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Gosa, Codruta Maria Cornelia. "Investigating washback : a case study using student diaries." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422527.
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Tsagari, Dina. "The complexity of test washback an empirical study." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/994779968/04.
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Choi, Su-Yun. "Washback of TOEFL iBT in Korean commercial test-preparation institutes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683465.
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This study explored the washback of TOEFL iBT on Korean teachers and students in commercial language institutes in Korea. Firstly, it observed the participants ' perceptions and attitudes towards TOEFL iBT and secondly, their teaching and learning practices in test-preparation classrooms. 194 adult students participated in the survey, six of whom were interviewed. Seven teachers participated in the research: four in classroom observations and questionnaires and six in interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed with Saldana's (2009) coding methods using NVivo 9 and quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 19. The findings show that the participants had positive attitudes towards note-taking, the exclusion of the Structure section, the usefulness of the Speaking and Writing sections, and the validity of TOEFL iBT. However, some participants were negative about the addition of accents in the Listening section, the testing methods, and the Speaking and Writing sections. Their learning and teaching methods were various depending on the individuals. However, the general learning methods were highly focused on improving test scores and the Speaking and Writing classes were the same as typical test-preparation classes. Thus, some positive washback on teaching and learning were found. However, the participants' approaches towards the Speaking and Writing sections were limited to mastering test-taking strategies. It is proposed that this study will be useful for test-developers, such as those in the ETS (Educational Testing Services) and the KICE (Korean Institute for Curriculum Evaluation) in terms of designing English proficiency tests. In addition, the findings indicate the importance of teacher training for teachers conducting test-preparation classes.
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Wang, Jing. "A study of the role of the 'teacher factor' in washback." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96731.
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The current study seeks to explore the washback effects of the CET (College English Test) on teacher beliefs, interpretations and practices, and in particular seeks to discover the way the 'teacher factor' is manifested in the washback phenomenon. It also investigates the pedagogical as well as the social and personal complexities influencing teachers' beliefs and interpretations and practices. This study addresses the research question: What role does the 'teacher factor' play in washback in the Chinese university context? Participants were 195 tertiary-level EFL teachers of the non-English programs. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether tests constitute a major constraint on CE (College English) instructional innovation in China. In addition, the intent of the study was to find out what aspects pertinent to this factor (e.g., teacher beliefs, teacher knowledge, experiences) present the major barrier to the implementation of instructional change. A mixed methods approach combining both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and data analysis was adopted in this study. A teacher survey and in-depth case studies (through focused group/individual interviews and classroom observations) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed in two phases. Qualitative analysis involved the use of constant comparative method, while quantitative analysis in this study involved descriptive statistics (e.g., frequency counts, means, standard deviations, etc.) and inferential statistics (e.g., exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling). The findings from this study suggest that the CET coupled with various interrelated components of the 'teacher factor' is involved in fostering the washback effect. Given the complexities underlying the washback phenomenon, the educational change carried out in curriculum and assessment is not sufficient on its own to entail teacher change in terms of pedagogical strategies. It appears that for fundamental changes in teacher practice to occur, they must be accompanied by other changes in teachers' knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and thinking that inform such practice. The pedagogical implications from the study include (1) the need to inform EFL teachers of the purpose and benefits of tests to help them maintain a positive attitude toward the role of tests in the educational system; and (2) enhanced teacher training in how to make their teaching more truly communicative in nature. It is hoped that the issues identified in this study can serve to inform educational authorities, test designers and teachers, and serve as an impetus to upgrade EFL teaching in China.La présente étude vise à explorer le effet de retour (washback) du test d'anglais au niveau collègiale (TAC) sur les croyances, interprétations et pratiques de l'enseignant. Elle cherche en particulier à découvrir la voie par laquelle le « facteur enseignant » est manifesté dans ce phénomène. Elle enquête aussi sur les complexités pédagogiques de même que sociales et personnelles influençant les croyances, interprétations et pratiques des enseignants. Cette étude pose la question de recherche : Quel rôle joue le 'facteur enseignant' en washback dans le contexte de l'université Chinoise? Les participants étaient 195 enseignants universitaire de l'anglais langue étrangère (ALE) des programmes non-anglais. Le propos principal de cette étude était de chercher à savoir si les tests constituent une contrainte majeure sur l'innovation d'enseignement d'anglais au niveau collègiale (AC) en Chine. De plus, l'intention de cette étude était de trouver quels aspects pertinents de ce facteur (ie., croyances de l'enseignant, connaissance et expériences de l'enseignant) présentent la barrière majeure à la mise en œuvre du changement d'instruction. Une approche de méthodes mixtes combinant à la fois les méthodes qualitative et quantitative de collection et d'analyse de données fut adoptée dans cette étude. Un sondage auprès d'enseignants et des études de cas en profondeur (à travers des entrevues individuelles et en groupes puis des observations en classes) furent utilisés pour collecter les données. Celles-ci furent analysées en deux phases. L'analyse qualitative impliquait l'utilisation d'une méthode comparative constante, tandis que l'analyse quantitative dans cette étude impliquait des statistiques descriptives (i.e., comptages de fréquence, moyens, déviations standards etc) et des statistiques déductives (i.e., analyse de facteur exploratoire, analyse de facteur confirmatoire, et modelage d'équation structurelle). Les resultats de cette étude suggèrent que le TAC couplé à diverses composantes interreliées du 'facteur enseignant' participe à engendrer le washback. Étant donné les complexités sous-jacentes a ce phénomène, le changement éducationnel apporté au curriculum et à l'évaluation n'est pas suffisant par lui-même pour entraîner un changement chez l'enseignement en termes de stratégies pédagogiques. Il apparaît que pour que les changements fondamentaux puissent avoir lieu dans la pratique des enseignants, ceux-ci doivent être accompagnés d'autres changements dans les connaissances, croyances, attitudes et pensées qui inspirent une telle pratique chez les enseignants. Les implications pédagogiques à partir de l'étude incluent (1) le besoin d'informer les enseignants de l'ALE de la raison d'être et des bénéfices des tests pour les aider à maintenir une attitude positive envers le rôle des tests dans le système d'éducation; et (2) rehausser l'entraînement des enseignants sur la manière de rendre leur enseignement véritablement plus communicatif. Il est espéré que les enjeux identifiés dans cette études puissent inspirer les autorités éducationnelles, les concepteurs de tests et les enseignants, puis servir d'élan au rehaussement de l'enseignement de l'ALE en Chine.
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Yang, Ruijin. "Grammar and vocabulary testing in the senior high school entrance English test in China: A washback study from a learning oriented assessment perspective." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203594/1/Ruijin_Yang_Thesis.pdf.
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This project explored the positive and negative influence of a high-stakes standardised test of English as a Foreign Language on the teaching and learning of grammar and vocabulary in junior high schools in China through the lens of Learning Oriented Assessment. An exploratory sequential mixed methods research design was employed. Findings from classroom observations, teacher interviews, student focus groups, and a student survey showed complex washback results. The findings suggest that classroom interaction, involvement in assessment, feedback, and learner autonomy could play an important role in reconciling the inherent tension between summative assessment, teaching, and learning.
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Zhan, Ying. "Washback and possible selves Chinese non-English-major undergraduates' English learning experiences /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43943779.
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Yang, Tieh Chung. "Rethinking washback : the interplay of beliefs and contextual factors to mediate pedagogy." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/18370.
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This study addresses issues of English as a foreign language (EFL) practice in the attainment-oriented context at the tertiary level. Referring to the widespread use of testing as an instrument for the enhancement of teaching quality, the study stresses the importance of teachers’ epistemological beliefs and other contextual factors to mediate teacher’s pedagogical decision-making. Four EFL teachers at Air Force colleges in Taiwan were selected to participate in the present research. The EFL teachers’ beliefs were collected by semi-structured interviews, and actual classroom practices were analyzed through a taxonomy of teachers’ questions, a taxonomy of teachers’ corrective feedback and Communicative Orientation Language Teaching (COLT) scheme analysis. The evidence of this case study generated four archetypal patterns of washback based on aligned or oppositional beliefs and its contexts. The study concludes that test designers’ expectations to use a test to innovate the curriculum do not always produce the desired results. Education reform that requires pedagogical changes of practitioners but fails to provide re-attribution training and sufficient resources to effect belief changes will likely yield resistance and pressure. Finally, implications of four archetypes of washback on the teaching of English are presented in order to sustain the successful testing, teaching, and learning.
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Scott, Catriona. "Washback in the UK primary context with EAL learners : exploratory case studies." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.483610.
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Zhan, Ying, and 詹颖. "Washback and possible selves: Chinese non-English-major undergraduates' English learning experiences." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43943779.
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Ahmed, Ahmed A. M. "Washback : examining English language teaching and learning in Libyan secondary school education." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34799/.
