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Journal articles on the topic 'Warfare movies'
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1
Volovoj, Vadim. "FUTUROLOGY OF WARFARE – FROM LAND TO SPACE." Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 1(14)/2020, no. 1(14)/2020 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/320198.
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Mankind is very close to the next revolution in military affairs. Hypersonic missiles exist already. Robots and even cyborgs in perspective can enter the reality from the movies. However, it is not clear if people are ready for such changes. Do politicians, generals and scientists understand all legal and humanitarian consequences of the coming military transformation? At the same time ‘Race in Space’ among the ‘Big States’ begins. Yet, it does not seem to change the global balance of power. But the weapon that will be able to neutralize any nuclear attack can.
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Chaudhary, Dr Muhammad Umair, Dr Abdul Ghani, and Hassan Naseer. "Islamophobia In Western Media: A Study Of American Movies After 9/11." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication Volume 5, no. 1 (2021): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i01-13.
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The present study discussed the feelings and sentiments that unquestionably exist in Western media particularly in U.S films against Islam and Muslims after Sep 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, and the reaction to them increased the hater against Muslims. Specifically, the assumption that Islam is characteristically fierce or that Muslims have a reopensity for psychological warfare. Since 9/11, explicit people have transformed Islamophobia into an industry. In this study, content analysis of some commercially successful U.S films is being provided that has perpetuated popularized Islamophobia. Specifically, Hollywood films i.e. American Sniper, The Hurt Locker, and The Dictator have been examined. Although the researcher’s analysis fundamentally talks about these movies inside the setting of twenty-first century Islamophobia, Additionally, it will also elaborate how relentless negative stereotypes are being drawn from decades against Muslims by the West with the help of media.
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Whatley, Edward. "Book Review: 100 Great War Movies: The Real History Behind the Films." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 2 (2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.2.6940.
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The one hundred films covered by Robert Niemi’s 100 Great War Movies: The Real History Behind the Films were selected using an eclectic array of criteria (the preferences of the author based on his experience as a film teacher, the preferences of his friends and colleagues, and a survey of numerous best-of lists), and the result is of course a rather eclectic collection of entries. Coverage includes famous well-regarded films that most readers will expect to find in a collection such as this: The Bridge on the River Kwai, From Here to Eternity, and Saving Private Ryan. But readers will also encounter films with which they may not be as familiar, such as Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence starring David Bowie, and the film adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five. The films included also cover a wide range of ideological viewpoints: from patriotic World War II–era films to more recent films that take a more skeptical view of warfare.
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Olson, Carl. "Combat at Close Quarters: Warfare on the Rivers and Canals of Vietnam." DttP: Documents to the People 48, no. 3 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v48i3.7419.
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The “Brown-Water Navy” in Vietnam gained fame by numerous books, such movies as Apocalypse Now, and the Presidential candidacy of Senator John Kerry, a “swift-boat” veteran. Commendably, this compact and lavishly illustrated history begins with an executive summary of riverine operations from the French Indochina War to the withdrawal of the United States Navy in the 1970’s. Subsequent chapters describe the major campaigns, milestone by milestone.
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Vidojković, Dario. "Early Representations of Wartime Violence in Films, 1914–1930." Cultural History 6, no. 1 (2017): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2017.0134.
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This article deals with the cinematic representations of warfare violence and with its aestheticization in early films. It argues, in particular, that the patterns and narrative structures of (anti-)war movies were laid out during the First World War. Among the first films establishing those patterns and rules were D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, a film on the American Civil War, and Hearts of the World, showing the war on the western front, produced in 1918. Films such as these offered the main elements that would mark, henceforth, how anti-war movies would portray violence. With the up-coming of sound, moviegoers would be able not only to see, but also to hear what a war sounded like. Lewis Milestone's All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), one of the first sound films, exposed the audiences to a series of (calculated) audio/visual distortions, including explosions, screams, and the monotone sound of machinegun fire.
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DIAMANT, NEIL J. "Conspicuous Silence: Veterans and the Depoliticization of War Memory in China." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (2011): 431–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000072.
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AbstractThis paper explores the unusually weak voice of Chinese war veterans in post-1949 politics society and culture. Although Chinese movies and television often feature military-related themes, it is rare to find frank and politicized depictions of China's military conflicts. In this respect, China departs sharply from the former Soviet Union—China's Leninist model for most of its formative years—as well as Vietnam, European inter-war fascist regimes and democracies. This paper argues that the relative weakness of authentic military voices in China can be traced to several peculiar features of modern Chinese history. The nature of warfare in China, as well as the absence of a national army, veteran organizations and a consensus over the legitimacy about China's wars, has led many to question the validity of veterans’ claims for a higher political and cultural status. Rather than allow veterans the space to portray war as they experienced it, intellectual elites in various cultural and propaganda offices dominate national war memory, presenting a simplistic and artificial rendering of China's wars.
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Khomenko, Oleksandr, and Bohdan Skopnenko. "“Kiev Citizen” Movie by T. Levchuk: Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Ukrainian Soviet Cinematography." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(79) (August 3, 2021): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.234515.
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Cinematography is one of those unique cultural phenomena, whose history has always attracted historians’ interest. In the 20th century, this phenomenon did not only determine the direction of cultural transformations development but also impacted the formation of ideologies and political regimes. Today this topic is especially relevant considering the fact that the propaganda methods, intrinsic of dictatorship systems, namely the Soviet totalitarian regime, are actively used by the antidemocratic Russian power for achieving its political goals. The special interest in the context of the “hybrid warfare” which is currently going on between Russia and Ukraine, causes the construction in the Soviet period cinematography of the image of a “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” as the instrumental technologies of ideological manipulations used in such movies proved their effectiveness for shaping the outlook of a “new Russian citizen”. Such phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian one) are now actively applied by the undemocratic Russian regime to achieve political goals. The construction of the image of the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist" in the Soviet cinema constitutes special interest in the context of today’s Russia’s "hybrid warfare" against Ukraine. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man.” Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “Kiev Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. This film is a classic example of ideologically biased film production. Using this movie, we can observe technological principles and constructive models of falsification of the 20th–century history of Ukraine by the Soviet regime, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “Kiev Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were falsified in order to illustrate the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events connected with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Soviet propaganda tried to form in this way the audience loyal to the “Soviet empire” type of psychological perception of reality. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks’ attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People’s Republic and Germany were falsified.
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Chatterjee, Arnab. "William Golding’s Apocalyptic Vision in Lord of the Flies and Pincher Martin." Prague Journal of English Studies 6, no. 1 (2017): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjes-2017-0003.
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Abstract Humanity has long been haunted by the notions of Armageddon and the coming of a Golden Age. While the English Romantic poets like Shelley saw hopes of a new millennium in poems like “Queen Mab” and “The Revolt of Islam”, others like Blake developed their own unique “cosmology” in their longer poems that were nevertheless coloured with their vision of redemption and damnation. Even Hollywood movies, like The Book of Eli (2010), rehearse this theme of salvation in the face of imminent annihilation time and again. Keeping with such trends, this paper would like to trace this line of apocalyptic vision and subsequent hopes of renewal with reference to William Golding’s debut novel Lord of the Flies (1954) and his Pincher Martin (1956). While in the former, a group of young school boys indulge in violence, firstly for survival, and then for its own sake, in the latter, a lonely, shipwrecked survivor of a torpedoed destroyer clings to his own hard, rock-like ego that subsequently is a hurdle for his salvation and redemption, as he is motivated by a lust for life that makes him exist in a different moral and physical dimension. In Lord of the Flies, the entire action takes place with nuclear warfare presumably as its backdrop, while Pincher Martin has long been interpreted as an allegory of the Cold War and the resultant fear of annihilation from nuclear fallout (this applies to Golding’s debut novel as well). Thus, this paper would argue how Golding weaves his own vision of social, spiritual, and metaphysical dissolution, and hopes for redemption, if any, through these two novels.
