Relevant bibliographies by topics / Warm water boiler

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Warm water boiler'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Warm water boiler"

1

Pang, Liping, Size Yi, Liqiang Duan, Wenxue Li, and Yongping Yang. "Thermal Stress and Cyclic Stress Analysis of a Vertical Water-Cooled Wall at a Utility Boiler under Flexible Operation." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061170.

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Supercritical once-through utility boilers are increasingly common in flexible operations in China. In this study, the tube temperature changes at a vertical water-cooled wall are analyzed during a fluctuating flexible operation. There are considerable differences in the temperatures of the parallel tubes at the minimum load, and the resulting thermal stress distributions at a front water-cooled wall are established using structural calculation software ANSYS 17.1, USA. A wide thermal stress distribution occurs among the parallel tubes, and the local cyclic stress amplitudes under flexible operation are higher than those under cold, warm, hot, or load-following operations. Because of the water wall expansion structure at the furnace, the higher tube temperature areas suffer from compressive stress, while the lower tube temperature areas suffer from tensile stress. During flexible operation, combustion uniformity and a two-phase flow distribution can improve the safety of vertical water-cooled wall operation. The minimum load of the utility boiler should be set as a limitation, and the tube temperature is an important parameter affecting the thermal and cyclic stresses.
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Manialup, Beni H., Hanny F. Sangian, and Verna A. Suoth. "Pembuatan dan Pemurnian Etanol Dari Nira Aren dengan Menggunakan Teknik Destilasi Refluks." Jurnal MIPA 7, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.7.1.2018.18809.

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Telah dilakukan pembuatan dan pemurnian etanol dari nira aren dengan menggunakan teknik destilasi refluks. Etanol didapatkan dari air nira pohon aren yang telah terfermentasi secara alamiah dan didestilasi menggunakan teknik refluks untuk memperoleh kemurnian 70-96% (v/v). Konsentrasi etanol dalam kaldu yang digunakan dalam pemanasan adalah 30% dengan volume total 7 L dalam ketel (boiler). Sebelum separasi dimulai dilakukan pengeringan (drying) pada kolom dan kondensor dengan tujuan untuk memisahkan sisa air yang terdapat didalamnya. Hasil menunjukan bahwa etanol kemurnian 70%, 85%, 90%, 95% dan 96% diperoleh pada proses pemanasan dengan suhu kolom atas 82, 81, 79.3, 78.3, dan 78.5 ºC.Ethanol was been prepared and purified by using a reflux distillation method. Ethanol was obtained from a sap water tapped of the palm tree (arenga pinnata) and then was distilled by a reflux separation technique. The ethanol concentration obtained a range of 70-90% (v/v), the concentration of yeasted liquor filled inside boiler was of 30% with a volume 7 L. Prior to a separation conducted the reflux colomn was dried by flowing a warm air aiming remove a remnant water from the packing materials. The result showed that the ethanol with the concentration of 70%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 96% were obtained by setting the column temperature at 82, 81, 79.3, 78.3, 78.5ºC.
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Chen, Jiang, Fei Cheng, Feng Xiong, Qi Ge, and Shaojie Zhang. "An experimental study: Fiber Bragg grating–hydrothermal cycling integration system for seepage monitoring of rockfill dams." Structural Health Monitoring 16, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921716661874.

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In order to make up defects liable for the conventional monitoring of rockfill dam seepage in spatial inconsequence and low efficiency, a new monitoring system is proposed based on the heating technique incorporated in the temperature tracer method, that is, the integrated system of fiber Bragg grating temperature sensing and hydrothermal cycling. The system has a boiler as its heating device, and heated water from boiler is admitted through redistributor and circular warm pipelines, in which fiber Bragg grating sensors are embedded in advance for measuring the water temperature, thereby the seepage behavior is identified from the correlative fields of temperature and seepage. A coefficient ζv, according to Newton’s law of cooling, is then fitted out by pipeline cooling curves and used as a new way to identify the seepage state. The temperature–time–travel curves for the cooling period have proved by calibration tests to be, in general, consistent with the mathematical model of temperature variations under Newton’s law of cooling, thereby to inverting the seepage velocity through the fitting formula of it with ζv. With the test model of concentrative leakage established in regard to the location, amount of leakage passages, and leakage rate, multi-condition tests have been conducted which conclude that the proposed method is capable of positioning leakage and quantifying seepage velocity; therefore, it is valid for seepage monitoring and identification.
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Terrosi, Chiara, Sonia Cacini, Gianluca Burchi, Maurizio Cutini, Massimo Brambilla, Carlo Bisaglia, Daniele Massa, and Marco Fedrizzi. "Evaluation of Compressor Heat Pump for Root Zone Heating as an Alternative Heating Source for Leafy Vegetable Cultivation." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030745.