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This thesis critically analysed the influence of the Libyan public examination on English Language Teaching (ELT) and on learning strategies and practice in secondary school classrooms. It investigated the washback of the Secondary Education Certificate Examination (SECE) on ELT teachers and explored practitioners’ perceptions and practices. It also examined washback on students’ perception, motivation, learning strategies and outcomes. Weir’s socio-cognitive framework for test validity was chosen as a conceptual framework for its capability of conceptualising appropriate evidence on how testing constructs (policy & design) are operationalised and interpreted (use) in practice. This thesis describes an interpretative qualitative case study research conducted in the south west of Libya. Data were generated through interviews, classroom observation and document analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two ELT teachers and inspectors, a school headteacher and a representative of the examination office. Group interviews were also conducted with a number of the final year secondary school students within the research context. All the research data were analysed using a thematic data analysis. The findings reveal that the lack of alignment between the focus of the English SECE and the objectives of the curriculum had a significant adverse effect on the Libyan ELT teachers, inspectors and students’ perceptions about the aim and the value of ELT in the school education and their role within the policy as well as on Libyan school students’ motivation. The study participants held the perception that developing language skills is not the aim of teaching English in Libyan secondary school since these skills have never been assessed in public examinations despite their integration in the curriculum. The Libyan ELT teachers and inspectors prioritised the aim of completing the curriculum through the use of traditional approaches of teacher-centred and Grammar Translation Method(GTM) and teaching to the test rather than meeting the pedagogical objectives of ELT or implementing the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) proposed in the school curriculum. The Libyan on-going conflict, the public examination policy, and teachers’lack of assessment literacy were also significant on classroom testing. Students were largely passive in English classrooms as teaching focused on the SECE. Accordingly, students utilised different learning strategies to cope with the teaching such as prioritising the translation of textbook texts, relying on rote-learning, engaging in test-preparation activities and developing test-taking strategies. Evidence accumulated through this study clearly indicates that Libyan students’ experience of the public examination had a significant effect on their attitudes, perceptions and choice of learning strategies. This finding represented an important implication for developing the socio-cognitive framework for test validity. The public examination strategies improved the Libyan secondary school students’ examination performance in the SECE but not their English learning outcomes. The examination content and format as well as a social acceptance of cheating all have a significant effect on students’ performance in the SECE and threaten its score validity.
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Umashankar, Singanayagam. "Washback effects of speaking assessment of teaching English in Sri Lankan schools." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622531.
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Washback is a concept commonly used in applied linguistics to refer to the influence of testing on teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the washback effect of a new system of English language speaking assessment in Sri Lanka. The new assessment was introduced with the intention of promoting the teaching and learning of English speaking skills in schools as part of a Presidential educational initiative called the English as a Life Skill Programme. The study examined the washback effect of the introduction of speaking assessments at both National and school levels from the perspectives of participants at three levels of the education system: the decision making level, intervening level (teacher trainers and in-service advisors), and implementing level (teachers and students). For this purpose, a mixed methods research approach was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants at the decision making level and intervening level to examine whether there were any important gaps in translating policy intentions to the implementing level participants (teachers and students). A questionnaire survey was conducted with teachers and students to investigate their perceptions of the assessment change and its effects on teaching and learning speaking in the classroom. Classroom observations were conducted to gain insights into actual classroom practices in relation to teaching and learning speaking, along with follow-up interviews to seek teachers’ accounts of their classroom practices. The study found that the assessment change did influence teachers’ and students’ perceptions of teaching and learning speaking in the classroom, as well as teachers’ instructional practices. Therefore, some of the policymakers’ intended aims were achieved. However, the intensity and direction of washback were shown to be influenced by several mediating factors such as teachers’ training and contextual factors such as the availability of classroom resources. The findings of this study suggest that assessment reforms can be used to promote change both in what is taught in the classroom and how it is taught, but to different degrees. The study indicated that washback does occur in this context, but it operates in a complex manner associated with many other variables besides the assessment itself. The findings of this study have implications for the improvement of future assessment policies in Sri Lanka, highlighting the importance of timely implementation of reforms and of monitoring them. The findings suggest that it is especially important to listen to key stakeholders’ (teachers’ and students’) voices in the initial planning and feasibility study phases of reform.
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Memon, Natasha. ""If I just get one IELTS certificate, I can get anything" : an impact study of IELTS in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21122.
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This thesis examines the impact of the high-stakes International English Language Testing System (IELTS) across different stakeholders in Pakistan, and on Pakistani education, society and economy more broadly. The global profile of IELTS means that washback and impact studies (both comparative and country-specific) are now increasingly carried out by Cambridge ESOL (Hawkey, 2006; Moore et al., 2012). These are undertaken not simply with a view to improving the test, but with a view to investigating how it is used and perceived. In Pakistan, as elsewhere, IELTS has assumed great significance on account of its gate-keeping function in emigration, higher education abroad and professional registration. Demand and candidature grow daily. However, specific conditions that pertain in Pakistan, mainly political instability, and major disparities in wealth and development, have a particular effect on the role of IELTS in the country. The current impact study employs a sequential exploratory concurrent embedded mixed methods design to assess the impact. Phase 1 is a preliminary survey of 20 IELTS preparation institutes, followed by an in-depth qualitative study of two IELTS preparation centres. The qualitative study employs classroom observations, semistructured interviews with teachers (N=2), informal conversational interviews with test-preparers (N=20), and pre- and post-study testing to assess the efficacy of IELTS preparation. Phase 2 analyses questionnaires from a further ten preparation centres. Respondents comprised 200 IELTS test-preparers, 100 IELTS test-takers and 10 IELTS preparation teachers. The survey was supplemented by a focus group with four test-preparers and semi-structured interviews with five employers and five parents. The initial survey of the private English Language Teaching industry in Pakistan showed a radical expansion of IELTS preparation courses. Yet the in-depth study of two specific centres showed that the courses are not effective in improving the scores of students. Courses, although relatively expensive, are very short and most testpreparers enter them with lower English proficiency than is appropriate for IELTS. Questionnaires and interviews showed that IELTS test-preparers and test-takers are primarily motivated to take the test for emigration and study abroad. The test preparers have high expectations from the course regarding improvement of their English proficiency which are generally not met. Disappointed test-takers hold some beliefs that their IELTS course and test will be of benefit to them in Pakistan. Although English ability is always considered as part of recruitment, employers interviewed for this project confirmed that an IELTS certificate is never explicitly required. It is likely that the local uses of IELTS that are emerging in Pakistan are much more indirect. I argue that because public education is not meeting the demand for English, IELTS is now perceived as a route of English education and general certification, and a badge of middle class status if not actual material gain. These findings have implications for both providers of state education in Pakistan, and providers of the IELTS test (Cambridge ESOL). The former needs to address the lack of publicly funded English education and English qualifications; and the latter needs to consider whether IELTS is appropriate for large numbers of low proficiency candidates, and for purposes other than admission to universities abroad and immigration.
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Chen, Lih-Mei D. "TAIWANESE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE WASHBACK EFFECT OF THE BASIC COMPETENCE TEST IN ENGLISH." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1039116364.
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Di, Gennaro Jason Adam. "The washback effects of an English exit exam on teachers and learners in a Korean university English program." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31599.
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Studies have shown that language tests can and often do have powerful influences on teaching, learning, and the creation and dissemination of educational materials, such as textbooks, in addition to the formation and implementation of language education policies (Au, 2007; Alderson & Wall, 1993; Bailey, 1996, 1999; Cheng, 2008). While the literature provides evidence for this influence, collectively described as ‘impact’, or more specifically, ‘washback’, the form and intensity in which it occurs differ greatly across contexts, due to the dynamic and complex nature of washback phenomena. This case study investigated the washback effects of an English language speaking test, the GMATE (General Multimedia Assisted Test of English), used as an exit examination in a large university in Seoul, South Korea. Developed from the Washback Hypotheses (Alderson & Wall, 1993, p.120-121), there were two main research questions answered through this study: 1) What are the perceived washback effects of the GMATE on teachers’ teaching? 2) What are the perceived washback effects of the GMATE on students’ studying? To answer these and related sub-questions, a mixed-methods approach was taken, including questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. This provided a clear picture of what was occurring in this particular context, while offering a voice to the 459 students and 17 teachers who participated in the study. The findings of this study showed that the GMATE indeed had washback effects on the teachers and student participants, and that these effects varied depending on students’ proficiency level, year in school, and term of study. Furthermore, these results supported the notion that washback is highly contextual (Cheng et al., 2014; Cheng, Sun, & Ma, 2015; Cheng, Watanabe, & Curtis, 2004), as this thesis highlighted the importance of bearing in mind sociocultural factors that may contribute to washback effects in this and other unique research contexts.
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Saif, Shahrzad. "Theoretical and empirical considerations in investigating washback, a study of ESL/EFL learners." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ47295.pdf.
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Huang, Liyan. "Washback on teacher and behaviour : investigating the process from a social psychology perspective." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538590.
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The phenomenon which this thesis explores is known as washback - is generally defined as the influence of testing on teaching and learning (Bailey, 1996:259). The test explored in my study is the English oral test component of the Senior Secondary School Entrance Examination (the SEE Oral Test) in Guangzhou, China. To date most washback research has focused on the kinds of changes that have been brought about by the introduction of a new examination (e.g. teaching behaviour, learner behaviour and materials) rather than how the change has taken place. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which washback is achieved, to help to improve the likelihood of positive washback. My study seeks to explore and explain why washback has taken the form it has amongst local Chinese teachers in China, using a framework adapted from the discipline of social psychology - the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985,1991,2006). I first investigate the types of washback that were intended by the SEE Oral Test designers through interviewers with four of the design team. I then compare the beliefs and behaviour of four teachers, using diary data and lesson observations, and I assess the extent to which the intended washback has been realised. Lastly, I attempt to explore the reasons for the different forms of wash back achieved, mainly through interviews with the four teachers. The findings indicate that the washback from the SEE Oral Test manifested itself in complicated and inconsistent ways. One of the four types of wash back intended by the test designers appears for all the participants, two types do not exist at all and one type appears for only two participants. The findings also show that teacher beliefs play an important role in shaping washback effects. I claim that a test does not influence teacher's teaching behaviour in a direct way but operates through exerting influence on teachers' beliefs and attitudes, their perception of social pressures and their perceptions of their own ability to perform the desired teaching behaviour. I also claim that the forms in which washback appears might be influenced by the appropriateness of the washback intended by the test designers. I propose a process-oriented model of wash back on teaching, which contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms by which washback works. I also propose a working scheme including a set of successive intervention procedures to promote positive washback of tests.
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Wong, Fung Ting Rachel. "Teacher factors and washback : case studies of IELTS preparatory courses in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738248.
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Yu, Ying. "The washback effects of school-based assessment on teaching and learning a case study /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B44248933.