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Huhtinen, Aki-Mauri, Noora Kotilainen, Saara Särmä, and Mikko Streng. "Information Influence in Hybrid Environment." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 9, no. 3 (2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2019070101.
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The traditional government-military-public relationship to the public driver's relationship is moving to the government and military. Conflicts are increasingly asymmetrical, networked, urbanized and open to the global publicities because of internet global connections and especially global access to the social media. The public-driven network-based global possibility to online communication means threats and the nature of conflict to become “hybrid.” “Hybrid warfare” challenges the standard way of waging military operations. Military and security organizations have to combat new technologies of their adversaries. This article sets out to discuss the phenomena of hybrid warfare in contemporary rhizomatic society and a hybrid media environment. Furthermore, this research considers how reflexive control functions can provide a historical perspective to ahistorical accounts of hybrid warfare and thus help us to better understand the contemporary challenges and threats of hybrid warfare, particularly coming from Russia.
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Harrington, Laura. "The Greatest Movie Never Made: The Life of the Buddha as Cold War Politics." Religion and American Culture 30, no. 3 (2020): 397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rac.2020.14.
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ABSTRACTThis article explores the backstory of a 1953 screenplay on the life of the Buddha conceived by the CIA as a psychological warfare strategy to draw Asian Buddhists away from the Communist orbit and into the Free World. Developed in collaboration with Ceylonese Buddhist scholar G. P. Malalasekera, Tathagata: The Wayfarer (hereafter, Wayfarer) is best read through the lens of the U.S. Campaign of Truth propaganda effort launched by Truman in 1950. I draw on declassified government documents and archives to highlight the screenplay's trajectory as a covert attempt by the U.S. government to work with Asian Buddhists to further U.S. foreign policy needs in Asia and to demonstrate a truth rarely recognized by scholars of religion and American culture: For the early Cold War American state, Buddhism was an object of foreign policy.
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Kraidy, Marwan M. "The projectilic image: Islamic State’s digital visual warfare and global networked affect." Media, Culture & Society 39, no. 8 (2017): 1194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443717725575.
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Islamic State’s (IS) image-warfare presents an auspicious opportunity to grasp the growing role of digital images in emerging configurations of global conflict. To understand IS’ image-warfare, this article explores the central role of digital images in the group’s war spectacle and identifies a key modality of this new kind of warfare: global networked affect. To this end, the analysis focuses on three primary sources: two Arabic-language IS books, Management of Savagery (2004) and O’ Media Worker, You Are a Mujahid!, 2nd Edition (2016), and a video, Healing the Believers’ Chests (2015), featuring the spectacular burning of a Jordanian air force pilot captured by IS. It uses the method of ‘iconology’ within a case-study approach. I analyze IS’ doctrine of image-warfare explained in the two books and, in turn, examine how this doctrine is executed in IS video production, conceptualizing digital video as a specific permutation of moving digital images uniquely able to enact, and via repetition, to maintain, visual and narrative tension between movement and stillness, speed and slowness, that diffuses global network affect. Using a theoretical framework combining spectacle, new media phenomenology, and affect theory, the article concludes that global networked affect is projectilic, mimicking fast, lethal, penetrative objects. IS visual warfare, I argue, is best understood through the notion of the ‘projectilic image’.
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Ordóñez, Lucía Martínez, and Jörg Schimmelpfennig. "The War against the Taliban." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 6, no. 3 (2015): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2015070102.
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Operation Enduring Freedom was hampered by a chronic shortage of attack helicopters available to ISAF forces in Afghanistan. Tactical operations into Taliban-held territory were launched even though close air support capable of dealing with “danger close” situations could not be assigned in advance. It led to significant ISAF casualties if the Taliban decided to fight back rather than withdraw. Departing from a Clausewitz-style, i.e. second-mover advantage, mixed-strategy equilibrium and taking account of the “Irregular Warfare” nature of the pay-offs, the paper looks into the existence of strategic moves. In particular, as playing a mixed strategy if rotary wing air support is unavailable merely incentivises a more aggressive Taliban response to any kind of operation due to the information asymmetry, it is argued that by moving away from the mixed-strategy equilibrium ISAF casualties in properly supported operations could be reduced, thus handing a first-mover advantage to ISAF.
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Moffat, James. "Mathematical modelling of information age conflict." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 2006 (July 31, 2006): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jamds/2006/16018.
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Previous mathematical modelling of conflict has been based on Lanchester's equations, which relate to the grinding attrition of “industrial-age” warfare. Large blocks of force interact in order to force defeat by a process of wearing away the other. This is no longer so relevant as a way of conceptualising warfare, and we generalise the approach so that it is more appropriate to the “information age” into which we are now moving. It turns out that the solution to this problem is the development of a theory of what we call “scale-free systems.” We first develop this theory, and then indicate how it can be applied.
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Ceranowicz, Andy, and Mark Torpey. "Adapting to Urban Warfare." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 2, no. 1 (2005): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200102.
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Urban operations currently are of great concern to the defense community. J9, the Experimentation Directorate of USJFCOM, and the Joint Advanced Warfighting Program currently are conducting an experiment to investigate concepts for applying future technologies to joint urban operations. The first phase of the experiment focused on employing future sensors to remotely monitor and understand enemy operations in a foreign city. Characteristics of the urban environment include high building density, a large civilian population, and a cultural environment. These characteristics pose significant challenges for simulation designers. This paper describes the modifications required to adapt the simulations supporting the experiment, JSAF and SLAMEM, to the urban environment. A landscape with a large number of buildings had to be automatically generated and represented in a space efficient manner. Large concentrations of vehicles and pedestrians had to be modeled moving realistically through the city. This behavior had to be automatically generated since it would be impossible to individually control 100,000 entities. Embedding cultural features within the database in the form of building function codes allow civilian entities to automatically plan their movements based on generic daily schedules. Sensor models had to be modified to detect building properties, such as whether a building was fortified. The density of both entities and structures made both movement and intervisibility calculations significantly more expensive, requiring optimization combined with the application of large amounts of hardware. Computation and control was distributed between three CONUS sites and the High Performance Computing Centers at Maui and Wright-Patterson AFB. Limiting and balancing simulation traffic required a major effort. Source squelching was enabled by a distributed data collection system developed to collect data locally on each simulation node while still allowing analysts to perform real-time queries during the experiment.
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FITZSIMONS, WILLIAM. "WARFARE, COMPETITION, AND THE DURABILITY OF ‘POLITICAL SMALLNESS’ IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BUSOGA." Journal of African History 59, no. 1 (2018): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000706.
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AbstractMost scholarship on the military history of precolonial Africa focuses on state-level conflict, drawing on examples such as the Asante, Buganda, Zulu, and Kongo kingdoms. The current article instead examines connections between warfare and political history in the politically fragmented setting of nineteenth-century Busoga, Uganda, where a small geographical region hosted more than fifty micro-kingdoms competing as peer polities. Using sources that include a rich corpus of oral traditions and early archival documents, this article offers a reconstruction of military practices and ideologies alongside political histories of important Busoga kingdoms during the long nineteenth century. The article argues that routine political destabilization caused by competition between royal leaders, combined with shifting interests of commoner soldiers, continuously reconstituted a multi-polar power structure throughout the region. This approach moves beyond assessing the role of warfare in state formation to ask how military conflict could be a creative force in small-scale politics as well.
