Academic literature on the topic 'Washing detergents'
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Journal articles on the topic "Washing detergents"
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Kalak, Tomasz, Krzysztof Gąsior, Daria Wieczorek, and Ryszard Cierpiszewski. "Improvement of washing properties of liquid laundry detergents by modification with N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate sulfobetaine." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2020): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520934161.
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Detergency of commercial liquid detergents before and after modification with SB3C16 (5%, m/m) sulfobetaine (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) was examined using colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was used in washing tests under the following experimental conditions: the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/L, 30 min washing cycle, water hardness 5.35 mval/L, 40℃, 200 rpm. Results of physicochemical analysis of color, form, odor, pH, viscosity, density and content of anionic surfactants in detergents, as well as construction parameters of tested cotton fabrics, showed compliance with the requirements of standards and manufacturers’ declarations. The studies revealed that increasing the concentration of laundry detergent solutions caused a gradual increase in foaming power and detergency. Modification with SB3C16 positively improved washing ability and the maximum values were achieved at 23.7% (m-L1, 50 g/L) and 37% (m-L2, 40–45 g/L), respectively. Detergency efficiency was improved by 6.86% (m-L1) and 10.72% (m-L2) on average. EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing were subjected to microscopic observations, which showed no serious damage to the fibers, but only slight loosening of individual fibers. In summary, the results clearly indicate that SB3C16 sulfobetaine favorably improves washing performance and can be successfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its good surface properties.
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Chin, G. J. "BIOTECHNOLOGY: Washing with Detergents." Science 302, no. 5645 (October 24, 2003): 537a—537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.302.5645.537a.
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Li, Chen, Lijie Wang, Hong Xu, and Jinxiang Dong. "Evaluation of calcium oxalate deposition on different fabrics under different sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 23-24 (June 19, 2020): 2613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520933699.
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The builder is an important ingredient in detergents. Sodium oxalate is a good non-phosphate detergent builder, which has good calcium-removing properties and good wash performance in detergents. However, sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations face a tricky problem of “incrustation” on fabrics due to calcium oxalate deposition. If sodium oxalate is used in commercial detergents, then “incrustation” must be solved. In this study, we examined the effect of fabric type, anionic surfactant, polymer, and temperature on incrustation and soil redeposition (“secondary” washing effect) of a sodium oxalate-based detergent. The results showed that both the anionic surfactant and polymer influenced the deposition of calcium oxalate on fabrics. Overall, the amount of calcium oxalate deposition followed the order polyamide < polyester < cotton with the same formulation. Finally, good secondary washing effects (low ash deposition and high whiteness retention) formulations were selected by cumulative washing. The formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES)-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), MES-polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and alcohol ether sulfate (AES)-CMC had better secondary effects, and the optimal combination of the 12 formulations was AES-CMC.
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Karmanova, Svetlana, Sergey Melnikov, Alexey Shiryaev, and Anton Nurtdinov. "DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT WASHING TECHNOLOGY OF PARTS, MEETING SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DUE TO THE APPLICATION OF WATER-BASED WASHING SOLUTIONS." Perm National Research Polytechnic University Aerospace Engineering Bulletin, no. 64 (2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9982/2021.64.01.
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In the manufacture of parts, surfaces are contaminated due to the peculiarities of the technology. Safe cleaning of these surfaces is an urgent problem. The article discusses non-refractory solutions for cleaning parts. The methodology for carrying out research on cleaning pollution is presented. The following contaminants were chosen: preservation oil K-17, Mobil 423 oil, SOZh-073, Vacuquench B244 quenching oil, Polishing paste, MPK emulsion. The quality of cleaning the contaminants was tested for the following detergents: Ardrox 6378 A, Ardrox 6333, Ardrox 6486. Detergent Ardrox 6378A washes away all investigated contaminants from the surface of the samples, except for conservation oil. Ardrox 6333 B detergent does not wash stubborn contaminants – K-17 conservation oil and polishing paste. The Ardrox 6486 detergent composition does not wash all investigated contaminants except the IPC emulsion. Of the Ardrox brand detergents, Ardrox 6378A is the most effective. Studies have been conducted to determine the optimal contaminant cleaning regime for the most effective detergent composition – Ardrox 6378A. The study showed that at a concentration of this composition of 15 % and a temperature of 65 °C, the surface is washed from all contaminants.
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KALAK, TOMASZ, ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA, DARIA WIECZOREK, RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI, and JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK. "The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents." Industria Textila 72, no. 03 (June 30, 2021): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.03.1742.
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The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties
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KALAK, TOMASZ, ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA, DARIA WIECZOREK, RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI, and JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK. "The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents." Industria Textila 72, no. 03 (June 30, 2021): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/t.072.03.1742.