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Watanabe, Yoshinori. "The washback effects of the Japanese university entrance examinations of English : classroom-based research." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389858.
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It is commonplace to assert that the Japanese university entrance examinations dominate the whole educational system and practice in Japan. There are critics who even go so far as to claim that the exams are so powerful that if the exams were to change, innovation in education would automatically follow therefrom. Despite a large number of assertions and claims. however. surprisingly little empirical research has been conducted to look into the nature of the impact to date. The purpose of the present thesis is to report an empirical exploration into the washback effects of the Japanese university entrance examinations of English on pre-college level education. In the present research. an attempt was made to test the validity of various predictions derived from general public opinions by directly observing the classrooms. as well as gathering information from teacher interviews. The samples were taken from regular and special exam preparatory classes of high schools, and the summer and winter intensive courses of yobiko (a special exam preparatory institution). The results provided very little evidence that the predicted types of washback were present either on the exercise types employed in the classrooms, contents of the lessons, or teaching methods. Other factors than the exams, such as teachers' beliefs, their familiarity with teaching methods, school cultures, and availability of support-materials, seemed to be playing a greater role in determining what happens in the classroom. On the basis of the results, sets of suggestions were advanced for teachers, test-constructors, material developers, and future researchers. The thesis concludes with a progressive re-conceptualisation of the notion of washback in the light of the research findings.
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Yu, Ying, and 余颖. "The washback effects of school-based assessment on teaching and learning: a case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44248933.
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Karabulut, Aliye. "Micro level impacts of foreign language test (university entrance examination) in Turkey a washback study /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Tsushima, Rika. "The mismatch between educational policy and classroom practice: EFL teachers' perspective on washback in Japan." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106524.
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Research has reported that the occurrence of washback effects—the impact of high-stakes exams on classroom practice and activity–is often partly attributed to teachers (Cheng, 1997, 2000; Turner, 2001, 2006, 2009). In Japanese secondary schools, due to the strong influence of university entrance exams nationally, it is often argued that in practice, speaking-focused courses entitled Oral Communication (OC) do not focus on interactive language learning activities but on grammar exercises to prepare students for the high-stakes exams (Kikuchi & Browne, 2009). Using mixed methods, this thesis examines the current status of OC courses in relation to the national educational policy from the perspective of Japanese teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL). Quantitative data from a teacher survey (N = 87), qualitative data from classroom observations and a term exam analysis revealed that washback effects were more evident in the assessment practices of the courses than in teaching, suggesting that classroom teaching and assessment were not congruent with each other or with the course objectives. Thematic analyses of guided interviews with nine teachers provided insights into their grammar-oriented teaching practice. Along with washback, a lack of confidence in assessing students' speaking due to their anxiety as non-native English speakers emerged as an influential factor that hindered teachers from implementing the course objectives. Moreover, the results suggest that the high-stakes exams tend to be more influential than the educational policy in this context, especially in academically-oriented classrooms in which the majority of the students were hoping to go to university (as opposed to vocational-oriented classrooms). Finally, the thesis discusses the need for change in the high-stakes exam system as well as the urgent necessity of teacher training on assessment specifically designed for non-native language teachers, which would contribute to the improvement of EFL pedagogy.Des recherches ont démontré que l'effet de retour (l'impact des examens déterminants sur la nature et le déroulement de l'activité pédagogique dans les classes) était souvent partiellement attribuable aux enseignants (Cheng, 1997, 2000; Turner, 2001, 2006, 2009). L'idée comme quoi, dans les lycées japonais, à cause de l'influence fondamentale des examens d'admission universitaires, les cours axés vers la conversation, dits de communication orale (CO), ne s'articulent pas autour d'activités d'apprentissage interactives, mais plutôt autour de l'acquisition de notions grammaticales, est prépondérante dans la littérature sur le sujet. Cette thèse fait appel à des méthodes mixtes pour décrire l'état actuel des cours de CO dans le contexte de la politique nationale d'éducation japonaise, en adoptant la perspective des enseignants d'anglais comme langue seconde (ALS). Des données quantitatives récoltées à l'aide d'un sondage auprès d'enseignants (N=87), des données qualitatives fondées sur des observations dans les salles de classe ainsi qu'une analyse d'examens semestriels ont révélé que l'effet de retour était plus apparent dans les méthodes d'évaluation utilisées par les enseignants que dans l'enseignement prodigué, laissant supposer la présence d'incongruités entre les objectifs des cours, l'enseignement qui en découle et l'évaluation qui y est lié. Une analyse thématique d'entretiens dirigés avec neuf enseignants a permis de mieux comprendre leur méthode d'enseignement axée sur la grammaire. De pair avec l'effet de retour, leur manque de confiance quant à leur capacité à évaluer le discours oral de leurs élèves causée par une langue maternelle autre que l'anglais est ressorti comme un facteur significatif les empêchant d'accomplir les objectifs du cours. De plus, les résultats de l'analyse indiquent que dans un tel contexte, les examens déterminants avaient une influence plus prononcée que la politique éducative, surtout dans les programmes pré-universitaires (par opposition aux programmes professionnels). Cette thèse traite finalement du besoin de changer le système d'examens actuel et de la nécessité d'offrir aux enseignants dont la langue première n'est pas celle qu'ils enseignent une formation sur les méthodes d'évaluation adaptée à leurs besoins, ce qui contribuerait à l'amélioration de la pédagogie de l'enseignement de l'ALS.
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Khaniya, Tirth Raj. "Examinations as instruments for educational change : investigating the washback effect of the Nepalese English exams." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9862.
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This study examines the washback effect of a final examination. Despite the general criticisms of a final examination for its negative influence on education, no empirical evidence was noted in the existing literature; rather some evidence for positive washback was found. The study was based on the assumption that the detrimental effect of a final exam is not inherent; whether the washback is negative or positive is dependent on the design of the exam. Furthermore, the power that the exam has to influence teaching and learning, if exploited properly, can make it work as an instrument for educational change. The context of the study was English language teaching and testing at school in Nepal. The washback effect of the School Leaving Certificate English exam, an exit exam based on prescribed textbooks in terms of its content and discrete-point approach in terms of its format, was examined. A new exam of reading, grammar, note-taking and writing based on the course objectives of the SLC English course in terms of its content, and integrative-communicative approach in terms of its format was designed to use as the criterion measure of the English proficiency of the students. The new exam was administered to school leavers and students of the previous year. The performance of the school leavers on the new exam was compared with their performance on the SLC English exam, and with the performance of the students of the previous year on the new exam. The results indicate that SLC English exam had a negative washback on the teaching and learning of the SLC English course because it failed to allow the students and the teacher to work for the course objectives of the SLC English. It was concluded that washback is an inherent quality of a final exam; people whose future is affected by the exam-results work for the exam regardless of the quality of the exam. Whether the washback is negative or positive is dependent on what the exam measures; if it is congruent with the sentiment and the purposes of the course objectives, it can achieve beneficial washback; if not it is bound to produce harmful washback. Innovations through the former type of exam would lead the teaching for the exam to be in accordance with it. The implications for language testing in general, and the Nepalese ELT situation in particular are presented. It is suggested that the SLC English exam should be replaced by an exam similar to the one used, in order to bring about change in the teaching of the SLC English course. Recommendations for further research are made.
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Booth, Dawn Karen. "Exploring the Washback of the TOEIC in South Korea: A sociocultural perspective on student test activity." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/19379.
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Previous research clearly demonstrates the powerful relationship that exists between language testing, teaching and learning (Alderson & Wall, 1993; Bailey, 1996; Cheng & Curtis, 2004; Hughes, 1989; Messick, 1996). However, researchers still wrestle with the multivariate nature of washback, and questions remain as to what factors are involved and under which conditions beneficial washback is most likely to occur (Cheng, 2008). Set within a large Korean university, this study aimed to better understand how certain factors and conditions may work together to contribute to the washback of the TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) on student learning. To provide a thick description of the context, the study first explored student perspectives on the TOEIC through focus group methodology. The aim of the second phase of research was to document the actions and beliefs of thirteen students (English and non-English majors) while preparing for the TOEIC over a period of two to seven months. Data was triangulated through semi-structured journals and multiple interviews, quantitatively analysed through descriptive statistics, and qualitatively analysed through a multi-level procedure of coding grounded in Activity Theory (Engestrom, 1987; Lantolf, 2000, 2006; Leont'ev, 1978, 1981; Vygotsky, 1978). The results provide further evidence of the high stakes status of the TOEIC for university students and support a view of washback as a complex system involving a range of factors that may mediate the influence that a test has on learning (Alderson & Wall, 1993; Cheng & Curtis, 2004, Messick, 1996; Shih, 2007). Of these factors, the results highlight the important contribution of situated learner goals and actions, and the influence of learner histories, cultural and social associations, attributes, conceptualisations, and agency in directing the washback effect of a test. In light of these findings, this study posits a revised model of washback on learners and learning. It represents a shift in the direction of washback research toward a more socially situated view of how a test and test-taker, embedded in powerful sociocultural, historical, political, and economic contexts may influence the processes and outcomes of student learning in situ.
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Gebeyehou, Djenie Leta. "Achievement, washback, and proficiency in school leaving examination : a case of innovation in the Ethiopian setting." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305035.
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Carrigan, Abigail Bennett. ""That's the test?" Washback Effects of an Alternative Assessment in a Culturally Heterogeneous EAP University Class." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2994.
