Journal articles on the topic 'Warm water boiler'

Supercritical once-through utility boilers are increasingly common in flexible operations in China. In this study, the tube temperature changes at a vertical water-cooled wall are analyzed during a fluctuating flexible operation. There are considerable differences in the temperatures of the parallel tubes at the minimum load, and the resulting thermal stress distributions at a front water-cooled wall are established using structural calculation software ANSYS 17.1, USA. A wide thermal stress distribution occurs among the parallel tubes, and the local cyclic stress amplitudes under flexible operation are higher than those under cold, warm, hot, or load-following operations. Because of the water wall expansion structure at the furnace, the higher tube temperature areas suffer from compressive stress, while the lower tube temperature areas suffer from tensile stress. During flexible operation, combustion uniformity and a two-phase flow distribution can improve the safety of vertical water-cooled wall operation. The minimum load of the utility boiler should be set as a limitation, and the tube temperature is an important parameter affecting the thermal and cyclic stresses.

Telah dilakukan pembuatan dan pemurnian etanol dari nira aren dengan menggunakan teknik destilasi refluks. Etanol didapatkan dari air nira pohon aren yang telah terfermentasi secara alamiah dan didestilasi menggunakan teknik refluks untuk memperoleh kemurnian 70-96% (v/v). Konsentrasi etanol dalam kaldu yang digunakan dalam pemanasan adalah 30% dengan volume total 7 L dalam ketel (boiler). Sebelum separasi dimulai dilakukan pengeringan (drying) pada kolom dan kondensor dengan tujuan untuk memisahkan sisa air yang terdapat didalamnya. Hasil menunjukan bahwa etanol kemurnian 70%, 85%, 90%, 95% dan 96% diperoleh pada proses pemanasan dengan suhu kolom atas 82, 81, 79.3, 78.3, dan 78.5 ºC.Ethanol was been prepared and purified by using a reflux distillation method. Ethanol was obtained from a sap water tapped of the palm tree (arenga pinnata) and then was distilled by a reflux separation technique. The ethanol concentration obtained a range of 70-90% (v/v), the concentration of yeasted liquor filled inside boiler was of 30% with a volume 7 L. Prior to a separation conducted the reflux colomn was dried by flowing a warm air aiming remove a remnant water from the packing materials. The result showed that the ethanol with the concentration of 70%, 85%, 90%, 95% and 96% were obtained by setting the column temperature at 82, 81, 79.3, 78.3, 78.5ºC.

In order to make up defects liable for the conventional monitoring of rockfill dam seepage in spatial inconsequence and low efficiency, a new monitoring system is proposed based on the heating technique incorporated in the temperature tracer method, that is, the integrated system of fiber Bragg grating temperature sensing and hydrothermal cycling. The system has a boiler as its heating device, and heated water from boiler is admitted through redistributor and circular warm pipelines, in which fiber Bragg grating sensors are embedded in advance for measuring the water temperature, thereby the seepage behavior is identified from the correlative fields of temperature and seepage. A coefficient ζv, according to Newton’s law of cooling, is then fitted out by pipeline cooling curves and used as a new way to identify the seepage state. The temperature–time–travel curves for the cooling period have proved by calibration tests to be, in general, consistent with the mathematical model of temperature variations under Newton’s law of cooling, thereby to inverting the seepage velocity through the fitting formula of it with ζv. With the test model of concentrative leakage established in regard to the location, amount of leakage passages, and leakage rate, multi-condition tests have been conducted which conclude that the proposed method is capable of positioning leakage and quantifying seepage velocity; therefore, it is valid for seepage monitoring and identification.

Protected horticulture is a high energy-consuming sector in which the optimization of energy use and cost for heating facilities is strategic in achieving high environmental and economic sustainability of production. The main aim of the project was to evaluate the use of a heat pump for basal heating as an alternative technology to grow crops with reduced canopies, such as basil. During the test, an area of the greenhouse contained two systems of coaxial pipes circulating warm water from a heat pump and a condensing boiler. These pipes were placed above the growing media. At the same time, a separate area of the same greenhouse contained a traditional heating system consisting of an air heater, the solution commonly used to heat greenhouses. Microclimatic conditions and energy consumption were analyzed for the three heating technologies. The energy analysis of the three experimental heating options showed that all of them could ensure suitable thermal conditions for cultivation in the winter period. Overall, the results confirmed the energy saving resulting from the adoption of the heat pump, underlining the importance of this device in terms of the support that the energy-saving goal receives.

The key technology of supercritical boiler is water wall, this paper is mainly analyzed the dangerous working conditions of supercritical boiler water wall. On the one hand, from working substance’s point of view, we adopt traditional pressure drop method to judge the heat transfer deterioration position under sub-critical pressure; on the other hand, we use temperature test point combining calculation formula of wall temperature to judge the heat transfer deterioration position under supercritical pressure, and combining improved zoned thermal calculation method to get wall surface thermal load distribution map. Through an instance calculation, when boiler unit under 40% of full load, the maximum thermal load is near 20 meters of furnace height and when it under 100% full loads, the maximum thermal load is near 30 meters of furnace height. So we can control all kinds of heat transfer deterioration position through changing hydrodynamic condition and ward off the highest thermal load area, which is significant to operation.

A fundamental component of the losses of convection boilers is localized in the warm fumes that are expelled. In the warm fumes, not only energy is lost, but water is also formed from the combustion reaction in the form of steam which is expelled through the exhaust. Modern fuel boilers recover both the heat from the fumes and the latent heat of condensation from water vapor. Depending on the chemical composition of the fuel, different amounts of steam are produced together with heat and different combustion conditions, such as air in excess. In this article, a computational tool was established to simulate a combustion system mainly (but not only) focusing on the prediction of the amount of water produced. In fact, while steam in fossil fuel boilers is commonly condensed, this is not so when the fuel is a biomass. Furthermore, biomasses could contain moisture in different amounts, thus affecting the production of water and the heat of combustion. The study shows that a ten-fold amount of water is formed from biomass combustion with respect to fossil fuels (when the same energy output is produced). As a result, the recovery of water is amenable in biomasses, both from the energetic point of view and for liquid water production. In fact, the water recovered from the fumes might be also reused in other processes such as the cleaning of fumes or agriculture (after treatment).

Background: Non-communicable diseases keep increase numbers in both developed and developing countries such as gout arthritis. Gouty arthritis is an inflammation of the joints caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). Most people with gout arthritis complain of pain in the joints.Purpose: To determine the effect of cloves water warm compress (syzygium aromaticum) on reducing pain among elderly with gouty arthritisMethod: This study used a quasi-experimental pre and post test without control (self-control) with 11 participants. The data analysis used was the Dependent T test. As for preparing the ingredients, using 5 grams of cloves boiled with 300 cc to boil, let stand for about 1-3 minutes until a warm temperature (45 - 50 0C), then observe / measure the patient's pain level.After measuring the pain scale, then apply a compress using a clean cloth on the affected joint for 20 minutes, then measure the pain scale again. This action performs every evening (once) at bedtime repeatedly for 5 consecutive days.Results: Showed that the intensity of pain before intervention was 6.73 and the average pain intensity after intervention was 3.00. The result of the t-test is 14,907 with a p-value of 0,000 <α (0.05).Conclusion: The effect had a significantly greater reduction in pain by clove water warm compresses among elderly with gouty arthritis.