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The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties
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Sergeevichev, D. S., V. V. Sergeevicheva, A. I. Subbotovskaya, Ya L. Rusakova, N. A. Podkhvatilina, and V. Yu Vasilev. "Toxic influence of detergents on human mesenchimal stromal cells during graft repopulation." Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiokhirurgiya 17, no. 2 (October 10, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21688/1681-3472-2013-2-67-71.
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Detergents are effective decellularization agents in order to obtain cell-free matrixes. However, the toxicity of residual detergent prevents the adhesion of cells to the matrix and the realization of their functions. In this study, the degree of influence of residual detergents on mesenchymal stromal cells after a series of washes was investigated. The human pulmonary valve were treated in three ways: 1% solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1% solution of sodium deoxycholate and a combination of these solutions with the reduction of the concentration to 0.5%. After each of 8 steps washing buffer were collected. We investigated influence of residual detergents on cytotoxicity and effect on the metabolic activity of MSCs. Histologic analysis showed sufficient tissue decellularization in all groups. Matrixes were washed by successive incubations with 200 ml of phosphate buffer. Detergent concentrations in all samples ceased to be toxic only to the 4-cycle wash, and had no effect on the metabolism and viability of human MSCs. After 4-8 washing cycles decellularized pulmonary trunk fragments were successfully settled by mesenchymal stromal cells. Thus, a few successive washing fabrics pulmonary valve after decellularization reduce residual detergent to a safe level and lead to successful repopulation of acellular scaffolds with MSCs.
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Him, Nik Raikhan Nik, and Nurul Shafika Azmi. "Potential of a Novel Thermotolerant Lipase Bacillus stearothermophilus nr22 (Lip.nr-22) as Additive in High Temperature Operated-Neutral pH Liquid Detergent." Key Engineering Materials 735 (May 2017): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.735.136.
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Enzyme-added detergent must have the capability to operate at high temperature to support the enzyme proteins to clean soiled-fabrics at optimum conditions. Lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus nr22 (Lip.nr-22) has improved the oil removal from soiled-cotton fabric by 38.8-51.4% in 4 types of local commercial detergents. The later was the oil removal from an unrevealed detergent. The optimum conditions were 108U/ml Lip.nr-22 in 0.1M, pH 7.0, washing temperature and washing time interval as 80°C and 40 min, respectively; shaking wash at 300 rpm and percentage of detergent concentration as 0.5. Lip.nr-22 is a very potential enzyme in high temperature-neutral pH operated laundry detergent formulations. It has exhibited a very excellent thermostability at 80°C, was very stable with surfactants, commercial detergents as well as with oxidizing agents (H2O2, NaBO3H2O and NaClO). Lip.nr-22 as additive in detergent formulation is a promise for better detergent formulation.
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Vescan, Amelia Tero, Bianca Eugenia Osz, Madalina Batranu, Amalia Miklos, Cristina Filip, Silvia Imre, and Camil Eugen Vari. "Water Hardness Key Element in Choosing Between Washing Efficiency with Enzyme Detergent and the Lifespan of the Washing Machine." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6757.
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The use of detergents with enzymatic activity is very popular if we consider their real economic advantages - reducing energy and water consumption but also reducing the environmental impact by using more biodegradable components related to organic and inorganic components. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of environmental factors such as the variability of water hardness in the public water supply network and the temperature applied to the amylolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzyme activity of 6 detergents available on the market. The determinations were performed by modified methods from the European Pharmacopoeia 8th Edition in determination the enzymatic activity of the pancreas powder. The determinations show a significant influence of increased water hardness on lipase and protease activity in detergent (p [0.01 *) between extreme hardness values, while amylolytic activity does not vary significantly with increasing water hardness.
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Layly, Ika Rahmatul, and Nita Oktavia Wiguna. "STUDI POTENSI LIPASE Alcaligenes faecalis UNTUK APLIKASI BIODETERJEN." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 3, no. 2 (December 6, 2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v3i2.40.