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To determine learner attitudes toward an alternative assessment, additional washback effects, and possible relationships between cultures of learning and learner attitudes, a mixed methods study was conducted in an advanced multicultural EAP (English for Academic Purposes) class in the USA, where a poster project was implemented as a summative assessment. Qualitative and quantitative data from a pre- and post-test questionnaire as well as classroom observations and an interview with the instructor were used to investigate learners' attitudes towards the assessment. The twenty-four participants representing five cultures of learning from the Middle East, South America and Southeast Asia expressed largely positive attitudes prior to completing the poster project. After the project presentations, there was minimal change in their attitudes. The researcher identified six positive and three negative washback effects of the poster project: positive attitudes toward the poster project, self-confidence, accurate identification of the learning goal, awareness of learning, community building and cultural exchange, deeming the assessment useful, negative attitudes toward the poster project, misidentification of the learning goal, and deeming the assessment not useful. Although there was no relationship between participants' cultures of learning and their attitudes toward the poster project, their prior experience with alternative assessments may be related to their attitudes.
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Wei, Wei. "The washback and impact of a high-stakes test on classrrom teaching - a case study from china." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535655.
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El-Murabet, Onaiba Abdulhamid Mustafa. "Investigating the washback effect of a revised EFL public examination on teachers' instructional practices, materials and curriculum." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28561.
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The phenomenon of how tests influence teaching and learning is commonly described in language education as "washback". The purpose of this study was to investigate how English teachers in Libyan schools were influenced by introducing a reformed EFL public examination, called the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE), in terms of their instructional practices—the how; and teaching materials and curriculum—the what. The study also sought to examine the effect of any other teacher and context-dependent variables on washback. Three main aspects were studied: teachers’ perception of the exam (perception washback); classroom teaching and testing practices (methodology washback); and teachers’ choice, selection and use of teaching materials (curriculum washback). To address these issues, a mixed methods approach was utilized. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data obtained from surveying 100 teachers. Content analysis was then conducted to interpret qualitative data elicited from documents, observations of two teachers and interviews with 11 teachers and 7 inspectors. The study found that teachers expressed negative rather than positive views towards the exam. Findings indicated that the introduced exam did exert washback on teachers’ instructional practices. However, washback was noticed in issues related to classroom testing practices rather than in teaching practices. As the new BECE did not represent the current curriculum, negative washback was observed on the content of the curriculum: some teachers tended to rely on the “hidden syllabus”, while others narrowed the syllabus to meet the content of the exam. While some desired aims were achieved through the exam, others were not. The intensity and direction of washback was shown to be influenced by mediating variables such as the teacher and the context: the data indicated differences between veteran and novice teachers, and their level of education also affected their response to the exam. Gender was irrelevant. The grade level and class size taught was also associated with impact. The findings of the study indicate how examination reform can be used as leverage of pedagogical change and to dictate the how and the what of teaching, but to different degrees. The study made it crystal clear that washback does exist, but that it operates in a complex manner associated with other variables besides the exam per se. Thus the study suggests that washback cannot be a theory because it seemed not to have predictive power. This study also suggests guidance for future policies for improvement of the examination system in Libyan schools, arguing for alignment of examinations and the English curriculum, with some recommendations as to how this may be achieved.
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Vyn, Reuben. "Promoting curricular innovation through language performance assessment: leveraging AAPPL washback in a K-12 world languages program." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6872.
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Language assessments are increasingly being leveraged for the purposes of educational reform and accountability, yet relatively little is known about how teachers respond to their implementation or what impact they have on the learning outcomes of students. Drawing on theories of educational innovation, this mixed methods study explores the interplay between testing, teaching, and learning in an urban Midwestern K-12 world languages program. Specifically, it investigates the washback effect of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Assessment of Performance toward Proficiency in Languages (AAPPL), and the potential for its influence on teachers’ practices to complement strategic efforts to introduce and manage curricular innovation at the local level.
The study was divided into three distinct but complementary phases. In Phase 1, teachers (n=47) responded to an online survey addressing their background, instructional practices, and the potential influence of the AAPPL therein. In Phase 2, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a subset of teachers (n=12) in order to more richly describe their instructional and assessment-related practices. Finally, in Phase 3, AAPPL scores were obtained for all students (n=846) who took the assessment. Quantitative analyses predominantly involved the use of descriptive statistics to depict teachers’ practices and students’ performance on the AAPPL, as well as bivariate correlations to measure the relationship between the two. Qualitative analyses of interview data were aimed at identifying categories and themes leading to a rich description of teachers’ behaviors and activities in response to the AAPPL. In the final stages of analysis, both qualitative and quantitative data sources and analyses were synthesized in an attempt to develop a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between assessment, instruction, and learning.
Findings suggested a moderately positive washback effect of the AAPPL, which was manifested through individual and collective efforts to refine curricula and instruction with the goal of further enhancing students’ language performance and proficiency development. Key findings included teachers’ increased use of ACTFL’s core documents to guide their planning, and an adjustment to the amount of instructional time devoted to the four modalities (listening, reading, writing, and speaking). This evidence for positive washback of the AAPPL was observed among teachers across languages and levels, and extended beyond those immediately implicated in its administration. Furthermore, the strength and direction of the influence was mediated by the close link between testing and teaching, individual differences among teachers, and the collaborative approach to managing the innovation. Evidence connecting teachers’ practices with student outcomes on the AAPPL was diffuse, with bivariate correlations indicating a potential relationship between the use of target language and explicit grammar instruction and students’ composite scores.
This investigation has contributed to a greater understanding of how external language performance assessments may serve as a catalyst for refining and improving language teaching in K-12 contexts. Those seeking to promote the adoption of similar innovative practices should ensure that the assessment is aligned with the pedagogical goals of the curriculum and that their approach to introducing and managing change is responsive to the local context. While more research is needed in order to determine the potential influence of innovation on the learning outcomes of students (Green, 2013), world language programs should be encouraged to implement standards-based external assessments as a means by which to promote teachers’ adoption of proficiency-oriented instructional practices.
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Chen, Lih-Mei Donna. "Taiwanese junior high school English teachers' perceptions of the washback effect of the basic competence test in English." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1039116364.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 187 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Keiko K. Samimy, College of Education. Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-147).
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Wang, Shujiao. "Exploring the washback of a large-scale high-stakes Chinese test, the Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi, on learner factors." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119765.
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Washback research has tended to focus on whether washback exists and whether there is intended washback brought about by examinations in English as a second/foreign language (ESL/EFL contexts). This study, on the other hand, investigated how learner factors, such as learning strategies and beliefs, related to the washback of a large-scale high-stakes Chinese second language proficiency test, the Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK). Using a mixed-methods research (MMR) approach, quantitative data were collected from Chinese as a second/foreign/heritage language (CSL) learner survey responses (n = 60) and qualitative data were elicited from 8 interviews and HSK related documents. Findings revealed that, an increasing number of people wanted to learn Chinese and take the HSK because they were interested not only in the Chinese language and culture, but also hoped to study, work or travel in China. They felt that becoming HSK-certified, helped them feel more motivated to learn Chinese and increased job opportunities. Thus, there were significant washback effects of the HSK on learning Chinese. Similar to previous research on washback, however, this study showed that the HSK had positive impact on some learners but negative effects on others. The finding showed statistically significant differences between regular Chinese learning (e.g., CSL courses, distance learning, or self-learning) and HSK test-specific learning among the four skills - speaking, listening, reading and writing. Significant predictors for the change in learning strategies between regular and test-specific learning were nationality, language proficiency, HSK performance and motivation. Finally, although it is claimed that the validity and reliability of the HSK content are high, this study points to some aspects that could be improved, such as including more subjective question forms and emphasizing the output (speaking and writing) measurements. This study has implications for HSK test developers, CSL teachers and CSL learners.Les recherches sur le washback, qu'on définit comme l'impact des examens déterminants sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage, tentent de se questionner sur l'existence du washback en général ainsi que sa présence prévue par des épreuves d'anglais comme langue seconde ou étrangère. Cependant, cette étude s'est plutôt penchée sur la manière dont le profil de l'apprenant, soit ses stratégies d'apprentissage ainsi que ses croyances, influe sur le washback (l'effet en retour) d'une épreuve rigoureuse de langue chinoise à grande échelle appelée le Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK). À l'aide d'une approche de méthodes mixtes de recherche, nous avons recensé des données quantitatives issues d'un sondage auprès des apprenants du chinois comme langue seconde/étrangère/maternelle. Pour ce qui est des données qualitatives, elles ont été tirées de huit entrevues et de plusieurs documents faisant référence au HSK. Les résultats ont révélé que le nombre d'apprenants du chinois ne cesse d'accroître et qu'ils ont choisi de faire le HSK parce qu'ils avaient l'intention d'étudier, de travailler ou de voyager en Chine, en plus de leur vif intérêt pour la langue et la culture chinoises. Ces étudiants se sont rendu compte que le fait de réussir le HSK les a aidés à gagner davantage de motivation à apprendre le chinois et à élargir leur champ de débouchés. Ainsi, l'impact du HSK s'avérait significatif sur l'apprentissage de la langue chinoise. Bien que cette étude soit analogue à des recherches antérieures sur le washback, elle a démontré que l'impact du HSK s'avérait positif chez certains apprenants, mais négatif chez d'autres. D'un point de vue statistique, les conclusions de la présente recherche ont souligné des différences significatives entre les cours réguliers du chinois et ceux basés sur le HSK en ce qui concerne quatre compétences : l'oral, l'écoute, la lecture et l'écriture. Parmi les principaux facteurs jouant un rôle sur la variété des stratégies d'apprentissage, on retrouvait la nationalité, la maîtrise de la langue, la performance du HSK et la motivation. Finalement, même si la validité et la fiabilité du contenu du HSK apparaissent élevées, cette étude révèle certains aspects qui pourraient être améliorés, soit l'ajout de structures interrogatives subjectives et l'emphase sur les outils d'évaluation du sortant, c'est-à-dire l'expression orale et l'écriture. Cette recherche constitue donc une référence incontournable pour les concepteurs du HSK, pour les enseignants et pour les apprenants du chinois langue seconde.
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Rodriguez, Malin, and Malin Setterberg. "Nationella provens påverkan på undervisningen." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34514.