The interaction of molten smelt and water inside a recovery boiler dissolving tank produces loud noise and can be violent even during normal boiler operation. Inadequate shattering of the smelt stream leads to even more violent interaction, as evidenced by an increased acoustic intensity of the dissolving tank. On rare occasions, a violent dissolving tank can explode, causing equipment damage and even injury to personnel. To warn operators of changes in dissolving tank conditions, an acoustics-based monitoring system could be developed. To assess the feasibility of such a system, acoustic observations were recorded at three pulp mills. Analysis of the recordings indicates that when a smelt stream is not being shattered, the intensity of the dissolving tank soundscape increases significantly and the frequency spectrum changes. We also observed a large variation between different mills both in average intensity and in signal variance. The results of this study suggest that the development of a monitoring system is feasible.

The increasing popularity of Morinda citrifolia has many medical and health benefits because of its rich polysaccharides (PSC) and polyphenols (PPN). It has become popular to brew the dry M. citrifolia fruit slice as tea in some regions of China. In this study, optimize the extraction parameters of M. citrifolia fruit tea polysaccharides and polyphenols using response surface methodology. The results indicated the highest PSC yield of 17% at 46 °C for 11 min and the ratio of water/M. citrifolia fruit powder was 78 mL/g. The optimum extraction of PPN was at 95 °C for 10 min and the ratio of water/M. citrifolia fruit powder 90 mL/g, with 8.93% yield. Using dry M. citrifolia fruit slices as a tea is reported for the first time. Based on the results, the maximum level of PSC can be obtained under condition by infusing about four dried M. citrifolia fruit slice with average thickness and size in warm boiled water for 11 min, taking a 300 mL cup (300 mL of water) for example. The maximum level of PPN can be obtained by adding three slices of dried M. citrifolia fruit slice to boiled water for 10 min. Considering the powder used in our study, the further pulverization of cutting into powder is more conducive to material precipitation. This study provides a scientific basis for obtaining PSC and PPN from dry M. citrifolia fruit slice tea by brewing.

Aiming at the structural feature of starting water separator, a 3-D finite element model of temperature field is proposed. The starting water separator of a Ultra Supercritical Boiler(USB) has been numerically simulated by using of finite element soft ware Ansys. The boundary condition of the separator is determined. All of the working conditions are simulated. The results have the same distribution laws with the monitoring data of power plant. The maximum temperature difference between out wall and inner wall occurs in the temperature-rise period during the cold start-up, but the value between top wall and bottom wall is very lower. The simulation results can not only provide a basis for the thermal stress analysis and the life loss calculation but also provide rationalization proposal for the plant safe operation.

The heterogeneity of biogenic fuels, and especially biogenic residues with regard to water and ash content, particle size and particle size distribution is challenging for biomass combustion, and limits fuel flexibility. Online fuel characterization as a part of process control could help to optimize combustion processes, increase fuel flexibility and reduce emissions. In this research article, a concept for a new sensor module is presented and first tests are displayed to show its feasibility. The concept is based on the principle of hot air convective drying. The idea is to pass warm air with 90 °C through a bulk of fuel like wood chips and measure different characteristics such as moisture, temperatures and pressure drop over the bulk material as a function over time. These functions are the basis to draw conclusions and estimate relevant fuel properties. To achieve this goal, a test rig with a volume of 0.038 m3 was set up in the laboratory and a series of tests was performed with different fuels (wood chips, saw dust, wood pellets, residues from forestry, corn cobs and biochar). Further tests were carried out with conditioned fuels with defined water and fines contents. The experiments show that characteristic functions arise over time. The central task for the future will be to assign these functions to specific fuel characteristics. Based on the data, the concept for a software for an automated, data-based fuel detection system was designed.

Radiocarbon analysis of freshwater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) involves substantial sample pretreatment, including an initial rotary evaporation stage necessary to concentrate large volumes of freshwater sample. This may lead to a health risk from the exposure to pathogens, and there is the additional concern that the warm conditions during the rotary evaporation stage may provide ideal growing conditions for some pathogens. To remove any pathogen risk in water samples, boiling or autoclaving can be undertaken. However, to date, no studies have been undertaken to investigate whether boiling will alter the 14C signature of dissolved organic carbon. Here, we analyze the effect of sterilization on 9 contrasting river water samples. Comparing filtered, filtered and boiled, and filtered and sterilized dissolved organic matter, we observe that both boiling and autoclaving increases the uncertainty associated with the 14C and 13C of DOC, that the 14C and 13C changes are not unidirectional, and that they are not related to original DOC composition. Neither sterilization method is recommended unless essential, in which instance we recommend a 3σ uncertainty on 14C and that the 13C is not considered representative of the original sample.

Abstract: Background: Acute infectious enteritis remains one of the commonest causes of death among infants and children in developing countries. Acute enteritis is defined as a loss of stool consistency with pasty or liquid stools, and/or an increase in stool frequency to more than three stools in 24 hours with or without fever or vomiting. Human survival depends on the secretion and reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes in the intestinal tract. The objective of the study is to evaluate the risk factors of diarrhoea in children under age of 5 years. Methodology: It was an observational study. Study was completed in about six months. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. In this study, 270 samples were taken from Diarrheal ward of The Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Results: In this study, out of 270 patients, 58.52% were males and 41.48% were females. 90.37% patients were vaccinated. 54.81% had weaning history. 91.85% patients had feeding history. 29.26% had blood in stool. 96.67% patients were dehydrated. 95.56% patients had loose watery diarrhoea. 62.96% patients used boiled water. 58.52% patients consumed less than half litre of water, 30.00% patients consumed 1 litre of water and 11.48% patients consumed > 1 litre of water. 49.18% patients had proper hygiene. 38.15% mothers of patients were well educated. 40.37% patients had model household condition. 57.41% patients lived in rural area and 42.59% patients lived in urban area. Conclusion: The variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity was well explained by maternal education, income, personal hygiene, refuse disposal system and the effect of health extension programme.

The high availability of slurry from palm oil mill effluent, solid, and boiler ash with their nutrient contents make those three materials are potential to be processed become organic fertilizer in the form of pellet so it tends to has slow release characteristic. This research aims to analyize characteristic of organic fertilizer pellet from slurry of palm oil mill effluent as slow release fertilizer by analyzing its physical characteristics, NPK content, and NPK releasing rate in soil.Slurry was processed become solid fertilizer in the form of pellet using pellet mill with tapioca adhesive 5%. Pellet was made from slurry, solid, and boiler ash which were mixed with ratio 1:1:1, 1:2:2, 2:1:1, 2:2:1, 2:1:2, 1:0:0 (only slurry). This research ware analysis of physical characteristis (length, diameter, and density) and analysis of NPK content. N content was analyzed using Kjeldahl method, P content using spectrophotometer, and K content using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer (AAS). Then it was continued with analysis of NPK releasing content in latosol soil.The average length of pellets was 31–48 mm, diameter was 5,42 – 6,28 mm, water content was 0,426 – 0,976%, particle density was 1,04 – 1,34 g/cm3, and bulk density 0,49–0,63 g/cm3. Organic fertilizer pellet in six formulas contained N+P2O5+K2O about 5,93–8,08%. The highest content (8,08%) was produced from 1:0:0 pellet, followed by 2:1:2 formula (7,53%), and 1:2:2 formula (7,25%). Until the 10th days, the releasing of N element was about 1,99 – 3,18%, P element was 0,063– 0,075%, and K element was 43,54 – 62,26%.