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In detergent industry, enzymes are used enormously in terms of quantity and economic value. Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into diglycerides and monoglycerides by releasing fatty acids. Lipase is produced by bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. This study aims to determine the potential of Alcaligenes faecalis lipase for its application as biodetergen, through stability testing of its lipase activity against detergent components by exposing the enzyme to the commercial detergents, as well as performance testing through washing. Alcaligenes faecalis lipase was produced using Luria Bertani (LB) culture medium supplemented with 1% olive oil inducer. Production is carried out for 24 hours, and the enzyme was harvested at the 18th hour. The harvested enzyme was tested for their stability after being exposed to commercial detergents at a concentration of 1-5%. Results showed that the exposure to the detergents decreased the enzyme activity to 22, 38, 48, 68 and 90%. Performance test showed that the olive oil impurity removal from the fabric was 29%.Keywords: Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase, biodetergent, lipase activities, washing test AbstrakPada industri detergen penggunaan enzim sangatlah besar baik secara jumlah maupun nilai ekonomi. Lipase mengkatalis hidrolisis trigliserida menjadi digliserida dan monogliserida dengan membebaskan asam lemak. Lipase dihasilkan oleh bakteri, jamur, dan yeast. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi lipase Alcaligenes faecalis untuk aplikasi biodeterjen, melalui uji stabilitas aktivitas lipase terhadap komponen deterjen dengan memaparkan terhadap deterjen komersial serta uji kinerja melalui washing test. Lipase Alcaligenes faecalis diproduksi menggunakan media Luria Bertani (LB) dengan penambahan induser minyak zaitun 1%. Produksi dilakukan selama 24 jam dengan waktu pemanenan enzim pada jam ke-18. Enzim yang sudah dipanen diuji stabilitasnya setelah dipapar dengan deterjen komersial pada konsentrasi 1-5%. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian aktivitas setelah dipapar terlihat penurunan aktivitas berturut-turut sebesar 22, 38, 48, 68 dan 90%. Hasil uji kinerja menunjukkan bahwa noda minyak zaitun yang hilang dari kain sebesar 29%.Kata kunci: Lipase Alcaligenes faecalis, biodeterjen, aktivitas lipase, washing test
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Washing detergents"
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Pejlová, Gabriela. "Segmentation of washing detergents in the Czech Republic." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124663.
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The master thesis is devoted to the explanation of the theory of market segmentation and then its application on the washing detergents market in the Czech Republic. The goal is to describe trends in segmentation of washing detergents and suggest possible reasons for them. Thus, the thesis is a combination of three parts -- the first depicts the theory in question, the second part captures empirical data of the washing detergents market describing the aggregate market and its individual segments in detail, and the third and final part is devoted to an attitude of customers to washing detergents in the Czech Republic.
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Castro, Jordana Rodrigues de. "Reprodução e caracterização de manchamentos causados por desodorante antitranspirante em malha de algodão buscando melhorar o desempenho de remoção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-23072015-140834/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo a reprodução, avaliação e caracterização de manchamentos provocados por desodorante antitranspirante, suor, produtos do processo de lavagem como detergente em pó, amaciante, temperatura de passadoria em camisetas de malhas de algodão. Buscando uma melhor caracterização destes manchamentos, foram realizados três grupos de estudo com indivíduos selecionados, propensos à obtenção de manchas na região das axilas. Os indivíduos fizeram uso de desodorante com e sem perfume e utilizaram camisetas por um período de onze dias, sendo que um dos indivíduos fez uso apenas da camiseta sem desodorante e, uma das camisetas foi submetida ao desodorante sem uso por indivíduos. Ao final de cada dia, as camisetas foram lavadas com detergente em pó, amaciante, secas em secadora e passadas, simulando uma condição de uso doméstico. As camisetas manchadas foram submetidas às avaliações instrumentais de espectrofotometria (colorímetro), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), análise por Dispersão de Energia (EDS) e medição da efusividade e condutividade térmica e Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica por Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP-OES). Essas camisetas também foram submetidas a dois processos de remoção: por lavagem a seco (LS) e por agentes químicos (RAQ). Após o processo de remoção, as camisetas foram submetidas à avaliação colorimétrica instrumental, condutividade e efusividade térmica, MEV, resistência à ruptura. As análises colorimétricas para todas as camisetas utilizadas pelos participantes dos grupos de estudo mostraram valores de E* de (0,87 a 32,43), indicando uma alteração de cor perceptível visualmente na região das axilas. As microscopias das amostras também mostram um acúmulo de alguns materiais nessa região que pode ter influenciado a troca de calor do material com o ambiente, como mostraram os resultados de efusividade e condutividade. Este material acumulado, analisado pela técnica de ICP-OES, mostrou que a camiseta manchada apresentou 99,7% de alumínio a mais do que na camiseta original na região da axila, o que pode ser oriundo do contato com o desodorante que também apresenta elevados teores de alumínio em sua formulação. Os métodos utilizados para remoção apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, promovendo a remoção dos manchamentos nas camisetas, observado através da diminuição dos valores de E* e nos índices da Escala Cinza de Alteração da Cor, na avaliação colorimétrica instrumental. Entretanto, o processo de remoção por agentes químicos apresentou melhores resultados, tendo cerca de 70% de eficácia quando comparados ao método de lavagem a seco, podendo ser um método mais efetivo na remoção deste tipo de manchamento.This work was carried out to reproduction, evaluation and characterization of staining caused by antiperspirant deodorant, sweat, products of the washing process and detergent powder, fabric softener, temperature ironing shirts in cotton knits. Searching for a better characterization of these staining, three groups of studies selected, prone to getting stains on the underarm area individuals, were performed. Individuals made use deodorant and fragrance with shirts and used for a period of eleven days, and one of the subjects only used the shirt without deodorant and one of the shirts was submitted to without deodorant use by individuals. At the end of each day the shirts were washed with detergent powder, fabric softener, dryer dried and pressed, simulating a condition of household. The stained shirts were subjected to instrumental evaluations spectrophotometry (colorimeter), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive analysis (EDS) and measuring the effusivity and thermal conductivity and Atomic Emission Spectrometry by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). These shirts were also subjected to two processes: removal by cleaning (LS) and chemicals (RAQ). After the removal process tees instrumental colorimetric evaluation, conductivity and thermal effusivity, SEM, tensile strength were submitted. colorimetric analyzes for all t used by the participants of the study groups showed values of E * (0.87 to 32.43), indicating a change of color visually noticeable in the underarm area. The microscopy of the samples also showed an accumulation of some materials in this region that may have influenced the heat exchange material with the environment as showed the results of effusivity and conductivity. This accumulated material, analyzed by ICP-OES technique, showed that the stained shirt showed 99.7% more aluminum than the original shirt, which can be derived from contact with the deodorant that also has a high concentration of aluminum in its formulation. The methods used for removal showed satisfactory results, promoting the removal of staining tees, observed by decreasing the values of E * and indexes of Gray Scale Change Colors, instrumental colorimetric evaluation. However, the process of removal by chemical agents showed better results, about 70% efficiency when compared to the method of cleaning, may be a more effective method in removing this type of stain.