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Vi som har skrivit det här examensarbetet har gjort en intervjustudie med fyra engelsklärare på gymnasiet och fyra lärare i matematik på högstadiet. Det vi ville undersöka är vilken inverkan dessa lärare upplever att de nationella proven i engelska och matematik har på deras planering och genomförande av undervisningen under kursen respektive läsåret. Eftersom vår metod har varit kvalitativ med semistrukturerade intervjuer, valde vi att analysera våra resultat med hjälp av fenomenografisk teori. Utifrån våra intervjusvar kunde vi urskilja fem kategorier. Dessa kategorier var att de nationella proven ger extra stress för eleverna, den andra att de tar en hel del tid från lärarna både vid planering, genomförande och efterarbete, t.ex. rättning. Vidare fann vi som en tredje kategori att lärarna såg en fördel med proven i och med att de får en bekräftelse på den kunskapsnivå de redan sett hos eleven. Det framkom även som en fjärde kategori att lärarna vi intervjuade tränar och förbereder eleverna på de nationella proven, dock på olika sätt, och som den femte kategorin att efterarbetet ser olika ut, där lärarna oftast försöker hinna med någon sista komplettering. Vi reflekterade över hur likvärdiga resultaten av nationella proven egentligen blir med tanke på hur det varierar i de olika lärarnas sätt att förbereda och träna eleverna till de nationella proven.
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Fournier-Kowaleski, Lisa A. "Depicting washback in the intermediate Spanish language classroom a descriptive study of teacher's instructional behaviors as they relate to tests /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1130425075.
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Wikman, Mikael, and Ivan Cavar. "Ett omöjligt uppdrag? : - Det nationella provets skrivdel i svenska." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118675.
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Uppsatsens syfte är att redogöra för forskningens syn på det nationella skrivprovet inom ämnet svenska. Utifrån ett psykometriskt perspektiv, med inriktning på konstrukt, bedömning och användning, belyser uppsatsen potentiella problembilder med standardiserade prov inom en svensk, norsk och amerikansk kontext. Provet innehar en normerande ställning inom svensk utbildning, där det agerar rättesnöre över vad som utgör goda och mindre goda elevtexter. Forskningen visar också på den svårighet som existerar gällande provets interbedömarreliabilitet, där olika examinatorer bedömer proven olika. Vidare påverkar provet undervisningen, där dess genrepedagogiska utgångspunkt leder till en tanke om progression, där texttyper hierarkiseras. Lärarna upplever att provet är tidskrävande och att de ofta arbetar förberedande med eleverna. Detta leder till att eleverna undervisas i att hantera provsituationen, snarare än att de undervisas i skrivande, något som är problematiskt utifrån aspekter av reliabilitet. Vidare innebär provets normerande ställning att undervisningen anpassas efter de förmågor som provet avser att mäta, vilket resulterar i att eleverna får ta del av en begränsad läroplan. Undersökningen visar på den diskrepans som tycks existera mellan provets olika syften, där det råder en oklarhet i om provet kan fungera som ett komparativt utvärderingsverktyg samtidigt som det är ett utvecklingsverktyg för att främja elevernas skrivande. Frågan är om det är möjligt att skapa ett skrivprov där dessa syften harmoniserar med varandra?
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Tsagari, Konstantia. "Investigating the washback effect of a high-stakes EFL exam in the Greek context : participants' perceptions, material design and classroom applications." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485249.
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The research project undertaken in the present thesis is an attempt to explore an important educational phenomenon in a context that places a great deal of value on exa.minations but where very little research has been undertaken by researchers so far either in the field of language teaching and testing or in general education. Therefore, a programme of research was undertaken aiming at examining the 'washback effect' (Alderson and Wall, 1993) of a high-stakes exam on the teaching and learning that takes place in intennediate level classes leading to that level. To this end, preliminary interviews with 15 native and non-native EFL teachers, actively involved in preparing students for the exam were conducted. These identified several areas where the influence of the exam was claimed to exist. The results led to a detailed analysis of textbook materials using a specially-designed instrument and showed that the exam did influence the textbooks teachers use but the nature of the influence varied across books and features. It seemed that factors beyond the exam, such as the authors' understanding of the underlying principles of the exam and their willingness and ability to operationalise the exam requirements through the materials seemed to be playing a greater role in detennining the influence of the exam rather than the exam itself. The next and final part of the study looked at the effects of the exam reported by students by means of student diaries. The analysis of this data showed that students' attitudes and feelings as well as their motivational orientations towards learning the language were affected by the exam. The diaries also threw light on the way lessons, based on exam-preparation textbooks, were structured. Overall, the results of the research project have shown not only the complexity of investigating washback as noted by previous studies but also how many other factors need to be taken into account when studying the washback effect of a highstakes exam to explain why washback from the exam took the form that it did. On the basis of the results, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of washback was gained that led to a ~ode1 of exam washback and to suggestions for teachers, teacher trainers, students, material and test developers as well as future researchers in the area.
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Retorta, Miriam Sester. "Efeito retroativo do vestibular da Universidade Federal do Parana no ensino da lingua inglesa em nivel medio no Parana : uma investigação em escolas publicas, particulares e cursos pre-vestibulares." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269563.
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Orientador: Matilde Virginia Ricardi ScaramucciTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Retorta_MiriamSester_D.pdf: 14612163 bytes, checksum: f7fefea3ecb78986aa1456e541123b87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Este trabalho visa investigar se a prova de língua inglesa do vestibular da Universidade Federal do Paraná causa efeitos retroativos no ensino dessa língua, em escolas públicas e privadas de nível médio e cursos pré-vestibulares, e, em caso positivo, determinar quais são esses efeitos. Para atingir tais objetivos, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa interpretativista de cunho etnográfico, na qual puderam ser ouvidas diversas vozes da comunidade escolar: escolas públicas (urbanas e rurais) e particulares, bem como cursos pré-vestibulares (particulares e gratuitos). Na busca de multiperspectivas sobre o fenômeno, procurou-se escolher os cenários que levassem em conta a grande desigualdade social do país, e incluíssem, como participantes, a maioria dos stakeholders (pessoas ligadas ao fenômeno direta ou indiretamente) para, ao final, triangularem-se os dados coletados. Além de entrevistas dos participantes, aulas de professores também foram observadas. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o efeito retroativo da prova de inglês do vestibular da UFPR não ocorre nas escolas públicas. O que direciona o ensino desses cenários são os livros didáticos que cada escola adota. No entanto, pudemos perceber a existência do efeito retroativo nos outros cenários ¿ escolas particulares e cursos pré-vestibulares ¿, ora exercendo efeitos positivos (motivação dos diretores e professores para buscar informações sobre o exame; motivação dos alunos para estudar mais a disciplina e passar no exame; direcionamento de ementas e construção de objetivos claros; incentivo ao ensino da leitura), ora negativos (estreitamento do currículo; ansiedade dos sujeitos dos cenários). Verificou-se também que o efeito retroativo ocorreu aí em intensidades diferentes, pois interferiram no fenômeno fatores como: informações que os professores tinham sobre o exame; concepções de língua, leitura e avaliação desses professores; nível de conhecimento de língua inglesa desses profissionais; cobrança dos diretores e do grupo social (os pais e alunos); chances de aprovação, dentre outros. O que direcionou o ensino desses cenários foi o programa oficial do exame de vestibular da UFPR. Este estudo oferece contribuições teóricas ao proporcionar melhor entendimento do conceito efeito retroativo; contribuições metodológicas, por seu desenho investigativo inovador e abrangente; e, finalmente, contribuições práticas, enquanto um conjunto de subsídios para o ensino e avaliação de língua inglesa no ensino médio
Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to investigate if the English test of the University Entrance Examination of UFPR sets off the washback effect in the teaching/learning of the language in public and private high schools as well as cramming courses and, if so, what effects were they. In order to meet these objectives a qualitative interpretativist investigation was conducted in which various voices of the school community were heard such as the participants of public schools (urban and rural), the private schools and the cramming courses (private and free ones). Since there was an intention of having a multiperspective of the phenomenon, the scenarios were chosen because of the great social inequalities of this country and, therefore, many stakeholders (participants who were directly or indirectly involved in the phenomenon) were selected to be interviewed. The data was triangulated, analyzed and discussed. Besides the interview, class observations were included. The results of this study show that there was no washback effect of the English test of the University Entrance Examination of UFPR in public schools. What helped set the teaching goals of the discipline were the contents suggested in the didactic books adopted in each school. In the other scenarios, the washback effect was observed. The positive effects were the motivation of the directors and teachers to search for information about the test; motivation of the students to study harder to pass the test; the test was used to set clear teaching objectives and reading began to be taught. The negative effects were: anxiety of the participants of some scenarios and curriculum narrowing. Different intensities of the washback effect were observed because there were other factors which interfered in the phenomenon such as information teachers had about the test, their concept of language, reading and evaluation, their knowledge of the English language, the directors demanding for the teachers¿ best, the social group (parents and students) demanding for the teachers¿ best and the chances the students had in being approved, among others. The official program of the test was used to guide the teaching/learning of these scenarios. This study offers a theoretical contribution when it helps us understand a bit more about the washback effect; methodological contribution due to the research design which is innovative and broad and, finally, a practical contribution because it intends to offer a set of information which can give support to the teaching and evaluation of the English discipline in high schools
Doutorado
Lingua Estrangeira
Doutor em Linguística Aplicada
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Kung, Fan-Wei. "Investigating the effects of conversational shadowing for EFL learners' listening and speaking competence in a TOEFL iBT preparation course : pedagogical effectiveness and washback." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707806.