Abstract. INTRODUCTIONDuring routine analysis of some calcareous and siliceous microbiotas from the London Clay Formation of southeast England (Wilkinson, 2004a, b), some extremely well-preserved, dinoflagellate cysts were observed. These are all large, chorate (spine-bearing) forms, the overwhelming majority of which are referable to Cordosphaeridium gracile (Eisenack, 1954) Davey &amp; Williams, 1966 (Fig. 1). This observation confirms that palynomorphs can be extracted effectively from clay-rich samples using a combination of clay deflocculation and sieving, as described recently by Riding &amp; Kyffin-Hughes (2004).PROCESSINGThe London Clay Formation from 25 localities in southeast England was processed for calcareous and siliceous microfossils (diatoms, foraminifera, ostracods and radiolaria) (Wilkinson, 2004a, b). The standard British Geological Survey (BGS) procedure for the extraction of calcareous/siliceous microfossils from poorly- or non-indurated sediments was used. Samples were disaggregated by soaking in a mixture of warm water and detergent and agitated periodically. The majority of the clay fraction was removed using a 72 μm sieve. The residue was then boiled in sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO3)6] before being sieved again and dried. The sieving will have removed the majority of the palynomorphs, except the larger dinoflagellate cysts. Virtually all pollen and spores and most dinoflagellate cysts of this age are less than 72 μm in at least one dimension.MICROFOSSIL ASSEMBLAGESSpecimens of Cordosphaeridium gracile were recovered from three clay quarries. These are Brambledown Pit, Kent [TQ 967 715], Bull’s Lodge Pit, Chelmsford, Essex [TL 7470 0850] and Heckfordbridge Pit, Colchester, Essex [TL 9550 2260], although only two are discussed here . . .

Purpose: study the biotechnical features of rearing juvenile giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).Materials and methods. Two fish-farming modules RAS and aquarian complex were used for the work. One of them has a total volume of 6.5 m3, the second - 14.5 m3. Larvae were reared in gasite cages of 0.021 m3 in an aquarian complex of two 200-liter aquariums. Larvae of one female prawn were used in an amount of 8500 units. At each stage of prawns' development we used different versions of feed of both animal and plant origin: artemia, minced fish, boiled chicken eggs (protein + yolk), beef liver and oat flakes.Results. Brood fish were kept at an average planting density of 6.2 individuals/m2, with a sex ratio of 1:4.5 (males: females). The planting density of larvae in cages was 2,125 units/cage or 101.2 units/liter. The average weight of juveniles during rearing of postlarvae at 130 days was 3.19 g. Juvenile yield was 49.9%. Specific growth rate of biomass varied from 4.87 to 3.68 %. Planting density of juveniles varied from 1775,6 units/m2 to 660,9 units/m2. As a result, the feeding coefficient was 5.24 units. Growing productivity was 362.7 pcs/m2 or 1156.8 g/m2 in the RAS module.Conclusion. There were established biotechnical peculiarities and production possibilities of growing young giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using fish-breeding RAS and aquarian complex. Modernization of fish-feeding RAS and use of some recommendations on feeding suggest the possibility of their use for breeding and rearing of juvenile giant freshwater prawns in already existing warm-water enterprises, initially aimed at other objects of aquaculture.

Background: Cholera is an infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, which may lead to severe dehydration and death if not treated promptly. On August 31, 2015, the Kaduna Ministry of Health received a notification of increase cases of vomiting and diarrhoea at Dusten-Abba in Zaria. A response Team was sent to confirm the outbreak, describe the socio-demographic characteristics and identify possible risk factors for the outbreak.Methods: We defined cases according to the world health organization (WHO) criteria. We conducted an unmatched case-control study and descriptive study. We retrieved line-listed cases at the ward facility. We interviewed cases at the facility and recruited controls from the community, and administered questionnaires to both cases and controls. We analysed data using Epi-Info7 and Microsoft Excel 2016.Results: A total of 50 cases were recorded, with a median age of 20years and age range of 1 – 50 years. There were more females (68%) than males. Majority of cases (52%) were under 20 years, while all cases are below 50 years. Seven (7) deaths were recorded giving a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 14%. The CFR was higher in females (14.7%) than in males (12.5%). Index case was seen on August 29, 2015. The outbreak lasted five days. Last cases were seen on September 2, 2015. Highest number of cases seen in a day (23) was on third day of the outbreak. Only two cases (4%) had their samples tested using cholera RDT, and both tested positive. Drinking un-boiled water (OR: 12.67, 95%CI: 2.33–68.93), regular hand washing (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06–0.90) and proper waste disposal practices (OR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02–0.36) are factors we found to affect cholera infection during the outbreak.Conclusions: Our investigation confirmed a cholera outbreak with a high CFR, especially among females. Poor hygienic practices among the populace seem to be the drivers for this outbreak.

Abstrak. Hipertensi merupakan kondisi dimana tekanan darah seseorang melebihi batas normal yang ditetapkan, dimana kondisi tersebut dapat menimbulkan komplikasi berupa penyakit pada organ-organ tubuh lainnya. Pengobatan hipertensi terdiri dari pengobatan farmakologi dan nonfarmakologi. Salah satu pengobatan non farmakologi adalah hidroterapi yaitu rendam kaki air hangat. Penggunaan zat kompelementer dalam hidroterapi misalnya rendam kaki rebusan air jahe merah. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh rendam kaki rebusan air jahe merah terhadap penurunan tekanan darah penderita hipertensi di Posyandu Ngudi Rahayu RT 01/ RW 14, Bolon, Colomadu Karanganyar. Penelitian ini merupakan quasi eksperiman dengan rancangan One Group Pretest – Posttest Design. Populasi penelitian adalah lansia yang memiliki penyakit hipertensi primer di Posyandu Ngudi Rahayu RT 01/ RW 14, Bolon, Colomadu Karanganyar. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 42 responden yang ditentukan dengan teknik Purposive Sampling. Analisa data menggunanakan uji Wilxocon karena setelah dilakukan normalitas data hasilnya tidak normal. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata tekanan darah responden sebelum dan sesudah diberikan rendam kaki rebusan air jahe merah tekanan darah sistolik 149,05 mmHg menjadi 135,83 mmHg dan diastolik 78,69 mmHg menjadi 75,95 mmHg. Hasil analisa uji korelasi menunjukkan ada pengaruh pemberian rendam kaki rebusan air jahe merah terhadap tekanan darah penderita hipertensi, ditunjukkan dengan nilai p-value = 0.0001 (p-value < 0,05). Kata kunci: Hipertensi, Tekanan darah, Rendam kaki rebusan air jahe merah Soak the foot with red ginger water, it has an effect on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients Abstract. Hypertension is a condition in which a person's blood pressure exceeds the established normal limits, where this condition can cause complications in the form of diseases in other organs of the body. Hypertension treatment consists of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. One of the non-pharmacological treatments is hydrotherapy, which is soaking your feet in warm water. The use of complementary substances in hydrotherapy, for example, soak the foot of red ginger water. The research objective was to determine the effect of foot soaking with red ginger water on blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients at Posyandu Ngudi Rahayu RT 01 / RW 14, Bolon, Colomadu Karanganyar. This research is a quasi experiment with One Group Pretest - Posttest Design. The study population was the elderly who had primary hypertension at Posyandu Ngudi Rahayu RT 01 / RW 14, Bolon, Colomadu Karanganyar. The research sample consisted of 42 respondents who were determined by purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used the Wilxocon test because after the normality of the data the results were not normal. The results showed that the average blood pressure of the respondents before and after being given the foot soak of boiled red ginger water, the systolic blood pressure of 149.05 mmHg became 135.83 mmHg and the diastolic 78.69 mmHg became 75.95 mmHg. The results of the correlation test analysis showed that there was an effect of giving foot soaking in red ginger water on the blood pressure of hypertensive patients, indicated by the p-value = 0.0001 (p-value <0.05). Keyword : Hypertension, Blood pressure, Soak the foot of red ginger water