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RAPHAEL, KATE. "Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260–1312)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 19, no. 3 (2009): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309009717.
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AbstractThis article discusses the Mongol approach to warfare, then goes on to consider the Mongols' conversion to the notion that they would have to develop a siege train, since walled cities cannot easily be taken by a cavalry charge. The contribution of Chinese siege engineers is discussed, and there is a survey of Chinese siege techniques as they evolved before the Mongol period. The author considers the evidence for the use of inflammable materials, and then moves to the question of gunpowder. The widespread (not quite universal) consensus that the Chinese used gunpowder is discussed, and then attention moves to Hulegu's expedition to western Asia in the 1250s. It is pointed out that none of the major sources seems to imply the use of anything that might be construed as gunpowder technology during those campaigns. Lastly, the author considers, in some detail, sieges conducted by the Ilkhanid Mongols against Mamluk border strongholds during the succeeding decades, drawing attention to and explaining those sieges' increasing lack of success.
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CRAWFORD, EMILY. "Unequal before the Law: The Case for the Elimination of the Distinction between International and Non-international Armed Conflicts." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 2 (2007): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650700413x.
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This article examines the possibility of creating a law of armed conflict that could be uniformly applied to both international and non-international armed conflict. The article looks at the history of modern armed conflict, and charts the progression of warfare from a predominantly interstate event to that which is more likely to be characterized as non-international or internal. The increasing prevalence of non-international armed conflicts throughout the twentieth century has lead to ongoing moves on behalf of the international community to bring the regulation of such conflicts further within the ambit of international regulation. With this in mind, the article argues that such moves have blurred the historical distinction between types of armed conflict to the point where the distinction could be eliminated altogether. By looking at international treaties, tribunals, and state practice, this article asserts that the law of armed conflict could be uniformly applied, with the aim of ensuring that all participants in armed conflict are equally and humanely treated.
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Grassiani, Erella, and Frank Müller. "Brazil-Israel Relations and the Marketing of Urban Security Expertise." Latin American Perspectives 46, no. 3 (2019): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x19831442.
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The transnational (re)making of contemporary urban pacification practices, discourses, and technologies between Brazil and Israel is underpinned by coercive entanglements. The Israeli experience with the occupation of the Palestinian territories has brought the Israel Defense Forces and the country’s private security industry international recognition for their urban warfare skills and related security technologies; Brazil has recently gained international recognition for urban pacification efforts that emphasize the country’s military’s ability to combine “hard” and “soft” skills, thereby foregrounding the nexus of military and humanitarian forms of engagement on urban battlefields. Empirical findings framed by critical scholarship on pacification demonstrate how recent shifts in the military and diplomatic relations between the two countries seek to symbolically capitalize on their own and each other’s urban warfare experiences to promote themselves as security experts capable of addressing a range of future urban threat scenarios—from urban warfare to antigang and antiriot policing and peacekeeping. A reorganização transnacional das práticas, discursos e tecnologias de urbanização contemporânea entre Brasil e Israel são movidas por envolvimento coercitivo. A experiência israelense de ocupação dos territórios palestinos trouxe prestígio internacional às Forças de Defesa Israelense, bem como à indústria de segurança particular do país, em virtude de tecnologia de combate urbano. Brasil recentemente alcançou reconhecimento internacional pelos esforços de pacificação urbana, que enfatizam a habilidade das forças armadas do país em combinar “soft and hard skills”, criando assim um nexo de interação militar e humanitário no campo de batalha urbano. Observações produzidas em moldura crítica acadêmica sobre pacificação demonstram de que modo mudanças recentes nas relações diplomática e militar dos dois países visam capitalizar simbolicamente as experiências respectivas para promoverem a si mesmos como especialistas em segurança capazes de tratar uma variedade de cenários urbanos de risco—desde a guerra urbana contra gangs até o policiamento de manifestações.
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Pywell, M., and M. Midgley-Davies. "Aircraft-sized anechoic chambers for electronic warfare, radar and other electromagnetic engineering evaluation." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1244 (2017): 1393–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.89.
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ABSTRACTThis paper considers capabilities and benefits of aircraft-sized radio/radar frequency anechoic chambers for Test and Evaluation (T&E) of Electronic Warfare (EW), radar and other electromagnetics aspects of air and ground platforms. There are few such chambers worldwide. Initially developed to reduce costs, timescales and risks associated with open-air range flight testing of EW systems, their utility has expanded to most areas of platforms’ electromagnetics’ T&E. A key feature is the ability to conduct T&E of nationally sensitive equipment and systems, fully installed on platforms, in absolute privacy. Chambers’ capabilities and uses are described, with emphasis on key infrastructure and instrumentation. Non-EW uses are identified and selected topics elaborated. Operation and maintenance are discussed, based on experiential knowledge from international use and the authors’ 30 years’ involvement with BAE Systems’ EW Test Facility. A view is provided of trends and challenges whose resolution could further increase chamber utility. National affordability challenges also suggest utility expansion to support continuing moves, from expensive and difficult to repeat flight test and operational evaluation trials, towards an affordability-driven optimal balance between modelling and simulation, and real-world testing of platforms.
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McGoldrick, Claudia. "The state of conflicts today: Can humanitarian action adapt?" International Review of the Red Cross 97, no. 900 (2015): 1179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s181638311600028x.
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AbstractHow do the dynamics of contemporary armed conflict shape, and constrain, humanitarian action? Is the international humanitarian “system”1 really at breaking point, as is often claimed? Or will it adapt to the changing realities not just of warfare but of global geopolitical shifts – as it has done repeatedly in the past – and evolve into something different? By way of response, the first part of this article offers a snapshot of today's armed conflicts and other situations of violence, focusing initially on the trends and features apparent in the Syrian conflict – which has in many ways come to define twenty-first-century warfare – and moving on to other countries and regions, many of which share at least some of these features, albeit in varying degrees. It considers the humanitarian consequences of today's armed conflicts and other situations of violence, and the implications for humanitarian response – which, at least on an international level, is indeed facing a watershed. The second part aims to show that even a glance back at key aspects of the evolution of humanitarian action over the past century – largely in response to the evolving nature of warfare and the developing international system – will remind us of quite radical changes in the face of major upheavals and challenges, not all of them dissimilar to those of today. The third part suggests that in today's global environment, international humanitarian response will continue to evolve and ultimately take on a different shape: one that reflects the changing nature of conflict and the geopolitical power shifts that go with it. With the rise of the global South, and the increasing recognition of the importance of local actors to humanitarian action, particular attention is given to the evolving relationship between local and international actors. In conclusion, the article reiterates some of the main reasons why humanitarian action – and international humanitarian actors in particular – will likely continue to adapt (albeit with varying degrees of success) to a changing world.
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Galvany, Albert. "SIGNS, CLUES AND TRACES: ANTICIPATION IN ANCIENT CHINESE POLITICAL AND MILITARY TEXTS." Early China 38 (2015): 151–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2015.1.
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AbstractIn a considerable number of the military texts of ancient China the success of any manoeuvre demands adaptation to constantly changing circumstances and anticipation of the enemy's moves. Hence, idealized descriptions of the figures of the commander and the sage frequently overlap. In both cases, these are individuals who are able to move forward in time and predict the nature of events before they take definitive form. However, these skills of prognostication are the result of attentive scrutiny of the most inconspicuous aspects of reality. By analyzing military episodes and biographical material referring to some of the strategists of the time, this article attempts to demonstrate that the military commander can be seen as a master of signs and that, accordingly, the art of warfare can also be represented as requiring semiotic aptitudes and techniques which enable accurate interpretation of hints that will determine the outcome of the battle.