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This study investigates the effectiveness of conversational shadowing and washback in a TOEFL iBT preparation course for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. An experimental design was proposed with 52 EFL learners from a TOEFL iBT preparation course at an educational institute in Taiwan who were further divided into the control and experimental groups for 12 weeks based on the learning of conversational shadowing through the teaching-to-the-test approach. During this time, the experimental group received the intervention of conversational shadowing while the control group did not. To further assess learners’ progress, the pre- and post-tests based on the institutional TOEFL iBT listening and speaking assessments were administered and analyzed quantitatively along with the pre- and post-questionnaires before and after this study, followed by a series of semi-structured interviews along with the researcher’s field notes for more qualitative data that added more depth to this investigation pertaining to learners’ confidence, learning motivation, and attitudes based on the instruction of conversational shadowing. This study concludes with several essential pedagogical implications from the data collected and analyzed. The results indicated that conversational shadowing not merely improved EFL learners’ English listening and speaking competence, but also strengthened their confidence, learning motivation, and attitudes based on the pre- and post-tests as well as pre- and post-questionnaires. Several salient reasons were further identified by the participants that facilitated their English learning based on such a learning approach. While learners’ valued the instruction of conversational shadowing, the teaching-to-the-test approach used in this study was deemed ineffective with regard to their English learning nowadays. The existence of a negative washback effect in class was also found to undermine students’ L2 development with a few reasons identified at the same time that highlighted the needs for more communicative language learning in an EFL context.
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Tan, Hui May. "Changing the language of instruction for Mathematics and Science in Malaysia: the PPSMI policy and the washback effect of bilingual high-stakes secondary school exit exams." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86622.
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This longitudinal study examines a change in the language of instruction for Mathematics and Science (M & S) subjects from Bahasa Malaysia (BM) to English in Malaysia. This policy, known by the acronym of PPSMI, has two objectives: to promote student learning of M & S, and also to increase students' proficiency in English. The Education Ministry also chose to create a washback effect by introducing a bilingual high-stakes secondary exit exam.The study uses a framework which combines the perspectives offered by literature on educational change, content-based instruction (CBI) and washback in language testing to examine PPSMI. The research questions are interested in exploring upper secondary Math and Science teachers (MST) perceptions of the policy and the bilingual exams; in finding out what changes in MST classroom practices, how the changes occur and why; and also in determining what the washback effects of the bilingual exit exam are. It also looks at whether there are significant differences between urban and out-of-town MST in relation to all these aspects. A mixed methods approach is used for data collection and data analysis.
The results point to the complexity of educational change processes. They indicate that classroom implementation of this policy is affected by multiple factors such as MST's English proficiency, the language proficiency and academic ability of their students, MST beliefs about language in teaching content, MST perception of themselves as subject teachers and the school's linguistic environment. The study found that while the English SPM exams exerted a strong washback effect throughout the two-year cycle, the BM version created a washback effect specifically among out-of-town MST at the approach of the secondary exit exam. It also found that although PPSMI places the emphasis on both content and language, MST tended to focus on teaching content. The findings contribute to the literature on educational change, washback in language testing, and CBI and bilingual education.
Cette étude longitudinale examine un changement dans le langage de l'enseignement des matières Mathématique et Science (M & S) du Bahasa Malais (BM) à l'anglais en Malaisie. Cette politique connue sous l'acronyme PPSMI, a deux objectifs : promouvoir l'apprentissage des M & S chez les étudiants, et aussi améliorer leur compétence en anglais. Le Ministère de l'Éducation a aussi choisi de créer un effet de retour (washback) en introduisant des examens de sortie du secondaire (SPM) bilingue aux enjeux importants pour des éleves.
L'étude utilise un cadre de travail qui combine les perspectives offertes par la littérature sur le changement éducationnel, enseignement de langue basé sur le contenu (CBI) et washback en test de langage pour examiner le PPSMI. Les questions de la recherche visent à explorer les perceptions des enseignants de Mathématique et de Science (EMS) du haut secondaire quant à ladite politique et aux examens bilingues; pour trouver ce qui change dans les pratiques des (EMS), comment les changements surviennent et pourquoi; et aussi déterminer quels sont les effets washback de l'examen de sortie bilingue. L'étude regarde aussi s'il existe des différences significatives en relations avec tous ces aspects entre EMS urbains et en régions. Une approche de méthodes mixtes est utilisée pour la collecte et l'analyse de données.
Les résultats mettent en relief la complexité du processus de changement éducationnel. Ils indiquent que la mise en oeuvre en classe de la politique est affectée par de multiples facteurs tels que la compétence des EMS; la capacité langagière et l'habilité académique de leurs étudiants; les croyances des EMS regardant la langue dans l'enseignement du contenu; la perception d'eux-mêmes des EMS comme enseignants de sujets et l'environnement linguistique de l'école. L'étude démontre qu'alors que la version anglais du SPM faisaient usage d'un fort effet washback tout au long du cycle de deux ans, la version BM créa un effet washback spécifiquement parmi les EMS en régions à l'approche du examen de sortie. Elle fait aussi valoir que tandis que le PPSMI mettait l'emphase sur les deux : contenu et langue, des EMS tendaient à se concentrer sur l'enseignement du contenu. Ces trouvailles contribuent à la littérature sur le changement éducationnel, sur le washback dans les tests de langues, CBI et l'éducation bilingue.
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Hwang, Hee-Jeong 1968. "The impact of high-stakes exams on teachers and students : a washback study of the university entrance exam at the secondary school level in South Korea." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79776.
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The notion that tests have a strong influence on teaching and learning is referred to as 'washback' or 'backwash'. Questioning the assumption that washback occurs automatically, without the basis of empirical research, studies have been conducted in various contexts of English teaching and learning. No research, however, on the washback effect of tests within the Korean English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context has been carried out. The present study was designed to examine the washback effect of the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT), a university entrance exam, on EFL teaching and learning in Korean secondary schools.This study first investigates the relationships among the curriculum, the school textbooks, and the CSAT: (1) the relationship between the curriculum and the textbooks and (2) the relationship between the curriculum and the CSAT. Second, this study examines if a washback effect from the CSAT exists. This study further discerns the nature of washback and the variable(s) influenced by the washback effect. The results indicate that the curriculum corresponds to the textbooks, while the CSAT does not represent the curriculum, and that there is a negative washback effect of the CSAT on EFL teaching and learning. The variable(s) influenced by the washback effect are negative attitudes that the participants of the study have toward the test.
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Lewis, Dana. "L'effet de "washback" des tests de langue : une étude de l'influence du test de français du CXC sur des enseignants dans des écoles secondaires de Sainte-Lucie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18496.
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Goliath, Paulo Henrique. "O efeito retroativo dos exames do SIMAVE/PROEB sobre as avaliações em contexto escolar: um estudo de caso." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/294.
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Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o tipo de efeito retroativo que os exames do SIMAVE/PROEB podem exercer sobre a prática avaliativa dos professores do ensino médio de uma escola pública estadual de um município do interior de Minas Gerais, principalmente no que se refere ao ensino/aprendizagem dos gêneros textuais. A percepção de tais professores sobre o possível efeito retroativo também foi investigada. O trabalho busca aporte teórico principalmente nas ideias precursoras de BAKHTIN (1929/1995; 1979/1992) sobre os gêneros, no Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo de SCHNEUWLY & DOLZ (2004), e nas contribuições de MARCUSCHI (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008) no contexto brasileiro. Para a teoria relativa à avaliação, utilizamos, entre outros, os estudos de PERRENOUD (1999a, 1999b), LUCKESI (1995/2008) e, em especial sobre o efeito retroativo, as publicações de ALDERSON (1996, 2000, 2004), ALDERSON & WALL (1993) e SCARAMUCCI (1999a, b, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2011). A pesquisa também se fundamenta em documentos como os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs), e usa como instrumentos de pesquisa boletins pedagógicos da Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Minas Gerais, entrevistas com os professores da escola investigada e provas elaboradas por esses professores. Os itens dos testes do SIMAVE/PROEB que foram publicados nos boletins pedagógicos foram analisados, bem como as questões das provas elaboradas pelos professores, e foram depois comparados. Verificou-se que existem indícios de efeito retroativo dos testes do SIMAVE/PROEB na prática avaliativa dos professores da escola pesquisada e que, embora ainda haja diferenças expressivas no tratamento dos dois instrumentos de avaliação, sobretudo em relação à abordagem dos gêneros, parece haver um pequeno movimento em direção a uma prática mais condizente com a perspectiva de trabalho com os gêneros recomendada pelos documentos oficiais.
This research aims to investigate the nature of washback that SIMAVE/PROEB exams may have on the teachers’ assessment practice from a state school in a Minas Gerais inland town, especially as regards teaching/learning of genres. Their perception on this possible washback was also investigated. This work searches theoretical support especially in the precursor ideas of BAKHTIN (1929/1995; 1979/1992) about genres, in the Sociodiscoursive Interactionism of SCHNEUWLY & DOLZ (2004), and in the contributions of MARCUSCHI (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006 , 2008) in the Brazilian context. For the theory on assessment, we use, among others, studies by PERRENOUD (1999a, 1999b), LUCKESI (1995/2008) and, in particular about washback, the ALDERSON (1996, 2000, 2004), ALDERSON & WALL (1993) and SCARAMUCCI (1999a, b, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2011) publications. The research also relies on documents such as Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs), and uses as research instruments educational newsletters of Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Minas Gerais, interviews with the school teachers from the context investigated and tests produced by these teachers. SIMAVE/PROEB test items that were published in the educational newsletters were analyzed, as well as items prepared by the teachers, and were then compared. It was found that there are washback evidences of SIMAVE/PROEB tests on assessment practice of those secondary school teachers and that, although there are still significant differences in the treatment of the two evaluation tools, especially in relation to the approach of genres, one realizes a little movement toward a more consistent practice at the prospect of working with genres as recommended by official documents.
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Cheng, Liying, and 程李穎. "The washback effect of public examination change on classroomteaching: an impact study of the 1996 HongKong Certificate of Education in English on the classroom teaching ofEnglish in Hong Kong secondary schools." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31236674.