At present the disease called pancreatitis has become widespread not only among humans, but also among animals, including dogs. It is not only difficult to diagnose, but also to treat. The main cause is considered to be improper feeding of the animal, which can include fatty feed, various spices, sweets, etc. Even the same irregular feeding regimen can lead to pancreatitis. To diagnose this disease, various scientists offer different methods of research: ranging from general and biochemical blood tests to ultrasound diagnostics of the abdominal cavity. We conducted a study of the clinical case of acute form of pancreatitis in the dog breed pug, aged 1 year and 3 months. The main clinical features of the disease were general weakness and frequent vomiting seen over several days. It was also found the main etiologic factor - the wrong feeding regimen of the young organism and formed as a result of this distorted appetite. Elevated hematocrit and erythrocytosis indicate dehydration. Moderate monocytosis and neutrophilia with a shift to the left, as well as lymphopenia are indicators of stress and significant inflammation. Concentration ability of the kidneys is not impaired, as evidenced by urine analysis. Hyperglycemia is possibly stress related. Hypercholesterolemia and increased ALP activity are the result of cholestasis syndrome. A decrease in the concentration of phosphorus, urea and creatinine may indicate a violation of feeding, namely a low-protein diet, possibly even starvation. A strong increase in the activity of the enzymes amylase and lipase, along with the history data and changes in the leukocyte formula, as well as ultrasound confirm the diagnosis of pancreatitis. The therapy included active intravenous infusion of solutions to maintain metabolic processes together with analgesics, namely 0.9 % sodium chloride solution - 300 ml per day (with the addition of 2 % lidocaine solution), Ringer's lactate solution - 154 ml per day, and drugs to reduce pain and the growth of pathogenic bacteria: serenia - 0.3 ml once a day, Sinulox - 0.3 ml, once a day. Infusion therapy was carried out at a constant rate using a perfuser. Diet therapy for pancreatitis is a fairly important link in any treatment regimen. At the end of the 3rd day in the hospital, Rocky began to drink water, it was recommended to give him a small amount (about a tablespoon) chopped and diluted with warm, boiled water, dietary food Gastro Intestinal Low Fat from Royal Canin.

Folk veterinary medicine – an important plot of national experience, which includes rational knowledge and practical skills of domestic animals treatment. The special attention was paid to those Ukrainian animals from whom was depended the success of farming (horses, cattle, pigs, sheep). In traditional veterinary medicine are mainly used the same means as in folk medicine. The most popular were the drugs of plant origin. Frequently herbal medicine is used in combination with minerals, animal fats. Folk veterinary accumulated and some knowledge about the importance of sanitation and hygiene for the successful care for domestic animals. To prevent diseases animals were kept in damp or cold places, did not allow to drink stagnant water, periodically changed grazing and watering place, followed by timely horses forging and oxen. During the wars there were observed various wounds in horses, applied with edged weapons, slaughter, stretching, injuries and more. Those wounds were treated by horsemen, using methods and traditional medicines. For bandaging the injured limb, as well as the blood stops substances are used dry and pre-boiled wool, rough canvas, tar, ash, various drugs and other means. After the end of hostilities the treatment of injuries in horses were engaged healers, chiropractors, but mostly – horse doctor, paying particular attention to the full feed, care of the skin, hooves. The shepherd had known about infectious diseases, which they tried to prevent and treat, and diseases of the udder, digestive and respiratory system. The shepherds tried in various ways to treat and parasitic diseases. For example, Fasciolosis (rot) they treated with fir branches, hemp seed, toasted oats. Shepherds, herdsmen, healers collected, dried, stored and used medicinal herbs during genera and injuries, they were also engaged in bloodletting. For therapeutic purposes blood fat, bile, bone marrow, milk and dairy products, vegetable oils were used, to wit they were the first veterinary specialists doctors. Itinerant surgeons-barbers were also engaged in treatment of animals. In the twelfth century. surgeons-barbers moved to sedentary lifestyles and became to join into craft, which were engaged in the treatment of sick animals and training of young professionals. Barbers surgeons played great role in life and everyday life of the Lviv philistinism. They were engaged in treatment, produced drugs, patches, bled and also sheared and shaved.