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Koran, Karen M. "Surface interactions of surface washing agents an examination of detergency, interfacial tension and contact angle /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1186105489.
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KORAN, KAREN M. "SURFACE INTERACTIONS OF SURFACE WASHING AGENTS: AN EXAMINATION OF DETERGENCY, INTERFACIAL TENSION AND CONTACT ANGLE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1186105489.
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Salvi, Paulo Sergio. "A influência dos detergentes em pó comercial na solidez da cor à lavagem doméstica dos substratos têxteis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-19012018-165818/.
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A presente pesquisa consiste em analisar a solidez da cor dos substratos têxteis à lavagem, perante a utilização de detergentes em pó comerciais, e comparar com a utilização do detergente pó padrão previsto na norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte C06: Solidez da cor à lavagem doméstica e comercial. Para que as variáveis do substrato têxtil: a) composição; b) preparação para o tingimento; c) processo de tingimento; d) intensidade da cor; e) classe de corante. E as do processo de lavagem: temperaturas não comprometessem a conclusão da pesquisa, contemplou-se o controle de todas elas, de forma que, a única variável foi o tipo de detergente em pó utilizado, para tanto, levou-se em consideração: a) utilizado substratos 100% algodão, 100% poliéster, 100% poliamida e 100% acrílico; b) preparação para garantir a homogeneidade das amostras; c) substratos tintos em cores claras, médias e escuras; d) utilizadas classes de corantes que possuem boa solidez à lavagem; e) lavagem a 40ºC e a 60ºC. Foi utilizado um ambiente integrado contemplando equipamentos de laboratório para preparação, tingimento das amostras e para os ensaios de solidez da cor à lavagem, segundo a norma técnica específica. Os corpos de prova, após o processo de lavagem, foram submetidos à avaliação da alteração da cor, de acordo com a norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte A05: Avaliação instrumental da alteração da cor para classificação na escala cinza. Os resultados dos ensaios apontaram que somente os substratos 100% algodão e 100% poliamida, cor clara, lavados com detergentes comerciais apresentam resultados divergentes dos lavados com detergente padrão. Já os demais substratos não apresentaram alterações significativas quando comparados aos resultados obtidos na lavagem com o detergente padrão, o que aponta que o tipo de detergente utilizado no ensaio não influencia no resultadoThe present research consists in analyzing the fastness of colors in textile substrates to washing, in relation to the use of commercial powder detergents, and compare it with the use of the standard detergent powder according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Textiles - color fastness of C06: Color fastness to domestic and commercial washing. So that the variables of the textile substrate: a) composition; b) preparation for dyeing; c) dyeing process; d) color intensity; e) dye class. And the of washing process: temperature, did not compromise the conclusion of the research, it was contemplated the control of them all, so that the only variable was the type of detergent powder used, for that, it was taken into consideration: a) used 100% cotton, 100% polyester, 100% polyamide and 100% acrylic substrates, because they are the most consumed fibers in Brazil; b) preparation to guarantee the homogeneity of the samples; c) red substrates in light, medium and dark colors; d) classes of dyes, which have good wash fastness, were used; e) washing at 40 ° C and at 60 ° C. An integrated environment was used, contemplating laboratory equipment for preparation, dyeing of the samples and the tests of color fastness to the wash, according to the specific technical standard. After the washing process, the specimens were submitted to the color change evaluation according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Textiles - Color fastness tests part A05: Instrumental evaluation of the color changing for Classification on the gray scale. The results of the tests indicated that only the 100% cotton and 100% polyamide substrates light colored washed with commercial detergents showed divergent results from the standard detergent washings. However, on the other substrates, did not present significant alterations when compared to the substrates obtained in washing with standard detergent, which indicates that the type of Detergent used in the test does not influence the result
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Tsompou, Andriani. "THE ROLE OF WATER PURITY IN EMULSIFICATION AND REMOVAL OF OIL FROM SOLID SURFACES." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för biomedicinsk vetenskap (BMV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43851.