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Oliveira, Jussara Azevedo Silva de. "O efeito retroativo da avaliação de rendimento de alunos do ensino fundamental : um olhar sobre a motivação para aprender lingua estrangeira." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269795.
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Orientador: Matilde Virginia Ricardi ScaramucciDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A avaliação de rendimento em inglês como língua estrangeira (doravante LE) tem refletido, em sua aplicação na escola básica brasileira, os problemas inerentes ao ensino de LE ali presentes: a falta de envolvimento, o mau desempenho e a desmotivação de alunos para aprender inglês com LE. Neste trabalho é nosso objetivo aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a relação entre a avaliação e a motivação. Entre nossos objetivos específicos estão: conhecer se a avaliação formativa contribui para o desenvolvimento de orientações motivacionais que auxiliam no desenvolvimento da aprendizagem de inglês como LE, e de que forma a avaliação formativa intervém na percepção que o aluno tem da própria aprendizagem em LE. Para tanto, utilizamos métodos de pesquisa de caráter etnográfico, que tratam de descrever as percepções e orientações motivacionais dos alunos diante da avaliação, inicialmente somativa, depois formativa. Nossas análises revelaram a complexidade da relação entre avaliação e motivação, relação que é mediada pelo papel do professor controlador ou facilitador. Nessa análise retomamos conceitos relativos ao efeito retroativo (ALDERSON & WALL, 1983; CHENG, 1997, 2005; SCARAMUCCI, 2000, 2004), avaliação (BACHMAN & PALMER, 1996; GENESEE & UPSHUR; REA DICKINS, 2001, 2006; SCARAMUCCI, 1998, 2000) e motivação (BZUNECK, 2001, BORUCHOVITCH et alii, 2001, 2004; DORNYEI & OTTÓ, 1998) que permitissem descrever essa relação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que alunos de alto rendimento não sofrem grandes alterações em sua motivação, pois já são intrinsecamente motivados. Os alunos de médio rendimento mostram oscilações em suas percepções e motivações, indicando a permeabilidade que têm diante da intervenção por meio da avaliação. Finalmente, os alunos de baixo rendimento manifestaram pequenas mudanças em suas percepções da avaliação e orientações motivacionais, mas que consideramos significativas diante da desmotivação no início do ano letivo. Concluímos com as implicações teóricas e práticas deste estudo tanto para os estudos em avaliação e em motivação, assim como para o cenário de ensino/aprendizagem de inglês como LE na escola brasileira
Abstract: Achievement testing in English as a foreign language has reflected educational problems in Brazil , such as the lack of students' involvement, low achievement and demotivation. Our aim in this research is to approach the interrelation between assessment and motivation to learn EFL. Our specific aims are to know: what is the effect of formative assessment on the students' motivational orientation to learn EFL, and how formative assessment affects the students' awareness of learning and competence. In order to achieve these aims, ethnographic research methods were employed to describe students' perceptions and motivational orientations facing assessment, which was essentially summative at first, then combined with formative assessment, introduced in the second quarter. Our analysis revealed the complex relation between assessment and motivation, which is mediated by the teacher. To describe such relation, we discussed concepts such as washback effect (ALDERSON & WALL, 1983; CHENG, 1997 E 2005; SCARAMUCCI, 2000, 2004), assessment (BACHMAN & PALMER, 1996; GENESEE & UPSHUR; REA DICKINS, 2001, 2006; SCARAMUCCI, 1998, 2000) and motivation (BZUNECK, 2001; BORUCHOVITCH et alii, 2001, 2004; DORNYEI & OTTÓ, 1998). Results show that high achievers changed little in their perceptions and motivation to learn EFL, being intrinsically motivated throughout the school year. Medium achievement students showed changes in their perceptions and motivation, revealing flexible motivational orientations. Finally, low achievers showed small changes in their perception and motivational orientations, which are certainly meaningful considering their low levels of motivation at the beginning of this research. We conclude with some theoretical and practical implications for the studies in assessment and in motivation and for the teaching and learning scenario of English as a foreign language in Brazilian regular schools
Mestrado
Lingua Estrangeira
Mestre em Linguística Aplicada
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Kushlaf, Najah. "Aide à la décision pour l'apprentissage." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VALE0010/document.
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Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse proposent une aide à la décision pour améliorer la qualité de l’apprentissage. L’apprentissage scolaire englobe deux dimension; une dimension humaine et une dimension pédagogique. La dimension humaine inclut l’apprenant et l’enseignant. La dimension pédagogique, représentée par le programme fixé par l’établissement éducatif, correspond au savoir. Ce dernier va se transformer en connaissance chez l’apprenant. Les deux notions de connaissance et savoir sont donc tout à fait différentes. La distance entre les deux représente la distance entre ce que l’enseignant présente (le savoir) et ce que l’apprenant acquière (la connaissance). La qualité de l’apprentissage concerne les apprenants qui vont à l’école pour acquérir le savoir. En fait, apprendre consiste à intérioriser le savoir. Cette intériorisation demande des efforts pour un changement intellectuel persévérant et exige une continuité basée sur les expériences antérieures. L’acquisition du savoir et sa transformation en connaissance par l’apprenant sont influencées par plusieurs facteurs qui interviennent positivement ou négativement sur la quantité et la qualité de cette connaissance. Il peut résider chez l’apprenant une confusion entre les deux notions qui peut l’amener à valoriser ou ignorer sa connaissance. Le processus de construction des connaissances par le savoir diffusé exige une constante mise en œuvre de procédures d’évaluation. Le processus d’évaluation apprécie alors la structure de la connaissance pour prendre des décisions destinées à la faire évoluer. Cependant, lors d’une évaluation, la confusion entre connaissance et savoir peut amener l’apprenant à valoriser le score, négligeant ainsi le regard qu’il pourrait porter sur les processus de transformation des connaissances au profit d’une restitution la plus fidèle possible du savoir. Cette confusion peut être mise en évidence pourvu que l’évaluation intègre une dimension processuelle. Dès lors, l’évaluation peut être mieux associée à des actions d’amélioration et de transformation des connaissances. L’évaluation peut alors être abordée dans une logique d’aide à la décision. Dans ce travail nous montrerons donc qu’une situation d’apprentissage s’apparente à une situation d’aide à la décisionThe research realized in this thesis proposes a decision support to improve the quality of learning. The learning includes two dimensions; human dimension and pedagogic one. The human dimension includes the learner and the teacher. The pedagogic dimension represented in curriculum set by the educational establishment; it is the know. The learner is going to transform the know into knowledge. Thus the know and the knowledge are two notions completely different. The distance between both is the distance between what the teacher presents (the know) and what the learner acquires (the knowledge). The quality of the learning concerns the learners who go to the school to acquire the know. In fact, learning consists in interiorizing the know. This internalization requires the efforts for persistent intellectual change and demands continuity based on past experiences. The acquisition of knowledge and its transformation into knowledge by the learner is influenced by several factors that affect positively or negatively on the quantity and quality of this knowledge. The confusion between the know and the knowledge guide the learner to value or to ignore his knowledge. The knowledge construction process by the diffused know requires an constant evaluation process. The process of evaluation then appreciates the structure of knowledge to make decisions intended to make it evolve. However, during an evaluation, the confusion between knowledge and knowledge can bring learner to value the score so neglecting the importance which he must give for the transformation knowledge process in favor of the highest possible fidelity of knowledge. This confusion can be detected provided that the evaluation includes a processual dimension. Therefore, the evaluation may be better associated with improvement actions and transformation of knowledge. Then the evaluation can be addressed in a logical decision support. Therefore In this research we demonstrate that the learning situation is a decision aiding situation
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Cheng, Liying. "The washback effect of public examination change on classroom teaching : an impact study of the 1996 Hong Kong Certificate of Education in English on the classroom teaching of English in Hong Kong secondary schools /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19613477.
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McSweeney, Kathryn. "Assessment practices and their impact on home economics education in Ireland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21804.
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This study was prompted by an interest in the extent to which the aims of home economics education in Ireland are being served by the assessment carried out at a national level. This interest led to an empirical investigation of key stakeholders’ perceptions of the validity of home economics assessment and a critical evaluation of its impact on teaching and learning. The data collection primarily comprised interviews with a selection of teachers and other key people such as students, teacher educators and professional home economists; and a complementary analysis of curriculum and design of Junior and Leaving Certificate home economics assessments during the period 2005-2014. The analysis of interview data combined with the curriculum and assessment analyses revealed the compounding impact and washback effect of home economics assessments on student learning experience and outcomes. This impact was reflected in several areas of the findings including an evident satisfaction among the respondents with junior cycle assessment, due to the perceived appropriateness of the assessment design and operational arrangements, and dissatisfaction with curriculum and assessment arrangements at senior cycle as they were considered to be inappropriate and negatively impacting on the quality of learning achieved. The respondents candidly pointed to what they considered to be an acceptance by some teachers of unethical behaviour around the completion of journal tasks. The respondents indicated that summative assessment practices are commonly used in home economics classrooms and the findings strongly suggest that external examinations are influencing teaching methods by demanding a test-oriented pedagogy to enable students to achieve certificate points. The technical analysis of the Junior and Leaving Certificate examination questions confirmed that these external assessments predominantly promote lower-order learning and there are clear indications of a washback effect on the quality of learning achieved. There is a view that the subject's position in the curriculum is weakened due to a lack of coherence around practice, as well as a lack of advocacy and leadership in the field. There was little evidence of the impact of home economics education and many of the interviewees merely 'hoped' that home economics made a difference in the lives of students. The study also showed that there are profiling, identity and teacher agency issues impacting upon the home economics profession. While not immediately generalisable to all home economics teachers or settings in schools, this study nonetheless implies that if the views and practices of the respondents were to be replicated across the whole of the home economics education community, it would not be safe to view national assessment results as a valid indicator of learning and achievement standards in the subject. There are grounds in this work to argue that the subject's values and purposes are not supported by existing curriculum, pedagogy and assessment arrangements.