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Giblett, Rod. "Space Power and Information Superiority: A New Medium for Cultural Policy." Media International Australia 102, no. 1 (2002): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0210200111.
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Space is again a hot topic, with the resurrection of Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative or ‘Star Wars' missile shield, albeit under a new name. Integral to this drive and vital to its success are the deployment and use of communication technologies, and the control of flows of information. Both of these take place in orbital, extraterrestrial space, a new front for warfare and a new medium for the new media of cyberspace and the internet. This paper traces this recent development and gives a critical account of the nationalist and militarist rhetoric in which it is couched. I argue that ‘weaponisation’ of space is in contravention of a number of international treaties. I conclude that ‘astroenvironmentalism’ should be a broadly based popular movement of resistance to these moves, and of action for the global commons of space owned by none and shared by all.
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Dunbar, Mark R., Piyush K. Upadhyay, and Shanmugam Karthikeyan. "The Use of Warfarin as Thromboprophylaxis for Lower Limb Arthroplasty." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 6 (2008): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x300957.
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INTRODUCTION Most orthopaedic surgeons in the UK use some form of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic events. Warfarin has been recommended as one of the preferred methods to use. The period of in-hospital postoperative rehabilitation has reduced significantly since lower limb arthroplasty was introduced. We sought to identify and quantify any delay in discharge associated in using warfarin as chemical prophylaxis. PATIENTS AND METHODS During a 12-week period, all patients undergoing a lower limb arthroplasty procedure were identified and any delay in discharge related to their warfarin prophylaxis was recorded. RESULTS Of the 25 arthroplasties performed in this time period, 17 (68%) were subject to a delay. The total delay in discharge was 39 days. When the standard warfarin dosing protocol was followed, 33% of patients were still delayed. When the protocol was not followed, only 23% were delayed. The majority of deviations from the protocol led to a shorter hospital stay. DISCUSSION Patients using warfarin prophylaxis generate an additional cost of £417 related to bed occupancy. There is considerable scope for significantly reducing this cost by moving the early postoperative anticoagulation monitoring into the community. Delayed discharge is an important consideration in the economic issues that surround the choice of thromboprophylaxis.
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Scheffran, Jürgen. "Raketenabwehr und Weltraumkrieg." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 127 (2002): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i127.702.
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The United States. government is moving towards missile defense and space weapons, driven by ominous threat perceptions. While missile defense is suffering from technical flaws and cost overruns, the quest for dominance in space by the US Space Command is trying to use many of the developed technologies for space warfare. lnstead of achieving a more peaceful defense-dominated world, this policy is rather creating offensive threats that may provoke an unstable and highly com plex arms spiral on earth and in space, ultimately undermining the security of all states including the US. To prevent passing the threshold to space weaponization the international community could take determined action to put diplomacy in the first place, focusing on nuclear disarmament, strengthened international missile control and a space weapons ban.
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Babu, M. Vasim. "Efficient cluster based intrusion detection in homogeneous and heterogeneous WSN." Material Science Research India 7, no. 2 (2010): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070206.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offer an excellent opportunity to monitor environments, and have a lot of interesting applications in warfare. Intrusion detection in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is of practical interest in many applications such as detecting intruder .The intrusion detection is defined as a mechanism for a WSN to detect the existence of inappropriate, incorrect, or anomalous moving attackers In this paper, I consider the cluster based architecture according to two WSN models: homogeneous and heterogeneous WSN. Furthermore, I derive the detection probability by considering two sensing models: single-sensing detection and multiple-sensing detection. In this Intrusion detection model we are going to track and detect Intrusion in a Homogenous and Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) using the intrusion distance and detection probability with various Tracking and Detection models.
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Gill, Amandeep S. "The changing role of multilateral forums in regulating armed conflict in the digital age." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 913 (2020): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000059.
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AbstractThis article examines a subset of multilateral forums dealing with security problems posed by digital technologies, such as cyber warfare, cyber crime and lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS).1 It identifies structural issues that make it difficult for multilateral forums to discuss fast-moving digital issues and respond in time with the required norms and policy measures. Based on this problem analysis, and the recent experience of regulating cyber conflict and LAWS through Groups of Governmental Experts, the article proposes a schema for multilateral governance of digital technologies in armed conflict. The schema includes a heuristic for understanding human–machine interaction in order to operationalize accountability with international humanitarian law principles and international law applicable to armed conflict in the digital age. The article concludes with specific suggestions for advancing work in multilateral forums dealing with cyber weapons and lethal autonomy.
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Dyble, Mark, Thomas M. Houslay, Marta B. Manser, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Intergroup aggression in meerkats." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (2019): 20191993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1993.
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Violent conflicts between groups have been observed among many species of group living mammals and can have important fitness consequences, with individuals being injured or killed and with losing groups surrendering territory. Here, we explore between-group conflict among meerkats ( Suricata suricatta ), a highly social and cooperatively breeding mongoose. We show that interactions between meerkat groups are frequently aggressive and sometimes escalate to fighting and lethal violence and that these interactions have consequences for group territories, with losing groups moving to sleeping burrows closer to the centre of their territories following an intergroup interaction and with winning groups moving further away. We find that larger groups and groups with pups are significantly more likely to win contests, but that the location of the contest, adult sex ratio, and mean within-group genetic relatedness do not predict contest outcome. Our results suggest that intergroup competition may be a major selective force among meerkats, reinforcing the success of large groups and increasing the vulnerability of small groups to extinction. The presence of both within-group cooperation and between-group hostility in meerkats make them a valuable point of comparison in attempts to understand the ecological and evolutionary roots of human warfare.
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SELCER, PERRIN. "Standardizing wounds: Alexis Carrel and the scientific management of life in the First World War." British Journal for the History of Science 41, no. 1 (2007): 73–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087407000295.
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AbstractThis essay analyses the development of the Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds during the First World War to explore the relationship between industrialized warfare and experimental medicine, the politics of standardization, and the relationship between the theories and practices of physiology and scientific management. It first describes the intellectual and institutional context from which Alexis Carrel's wound research emerged: experimental medicine and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Next the story moves to the experimental laboratory hospital on the Western Front and the quantification of wounds. Then it considers the propaganda and training campaign in support of the method at the War Demonstration Hospital located on the institute's New York City campus. The de-skilling inherent in the standardization of surgical practice was a response to the incompetence of inexperienced military surgeons, but also an attempt to restructure the medical profession into a hierarchical organization capable of being administered by elite scientist–physicians. Underlying the narrative is the paradox of simultaneous segregation of the biological and the social through laboratory practices and their conflation through the organic analogy.
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Andrew Johnson, D. "Displacing Captives in Colonial South Carolina: Native American Enslavement and the Rise of the Colonial State after the Yamasee War." Journal of Early American History 7, no. 2 (2017): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00702001.
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The Yamasee War was a watershed moment in the history of colonial South Carolina. The trade in captive Native Americans through Charles Town was much lower after the war, but did not stop. Continuities across this rupture included captives coming into possession of the colony through the same mechanisms as before the war: as diplomatic gifts, as captives taken in warfare, or as traded commodities. While the liberalized and chaotic trade in captive Native Americans was a concern for colonial officials before the Yamasee War, after the outbreak of war, planters, who controlled of the assembly, made it official policy to remove all Native American captives coming into the colony from the continent, with a few notable exceptions. The main change in how the captive trade worked came with the colonial government’s moves to stand as arbiter over what captives could come into the colony and then force colonists to sell the captives to other colonies. The Native American captive trade therefore became an important site of colonial state-building in the period between 1715 and 1735.