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Detergents are broadly used in our everyday life for cleaning and washing procedures. They are however, a source of water pollution and can have a negative effect on human health and the environment. To reduce their negative impact, a new trend of using only pure water for washing and cleaning applications is being implemented. However, a scientific basis needs to be established first, as the mechanisms and the effectiveness of this method are not fully understood. In this work, we aim to investigate the effect of water purity on the removal of oil from surfaces and the stability of colloidal systems. To do that, two purified water grades are compared with non-purified tap water and 10 mM NaCl solution. Results from measurement of oil film mass before and after water contact and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) indicate that purified water grades can wash a surface more efficiently than non-purified water grades. Contact angle measurements show that pure water facilitates the cleaning process while spreading of oil on plastic surfaces indicates that electrostatic interactions have an important role in the system. Visual observations of o/w emulsions, show that purified water grades redisperse the oil better. We hypothesize that the mechanism behind the cleaning and washing without detergents relies on the electrostatic interactions. To further investigate the effect of salt on cleaning mechanisms, we performed zeta potential measurements. Results indicate that salt has a negative effect on the stability of the particles.
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Coelho, Gustavo Gonçalves. "Development of an IoT solution for detergent supervision in industrial washing machines." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/19868.
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Dupla diplomação dom a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáAutomation of industrial activities aim to improve the efficiency of the productive processes while reducing costs and increasing safety. In industrial laundries, the detergent level measurement is a key element for asset management, mainly due to the necessity of maintaining a continuous flow of washing processes. Therefore, this work presents a solution implemented in the industrial laundry reservoirs of Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Bragança, in Portugal, using an Internet of Things (IoT) approach, which integrates a Wi-Fi based measurement system, capable of monitoring and recording the detergent liquid level from reservoirs in real-time. Thereby, a microcontrolled system was developed to perform level measurements using an ultrasonic sensor, in which data is sent to a database and, through a web based platform, the client can remotely access the measurement results. In order to facilitate the physical installation of the developed hardware in the existent setup, a custom-made enclosure was designed and 3D printed.
A automação das atividades industriais tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência de processos produtivos, reduzindo custos e aumentando a segurança. Em lavanderias industriais, a medição de nível de detergente líquido é um elemento fundamental para o gerenciamento de ativos, principalmente devido à necessidade de manter um fluxo contínuo dos processos de lavagem. Dessa forma, o trabalho apresenta uma solução implementada nos reservatórios da lavanderia industrial da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Bragança, em Portugal, usando uma abordagem de internet das coisas, na qual integra um sistema de medição com conexão Wi-Fi, capaz de monitorar e registrar o nível de detergente líquido dos reservatórios em tempo real. Com isso, foi desenvolvido um sistema microcontrolado responsável por realizar as medições de nível ulilizando sensor ultrasônico, na qual os dados são enviados para um banco de dados e, através de uma plataforma web, o cliente consiga acessar de forma remota o resultado das medições. Para facilitar a instalação do sistema nos reservatórios, um bujão foi desenhado sob medida e impresso em 3D.
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"A study of the importance of various elements of the marketing-mix in the purchase of laundry detergent powder." 1990. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886342.
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by Monica Cheung Wai, Eppie Wong Yuen Yee.Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990.