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Protected horticulture is a high energy-consuming sector in which the optimization of energy use and cost for heating facilities is strategic in achieving high environmental and economic sustainability of production. The main aim of the project was to evaluate the use of a heat pump for basal heating as an alternative technology to grow crops with reduced canopies, such as basil. During the test, an area of the greenhouse contained two systems of coaxial pipes circulating warm water from a heat pump and a condensing boiler. These pipes were placed above the growing media. At the same time, a separate area of the same greenhouse contained a traditional heating system consisting of an air heater, the solution commonly used to heat greenhouses. Microclimatic conditions and energy consumption were analyzed for the three heating technologies. The energy analysis of the three experimental heating options showed that all of them could ensure suitable thermal conditions for cultivation in the winter period. Overall, the results confirmed the energy saving resulting from the adoption of the heat pump, underlining the importance of this device in terms of the support that the energy-saving goal receives.
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Cao, Rui. "Performance Characteristics Analysis of Supercritical Boiler Water Wall." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 2248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.2248.

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The key technology of supercritical boiler is water wall, this paper is mainly analyzed the dangerous working conditions of supercritical boiler water wall. On the one hand, from working substance’s point of view, we adopt traditional pressure drop method to judge the heat transfer deterioration position under sub-critical pressure; on the other hand, we use temperature test point combining calculation formula of wall temperature to judge the heat transfer deterioration position under supercritical pressure, and combining improved zoned thermal calculation method to get wall surface thermal load distribution map. Through an instance calculation, when boiler unit under 40% of full load, the maximum thermal load is near 20 meters of furnace height and when it under 100% full loads, the maximum thermal load is near 30 meters of furnace height. So we can control all kinds of heat transfer deterioration position through changing hydrodynamic condition and ward off the highest thermal load area, which is significant to operation.
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Dondi, Daniele, Cristina D. López Robles, Anna Magrini, and Marco Cartesegna. "Potential Water Recovery from Biomass Boilers: Parametric Analysis." Computation 9, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation9050053.

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A fundamental component of the losses of convection boilers is localized in the warm fumes that are expelled. In the warm fumes, not only energy is lost, but water is also formed from the combustion reaction in the form of steam which is expelled through the exhaust. Modern fuel boilers recover both the heat from the fumes and the latent heat of condensation from water vapor. Depending on the chemical composition of the fuel, different amounts of steam are produced together with heat and different combustion conditions, such as air in excess. In this article, a computational tool was established to simulate a combustion system mainly (but not only) focusing on the prediction of the amount of water produced. In fact, while steam in fossil fuel boilers is commonly condensed, this is not so when the fuel is a biomass. Furthermore, biomasses could contain moisture in different amounts, thus affecting the production of water and the heat of combustion. The study shows that a ten-fold amount of water is formed from biomass combustion with respect to fossil fuels (when the same energy output is produced). As a result, the recovery of water is amenable in biomasses, both from the energetic point of view and for liquid water production. In fact, the water recovered from the fumes might be also reused in other processes such as the cleaning of fumes or agriculture (after treatment).
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Sari, Rita, Janu Purwono, Desi Safitri, Pira Prahmawati, and Nur Hasanah. "The warm compress of clove water (syzygium aromaticum) therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis." Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science 3, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/minh.v3i2.3466.

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Background: Non-communicable diseases keep increase numbers in both developed and developing countries such as gout arthritis. Gouty arthritis is an inflammation of the joints caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). Most people with gout arthritis complain of pain in the joints.Purpose: To determine the effect of cloves water warm compress (syzygium aromaticum) on reducing pain among elderly with gouty arthritisMethod: This study used a quasi-experimental pre and post test without control (self-control) with 11 participants. The data analysis used was the Dependent T test. As for preparing the ingredients, using 5 grams of cloves boiled with 300 cc to boil, let stand for about 1-3 minutes until a warm temperature (45 - 50 0C), then observe / measure the patient's pain level.After measuring the pain scale, then apply a compress using a clean cloth on the affected joint for 20 minutes, then measure the pain scale again. This action performs every evening (once) at bedtime repeatedly for 5 consecutive days.Results: Showed that the intensity of pain before intervention was 6.73 and the average pain intensity after intervention was 3.00. The result of the t-test is 14,907 with a p-value of 0,000 <α (0.05).Conclusion: The effect had a significantly greater reduction in pain by clove water warm compresses among elderly with gouty arthritis.
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LEPAGE, HUGO, WILLY WONG, MARKUS BUSSMANN, and HONGHI TRAN. "Acoustic analysis of recovery boiler dissolving tank operation and smelt shattering efficiency." September 2016 15, no. 9 (October 1, 2016): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.9.591.