Starch quality is one of the most important agronomic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L). In this study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Waxy and Alk genes of eight rice varieties and their associations with starch physicochemical properties.vi.e.vamylose content (AC) and gelatinization temperature (GT). Seven Sri Lankan rice varieties, Pachchaperumal, Herathbanda, At 354, Bg 352, Balasuriya, H 6 and Bw 295-5 were detected as high amylose varieties while Nipponbare exhibited low amylose content. In silico analysis of the Waxy gene revealed that all tested Sri Lankan varieties possessed ‘G’ (Wxa allele) instead of ‘T’ in the first intron which could explain varieties with high and intermediate amylose content. All Sri Lankan varieties had ‘A’ instead of ‘C’ in exon 6 of the Waxy gene and this fact was tally with the varieties showing high amylose content. Therefore, possessing the Wxa allele in the first intron and ‘A’ in exon 6 could be used as a molecular marker for the selection of high amylose varieties as validated using several Sri Lankan varieties. All Sri Lankan varieties except, Bw 295-5 exhibited the intermediate type of GT which could not be explained using the so far reported allelic differences in the Alk gene. However, Bw 295-5 which is a low GT variety had two nucleotide polymorphisms in the last exon of the Alk gene, i.e. ‘G’ and ‘TT’ that represent low GT class. Therefore, it can be concluded that sequence variations of Waxy and Alk genes reported in this study are useful in breeding local rice varieties with preferential amylose content and GT class.Key word Alk gene, amylose content, single nucleotide polymorphism, Waxy gene.INTRODUCTIONRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the leading food crops of the world. More than half of the world’s population relies on rice as the major daily source of calories and protein (Sartaj and Suraweera, 2005). After grain yield, quality is the most important aspect of rice breeding. Grain size and shape largely determine the market acceptability of rice, while cooking quality is influenced by the properties of starch. In rice grains starch is the major component that primarily controls rice quality. Starch consists of two forms of glucose polymers, relatively unbranched amylose and a highly branched amylopectin. Starch-synthesizing genes may contribute to variation in starch physicochemical properties because they affect the amount and structure of amylose and amylopectin in rice grain (Kharabian-Masouleh et al., 2012). Amylose content (AC), gelatinization temperature (GT) and gel consistency (GC) is the three most important determinants of eating and cooking quality. Amylose content is the ratio of amylose amount present in endosperm to total starch content. Rice varieties are grouped based on their amylose content into waxy (0-2%), very low (3-9%), low (10-19%), intermediate (20-25%), and high (> 25%) (Kongseree and Juliano, 1972). The most widely used method for amylose determination is a colorimetric assay where iodine binds with amylose to produce a blue-purple color, which is measured spectrophotometrically at a single wavelength (620nm). Low amylose content is usually associated with tender, cohesive and glossy cooked rice; while, high amylose content is associated with firm, fluffy and separate grains of cooked rice. The Waxy (Wx) gene, which encodes granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), is the major gene controlling AC in rice (Nakamura, 2002). The Waxy gene is located on chromosome six and various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Wx were found, including a ‘G’ to ‘T’ SNP of the first intron, ‘A’ to ‘C’ SNP of the sixth exon and ‘C’ to ‘T’ SNP of the tenth exon (Larkin and Park, 2003). The ‘AGGTATA’ sequence at the 5’splice-junction coincides with the presence of the Wxa allele, while the ‘AGTTATA’ sequence coincides with the presence of the Wxb allele. Therefore, all intermediate and high amylose cultivars had ‘G’ nucleotide while low amylose cultivars had ‘T’ nucleotide at the putative leader intron 5′ splice site. The cytosine and thymidine (CT) dinucleotide repeats in the 5’- untranslated region (UTR) of the Waxy gene were reported to be a factor associated with AC. However, the relationship between these polymorphisms and amylose contents is not clear. Amylopectin chain length distribution plays a very important role to determine GT in cooked rice. The time required for cooking is determined by the gelatinization temperature of starch. It is important because it affects the texture of cooked rice and it is related to the cooking time of rice. The gelatinization temperature is estimated by the alkali digestibility test. It is measured by the alkali spreading value (ASV). The degree of spreading value of individual milled rice kernels in a weak alkali solution (1.7% KOH) is very closely correlated with gelatinized temperature. According to the ASV, rice varieties may be classified as low (55 to 69°C), intermediate (70 to 74°C) and high (> 74°C) GT classes. In a breeding program ASV is extensively used to estimate the gelatinization temperature. The synthesis of amylopectin is more complex than that of amylose. Polymorphisms in the starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) gene which is recognized as the Alk gene are responsible for the differences in GT in rice (Umemoto and Aoki, 2005; Waters et al., 2006). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the last exon of the Alk gene are responsible for the differences in GT in rice. The biochemical analysis clearly showed that the function of the amino acids caused by these two SNPs is essential for SSIIa enzyme activity (Nakamura et al., 2005) and those are ‘G’/‘A’ SNP at 4424 bp position and ‘GC’/‘TT’ SNPs at 4533/4534 bp position with reference to Nipponbare rice genomic sequence. Based on the SNPs, Low SSIIa enzyme activity results in S-type amylopectin, which is enriched in short chains whereas high SSIIa enzyme activity produces L-type amylopectin (Umemoto et al., 2004). Therefore, the combination of ‘G’ at SNP3 and ‘GC’ at SNP4 is required to produce L-type rice starch and this has a higher GT relative to S-type starch. GC is a standard assay that is used in rice improvement programs to determine the texture of softness and firmness in high amylose rice cultivars. Intermediate and low amylose rice usually has soft gel consistency. Sequence variation in exon 10 of the Waxy gene associates with GC (Tran et al., 2011).OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to detect polymorphisms in major starch synthesizing genes among several rice cultivars as models and to determine the relationship between their SNP variations and starch physicochemical properties. Also, we analyzed major starch synthesizing gene sequences of several Sri Lankan rice varieties in silico aiming at utilizing this information in rice breeding programs.MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materials: Seeds of eight Oryza sativa L. accessions were obtained from the Rice Research and Development Institute (RRDI), Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka and Gene Bank of Plant Genetic Resource Center (PGRC), Gannoruwa.Characterization of grain physical parameters: Grain length and width were determined using a vernier caliper. Ten grains from each sample were collected randomly and measured to obtain the average length and width of the milled rice. The average length and width were recorded as their length and width. Based on the length and width of the grains, the milled rice grains were classified into four classes (table 1) according to the method accepted by RRDI Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka.According to the scale L/S – Long Slender, L/M – Long Medium, I/B – Intermediate Bold and S/R –Short RoundAnalysis of amylose content: Initially, rice samples were dehusked and polished prior to milling. Ten whole – milled rice kernels of eight rice samples were ground separately by using mortar and pestle. Amylose content per 100 mg was determined by measuring the blue value of rice varieties as described by Juliano (1971). About 100mg rice sample was shifted into a 100 mL volumetric flask and 1mL of 95% ethanol was added. Then 9mL of 1N NaOH was added and the content was boiled for 20min. at boiling temperature to gelatinize the starch. After cooling the content, the volume was made up to 100mL and 5mL of starch solution was pipetted out into a 100mL volumetric flask. The blue color was developed by adding 1mL of 1N acetic acid and 2 mL of iodine solution (0.2g iodine and 2.0g potassium iodine in 10 mL aqueous solution). Then volume was made up to 100mL with distilled water and the solution was kept for 20min. after shaking. Finally, the absorbance of the solution was measured at 620nm using Spectrophotometer T80 (PG Instruments Limited) as described by Juliano (1971). The standard curve was prepared using 40mg of potato-amylose to calculate the amylose content of rice varieties through absorbance values. Forty mg of potato amylose was put into a 100 mL of volumetric flask and 1ml of 95% ethanol and 9mL of NaOH were added and content was heated for 20min at boiling temperature. After cooling the content volume of the solution was made up to 100mL using distilled water. Then 1mL, 2mL, 3mL, 4mL and 5mL of amylose solution were pipetted out into 100mL flasks. Then 0.2mL, 0.4mL, 0.6mL, 0.8mL and 1mL of 1N acetic acid were added to the flasks respectively. Finally, 2mL of iodine solution was added to each flask and volume was made up to 100mL with distilled water. Solutions were stood up for 20min. after shaking and absorbance values were measured at 620nm. Measured absorbance values were plotted at 620nm against the concentration of anhydrous amylose (mg).Analysis of gelatinization temperature: GT was indirectly measured on rice by the alkali spreading value. Husked and polished seeds per accession were used for the analysis. Selected duplicate sets of six milled grains without cracks of each sample were put into Petri dishes. About 10mL of 1.7% KOH was added and grains were spread in the petri dish to provide enough space. The constant temperature at 30°C was maintained to ensure better reproducibility. After 23hrs, the degree of disintegration was quantified by a standard protocol with a numerical scale of 1–7 (table 2) as reported by Cruz and Khush (2000). As reported by Juliano (2003), GT of rice was determined using the alkaline spreading scale, where 1.0-2.5: High (74-80 °C), 2.6-3.4: High-intermediate (70-74 °C), 3.5-5.4: Intermediate (70-74 °C) and 5.5-7.0 Low: (55-70 °C).Bioinformatics and statistical analysis: The available literature was used to identify the most likely candidate genes associated with rice starch quality and their SNPs of each gene (Hirose et al., 2006; Waters and Henry, 2007; Tran et al., 2011). In all the tested varieties except Bg 352 and At 354, the DNA sequence of each gene was retrieved from the Rice SNP Seek database (http://snp-seek.irri.org/). The gene sequences of At 354 and Bg 352 were obtained from the National Research Council 16-016 project, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. Multiple sequence alignment was conducted for the DNA sequence using Clustal Omegavsoftware (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/). Starch physiochemical data obtained were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) to determine the statistical differences among varieties at the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was done using SAS version 9.1 (SAS, 2004).ESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Physical properties of rice grains: Physical properties such as length, width, size, shape and pericarp color of rice grains obtained from eight different rice varieties are given in table 3. Classification of rice grains was carried out, according to their sizes and shapes based on Juliano (1985). The size of the rice grains was determined as per grain length while grain shape was determined by means of length and width ratio of the rice kernel. In the local market, rice is classified as Samba (short grain), Nadu (intermediate grain) and Kora (long/medium) based on the size of the grain (Pathiraje et al., 2010). Lengths of rice kernels were varied from 5.58 to 6.725 mm for all varieties. The highest grain length and width were given by At 354 and Pachchaperumal respectively. The varieties, Bw 295-5 and H 6 showed a length: width ratio over 3 which is considered as slender in grain shape. Bw 295-5, H 6, At 354, Bg 352 and Nipponbare possessed white pericarp and others possessed red pericarp.Relationship between amylose content and SNPs variation of waxy loci in selected varieties: Amylose content was measured in seven Sri Lankan rice varieties and one exotic rice variety. Amylose content of the evaluated varieties varied significantly with p ≤ 0.05 with the lowest of 15.11% and highest of 28.63% which were found in Nipponbare and Bw 295-5, respectively (table 4). The majority of the evaluated varieties fell into the high AC category (between 25-28%). Only Nipponbare could be clearly categorized under the low amylose group (table 4). The amylose content of Bg 352, Pachchaperumal and Herathbanda have already been determined by early studies of Rebeira et al. (2014) and Fernando et al. (2015). Most of the data obtained in the present experiment has agreed with the results of previous studies. Major genes such as Waxy and their functional SNPs have a major influence on amylose in rice (Nakamura et al., 2005). Accordingly, single nucleotide polymorphism, ‘G’/‘T’, at the 5’ leader intron splice site of the GBSSI has explained the variation in amylose content of varieties. Accordingly, high and intermediate amylose varieties have ‘AGGTATA’ while low amylose varieties have the sequence ‘AGTTATA’, which might lead to a decrease in the splicing efficiency. Therefore, the GBSSI activity of Nipponbare might be considerably weak and resulted in starch with low amylose content. Hence, producing ‘G’/‘T’ polymorphism clearly differentiates low amylose rice varieties, as reported by Nakamura et al. (2005). In GBSSI, Larkin and Park (2003) identified an ‘A’/‘C’ polymorphism in exon 6 and a ‘C’/‘T’ polymorphism in exon 10 which resulted in non- synonymous amino acid change. Chen et al. (2008) reported that the non-synonymous ‘A’/‘C’ SNP at exon 6 had the highest possible impact on GBSSI. Accordingly, the ‘A’/‘C’ polymorphism in exon 6 causes a tyrosine/serine amino acid substitution while the ‘C’/‘T’ polymorphism in exon 10 causes a serine/proline amino acid substitution. In view of this information, there is a relationship between the polymorphism detected by in silico analysis and amylose content obtained from our experiment. Out of the eight tested rice varieties, only one variety, Nipponbare was categorized as low amylose variety (10-19%) and it exhibited ‘T’ nucleotide at the intron splice site (table 4; figure 1). Varieties such as Pachchaperumal, Balasuriya, Bw 295-5, H 6, Herathbanda, At 354 and Bg 352 which contained high amylose (> 25%), had ‘G’ and ‘A’ nucleotides at intron splice site and exon 6 respectively (table 4; figure 1). The predominant allelic pattern of intron splice site and exon 6 are different in varieties containing intermediate amylose content (20-25%) which showed ‘G’ and ‘C’ nucleotides respectively. Of these selected rice varieties, none of the intermediate type amylose variety was found.Relationship between gel consistency and SNPs variation in Waxy loci: In this study, GC data of Herathbanda, Hondarawalu, Kuruluthuda, Pachchaperumal and Bg 352 were obtained from Fernando et al. (2015). The results of Tran et al. (2011) showed that the exon 10 ‘C’/‘T’ SNP of Wx has mainly affected GC. Accordingly, rice with a ‘C’ at exon 10 had soft and viscous gels once cooked. However, a sample with a ‘T’ had short and firm gels. In this study, Herathbanda, Hondarawalu, Kuruluthuda and Pachchaperumal had ‘C’ nucleotide and Bg 352 had ‘T’ nucleotide in exon 10 (table 5; figure 2). However, ‘C’/‘T’ substitution analysis could not be used to explain the GC of tested varieties.Relationship between gelatinized temperature and SNPs variation of Alk loci in selected rice varieties: Although there were differences in the scores, the degree of disintegration of all samples was saturated at 23 hrs. Most of the selected rice varieties showed the intermediate disintegration score. Varieties, Pachchaperumal, Balasuriya, H 6, Herathbanda, At 354 and Bg 352 were categorized into intermediate GT class (70–74°C) as indicated by an alkali spreading (AS) value of 5 (table 6; figure 3). Nipponbare and Bw 295-5 showed the highest disintegration score indicating the dispersion of all grains. Hence these varieties were categorized into low GT class (55-69°C) as indicated by an AS value of 6 (table 6; figure 3). However, high GT class rice varieties (> 74°C) were not found in the tested samples. Chromosomal mutation within the Alk gene has led to a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Umemoto et al. (2004) identified four SNPs in Alk gene. Thus, SNP3 and SNP4 may be important genetic polymorphisms that are associated with GT class. According to the SNP3 and SNP4, eight rice varieties could be classified into either high GT or low GT types. If there is ‘A’ instead of ‘G’ at 4424 bp position of Alk gene with reference to Nipponbare rice genomic sequence, it codes methionine instead of valine amino acid residue in SSIIa, whilst two adjacent SNPs at bases 4533 and 4534 code for either leucine (‘GC’) or phenylalanine (‘TT’). Rice varieties with high GT starch had a combination of valine and leucine at these residues. Rice varieties with low GT starch had a combination of either methionine and leucine or valine and phenylalanine at these same residues. Nipponbare carried the ‘A’ and ‘GC’ nucleotides, while Bw 295-5 carried the ‘G’ and ‘TT’ nucleotides. Hence these varieties were classified into low GT class. Varieties such as Pachchaperumal, Balasuriya, H 6, Herathbanda, At 354 and Bg 352 carried ‘G’ and ‘GC’ nucleotides and these varieties were classified into high GT rice varieties. However, intermediate GT status could not be determined by SNP3 and SNP4 mutation of Alk gene (table 6; figure 4).In silico analysis of the polymorphisms in GBSSI gene and Alk genes of rice varieties retrieved from Rice-SNP-database: In this study, GBSSI gene and Alk gene were compared with the sequences retrieved from the Rice-SNP-Seek database to validate the SNPs further. As previously reported by Ayres et al. (1997), all low amylose varieties had the sequence ‘AGTTATA’ in exon 1. In agreement with preliminary work done by Larkin and Park (2003), all of the intermediate amylose varieties have the allelic pattern of GCC. All of the high amylose varieties have either the GAC or GAT allele of GBSSI. Among 42 rice accessions with the Sri Lankan pedigree, four allelic patterns were found; TAC, GCC, GAC and GAT (table 7). In this allelic pattern, the first letter corresponds to the ‘G’/‘T’ polymorphism in 5’ leader intron splice-junction, the second letter corresponds to the ‘A’/‘C’ polymorphism in exon 6 and the third letter corresponds to the ‘C’/‘T’ polymorphism in exon10 of Waxy gene. Analysis of the ‘G’/‘T’ polymorphism in the Wx locus showed that 41 rice cultivars shared the same ‘AGGTATA’ sequence at the 5’ leader intron splice-junction. But only 1 rice cultivar, Puttu nellu was found with ‘T’ nucleotide in intron1/exon1 junction site, which could be categorized as a low amylose variety (table 7). As discussed above, varieties with an intermediate level of apparent amylose could be reliably distinguished from those with higher apparent amylose based on a SNP in exon 6. Hence, only three rice varieties Nalumoolai Karuppan, Pannithi and Godawel with ‘C’ nucleotide in exon 6 exhibited the possibility of containing intermediate amylose content (table 7). High activity of GBSSI produces high amylose content leading to a non-waxy, non-sticky or non-glutinous phenotype. Therefore, according to the in silico genotypic results, rest of the 38 rice varieties may produce high amylose content in the endosperm (table 7). Proving this phenomenon. Abeysekera et al. (2017) has reported that usually, most of Sri Lankan rice varieties contain high amylose content. Targeted sequence analysis of exon 8 of the Alk gene in 42 different rice cultivars were found with three SNP polymorphisms that resulted in a changed amino acid sequence and, of these three SNPs, two SNPs were reported to be correlated with possible GT differences. Accordingly, Puttu nellu and 3210 rice varieties carried the ‘G’ and ‘TT’ nucleotides in SNP3 and SNP4 respectively (table 7). Hence these varieties can be classified into low GT class and except these two; other rice varieties carried the ‘G’ and ‘GC’ nucleotides in SNP3 and SNP4 respectively. Therefore, those varieties can possibly be classified into high GT rice varieties (table 7). However, further experiments are necessary to check the phenotypic variations for grain amylose content and GT class of in silico analyzed rice varieties. CONCLUSION Present results revealed the relationship between SNPs variation at Waxy loci and the amylose content of selected rice varieties. Accordingly, Pachchaperumal, At 354, Bg 352, Herathbanda, H 6, Balasuriya and Bw 295-5 with high amylose content had ‘G’ instead of ‘T’ in the first intron exhibiting the presence of Wxa allele with reference to Nipponbare which had low amylose content. Also all tested varieties had ‘A’ in exon 6 of the Waxy gene. Thus present findings i.e. presence of Wxa allele and SNP ‘A’ in exon 6 could be used as a potential molecular marker for the selection of high amylose varieties. In addition, Bw 295-5 which is a low GT variety, had two SNPs variations in the last exon of the Alk gene i.e. ‘G’ and ‘TT’ which is likely to be used to represent low GT class. Accordingly, sequence variations identified in Waxy and Alk genes could be utilized in the future rice breeding programs for the development of varieties with preferential amylose content and GT class.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSDirector and staff of the Gene Bank, Plant Genetic Resources Center, Gannoruwa are acknowledged for giving rice accessions.CONFLICT OF INTERESTAuthors have no conflict of interest.REFERENCESAbeysekera, W., G. Premakumara, A. Bentota and D. S. Abeysiriwardena, 2017. Grain amylose content and its stability over seasons in a selected set of rice varieties grown in Sri Lanka. Journal of agricultural sciences Sri Lanka, 12(1): 43-50.Ayres, N., A. McClung, P. Larkin, H. Bligh, C. Jones and W. Park, 1997. Microsatellites and a single-nucleotide polymorphism differentiate apparentamylose classes in an extended pedigree of us rice germ plasm. Theoretical applied genetics, 94(6-7): 773-781.Chen, M.-H., C. Bergman, S. Pinson and R. Fjellstrom, 2008. Waxy gene haplotypes: Associations with apparent amylose content and the effect by the environment in an international rice germplasm collection. Journal of cereal science, 47(3): 536-545.Cruz, N. D. and G. Khush, 2000. Rice grain quality evaluation procedures. Aromatic rices, 3: 15-28.Fernando, H., T. Kajenthini, S. Rebeira, T. Bamunuarachchige and H. Wickramasinghe, 2015. Validation of molecular markers for the analysis of genetic diversity of amylase content and gel consistency among representative rice varieties in sri lanka. Tropical agricultural research, 26(2): 317-328.Hirose, T., T. Ohdan, Y. Nakamura and T. Terao, 2006. Expression profiling of genes related to starch synthesis in rice leaf sheaths during the heading period. Physiologia plantarum, 128(3): 425-435.Juliano, B., 1971. A simplified assay for milled rice amylose. Journal of cereal science today, 16: 334-360.Juliano, B. O., 1985. Rice: Chemistry and technology. The american association of cereal chemists. Inc. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, 774.Juliano, B. O., 2003. Rice chemistry and quality. Island publishing house. Island publishing house, Manila: 1-7.Kharabian-Masouleh, A., D. L. Waters, R. F. Reinke, R. Ward and R. J. Henry, 2012. Snp in starch biosynthesis genes associated with nutritional and functional properties of rice. Scientific reports, 2(1): 1-9.Kongseree, N. and B. O. Juliano, 1972. Physicochemical properties of rice grain and starch from lines differing in amylose content and gelatinization temperature. Journal of agricultural food chemistry, 20(3): 714-718.Larkin, P. D. and W. D. Park, 2003. Association of waxy gene single nucleotide polymorphisms with starch characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular Breeding, 12(4): 335-339.Nakamura, Y., 2002. Towards a better understanding of the metabolic system for amylopectin biosynthesis in plants: Rice endosperm as a model tissue. Plant cell physiology, 43(7): 718-725.Nakamura, Y., P. B. Francisco, Y. Hosaka, A. Sato, T. Sawada, A. Kubo and N. Fujita, 2005. Essential amino acids of starch synthase iia differentiate amylopectin structure and starch quality between Japonica and Indica rice varieties. Plant molecular biology, 58(2): 213-227.Pathiraje, P., W. Madhujith, A. Chandrasekara and S. Nissanka, 2010. The effect of rice variety and parboiling on in vivo glycemic response. Journal of tropical agricultural research, 22(1): 26-33.Rebeira, S., H. Wickramasinghe, W. Samarasinghe and B. Prashantha, 2014. Diversity of grain quality characteristics of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in sri lanka. Tropical agricultural research, 25(4): 470-478.Sartaj, I. Z. and S. A. E. R. Suraweera, 2005. Comparison of different parboiling methods on the quality characteristics of rice. Annals of the Sri Lankan Department of Agriculture, 7: 245-252.Tran, N., V. Daygon, A. Resurreccion, R. Cuevas, H. Corpuz and M. Fitzgerald, 2011. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the waxy gene explains a significant component of gel consistency. Theoretical applied genetics, 123(4): 519-525.Umemoto, T. and N. Aoki, 2005. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in rice starch synthase iia that alter starch gelatinisation and starch association of the enzyme. Functional plant biology, 32(9): 763-768.Umemoto, T., N. Aoki, H. Lin, Y. Nakamura, N. Inouchi, Y. Sato, M. Yano, H. Hirabayashi and S. Maruyama, 2004. Natural variation in rice starch synthase iia affects enzyme and starch properties. Functional plant biology, 31(7): 671-684.Waters, D. L. and R. J. Henry, 2007. Genetic manipulation of starch properties in plants: Patents 2001-2006. Recent patents on biotechnology, 1(3): 252-259.Waters, D. L., R. J. Henry, R. F. Reinke and M. A. Fitzgerald, 2006. Gelatinization temperature of rice explained by polymorphisms in starch synthase. Plant biotechnology journal, 4(1): 115-122.