Bibliography: leaf 65.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS --- p.v
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- STUDY OF THE PURCHASE OF DETERGENT POWDER
Chapter 2.1 --- Market Situation for Detergent Powderin Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 2.2 --- Rationale of the Study --- p.4
Chapter 2.3 --- Scope of the Study --- p.5
Chapter 2 .4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.6
Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 3.1 --- Relevance of Understanding Consumer Purchase Behaviour in the Marketing Concept --- p.8
Chapter 3.2 --- Howard Model of Consumer Behaviour --- p.8
Chapter 3.3 --- "Engel, Kollat and Blackwell Model" --- p.9
Chapter 3.4 --- Definition of Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.10
Chapter 3.5 --- Research Findings : Hoyer --- p.11
Chapter 3.6 --- Choice Tactics in Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.13
Chapter 3.7 --- Product Information in Memory --- p.16
Chapter 3.8 --- Applicability of Hoyer's Research Findings --- p.17
Chapter 3.9 --- Relevance of Judgmental Models in Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.17
Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY AND FRAMEWORK FOR ATTACK
Chapter 4.1 --- The Pilot Study --- p.21
Chapter 4.2 --- The Observation Phase --- p.22
Chapter 4.3 --- The Questionnaire Survey --- p.23
Chapter V. --- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
Chapter 5.1 --- Observation Survey --- p.27
Chapter 5.2 --- Salience of Various Evaluative Criteria --- p.28
Chapter 5.3 --- Propensity for Brand Switching --- p.29
Chapter 5.4 --- Consumers' Evaluation of the Product Attributes of their Current Brand --- p.32
Chapter 5 .5 --- Attitude --- p.34
Chapter 5.6 --- Difference in Purchase Behaviour among Consumers across Demographic Profiles --- p.35
Chapter 5.7 --- Demographic Profile of the Sample --- p.38
Chapter VI. --- DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Chapter 6.1 --- Decision Process Behaviour and Advertising Strategy --- p.43
Chapter 6.2 --- Brand Switching Behaviour and Promotional Strategy --- p.45
Chapter 6.3 --- Satisfaction with Current Brand and Relevance of Promotional Efforts --- p.46
Chapter 6.4 --- Salience of Evaluative Criteria -- Pricing and Product --- p.47
Chapter 6.5 --- Purchase Behaviour among Consumers across Demographic Profiles -- and its Marketing Implications --- p.48
Chapter 6.6 --- Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Research --- p.49
APPENDICES
Chapter Appendix A: --- Observation Sheet --- p.51
Chapter Appendix B: --- Schedule of Questionnaire Survey --- p.52
Chapter Appendix C: --- The Questionnaire (English and Chinese versions) --- p.53
Chapter Appendix D: --- Research Data --- p.58
Chapter Appendix E: --- T-test Table- --- p.61
Chapter Appendix F: --- F-test Table --- p.63
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65
Books on the topic "Washing detergents"
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Albrecht, Löhr, ed. Detergents and textile washing: Principles and practice. New York, NY, USA: VCH Publishers, 1987.
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Jakobi, Günter. Dictionary of washing =: Wörterbuch Waschen. Weinhein: VCH, 1992.
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Jakobi, Günter. Dictionary of washing: English/German = Wörterbuch Waschen : Deutsch/Englisch. Weinheim [Germany]: VCH, 1989.
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Loh, Chang Hou. The routine response behaviour in fabric washing detergent market. London: LCP, 1999.
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Minestroni, Laura. Dash: Più bianco non si può : storia, cultura e comunicazione di una marca che è cresciuta insieme a noi. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2010.
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Dash: Più bianco non si può : storia, cultura e comunicazione di una marca che è cresciuta insieme a noi. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2010.
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Ltd, Mintel International Group, ed. Canned lager: Clothes washing detergents and laundry aids ; coffee ; ice cream ; stockings and tights ; wallets and purses. London: Mintel International, 2000.
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Essentials - January 2002: Clothes washing detergents and laundry aids, conservatories, household paper products, luxury pens, stockings and tights. London: Mintel International Group, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Washing detergents"
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Vieluf, D. "Skin Roughness — Measuring Methods and Dependence on Washing Procedure." In Skin Cleansing with Synthetic Detergents, 116–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50146-3_15.
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Zienicke, H. "Skin Hydration (Transepidermal Water Loss) — Measuring Methods and Dependence on Washing Procedure." In Skin Cleansing with Synthetic Detergents, 130–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50146-3_16.
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Korting, H. C. "Marchionini’s Acid Mantle Concept and the Effect on the Skin Resident Flora of Washing with Skin Cleansing Agents of Different pH." In Skin Cleansing with Synthetic Detergents, 87–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50146-3_12.
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Bronchi, V., and O. Jolliet. "Life Cycle Assessment of Rainwater Use for Domestic Clothes Washing." In Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Detergents. AOCS Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439822142.ch30.
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Mohammed, Abdullahi Evuti, Kamoru Adio Salam, and Silas Shamaye Samuel. "Application of Soil Washing Treatment Method for the Remediation of Petroleum Polluted Soil." In Handbook of Research on Resource Management for Pollution and Waste Treatment, 476–501. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0369-0.ch020.
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The increasing contamination of soil by petroleum products has been a great source of concern to our society because of its negative consequences on the environment. Thus, several remediation technologies and trials have been propounded for a crude oil-polluted environment. This chapter reviews the dynamics of pollutants in the soil and the various treatment technologies for petroleum-polluted soils viz physico-chemical, thermal, and biological treatment methods. Authors experimented on soil washing using detergent for the remediation of petroleum contaminated soils considering different concentrations. The percentage removal of aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest percentage removal efficiencies of 97.55% and 61.41% for aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons were obtained at detergent concentration of 20w/v% respectively.
Conference papers on the topic "Washing detergents"
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"Detergents for Washing of Rolling Stock." In 10th Conference on Terotechnology. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291814-13.
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Stalder, Jean-Pierre. "Gas Turbine Compressor Washing State of the Art — Field Experiences." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-420.