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Larsson, Maria. "Resultatet av ett prov : Svensklärare om washbackeffekter av nationellt läsförståelseprov på gymnasiet." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67131.
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När lärares undervisning blir påverkad av ett nationellt prov talar man om washbackeffekter av provet. Det är vad den här licentiatuppsatsen handlar om. Genom att studera svensklärares uppfattningar om det nationella läsförståelseprovet i kursen Svenska 1 på gymnasiet belyser studien vad som kan hända när nationell policy bestående av ett nationellt prov möter den lokala kontexten i form av enskilda lärares undervisning. I studien har arton gymnasielärare i svenska fått komma till tals genom intervjuer. Resultaten visar att det nationella läsförståelseprovet i Svenska 1 inte i någon nämnvärd utsträckning påverkar lärarnas undervisning. Detta beror dels på att lärarna uppfattar att undervisningen redan behandlar det som provet testar, dels på att lärarna inte anser att resultatet på provet är användbart vid betygsättningen. Lärarna uppfattar också att deras tolkningar av vad läsförståelse är skiljer sig från provkonstruktörens. Delvis kan detta bero på att lärarna saknar ett metaspråk för att tala om läsförståelse och bedömning av elevers läskompetens. Maria Larsson är verksam gymnasielärare i svenska och engelska vid Lugnetgymnasiet i Falun och har bedrivit forskarstudier på halvtid med start höstterminen 2013. Hon har ingått i forskarskolan Skolnära som är ett samarbete mellan Högskolan Dalarna och Karlstads universitet.This study investigates the washback effects on teaching practices caused by the national test in the course Swedish 1 which was introduced in upper secondary school in 2011. The test consists of three parts; oral presentation, writing proficiency and reading comprehension. The focus of the study is on the washback effects of the reading comprehension test which is an entirely new type of test for upper secondary school in Sweden. The study draws on qualitative data from interviews with 18 teachers of Swedish in upper secondary school. The interviews were carried out in four focus groups and also in a series of four interviews with five individual teachers. The theoretical framework consists of Stephen Ball’s theory of policy enactment. In addition, theory about reading comprehension and an adaptation of Ivanič’s concept discourses of writing transferred into the context of reading are used in order to analyse data. The findings indicate that even though there seems to be substantial washback from the oral and the writing tests, the reading comprehension test does not seem to have affected reading instruction to any large extent. One reason seems to be that reading instruction already covers the contents of the test to a great extent. The teachers in the study also perceive that there is a discrepancy in the alignment between the results of the test and the assessment critera of the course, making it problematic to communicate the results to pupils and to relate them to the final grade. As the result of the test is not interpreted as being useful to the teachers they admit to paying little attention to the reading comprehension test. Furthermore, the teachers tend not to consider the test as an important indicator of pupils’ reading competence as they seem to oppose the notion that interpreting fiction is something that can be measured and objectively assessed according to preset standards. When talking about reading instruction the teachers seem to value most the type of reading which deals with basic values, gives new perspectives on what it means to be human and which encourages pupils to want to read more literature, a type of reading the test cannot offer. Findings also indicate that even though the teachers have adequate knowledge about the teaching of reading comprehension they seem to lack a metalanguage to talk about the different components it is made up of which affects how they perceive the national reading comprehension test.
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Issa, Najah. "Aide à la décision pour l'apprentissage." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999259.
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Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse proposent une aide à la décision pour améliorer la qualité de l'apprentissage. L'apprentissage scolaire englobe deux dimension; une dimension humaine et une dimension pédagogique. La dimension humaine inclut l'apprenant et l'enseignant. La dimension pédagogique, représentée par le programme fixé par l'établissement éducatif, correspond au savoir. Ce dernier va se transformer en connaissance chez l'apprenant. Les deux notions de connaissance et savoir sont donc tout à fait différentes. La distance entre les deux représente la distance entre ce que l'enseignant présente (le savoir) et ce que l'apprenant acquière (la connaissance). La qualité de l'apprentissage concerne les apprenants qui vont à l'école pour acquérir le savoir. En fait, apprendre consiste à intérioriser le savoir. Cette intériorisation demande des efforts pour un changement intellectuel persévérant et exige une continuité basée sur les expériences antérieures. L'acquisition du savoir et sa transformation en connaissance par l'apprenant sont influencées par plusieurs facteurs qui interviennent positivement ou négativement sur la quantité et la qualité de cette connaissance. Il peut résider chez l'apprenant une confusion entre les deux notions qui peut l'amener à valoriser ou ignorer sa connaissance. Le processus de construction des connaissances par le savoir diffusé exige une constante mise en œuvre de procédures d'évaluation. Le processus d'évaluation apprécie alors la structure de la connaissance pour prendre des décisions destinées à la faire évoluer. Cependant, lors d'une évaluation, la confusion entre connaissance et savoir peut amener l'apprenant à valoriser le score, négligeant ainsi le regard qu'il pourrait porter sur les processus de transformation des connaissances au profit d'une restitution la plus fidèle possible du savoir. Cette confusion peut être mise en évidence pourvu que l'évaluation intègre une dimension processuelle. Dès lors, l'évaluation peut être mieux associée à des actions d'amélioration et de transformation des connaissances. L'évaluation peut alors être abordée dans une logique d'aide à la décision. Dans ce travail nous montrerons donc qu'une situation d'apprentissage s'apparente à une situation d'aide à la décision.
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Brazzale, Rebecca Leigh. "Student Perceptions of Strategies Used for Reading Hispanic Literature: A Case Study." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4089.
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This qualitative study investigated the experiences of students during their reading tasks for their university Spanish courses during the Fall 2013 semester at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. The purpose of this research was to explore what types of reading strategies university Spanish students use during literary readings tasks and their perceptions of the reading strategies they use. This case study employed stimulated recall protocol interviews, student reading logs and student notes in texts. Interviews were conducted within 24 hours of the reading, while reading logs and notes were completed during the reading. The data collected were analyzed for recurring patterns. Results suggested that students employ a variety of reading strategies but are less aware of metacognitive and affective strategies. Furthermore, it was found that individual affective factors such as stress, fatigue, frustration, confidence level and motivation might have a greater impact on strategy use than proficiency in the second language. Assessment and time constraints were also found to affect strategy implementation suggesting a strong washback in the foreign language classroom. Finally, participant comments demonstrated that students perceive reading in the foreign language class to be a pragmatic stepping-stone towards individual learning goals that may differ from the learning outcomes of a literature course.
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Ye, Li. "A preparação de candidatos chineses para o Exame Celpe-Bras : aprendendo o que significa "uso da linguagem"." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21565.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho visa a analisar a preparação de alunos chineses para o exame Celpe-Bras, com o intuito de investigar se há efeito retroativo do exame nesse processo. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa da qual participaram três alunas chinesas e dois professores de um curso preparatório para o Celpe-Bras, no qual elas participaram. O estudo focaliza as atividades desenvolvidas no curso e as atividades extraclasse realizadas pelas alunas para preparar-se para o exame. Os dados para a pesquisa foram gerados pela observação de oito aulas do curso preparatório e pelo acompanhamento das alunas em atividades extraclasse. Além disso, foram feitas oito entrevistas com as alunas e duas com os professores, e os textos produzidos nas aulas foram analisados em relação ao feedback dos professores e à compreensão das alunas quanto às orientação recebidas. A análise dos resultados permite afirmar que as orientações do curso preparatório são coerentes com os pressupostos teóricos que subjazem ao exame e que focalizam principalmente o critério de correção adequação contextual, que operacionaliza a noção de proficiência do exame: uso da linguagem para agir no mundo. Essa orientação contribuiu especialmente para aprimorar a compreensão oral e a organização das produções escritas das alunas. A pesquisa também sugere que a percepção das alunas sobre a maneira de aprender uma língua modificou-se durante a preparação para o exame: sua compreensão da perspectiva de proficiência como uso da linguagem e sua busca por lidar com textos autênticos também na vida cotidiana, como preparação para o exame, sugerem um efeito retroativo positivo do Celpe-Bras na trajetória de aprendizagem de língua portuguesa dessas alunas. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para o debate sobre o efeito retroativo de exames de desempenho, para a elaboração de cursos preparatórios para o exame Celpe-Bras e para a organização de currículos de ensino que tenham como objetivo o uso da linguagem.The aim of this study is to analyze the preparation of Chinese students for the Celpe-Bras proficiency exam and discuss the washback effects of the exam on this process. A qualitative research was carried out with three Chinese students and two teachers of a cram course taken by these students. The study focuses on the activities developed by the prep course and the extra class activities carried out by the students to prepare for the exam. The data include the observation of eight classes of the cram course and of the students’ extra class activities, eight interviews with the students and two with the teachers, and the texts produced by the students, which were analyzed with respect to the teachers’ feedback and to the students’ understanding of the guidance they received during the prep course. The results suggest that the guidelines of the prep course are consistent with the construct of the exam and focus mainly on the correction criterion ‘adequacy to context’, which operationalizes the underlying concept of language proficiency of the exam: the adequate use of the language to perform actions in the world. The course guidelines contributed especially to improve the students’ listening and writing skills. In addition, the students’ perceptions of their language learning process changed during the preparation for the exam: their understanding of the language proficiency concept ‘use of language’ and their search for reading and listening to authentic texts, also in their daily lives, to prepare for the exam suggest a positive washback effect of the Celpe-Bras on these students’ Portuguese learning process. The results of this research contribute to the debate on the washback effects of performance tests, to the elaboration of cram courses for the Celpe-Bras exam, and to the organization of educational curricula that aim at developing the use of language.