The main part of heating systems and domestic hot water systems are based on the natural gas boilers. Forincreasing the overall performance of such heating system the condensation gas boilers was developed and are used. Howevereven such type of boilers don't use all energy which is released from a fuel combustion. The main factors influencing thelowering of overall performance of condensation gas boilers in case of operation in real conditions are considered. Thestructure of the developed mathematical model allowing estimating the overall performance of condensation gas boilers(CGB) in the conditions of real operation is considered. Performace evaluation computer experiments of such CGB during aheating season for real weather conditions of two regions of Ukraine was made. Graphic dependences of temperatureconditions and heating system effectiveness change throughout a heating season are given. It was proved that normal CGBdoes not completely use all calorific value of fuel, thus, it isn't effective. It was also proved that the efficiency of such boilerssignificantly changes during a heating season depending on weather conditions and doesn't reach the greatest possible value.The possibility of increasing the efficiency of CGB due to hydraulic division of heating and condensation sections and use ofthe vapor-compression heat pump for deeper cooling of combustion gases and removing of the highest possible amount ofthermal energy from them are considered. The scheme of heat pump connection to the heating system with a convenient gasboiler and the separate condensation economizer allowing to cool combustion gases deeply below a dew point and to warm upthe return heat carrier before a boiler input is provided. The technological diagram of the year-round use of the heat pump forhot water heating after the end of heating season, without gas use is offered.