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Technology development in gas turbine compressor washing over the last 10 years and today’s state of the art technology is presented in this paper. Based on various long term field tests and observations, correlation between rate of power degradation and atmospheric conditions can be established. Questions about compressor on line washing with water alone against the use of detergents, as well as washing frequencies are also addressed in this paper. Performance degradation behavior between gas turbines of different sizes and models can be explained with an index of sensitivity to fouling. The implementation of an optimised regime, of on line and off line washing in the preventive turbine maintenance program is important, it will improve the plant profitability by reducing the costs of energy production and contribute to a cleaner environment.
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Kloter, Simon, Neil F. Ashford, and Duncan R. Fitchett. "Laboratory and On-Site Findings Demonstrating the Greater Effectiveness of Biphase Water-Based Compressor Cleaners Over Monophase Cleaners." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90340.
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Abstract Compressor washing is a widely applied method to reduce the fouling rate of compressor blades by on-line washing and restore lost power by off-line washing. One of the factors influencing the effectiveness of a wash procedure is the efficiency of the detergent used for washing. This especially in the presence of hydrophobic contamination such as oily and carbon type deposits that can be difficult to penetrate and loosen by water-based detergents. In this paper, a comparison of cleaning performance is made between monophase water-based compressor cleaners and a biphase water-based compressor cleaner. Most of the currently used water-based compressor cleaners are monophase solutions. Their main active ingredients are surfactants which lower surface tension and interfacial tension allowing detachment and emulsification of foulant from a compressor blade. Biphase compressor cleaners are also formulated with surfactants, however due to their sub-micron heterogeneous nature they not only provide detachment and emulsification but a much more effective capability to solubilize even hydrocarbon type contamination. Cleaning efficiencies of these cleaners were evaluated in the laboratory using various test methods including US MIL-PRF-85704C. All of these performed tests confirm the significantly higher effectiveness of the biphase compressor cleaner. To validate the results from the laboratory tests a direct comparison of a monophase cleaner and a biphase cleaner was performed at a power station in the UK. After about four years of frequent washing with the monophase cleaner on two engines, one GT was then washed three times consecutively offline within a time period of six months with the biphase cleaner. In the second GT, washing was continued with the monophase cleaner. The visual inspection during a major overhaul very clearly showed a significantly higher removal of contamination from the GT washed with the biphase compressor cleaner.
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Brun, Klaus, William C. Foiles, Terrence A. Grimley, and Rainer Kurz. "Experimental Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Online Water-Washing in Gas Turbine Compressors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25053.
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An investigation of the effectiveness of online combustion turbine axial compressor washing using various purity grade waters and commercial washing detergents was performed. For this project, blade surface fouling dirt was obtained from gas turbine axial compressor blades installed at various field sites. The dirt was analyzed to determine the composition and consistency of typical blade surface fouling materials. A representative dirt formula and blade coating procedure was developed so that comparative tests could be performed using various cleaning fluids. Dirt coated blades were installed in a wind tunnel capable of simulating compressor operating conditions. A spray nozzle upstream of the blade test section was used for washing blades with five different test liquids to determine the effectiveness or advantages of any liquid. Once this testing was completed, a similar test setup was then utilized to inject a mixture of formulated fouling dirt and the various online cleaning liquids upstream of the blade into the wind tunnel to assess redeposit characteristics. The effect of high-purity water versus regular water on fouling dirt was also studied in separate residue experiments. Results indicate that spraying cleaning fluid into a flowing air stream is a viable means of cleaning a compressor blade. Each of the fluids was able to clean the test blade at both low and high air velocities and at different blade incident angles. Within the parameters/fluids tested, the results indicate that: 1. The blade cleaning is primarily a mechanical function and does not depend on the type of fluid used for cleaning. The results showed that most of the cleaning occurs shortly after the cleaning fluid is introduced into the flow stream. 2. Dirt removed from the blades may redeposit in other areas as the cleaning fluid is evaporated. Redeposit occurred in flow recirculation zones during the cleaning tests, and heated flow tests demonstrated dirt deposit in the presence of a cleaning fluid. In addition, the type of fluid used for cleaning has no effect on the redeposit characteristics of the dirt. 3. Blade erosion was not found to be a significant issue for the short durations that online water-washing was performed. However, uncontrolled water-washing (or overspray) for extended periods of time did result in measureable leading and trailing edge blade erosions.
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Grumann, Markus, Patric Schippers, Michael Dobmeier, Stefan Ha¨berle, Andreas Geipel, Thilo Brenner, Roland Zengerle, Jens Ducre´e, Claus Kuhn, and Michael Fritsche. "Formation of Hexagonal Monolayers by Flow of Bead Suspensions Into Flat Microchambers." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41427.
