poisons using nucleophilic reagents, primarily α-nucleophiles, which have high

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26

Shumeiko, Alexander E., and Nikolai I. Korotkikh. "Chemical warfare agents: Structure, properties, decontamination (part 1)." Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 22, no. 2 (2024): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ophcj.24.312459.

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The review is aimed at summarizing and systematizing information on various methods of deactivation of chemical warfare agents required on the battlefield, in laboratories, research institutions, production facilities, as well as information on storage and destruction of poisonous substances. The review provides data on warfare poisons with different tactical and physiological characteristics and outlines the main directions of their neutralization, which are the most effective under the conditions of their real use. In the first part of this review, the methods of deactivation of warfare pois

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27

Huang, Taotao, Qian Chen, Hui Jiang, and Kui Zhang. "Research Progress in the Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Using Metal–Organic Frameworks." Nanomaterials 14, no. 13 (2024): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14131108.

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Chemical warfare agents primarily comprise organophosphorus nerve agents, saliva alkaloids, cyanides, and mustard gas. Exposure to these agents can result in severe respiratory effects, including spasms, edema, and increased secretions leading to breathing difficulties and suffocation. Protecting public safety and national security from such threats has become an urgent priority. Porous metal–organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the degradation of chemical warfare agents due to their large surface area, tunable pore size distribution, and excellent catalyt

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28

Budiman, Harry. "ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION SPIKING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS RELATED TO CHEMICAL WEAPON CONVENTION IN UNKNOWN WATER SAMPLES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTRON IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2010): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21672.

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The identification and analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products is one of important component for the implementation of the convention. Nowadays, the analytical method for determination chemical warfare agent and their degradation products has been developing and improving. In order to get the sufficient analytical data as recommended by OPCW especially in Proficiency Testing, the spiking chemical compounds related to Chemical Weapon Convention in unknown water sample were determined using two different techniques such as gas chromatography and gas chromatography elec

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29

Capoun, Tomas, and Jana Krykorkova. "Study of Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agents using Solid Decontamination Substances." Toxics 7, no. 4 (2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7040063.

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The decontamination of chemical warfare agents is important for the elimination or reduction of the effects of these substances on persons. Solid decontamination (degradation) sorbents that decompose dangerous substances belong among modern decontamination substances. The aim of the study was to design a procedure for monitoring the degradation of chemical warfare agents using such sorbents. The degradation of soman, VX [O-ethyl-S-(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothioate] and sulphur mustard (chemical warfare agents) was monitored using FTIR spectrometry with the attenuated total reflecti

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30

HERNÁNDEZ-RIVERA, SAMUEL P., LEONARDO C. PACHECO-LONDOÑO, OLIVA M. PRIMERA-PEDROZO, ORLANDO RUIZ, YADIRA SOTO-FELICIANO, and WILLIAM ORTIZ. "VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY OF CHEMICAL AGENTS SIMULANTS, DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 04 (2007): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407005016.

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This paper focuses on the measurement of spectroscopic signatures of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants (CWAS), degradation products of chemical agents and Toxic Industrial Compounds (TIC) using vibrational spectroscopy. Raman Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in liquid and gas phase and Fiber Optics Coupled-Grazing Angle Probe-FTIR were used to characterize the spectroscopic information of target threat agents. Ab initio chemical calculations of energy minimization and FTIR spectra of Chemical Warfare Agents were accompanied by Cluster Analysis to correlate spectral informatio

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31

Polat, Seyhan, Mehmet Gunata, and Hakan Parlakpinar. "Chemical warfare agents and treatment strategies." Annals of Medical Research 25, no. 4 (2018): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2018.08.166.

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32

Butera, Ester, Agatino Zammataro, Andrea Pappalardo, and Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto. "Supramolecular Sensing of Chemical Warfare Agents." ChemPlusChem 86, no. 4 (2021): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202100071.

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33

Claborn, David M. "Environmental Mimics of Chemical Warfare Agents." Military Medicine 169, no. 12 (2004): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.12.958.

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34

Chan, JTS, RSD Yeung, and SYH Tang. "An Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 4 (2002): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900404.

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Chemical warfare agent is defined as a chemical which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans (or animals) through its toxicological effects. Chemical agents are relatively simple to make and easy to transport. Moreover, their effects are immediate and dramatic. Therefore chemical weapons are commonly used by terrorists to kill or injure in order to achieve certain political purposes. Although chemical incident is uncommon, however, once it occurs, the consequence will be great. Therefore, fundamental knowledge about the basic concepts, toxi

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35

Schwenk, Michael. "Chemical warfare agents. Classes and targets." Toxicology Letters 293 (September 2018): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.040.

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36

Borak, Jonathan, and Frederick R. Sidell. "Agents of chemical warfare: Sulfur mustard." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 3 (1992): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80892-3.

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37

Carrick, Wendy, Linda Fernee, and D. Francis. "Heat characteristics of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 79, no. 1 (2005): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-004-0569-2.

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38

Witkiewicz, Z., M. Mazurek, and J. Szulc. "Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 503 (January 1990): 293–357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81514-4.

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39

Ler, Siok Ghee, Fook Kay Lee, and P. Gopalakrishnakone. "Trends in detection of warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1133, no. 1-2 (2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.078.

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40

Liu, Xiaoling, Changkun Qiu, Linfeng Cui, Wei Xiong, and Yanke Che. "Fluorescence detection of chemical warfare agents." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 50, no. 1 (2019): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/ssc-2019-0079.