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The interaction of molten smelt and water inside a recovery boiler dissolving tank produces loud noise and can be violent even during normal boiler operation. Inadequate shattering of the smelt stream leads to even more violent interaction, as evidenced by an increased acoustic intensity of the dissolving tank. On rare occasions, a violent dissolving tank can explode, causing equipment damage and even injury to personnel. To warn operators of changes in dissolving tank conditions, an acoustics-based monitoring system could be developed. To assess the feasibility of such a system, acoustic observations were recorded at three pulp mills. Analysis of the recordings indicates that when a smelt stream is not being shattered, the intensity of the dissolving tank soundscape increases significantly and the frequency spectrum changes. We also observed a large variation between different mills both in average intensity and in signal variance. The results of this study suggest that the development of a monitoring system is feasible.
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Wang, Qingfen, Fei Yang, Dandan Jia, and Tian Wu. "Polysaccharides and polyphenol in dried Morinda citrifolia fruit tea after different processing conditions: Optimization analysis using response surface methodology." PeerJ 9 (May 26, 2021): e11507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11507.

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The increasing popularity of Morinda citrifolia has many medical and health benefits because of its rich polysaccharides (PSC) and polyphenols (PPN). It has become popular to brew the dry M. citrifolia fruit slice as tea in some regions of China. In this study, optimize the extraction parameters of M. citrifolia fruit tea polysaccharides and polyphenols using response surface methodology. The results indicated the highest PSC yield of 17% at 46 °C for 11 min and the ratio of water/M. citrifolia fruit powder was 78 mL/g. The optimum extraction of PPN was at 95 °C for 10 min and the ratio of water/M. citrifolia fruit powder 90 mL/g, with 8.93% yield. Using dry M. citrifolia fruit slices as a tea is reported for the first time. Based on the results, the maximum level of PSC can be obtained under condition by infusing about four dried M. citrifolia fruit slice with average thickness and size in warm boiled water for 11 min, taking a 300 mL cup (300 mL of water) for example. The maximum level of PPN can be obtained by adding three slices of dried M. citrifolia fruit slice to boiled water for 10 min. Considering the powder used in our study, the further pulverization of cutting into powder is more conducive to material precipitation. This study provides a scientific basis for obtaining PSC and PPN from dry M. citrifolia fruit slice tea by brewing.
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Li, Na, and Feng Ye. "Temperature Field Numerical Simulation Analysis of 1000MW Ultra Supercritical Boiler’s Starting Water Separator." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.651.

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Aiming at the structural feature of starting water separator, a 3-D finite element model of temperature field is proposed. The starting water separator of a Ultra Supercritical Boiler(USB) has been numerically simulated by using of finite element soft ware Ansys. The boundary condition of the separator is determined. All of the working conditions are simulated. The results have the same distribution laws with the monitoring data of power plant. The maximum temperature difference between out wall and inner wall occurs in the temperature-rise period during the cold start-up, but the value between top wall and bottom wall is very lower. The simulation results can not only provide a basis for the thermal stress analysis and the life loss calculation but also provide rationalization proposal for the plant safe operation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Warm water boiler"

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Holešovský, Petr. "Řídicí systém spalovacího systému EKOGEM." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232091.

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This master´s thesis deals with automatic control of solid fuel boiler. Main goal of this thesis is to design control system for combustion system EKOGEM. In this thesis is introduced combustion system and its designed control. Thesis describes realization of control system and presents results, in which shows its benefits for combustion system. Control system is realized in NI LabVIEW environment.
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Egerle, Dušan. "Kotelny na biomasu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226022.

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The aim of this project is heating and warm water preparation for apartment block in Choceň (Pardubice region). Apartment block has three aboveground heated floors and one underground unheated floor. The heat source is gasifying firewood boiler or pellet boiler which is at the same time used for water heating but only in the winter time. The other parts of the year the solar collectors are installed and used for water heating. The heat source is located in detached room with its own access, in boiler room.
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Kocandová, Karolína. "Provozní účinnosti zdrojů tepla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371990.