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Martin, Seán Aeron, and Mari Elin Wiliam. "POLITICISING CHERNOBYL: WALES AND NUCLEAR POWER DURING THE 1980s." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 29 (November 1, 2019): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440119000124.
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ABSTRACTThe Chernobyl disaster of 1986 had international repercussions, as nuclear fallout, and accompanying fear, traversed well beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. In Britain, raised radioactivity levels caused some upland regions, such as north-west Wales, to become subject to restrictions on the sale of livestock, which created upheaval for the agricultural community, leading to an uncharacteristic outburst of protest from farmers who were unhappy with the government's response to the crisis. Concurrently, nuclear sceptics in Wales attempted to politicise the tragedy in the Ukraine to underline the dangers of nuclear power, dovetailing the accident with the looming perils of Wales's domestic nuclear industry. In exploring these issues, this paper contributes to a growing body of work on ‘British nuclear cultures’, moving away from its generally urban focus by examining a Welsh rural case study. This approach also circumvents the well-trodden historiographical narrative surrounding the politics of nuclear warfare by highlighting debates arising from civil nuclear power. Crucially, the work demonstrates how looking at the modern Welsh past through the prism of a transnational nuclear event such as the Chernobyl catastrophe shows that the history of twentieth-century Wales is enriched by moving beyond the stereotypically ‘Welsh’ industrial shibboleths of the south Wales coalfield and the slate mines of north Wales.
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Laan, Corine M., Ana Isabel Barros, Richard J. Boucherie, Herman Monsuur, and Wouter Noordkamp. "Optimal deployment for anti-submarine operations with time-dependent strategies." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 17, no. 4 (2019): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512919855435.
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In this paper, we consider the optimal deployment of multiple assets in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) operations with time-dependent strategies. We model this as a zero-sum game that takes place over a finite time horizon. An agent, representing multiple assets, in an ASW operation, decides on the allocation of these assets (e.g., one or more frigates and helicopters) to prevent an intruder, an enemy submarine, from attacking a moving high-value unit (HVU), e.g., a tanker ship. Hereby, the agent aims to prevent an intruder, an enemy submarine, from attacking a moving HVU, e.g., a tanker ship. The intruder is deciding on a route that minimizes the detection probability given the agent’s strategy. We first consider a game model where a part of the agent’s strategy, namely the complete strategy of a frigate, is known to the intruder; and second, we consider a sequential game approach where the exact location of the frigate becomes known to the intruder at the start of each time interval. For both approaches, we construct (integer) linear programs, give complexity results, and use an algorithmic approach to determine optimal strategies. Finally, we explore the added value of this approach in comparison to a traditional ASW simulation model.
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Kennedy, R. S., G. O. Allgood, B. W. Van Hoy, and M. G. Lilienthal. "Motion Sickness Symptons and Postural Changes following Flights in Motion-Based Flight Trainers." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 6, no. 4 (1987): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309238700600402.
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Navy pilots flew over 193 standard training mission scenarios while acceleration recordings in three linear dimensions (gx, gy, and gz) were made for two moving-base flight trainers. The pilots, who were of comparable age and experience in both groups, were interviewed for motion sickness symptomatology and were tested for ataxia after leaving the simulators. The aircraft simulated included a P-3C turboprop fixed-wing patrol aircraft (2F87F), and an SH-3 antisubmarine warfare helicopter (2F64C). Motion sickness incidence was high in the SH-3 simulator and nonexistent in the P-3C. Ataxia scores indicated departures, though not significant, from expected learning curve improvements after exposure in both simulators. Spectral analyses of the motion recordings revealed significant amounts of energy in the nauseogenic region of 0.2 Hz in the SH-3 simulator in the gz and gy, but not in the gx. The levels exceeded those recommended for ship motion exposures by Military Standard 1472C. The P-3C simulator had low levels of energy in these regions, and well below recommended levels. The data are discussed from the standpoint that simulator sickness in moving-base simulation may be, at least in part, a function of exposure to frequencies that make people seasick.
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Albano, Caterina. "Forgotten Images and the Geopolitics of Memory: The Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–6)." Cultural History 9, no. 1 (2020): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2020.0209.
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The Italo-Ethiopian war (1935–6) had a profoundly destabilising effect internationally and can be regarded as one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Second World War. Benito Mussolini's occupation of the country (then known as Abyssinia) was facilitated by the massive use of air power and chemical weapons – in ways that at the time were still unprecedented. Mussolini's chemical war, occurring in a country at the periphery of geopolitical spheres of interest, has remained marginal to established historical narratives, rendering it anachronistically topical to today's politics of memory. By examining two films based on archival film footage, respectively Lutz Becker's documentary The Lion of Judah, War in Ethiopia 1935–1936 (1975) and Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi's video work Barbaric Land ( Paese barbaro, 2013), this article considers the significance of the moving image as a trace of events that have mostly remained visually undocumented and questions its relevance vis à vis today's mediated warfare and the ethics of images.
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Vashist, Shruti, M. K. Soni, and P. K. Singhal. "A Review on the Development of Rotman Lens Antenna." Chinese Journal of Engineering 2014 (July 17, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/385385.
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Rotman lenses are the beguiling devices used by the beamforming networks (BFNs). These lenses are generally used in the radar surveillance systems to see targets in multiple directions due to its multibeam capability without physically moving the antenna system. Now a days these lenses are being integrated into many radars and electronic warfare systems around the world. The antenna should be capable of producing multiple beams which can be steered without changing the orientation of the antenna. Microwave lenses are the one who support low-phase error, wideband, and wide-angle scanning. They are the true time delay (TTD) devices producing frequency independent beam steering. The emerging printed lenses in recent years have facilitated the advancement of designing high performance but low-profile, light-weight, and small-size and networks (BFNs). This paper will review and analyze various design concepts used over the years to improve the scanning capability of the lens developed by various researchers.
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Xu, Chengtao, Kai Zhang, Yushan Jiang, Shuteng Niu, Thomas Yang, and Houbing Song. "Communication Aware UAV Swarm Surveillance Based on Hierarchical Architecture." Drones 5, no. 2 (2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5020033.
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Multi-agent unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teaming becomes an essential part in science mission, modern warfare surveillance, and disaster rescuing. This paper proposes a decentralized UAV swarm persistent monitoring strategy in realizing continuous sensing coverage and network service. A two-layer (high altitude and low altitude) UAV teaming hierarchical structure is adopted in realizing the accurate object tracking in the area of interest (AOI). By introducing the UAV communication channel model in its path planning, both centralized and decentralized control schemes would be evaluated in the waypoint tracking simulation. The UAV swarm network service and object tracking are measured by metrics of communication link quality and waypoints tracking accuracy. UAV swarm network connectivity are evaluated over different aspects, such as stability and volatility. The comparison of proposed algorithms is presented with simulations. The result shows that the decentralized scheme outperforms the centralized scheme in the mission of persistent surveillance, especially on maintaining the stability of inner UAV swarm network while tracking moving objects.
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Worsfold, Brian. "Peeking behind the veil: Migratory women in Africa in Nuruddin Farah's "From a crooked Rib" (1970), "A naked needle" (1976) and "Knots" (2007), and Nadine Gordimer's "The pickup" (2001)." Journal of English Studies 8 (May 29, 2010): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.155.