Background: Legionella is a pathogen that causes Legionnaires’ disease in high risk populations. The pathogen is known to exist in plumbing systems that do not have preventative factors in place to prevent its growth and proliferation. Legionella grows between 25˚C and 42˚C and is killed at 60˚C, yet long-term care facilities (LTCFs) reduce accessible hot water temperatures from 60˚C at the hot water tank to less than 49˚C at the taps in order to prevent scalding of their residents. Currently, prevention against scalding takes precedence as temperature at accessible taps is regulated within the Residential Care Regulation (RCR) of the Community Care and Assisted Living Act. It is thought that Legionella proliferation risk can be balanced with scalding in-part through the appropriate installation location of thermostatic mixing valves (TMVs). Methods: Three LTCFs in Vancouver, British Columbia were selected for environmental sampling for Legionella proliferation risk. At each LTCF the author recorded the type of hot water tank, temperature of water within the hot water tank, the presence of a TMV and temperature of pipes before and after the TMV. As well, the author recorded hot water temperatures after one minute and free available chlorine concentration ([FAC]) at numerous resident-accessible taps throughout each LTCF. Results: The hot water tank temperatures were set at 60.6˚C, 73.0˚C and 62.0˚C for LTCF #1, LTCF #2 and LTCF #3, respectively. All three LTCFs had installed a TMV within the boiler room immediately after the hot water tank. It was found that LTCF #1’s plumbing system water temperature was reduced from 60.6˚C (at the tank) to 48.9˚C after the TMV. LTCF #2’s plumbing system water temperature was reduced from 73.0˚C (at the tank) to 43.3˚C after the TMV. LTCF #3 was an older plumbing system that did not have thermometers within the boiler room to check the drop in temperature after the TMV. Water temperatures at taps were compared to a standard of 49°C and [FAC] levels at taps to a standard of 0.2 mg/L. The mean hot water temperature and mean [FAC] residual for all three LTCFs were 40.2˚C and 0.27 mg/L, respectively. For all three LTCFs, it was statistically significant that mean water temperatures were less than the comparison value of 49˚C (LTCF #1 p = 0.00000, LTCF #2 p = 0.00022, LTCF #3 p = 0.00110). It was also statistically significant that the mean [FAC] of all three LTCFs were greater than the comparison vale of 0.20 mg/L (LTCF #1 p = 0.00042, LTCF #2 p = 0.00000, LTCF #3 p = 0.00107). Conclusion: It was found that all three LTCFs had set preventive measures in place to protect their residents. Water was heated to at least 60˚C to prevent Legionella and lowered to less than 49˚C to prevent scalding. [FAC] residual was also adequate to prevent growth of Legionella. However, the location of the TMV in the boiler room was suspected to be a possible contributing factor to Legionella growth, especially if cold water temperatures were to reach 20˚C or above, as they could in warm summer months. Further research is needed to determine the significance of the TMV location and the presence of Legionella.