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41

Cieslak, T. J., G. W. Christopher, M. G. Kortepeter, et al. "Immunization against Potential Biological Warfare Agents." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 6 (2000): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313812.

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42

Barnaby, Frank. "The Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 19, no. 3 (1994): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1994.19.3.190.

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43

Ginghina, Raluca Elena, Gabriela Toader, Tudor Viorel Țigănescu, Panaghia Deliu, and Dănuț-Eugeniu Moșteanu. "Ultrasonic Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 29, no. 3 (2023): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2023-0069.

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Abstract Sonochemistry studies the physical and molecular level changes induced by ultrasonic energy on solutions. Sonochemical degradation of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) may occur due to three successive phenomena based on the principles of acoustic cavitation phenomena: nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles. The sonolytic degradation of CWA was quantified by GC-MS technique, considering the variation of some parameters such as frequency of ultrasonic waves, power control, temperature, and addition of nanoparticles as catalysts to the solution.

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44

Aas, Pål. "The Threat of Mid-Spectrum Chemical Warfare Agents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (2003): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001254.

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AbstractThere is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotox

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45

Ustinova, L. A., V. A. Barkevych, N. V. Kurdil, R. M. Shvets, V. I. Saglo, and O. A. Yevtodiev. "Current state and trends in the development of identification tools of the Chemical Warfare Agents in Ukraine: ways of harmonization in accordance with EU and NATO standards. Part I." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 86, no. 2 (2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2019-86-2-44-52.

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Relevance. Nowadays, Ukraine, where armed conflict takes place, has the highest risk of chemical hazard among countries of European region that induces the need for completing medical service and specialforces of Ukrainian Armed Forces with modern chemical-warfare reconnaissance means. Objective: analysis of modern methods for identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical-warfare reconnaissance means that are assured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in terms of correspondence with current EU and NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific

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46

Pohanka, Miroslav. "Current Trends in the Biosensors for Biological Warfare Agents Assay." Materials 12, no. 14 (2019): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142303.

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Biosensors are analytical devices combining a physical sensor with a part of biological origin providing sensitivity and selectivity toward analyte. Biological warfare agents are infectious microorganisms or toxins with the capability to harm or kill humans. They can be produced and spread by a military or misused by a terrorist group. For example, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp., Yersinia pestis, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin and orthopoxviruses are typical biological warfare agents. Biosensors for biological warfare agents serve as simple but reliable

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47

Kangas, Michael, Adreanna Ernest, Rachel Lukowicz, et al. "The Identification of Seven Chemical Warfare Mimics Using a Colorimetric Array." Sensors 18, no. 12 (2018): 4291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124291.

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Chemical warfare agents pose significant threats in the 21st century, especially for armed forces. A colorimetric detection array was developed to identify warfare mimics, including mustard gas and nerve agents. In total, 188 sensors were screened to determine the best sensor performance, in order to identify warfare mimics 2-chloro ethyl ethylsulfide, 2-2′-thiodiethanol, trifluoroacetic acid, methylphosphonic acid, dimethylphosphite, diethylcyanophosphonate, and diethyl (methylthiomethyl)phosphonate. The highest loadings in the principle component analysis (PCA) plots were used to identify th

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48

Jain, Neha. "Terrorism at Rise with the Chemicals Insight: Use of Chemical Warfare Agents an Issue of Global Concern." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 9, no. 1 (2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.9123.3.

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Crime has led to a worldwide increase with a main weapon of offence including not only a physical object but show the incidences of involvement of chemicals also. Chemical warfare agents are one such example commonly employed by large group of people, mainly violent criminals who not only wants to create a terror or threat in the world but to cause war scale destruction. There are numerous of incidents reported from past showing the involvement of hazardous chemicals for committing crimes. Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) are synthetic chemicals used in the warfare as weapons, which are highly to

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49

İLBASMIŞ TAMER, Sibel, and İlkay ERDOĞAN ORHAN. "KİMYASAL SİLAHLARA VE BİYOTERÖRE KARŞI TEDAVİDE KULLANILAN UYGULAMALAR." Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi 48, no. 2 (2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1363452.

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Objective: In the present study, the chemical and physical properties of various chemical warfare agents, general information about medical protection methods, current analysis methods equipment, decontamination techniques and pharmaceutical formulations used when exposed to chemical agents will be discussed. Result and Discussion: Among weapons of mass destruction, chemical warfare agents are one of the most brutal dangers posed to humanity compared to biological and nuclear weapons. These war agents can be produced easily, cheaply and can cause mass casualties in small amounts with chemicals

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50

Kuzina, S. I., and I. G. Sagiryan. "The Status and Role of Foreign Agents in the Information Warfare Unleashed by the West against Russia: Political and Legal Aspects." Legal Order and Legal Values 3, no. 2 (2025): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.23947/2949-1843-2025-3-2-33-42.

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Introduction. Studying the role and influence of the foreign agents on public consciousness and political processes in Russia in the context of information warfare is relevant due to the negative consequences their activity has on the society during the special military operation in conditions of the unprecedented sanctions pressure of the collective West. Disinformation, destructive propaganda, manipulation of consciousness, influence on the psyche, digital technologies used by the foreign agents urge the country's authorities to undertake legal measures to counteract their activity. Therefor

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