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The experience of women moving across national frontiers and cultural, ethnic and religious divides in Africa is a major topic in Nuruddin Farah’s From a Crooked Rib (1970), A Naked Needle (1976) and Knots (2007), and Nadine Gordimer’s The Pickup (2001). In From a Crooked Rib and Knots, Nuruddin Farah presents the dilemmas faced by the protagonists – Ebla in From a Crooked Rib and Cambara in Knots (2007) – as they attempt to move back into Somalia in an effort to integrate into a society that is fractured by clan warfare, gender discrimination, religious fundamentalism and ethnic hatred. These characterisations are thrown into sharp relief by those of Nancy in Nuruddin Farah’s A Naked Needle, and of Julie Summers in Nadine Gordimer’s The Pickup who, departing from England and South Africa respectively, achieve controversially mixed success at crossing the cultural and religious divides. This study sets out to identify the factors that impede the integration of women migrants in Africa as depicted in the novels of these two African writers, and to demonstrate how these issues are treated aesthetically in the fictionalisations.
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STOKES, DOUG. "Blood for oil? Global capital, counter-insurgency and the dual logic of American energy security." Review of International Studies 33, no. 2 (2007): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210507007498.
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ABSTRACTThe US-led invasion and occupation of Iraq coupled with the increased militarisation of international relations as part of the ‘war on terror’ has led to the development of a ‘blood for oil’ thesis that posits the centrality of oil and the economic interests of US oil corporations to American intervention in the Third World. This article argues that this thesis, whilst correct in identifying the importance of energy to US intervention, is not sufficiently attentive to the dual nature of American resource interventions whereby the American state seeks not only to ensure US oil supplies but also to maintain sufficient oil supplies for the global economy as a whole. American intervention is thus driven by oil to a large extent, but in different ways to those commonly suggested by ‘blood for oil’ theorists. In contrast to this thesis I argue that recent energy security moves to diversify oil acquisition away from the Middle East towards new areas such as South America, the Caspian region and Africa continue to be subject to this dual logic. Moreover, counter-insurgency warfare is increasingly being deployed to insulate oil-rich states from internal pressures which is in turn having a profound effect on human rights, social justice and state formation in the global South.
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VALDEZ, DAMIAN. "PRUSSIAN FAUST OR UNIVERSALIST PURITAN?" Modern Intellectual History 14, no. 2 (2016): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244315000487.
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At the end of May 1917, Max Weber attended a “cultural congress” at the picturesque castle of Lauenstein in Thuringia. The congress had been organized by the publicist Eugen Diederichs of Jena and by the Patriotic Society for Thuringia 1914. The moment was a particularly tense one in the life of the embattled German Reich. Against the advice of many cooler heads within the country, Germany had declared unrestricted submarine warfare in January, which together with other antagonistic moves on its part, had led to the entry of the United States into the war in April. By this point it was clear to all but the most indefatigable optimists that Germany would lose the war. In this atmosphere of dread and of new hope that a phoenix-like new Germany or a new humanity would arise out of the ashes of the war, the participants outlined their visions of the future. The eccentric former Social Democrat-turned-nationalist Max Maurenbrecher denounced capitalist mechanization but called for a revival of the traditional Prussian concept of the state, for an “idealistic state” and for workers to be educated towards national consciousness by means of the German literary and philosophical classics (Kaesler, 747–52).
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Björklund, Svante, Per Grahn, Anders Nelander, and Mats I. Pettersson. "Measurement of Rank and Other Properties of Direct and Scattered Signals." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5483547.
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We have designed an experiment for low-cost indoor measurements of rank and other properties of direct and scattered signals with radar interference suppression in mind. The signal rank is important also in many other applications, for example, DOA (Direction of Arrival) estimation, estimation of the number of and location of transmitters in electronic warfare, and increasing the capacity in wireless communications. In real radar applications, such measurements can be very expensive, for example, involving airborne radars with array antennas. We have performed the measurements in an anechoic chamber with several transmitters, a receiving array antenna, and a moving reflector. Our experiment takes several aspects into account: transmitted signals with different correlation, decorrelation of the signals during the acquisition interval, covariance matrix estimation, noise eigenvalue spread, calibration, near-field compensation, scattering in a rough surface, and good control of the influencing factors. With our measurements we have observed rank, DOA spectrum, and eigenpatterns of direct and scattered signals. The agreement of our measured properties with theoretic and simulated results in the literature shows that our experiment is realistic and sound. The detailed description of our experiment could serve as help for conducting other well-controlled experiments.
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Kapranos, Plato. "Semi-Solid Metal Processing – A Process Looking for a Market." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.1.
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The birth of Semi-Solid Metal Forming (SSM) or as it has now come to be widely known, Thixoforming, is a typical case of development of a technological innovation. Serendipity, stroke of luck, call it what you may, the beginning of SSM is based on an almost accidental discovery by a student carrying out a series of meticulous experiments. On the one hand, some technological failures have contributed to the lack of success across the board for SSM technologies. On the other hand, the ‘long childhood’ of the resulting technology or the process of moving from ‘Innovative Idea to Market' has been largely the result of difficult and in hindsight sometimes wrong managerial decisions, occasional personality clashes, patent rights and at times unavoidable all out business 'warfare'. Of course, hindsight is beautiful but unfortunately it always comes after the event. However, if one looks carefully at some of the notable successes of SSM forming one can discern that the problems were more on the human scale; people failures rather than technology failures. This paper aims to bring out some of these points by outlining the historical development of Thixoforming.
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Liu, Shuangxi, Binbin Yan, Tong Zhang, Pei Dai, and Jie Yan. "Guidance Law with Desired Impact Time and FOV Constrained for Antiship Missiles Based on Equivalent Sliding Mode Control." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9923332.
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Impact time control guidance (ITCG) is an important approach to achieve saturation attack on targets. With the increasing complexity of warfare requirements for missiles, an ITCG with field-of-view (FOV) constrained for antiship missiles is proposed based on equivalent sliding mode control. Firstly, in view of the accuracy of the calculation of remaining impact time for guidance law, the large initial lead angle is taken into consideration in the estimation of remaining flying time in which there is no need for the assumption of small angle approximation. Besides, for the sake of promoting the practical application value of the proposed guidance law, FOV is considered so that it can satisfy the actual working performance of the seeker. Then, combined with the concept of predicted interception point (PIP), the proposed guidance law is applied to attack a moving target. Numerical analysis is carried out for different initial lead angles, various impact time, different methods of estimating remaining flying time, and cooperative attack conditions. Compared with proportion navigation guidance (PNG), the feasibility and effectiveness of the guidance law are verified. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed guidance law can guarantee the constraints of both impact time and FOV effectively.
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Shepherd, Laura J., and Laura Sjoberg. "Trans- Bodies in/of War(s): Cisprivilege and Contemporary Security Strategy." Feminist Review 101, no. 1 (2012): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.53.
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This article explores a gendered dimension of war and conflict analysis that has up until now received little attention at the intersection of gender studies and studies of global politics: queer bodies in, and genderqueer significations of, war and conflict. In doing so, the article introduces the concept of cisprivilege to International Relations as a discipline and security studies as a core sub-field. Cisprivilege is an important, but under-explored, element of the constitution of gender and conflict. Whether it be in controversial reactions to the suggestion of United Nations Special Rapporteur Martin Scheinin that airport screenings for terrorists not discriminate against transgendered people, or in structural violence that is ever-present in the daily lives of many individuals seeking to navigate the heterosexist and cissexist power structures of social and political life, war and conflict is embodied and reifies cissexism. This article makes two inter-related arguments: first, that both the invisibility of genderqueer bodies in historical accounts of warfare and the visibility of genderqueer bodies in contemporary security strategy are forms of discursive violence; and second, that these violences have specific performative functions that can and should be interrogated. After constructing these core arguments, the article explores some of the potential benefits of an interdisciplinary research agenda that moves towards the theorisation of cisprivilege in security theory and practice.