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To realize a highly parallel optical detection in bead-based bioanalytical assays, we investigate the hydrodynamic aggregation of bead suspensions in a hexagonally periodical monolayer by a pressure-driven flow through a microfluidic structure. This device consists of one inlet channel connected to a shallow chamber with a depth that only slightly exceeds the diameter of the beads. To enforce the aggregation of the beads, the flow leaves the chamber via outlet channels possessing a depth smaller than a bead diameter. This way the outlets act as barriers to the beads and force them to accumulate in the chamber. Benchmarking different chamber and outlet designs we found an optimum filing behavior for a rhombus-like aggregation chamber connected to a single outlet channel at the same width as the chamber. Here, the aperture angle of 60° fosters hexagonal aggregation patterns which leads to the highest packaging density. Reproducible filling ratios of more than 94% have been achieved. The rhombus-like chamber also shows the shows the smallest increase of the hydrodynamic resistance during filling and the best rinsing behavior which allows to minimize the volume of washing detergents used for a bioassay. Zones of accumulated beads redistribute the hydrodynamic flow through the device during the filling process. CFD-simulations, embedded in an iterative master-routine, are carried out to describe the complete process of filling and to assist the process of design optimization.
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Patterson, Jeffrey S., and Soren K. Spring. "On-Line Detergent Washing: Reducing the Environmental Effects on the LCAC Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-269.
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The Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) gas turbine engines operate in an extremely harsh environment and are exposed to excessive amounts of foreign contaminants. The present method of crank washing is effective when properly performed, but is labor intensive and increases craft downtime. Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES) designed and installed a prototype on-line detergent wash system which reduced maintenance and craft downtime. Initial test results indicated that the system reduced engine performance degradation and corrosion.
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Hossain, Mohammad K., Mohammad W. Dewan, Muhammad E. Hossain, Mahesh Hosur, and Shaik Jeelani. "Interfacial Improvement of Nanophased Jute-Based Green Composite by Surface Modification." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39365.
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The extensive research efforts are currently on progress all over the world to develop and characterize the green composites with high performance at an affordable cost due to the growing environmental awareness. Biodegradable nanophased jute composites were manufactured using chemically treated jute fabrics, Biopol, and nanoclay using compression molding techniques for this study. Nanoclay infusion into the thermoplastic is a challenging issue and was infused using solution intercalation technique. The surface modification of jute fibers was accomplished by performing subsequent chemical treatments such as detergent washing, dewaxing, alkali and acetic acid treatment. The morphology of the modified surface was studied using SEM and FTIR. Thermal performance of the treated fibers was studied using the TGA. The thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of biodegradable nanophased jute composites were evaluated by TGA, DMA and flexure test respectively. Enhanced thermal and mechanical properties were observed in modified and nanophased jute biopol composites.
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Kurz, Rainer, and Klaus Brun. "Fouling Mechanisms in Axial Compressors." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45012.
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Fouling of compressor blades is an important mechanism leading to performance deterioration in gas turbines over time. Fouling is caused by the adherence of particles to airfoils and annulus surfaces. Particles that cause fouling are typically smaller than 2 to 10 microns. Smoke, oil mists, carbon, and sea salts are common examples. Fouling can be controlled by appropriate air filtration systems, and can often be reversed to some degree by detergent washing of components. The adherence of particles is impacted by oil or water mists. The result is a build-up of material that causes increased surface roughness and to some degree changes the shape of the airfoil (if the material build up forms thicker layers of deposits). Fouling mechanisms are evaluated based on observed data, and a discussion on fouling susceptibility is provided. A particular emphasis will be on the capabilities of modern air filtration systems.
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Fielder, James. "Evaluation of Zero Compressor Wash Routine in RN Service." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38887.
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In order to maintain engine performance and prevent the build up of airborne particles within compressor systems, the Royal Navy (RN) has traditionally employed a compressor cleaning routine on all marine gas turbines. This routine consists of turning the engine using the starter motor whilst spraying the cleaning medium (water or water and detergent) into the intake. The cleaning medium is driven through the engine, cleaning the compressor as it goes. The wash effluent is then drained away via the engine drains. Although most gas turbine users use similar routines, the harsh, salt laden marine environment presents a unique challenge to the Naval operator. In order to evaluate the current level of compressor washing, ascertain effects on performance and corrosion and investigate potential cost savings, the RN initiated a trial whereby 2 Rolls-Royce SM1C marine Spey’s were subject to a zero wash routine. The two ships involved, HMS Richmond & HMS Northumberland, accumulated approximately 750 and 1500 unwashed operating hours respectively. As the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), Rolls-Royce was closely involved with the project and inspected the engines throughout the trial. The trial concluded that significant operational benefits could be gained by modifying the existing wash routine, adopting a new cleaning medium and extending the wash periodicity. In addition, the report concluded that engine performance and cleanliness would not be affected by altering the wash routine. The paper will discuss the background to the trial, explain the methodology used, explore the conclusions and discuss the benefits derived from the trial, including applicability to other marine gas turbines.