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The topic of the diploma thesis is the operational efficiency of heat sources . The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part a theoretical solution of the heat sources efficiency can be found. In the second part there is a calculation solution of the project. The project solves the heating of a football stadium. Two variants of the heating source and warm water preparation are suggested and the variants are consequently compared and evaluated. The last part is experimental - the topic of the experiment is the efficiency of heat sources.
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Vích, Pavel. "Účinnost rozvodů tepla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227296.

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This diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of heat loss of heating distribution in the industrial area. The aim of this labor is to determine heat loss heat distribution kept in non manholed canal and evaluate economic return to build a local source of heat for the office building. For this building is in two variants resolve the reconstruction of the existing heating system. For the first variant is designed the local gas condensing boiler and for second variant existing central heat source. The experimental part of this labor compares the measured and calculated values of boundary conditions of hot-water pipes kept in non manholed canal.
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Müller, Jan. "Kondenzační technika a odvody spalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226844.

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This thesis is developed as a proposal for heating for a primary school and kindergarten in the region of Brno-countryside. For the insulated building, a combination of heating and air-conditioning is proposed. The concept is designed so that the air-conditioning preheats the exterior air and the heating system warms the incoming air to a comfortable temperature. For the required thermal performance, sources of heat (for gas and pellets) and a layout solution for the boiler room is designed. Drainage of combustion products is proposed for both solutions. The project solution is per the extent of the construction permit. The theoretical part is linked with the practical part through the condensation boilers, their function and division, and drainage of combustion products. The experiment for the given topic was conducted on the drainage of combustion products. The pressure loss of the reverse knob was determined in relation to the flow rate of air in the condensation boilers as this loss is essential in assessing the drainage of combustion products.
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Books on the topic "Warm water boiler"

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GOVERNMENT, US. The Solid Waste Disposal Act: As amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-616); the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-339); and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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US GOVERNMENT. The Solid Waste Disposal Act: As amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-616), the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-339), and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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US GOVERNMENT. The Solid Waste Disposal Act: As amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-616); the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-339); and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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US GOVERNMENT. Laws & regulations enforced or administered by the United States Customs Service. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Service, 1990.

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US GOVERNMENT. United States Code annotated February 2000.: Public laws 106-105 to 106-170 : 106 Congress, 1st session : tables. St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co., 2000.

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US GOVERNMENT. Compilation of securities laws within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Energy and Commerce: Including Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Trust Indenture Act of 1939, Investment Company Act of 1940, Investment Advisers Act of 1940, Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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US GOVERNMENT. Copyright law of the United States of America: Contained in Title 17 of the United States code. Washington, D.C: Library of Congress, U.S. Copyright Office, 1991.

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US GOVERNMENT. Laws & regulations enforced or administered by the United States Customs Service. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Service, 1990.

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US GOVERNMENT. Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, as amended: (Public Law 93-344, 88 Stat. 297, July 12, 1974) : displaying amendments made by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-119) and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-203). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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US GOVERNMENT. Laws concerning the Access Board: Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, section 502 of the Rehabilition Act of 1973, section 504 of the American with Disabilities Act of 1990. Washington, DC (1331 F St., N.W., Washington 20004-1111): The Board, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Warm water boiler"

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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Closed-Cycle OTEC Systems." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0011.