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Akande, Dapo, and Emanuela-Chiara Gillard. "Conflict-induced Food Insecurity and the War Crime of Starvation of Civilians as a Method of Warfare." Journal of International Criminal Justice 17, no. 4 (2019): 753–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqz050.
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Abstract This article examines the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) relevant to avoiding or minimizing conflict-induced food insecurity. It is important to consider these rules in order to appreciate the range of protections to which civilians are entitled. Understanding these rules is also essential for interpreting the relevant provisions of international criminal law, including, most notably, the war crime of starvation of the civilian population. After providing a brief outline of the general rules of IHL respect of which can reduce the risk of food insecurity, the article focuses on two sets of rules of direct relevance to food insecurity: the prohibition of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare and the rules regulating humanitarian relief operation. With regard to the former, the article considers whether, under IHL, the prohibition requires that the party that has engaged in the conduct must act with the purpose of causing starvation. It is argued that while the general prohibition of starvation in IHL requires such purpose, there are other, more specific, rules of IHL directed at reducing food insecurity which do not require such purpose. Consideration is also given to the application of the principle of proportionality to measures which have the effect of causing starvation. While most of this article focuses on IHL, it also provides some reflections on the interplay between the rules of IHL relating to humanitarian relief operations and the war crime of starvation in the International Criminal Court’s Statute. Moving briefly away from IHL, the article also highlights a normative tension that can impede humanitarian action and therefore exacerbate food insecurity.
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Schulz, Philipp, and Heleen Touquet. "Queering explanatory frameworks for wartime sexual violence against men." International Affairs 96, no. 5 (2020): 1169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa062.
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Abstract In this article we argue that prevalent explanatory frameworks of sexual violence against men primarily pursue one line of inquiry, explaining its occurrence as exclusively strategic and systematic, based on heteronormative and homophobic assumptions about violence, gender and sexualities. Feminist IR scholarship has significantly complexified our understanding of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), documenting its multiple forms and causes across time and space—thereby moving beyond the persistent opportunism-strategy dichotomy and critically engaging with the dominant ‘rape as a weapon of war’ narrative. Drawing on empirical material from Sri Lanka and northern Uganda we queer the current explanatory frameworks, analyzing multiple instances of CRSV against men that both simultaneously seem to confirm and defy categorizations as opportunistic or strategic, while being situated in broader and systematic warfare dynamics and unequal power-relationships. Our empirical material shows that relying on crude categorizations such as the opportunism–strategy binary is unproductive and essentialist, as it tends to mask over the complexities and messiness of deeply gendered power relationships during times of war. Binary strategy/opportunism categorizations also imply broader unintended political consequences, including the further marginalization of sexual violence acts that fall outside the dominant scripts or binary frameworks—such as sexual violence against men with opportunistic underpinnings.
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İşleyen, Selçuk K., Ukbe Uçar, and Figen Balo. "A New Solution Approach for Maritime Surveillance Operation: The Case of Aegean Sea." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 16, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8575219.
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Nowadays, many people illegally migrate to other countries by sea because of warfare or internal conflict in their countries, and thousands of people lose their lives for this reason. Besides, illegal trafficking of drugs or historical artifacts, illegal fishing, and various terrorist activities are conducted through the seas. Maritime surveillance operations are of great importance to prevent all these threats and maintain national security. In this study, the problem of surveillance and exploration which is performed by helicopters on the seas is discussed. A solution approach based on simulated annealing is proposed for the solution of the problem and the proposed algorithm has been tested on various scenarios. This methodology, at least to our knowledge, is used for the first time in the Moving Target Traveling Salesman Problem-Time Window. The proposed solution approach was tested on 50 different scenarios where the target number ranged from 20 to 100. As a result, in all of these scenarios, it has been determined that all of the targets have been destroyed with minimum operation time within the acceptable solution period. Thanks to this method, it is aimed at intervening quickly to illegal activities on the seas and contributing to the prevention of deaths due to refugee boats.
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Baig, Saleem Raza. "PROSPECTS OF TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS IN INDIAN-PAKISTANI RIVALRY." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 55, no. 2 (2016): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v55i2.83.
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Security has always been a force multiplier to concentrate over the traditional military stockpile for the perceived threats in the modern days of nation states focused on the conceptualization of non-traditional security dwelling into integration, like European Union’s regional cooperation rather than towards diverting assets on further devolutions or disintegrations over the phenomenon of ‘security dilemma’ as is the case of India and Pakistan. Indeed, the later phenomenological conceptual framework had never diminished in its essence which forced the welfare states as well as the major powers including USA to maintain traditional military hardware in the age of 5th generation of warfare. India and Pakistan remained into zenith of vicious cycle of stock piling of latest weaponry under the outcome of irrational conclusions of prisoner’s dilemma of the belligerents fuelling traditional enthusiasm of ethnic and religious vehemence. This research is an effort to find out the gaps in easing the tensions over the détente and interdependent security while moving towards non-traditional security and instead of transforming both the states into welfare states or formerly highlighted integration of the region. Resultantly, the shedding away of the existing survival and deterrence phase led to the devolution of traditional hype of grotesque nuclear flash point.
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Hallett, Christine. "Russian Romances: Emotionalism and Spirituality in the Writings of “Eastern Front” Nurses, 1914–1918." Nursing History Review 17, no. 1 (2009): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.17.101.
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The nursing work of the First World War is usually associated with the trench warfare of the Western Front. Nurses were based within fairly permanent casualty clearing stations and field hospitals, and patients were moved “down the line” to base hospitals, and then to convalescent hospitals “at home.” The nurses and volunteers who worked on the Eastern Front and offered their services to the letuchka or “flying columns” of the Russian medical services had a very different experience. They worked with highly mobile units, following a rapidly moving “front line.” The diaries of three British (one Anglo-Russian) nurses who worked alongside Russian nursing sisterhoods in three different flying columns—Violetta Thurstan (Field Hospital and Flying Column), Florence Farmborough (With the Armies of the Tsar) and Mary Britnieva (One Woman’s Story)—stand as an important corpus of nursing writing. Written in a highly romantic style, they take up similar themes around their work on the Eastern Front as a heroic journey through a dreamlike landscape. Each nurse offers a portrayal of the Russian character as fine and noble. The most important themes deal with the romance of nursing itself, in which nursing work is portrayed as both character-testing and a highly spiritual pursuit.
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Malmvig, Helle. "Soundscapes of war: the audio-visual performance of war by Shi'a militias in Iraq and Syria." International Affairs 96, no. 3 (2020): 649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa057.
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Abstract This article sets out to bring sound and music to the field of visual studies in International Relations. It argues that IR largely has approached the visual field as if it was without sound; neglecting how audial landscapes frame and direct our interpretation of moving imagery. Sound and music contribute to making imagery intelligible to us, we ‘hear the pictures’ often without noticing. The audial can for instance articulate a visual absence, or blast visual signs, bring out certain emotional stages or subjects’ inner life. Audial frames steer us in distinct directions, they can mute the cries of the wounded in war, or amplify the sounds of joy of soldiers shooting in the air. To bring the audial and the visual analytically and empirically together, the article therefore proposes four key analytical themes: 1) the audial–visual frame, 2) point of view/point of audition, 3) modes of audio-visual synchronization and 4) aesthetics moods. These are applied to a study of ‘war music videos’ in Iraq and Syria made and circulated by Shi'a militias currently fighting there. Such war music videos, it is suggested, are not just artefacts of popular culture, but have become integral parts of how warfare is practiced today, and one that is shared by soldiers in the US and Europe. War music videos are performing war, just as they shape how war is known by spectators and participants alike.