This study evaluated the sensory qualities of infant complementary food based on cooking banana (CB) (Musa sapientum) and African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa). These raw materials were purchased from Nkwoegwu local market in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State. The legumes were picked and washed, boiled for 25 minutes and dehulled while cooking banana was washed, peeled, washed with warm water and sliced to 2mm thickness. The samples were separated, dried, milled and sifted into fine flour with muslin cloth. The flour was blended to composites in various proportions (80:20 (CAA), 60:40 (CAB)and 40:60 (CAC). Porridges were produced based on the composites. The organoleptic attributes of this food was assessed using 20 mothers, from a mother and child health clinic of Umuahia North Local Government, Abia State. The sensory assessment showed that the formulated porridges had moderate acceptability. This could be because the judges were not familiar with these porridges. The result was compared with “Nutrend” (a complementary food in the market produced by Nestlé Foods Nigeria) and pap (maize traditional complementary food).

Electrical vitality created in any nation is one of the advancement estimates happens in that nation. The vitality delivered is principally founded on the accessible assets, for example, streaming water, coal, oil, gas, atomic fills, wind, sunlight based and so forth. The accessibility of wealth coal in India had incited the influence plant organizers to introduce coal based warm influence stations. During the pre-autonomy and post-freedom period in mid fifties, the need was to produce control and consequently much consideration was not paid to the contamination perspective and this proceeded up to late seventies. Most of intensity plants in India extending from not many MW to 500 MW or more are of pummeled fuel terminated boilers using low calorific, low coal sulfur, high debris content sub-bituminous coal. Because of consuming of the coal, discharges, for example, Particulate Matter (PM), Oxides of Sulfur (SOx) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) aside from CO2, CO are diverted to the climate through the vent gas. The mindfulness made by contamination impact on the general public and the tremendous measure of disintegration exposed to the gear constrained the specialists to make contamination standards increasingly stringent. In this paper, the methodology to reduce SOx from flue gas in an old lower capacity power station is discussed and the optimum and cost effective methodology adopted is Dry Sorbent Injection (DSI) by injecting sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate or trona in the flue gas path after furnace and before/after Air-preheater to remove SO2/SO3 from the flue gas. The removed sulphate will be collected along with ash in ESP or Fabric Filter in a Bag house

Electrical energy produced in any country is one of the development measures takes place in that country. The energy produced is mainly based on the available resources such as flowing water, coal, oil, gas, nuclear fuels, wind, solar etc. The accessibility of bounty coal in India had provoked the power plant organizers to introduce coal based warm power stations. During the pre-autonomy and post-freedom period in mid fifties, the need was to create control and subsequently much consideration was not paid to the contamination angle and this proceeded up to late seventies. The awareness made by contamination impact on the general public and the colossal measure of disintegration exposed to the gear constrained the specialists to make contamination standards increasingly stringent. These convincing standards which appeared in eighties required the power plant faculty to change the contamination control gear in the current power plants introduced during early days. Most of intensity plants in India going from not many MW to 500 MW or more are of pounded fuel terminated boilers using low calorific, low coal sulfur, high debris content sub-bituminous coal. Due to burning of the coal, emissions such as Particulate Matter (PM), Oxides of Sulphur (SOx) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) apart from CO2, CO are carried away to the atmosphere through the flue gas. In this paper, the methodology to reduce SOx from flue gas in a coastal power station in is discussed and the optimum methodology adopted is Seawater Flue Gas Desulphurisation (SWFGD) using the alkalinity of the seawater to scrub SO2 from the flue gas. The seawater used in the FGD system is from the once through Condenser outlet of the Turbine system and since there is no by-product to be disposed, the seawater FGD is the optimum SOx reducing mechanism for a coastal thermal power station.