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The Rankine closed cycle is a process in which beat is used to evaporate a fluid at constant pressure in a “boiler” or evaporator, from which the vapor enters a piston engine or turbine and expands doing work. The vapor exhaust then enters a vessel where heat is transferred from the vapor to a cooling fluid, causing the vapor to condense to a liquid, which is pumped back to the evaporator to complete the cycle. A layout of the plantship shown in Fig. 1-2. The basic cycle comprises four steps, as shown in the pressure-volume (p—V) diagram of Fig. 4-1. 1. Starting at point a, heat is added to the working fluid in the boiler until the temperature reaches the boiling point at the design pressure, represented by point b. 2. With further heat addition, the liquid vaporizes at constant temperature and pressure, increasing in volume to point c. 3. The high-pressure vapor enters the piston or turbine and expands adiabatically to point d. 4. The low-pressure vapor enters the condenser and, with heat removal at constant pressure, is cooled and liquefied, returning to its original volume at point a. The work done by the cycle is the area enclosed by the points a,b,c,d,a. This is equal to Hc–Hd, where H is the enthalpy of the fluid at the indicated point. The heat transferred in the process is Hc–Ha Thus the efficiency, defined as the ratio of work to heat used, is: . . . efficiency(η)=Hc–Hd/Hc–Ha (4.1.1) . . . Carnot showed that if the heat-engine cycle was conducted so that equilibrium conditions were maintained in the process, that the efficiency was determined solely by the ratio of the temperatures of the working fluid in the evaporator and the condenser. . . . η=TE–Tc/TE (4.1.2) . . . The maximum Carnot efficiency can be attained only for a cycle in which thermal equilibrium exists in each phase of the process; however, for power to be generated a temperature difference must exist between the working fluid in the evaporator and the warm-water heat source, and between the working fluid in the condenser and the cold-water heat sink.
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Tolstoy, Leo. "14." In War and Peace. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199232765.003.0189.

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It was nearly three o’clock but no one was yet asleep, when the quartermaster appeared with an order to move on to the little town of Ostrovna. Still laughing and talking, the officers began hurriedly getting ready, and again boiled some muddy water in the...
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Hoffmann, Roald, and Pierre Laszlo. "The Say of Things." In Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy, Art, and Science of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199755905.003.0020.

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In search of a chemical conversation, we are on a farm in Uniow, a little Ukrainian village in Austro-Hungarian Galicia, just before the onset of World War I. In the farm yard we see a big, steaming, lead-lined iron pot. The men have mixed some potash in it (no, not the pure chemical with composition KOH from a chemical supply company, but the real ash from burning good poplar) and quicklime, to a thickness that an egg—plenty of eggs here, judging from the roaming chickens—floats on it. Elsewhere in the yard, women are straining kitchen grease, suet, pig bones, rancid butter, the poor parts skimmed off the goose fat (the best of which had been set to cool, cracklings and all). This mix doesn’t smell good; they would rather toss the kitchen leavings and bones into the great iron pot, but the fat must be free of meat, bones, and solids for the process to work. They are making soap. Not that we had to go that far, near where one of us was born, for soap was prepared in this way on farms from medieval times until the twentieth century. Fat was boiled up with lye (what the potash and quicklime made). The reaction was slow—days of heating and stirring until the lye was used up, and a chicken feather would no longer dissolve in the brew. One learned not to get the lye on one’s hands. The product of a simple chemical reaction was then left in the sun for a week, stirred until a paste formed. Then it was shaped into blocks and set out on wood to dry. And inside the steaming pot, deep inside, where the fat and the lye are reacting? There is the conversation we are after, a hellishly animated molecular conversation. The lye that formed was an alkaline mixture of KOH, Ca(OH)2, and NaOH. In the vat one had hydroxide (OH-) ions, and K+, Ca2+, Na+ all surrounded in dynamic array and disarray by water molecules. Contaminants aside, the fat molecules are compounds called esters, in which an organic base, glycerol, combines with three long-chain hydrocarbon chains.
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Conference papers on the topic "Warm water boiler"

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Gilman, Thane. "Shore Power Supply (Cold Ironing) for Ships: Reducing Ship Engine Emissions." In ASME/USCG 2010 2nd Workshop on Marine Technology and Standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mts2010-0206.

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Cold Iron: Receipt of shore power, along with other utilities such as potable water and steam, is part of the process of placing the engineering plant in a status known as “cold iron.” The term originates from the steamship era, when ship boilers and engines would go relatively cold after being secured. To bring a steam plant back online, supplying its own power after a “cold iron” period, would involve a substantial light-off, warm-up, and transition period compared to modern, fully automated plants. Onshore power supply (OPS, sometimes referred to as “cold ironing”) is a system of procedures and equipment that provides ships with a source of electrical power as an alternative to the ship’s service electrical power system. The primary benefit is that, since the ship no longer has main or auxiliary engines operating, the engine emissions are virtually eliminated in the port area. Many ports around the world are located near large populations, and engine emissions from ships unfortunately contribute to unwanted levels of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, particulate matter, and even the “greenhouse gas” carbon dioxide. Onshore power supply achieves a better total emissions reduction result than ship-installed emissions equipment, because the engines are off-line. On the other hand, there are difficulties associated with high voltage, varying frequencies, safety and infrastructure costs that must be addressed in order to justify an onshore power supply installation. Paper published with permission.
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