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Hanson, John H. "Islam, Migration and the Political Economy of Meaning: Fergo Nioro from the Senegal River Valley, 1862–1890." Journal of African History 35, no. 1 (1994): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025950.
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The Muslim social movement known as the fergo Nioro provides a case of popular elaboration of the message of a leader of jihad. Umar Tal's call to holy war led to the conquest of Karta in the mid-1850s, and his call to hijra resulted in the migration of perhaps 20,000 Senegal-valley Fulbe to form a Muslim settler community. In the years after Umar's departure from Karta in 1859, military leaders and others in the Fulbe settler community sent envoys to recruit additional settlers from the Senegal valley. At least 16,000 and perhaps as many as 30,000 Fulbe responded to this recruitment effort and left Bundu, Futa Toro and the lower Senegal valley between 1862 and 1890. Two periods of more massive migration coincided with the residence at Nioro of Amadu Sheku, Umar's son and designated successor. During the late 1860s and early 1870s, a cholera epidemic swept up the Senegal valley, claimed thousands of victims, and encouraged Fulbe to leave the region for Karta. During the mid-1880s, French policies in the Senegal valley, notably the emancipation of slaves and moves to halt Fulbe raids in the lower Senegal valley, influenced the social movement.In both periods of large-scale migration and at other times, the Umarian envoys constructed an appeal which elaborated and even transformed Umar's call to hijra. Umar's insistence on holy war was a dominant theme in all periods, and resonated with the young men who left the valley in hopes of accumulating wealth through warfare. His condemnation of French influence in the Senegal valley was also expressed in the Arabic letters delivered by envoys. Umar's emphasis on the cutting of social bonds was not emphasized, as Fulbe settlers sought to attract relatives and neighbors to the new Fulbe communities in Karta.
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BESENYO, JANOS. "REVIEW HOW SHOULD WARS BE FOUGHT? MILITARY STRATEGY VS POLITICAL DECISIONS." NOVA VLOGA OBOROŽENIH SIL KOT ODZIV NA ASIMETRIČNE GROŽNJE/THE NEW ROLE OF ARMED FORCES AS A RESPONSE TO ASYMMETRIC THREATS, VOLUME 2020, ISSUE 22/3 (September 30, 2020): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.22.3.rr.
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An extremely interesting read can be had by any reader who buys Professor Donald Stoker’s most recent book Why America Loses Wars – Limited War and US Strategy from the Korean War to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), which analyzes the wars and conflicts fought by the United States of America since the Korean War. After the provocative title of the book, the reader begins to read with some suspicion, as it does not fit into the image of the United States as the world's leading power, one which can persuade almost all the countries of the world to deal with it either in political or economic or military cooperation. This is why it is shocking to face how differently the leaders of American and Western countries think about war; in many cases they do not even know exactly what it means, and what the consequences of its outbreak and the fighting can be. In several conflicts it can be seen that in the world’s leading power, the political decision-makers thought in a completely different way in a given situation, often leading to conflicting decisions. This is not primarily due to political affiliation, but to the fact that the various actors involved in conflicts – politicians and soldiers – do not have a common vision of the goals and the results to be achieved or the strategies to be used. In many cases, it has led to unnecessary losses and wars that have gone on far longer than they needed to – see Iraq and Afghanistan. Policymakers are often unaware of the old wisdom of Carl von Clausewitz – often quoted by Stoker – formulated in his book On War, “War as Politics by other Means”. This assumes that politicians start a conflict with clear objectives, knowing exactly what results they want to achieve. In addition, they are aware that the success of a war, however short-term or limited, may be influenced by factors such as the geographical environment, economic background, logistical capabilities, social support, historical and cultural background, and so on. However, some of these factors may change during the conflict, so the objectives and strategies need to be reviewed from time to time and, if necessary, redesigned according to the realities of the time. Jordan Ellenberg took a similar view of these old truths in his book, How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking; he said “Countries don’t win wars just being braver than the other side, or freer, or slightly preferred by God. The winners are usually the guys who get 5% fewer of their planes shot down, or use 5% less fuel, or get 5% more nutrition into their infantry at 95% of the cost. That’s not the stuff war movies are made of, but it’s the stuff wars are made of. And there’s math every step of the way” . Even so, these things are constantly forgotten by most political decision-makers who lead their countries into endless wars, the consequences of which are suffered by the soldiers fighting the battles and the civilian population in the areas affected. Therefore, Stoker can rightly hold these decision-makers accountable for their lack of the proper application of strategic thinking. This is particularly important in view of the fact that the period of “limited war” which has characterized the last two decades is coming to an end, and the US may face increasingly equal opponents like China or Russia. The conflict against them is expected to be conventional, for which the American political and military leadership, accustomed to anti-insurgency operations and rapid success, is unlikely to be properly prepared. From this point of view, the book could even act as an alarm bell, so that leaders can begin preparations for the later period, although the author did not suggest how what he had articulated could be put into practice. One of the major strengths of the book is that it clarifies commonly used political and military concepts such as unilateralism, multilateralism, types of political objective, strategy, tactics, objectives, operations, pre-emptive and preventive war, gray zone war, limited war, little war, nested war, victory and peace. The other serious strength of the book is that it almost fanatically emphasizes the need for more active, effective dialogue and cooperation between the political and military sides, as a result of which interpretation problems between different groups and actors can be significantly reduced and cooperation can be improved. It was particularly interesting to me that the author presented several political and military events – not only from American but also from international environments – and the decision-making processes leading to them and their background, which many historians and military historians are not fully aware of. In addition to describing historical events, the author lists a large number of military and political strategists, such as Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz, or Bernard Brodie (better known in the United States), and others, and he also outlines their thoughts – even if he disagrees with some of them – which in some way still have an impact on warfare to this day. However, in addition to the many positives, I missed the fact that although the author presented almost every American conflict in recent decades, he only talked about the US “getting into endless wars”, and not how on several occasions the war – as in Grenada, Panama, or the Balkans – also achieved its goal. Here, perhaps, it would have been worthwhile to take a closer look at what these successes were due to and to draw conclusions from them. However, this does not detract from the value of the book. I especially liked that Stoker stayed true to his university teaching past and built his book in a way that even those who are less familiar with the subject could profit from. This is aided by clear explanations and extensive discussions of the various concepts. This helps readers from different backgrounds get a unified picture of how political decision-making takes place, what a war is, how to fight it and, most importantly, how to finish it, what the different actors think about it, and the differences in the way of thinking of politicians and soldiers involved in war. On the other hand, it could also be extremely useful to political and strategic decision-makers, who often make decisions that have a very serious impact with minimal knowledge and a lack of adequate background information. As a veteran of 31 years as a professional soldier, one who began his career as a sergeant in the troops and finished as a colonel on the General Staff, I fully agree with the author's book, which should be read not only by American but all other countries' political and military leaders, as a kind of basic strategic course material to know how to make informed decisions on military issues, how to communicate successfully and intelligibly between political decision-making and the military communities implementing them, and what the consequences of the decisions they make may be.