Journal articles on the topic 'Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.)'

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 11Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, BrazilArash Riasi, University of Delaware, USACelina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandChuan Huat Ong, KDU Penang University College, MalaysiaDea’a Al-Deen Al-Sraheen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, JordanEva Mira Bolfíková, Univerzity of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Slovak RepublicFederica Caboni, University of Cagliari, ItalyGiuseppe Granata, University of Cassino and Southen Lazio, ItalyHongliang Qiu, Tourism College of Zhejiang, ChinaHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAHung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaKaren Gulliver, Argosy University, Twin Cities, USAMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMiriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, SlovakiaMohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi ArabiaMohamed Rochdi Keffala, University of Kairouan, TunisiaMongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, TunisiaMonika Wieczorek, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAOnur Köprülü, Mersin University, TurkeyRadoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, SlovakiaRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, Sastra University, IndiaValeria Stefanelli, Università del Salento, ItalyVincent Grèzes, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), SwitzerlandYan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA

Curtis Jr (2018) provides exhibits from January 4-7, 2018 American Economic Association, in coordination with the Allied Social Sciences Association Conference, in Philadelphia, PA, witb four tables describing i. a dictionary of higher education research products, ii. applied research conference and journal publication systems, and iii. empirical labor market studies. Curtis Jr (2019) provides summaries from the 2018-2019 Washington Area Economic History Seminar, WAEHS, hosted by American University, Washington DC USA, and George Mason University, Arlington VA USA, with three exhibits for each of the four seminars, i. the flyer from American University Department of Economics, ii. the paper abstracts from author’s and presenters, with the theme of Economic History, from presenters invited from colleges and universities throughout the USA, and iii. the seminar summaries of Curtis Jr (2019), using a research archivist sequence of information. Contributions of Curtis Jr (2019) include I. a brief history of four philosophers, II. the economic demography of US political parties, III. an asymmetry hypothesis in labor market interventions, where high skilled labor are sub-grouped disenfranchised, and IV. a restatement of the political economy modes of production. The attendees of the history seminar included, i. college/university faculty, ii. federal government economic researchers, and iii. private sector economic history researchers. Curtis Jr (2019) divided the presentation of this paper into 5 sections, (1) an introduction to the history of the theory of knowledge, i.e., Philosophy, of collegiate topics, i.e., economic history, (2) comparisons to the Economic History Association and WAEHS exhibits, (3) Research Observations by Curtis Jr (2019), (4) Results and Conclusion, and (5) Research References.

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 10Alina Badulescu, University of Oradea, RomaniaAshford C Chea, Benedict College, USAAtallah Ahmad Alhosban, Aqaba University of Technology, JordanAurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LithuaniaBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaCelina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandDea’a Al-Deen Al-Sraheen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, JordanEjindu Iwelu MacDonald Morah, University of Westminster, London, UKEva Mira Bolfíková, Univerzity of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Slovak RepublicFederica De Santis, University of Pisa , ItalyFlorin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, RomaniaFoued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, TunisiaFrancesco Ciampi, Florence University, ItalyHanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, PolandHerald Monis, Milagres College, IndiaHongliang Qiu, Tourism College of Zhejiang, ChinaHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAHung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaJoanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandJorge Mongay-Hurtado, ESIC Business and Marketing School, SpainMansour Esmaeil Zaei, Panjab University, India/IranMarcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, BrazilMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAPascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UKRadoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, SlovakiaRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASang-Bing Tsai, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, ChinaSerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, Sastra University, IndiaVassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), FranceVincent Grèzes, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), SwitzerlandWejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 4 Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, IranAshford C Chea, Benedict College, USAAtallah Ahmad Alhosban, Aqaba University of Technology, JordanAurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LithuaniaBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaCelina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandChristos Chalyvidis, Hellenic Air Force Academy, GreeceChuan Huat Ong, KDU Penang University College, MalaysiaClaudia Isac, University of Petrosani, RomaniaDonghun Yoon, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Republic of KoreaEwa Ziemba, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandFevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TurkeyFrancesco Ciampi, Florence University, ItalyGeorgeta Dragomir, “Danubius” University of Galati, RomaniaGuo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAHaldun Şecaattin Çetinarslan, Turkish Naval Forces Command, TurkeyHanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, PolandHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAImran Riaz Malik, IQRA University, PakistanJanusz Wielki, University of Business in Wroclaw, PolandManuela Rozalia Gabor, “Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu Mureş, RomaniaMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMaria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, RomaniaMichaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, AustriaMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyMohamed Rochdi Keffala, University of Kairouan, TunisiaMohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, MalaysiaOzgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, TurkeyRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRiccardo Cimini, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, ItalyRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASam C Okoroafo, University of Toledo, USASerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, IndiaValeria Stefanelli, University of Salento, Italy

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 7 Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, IranBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaBruno Ferreira Frascaroli, Federal University of Paraiba, BrazilBrazil,Carlo Alberto Magni, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ItalyChemah Tamby Chik, Universiti Teknologi Mara (Uitm), MalaysiaChokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, CanadaDonghun Yoon, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Republic of KoreaEjindu Iwelu MacDonald Morah, University of Westminster, London, UKEunju Lee, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USAFevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TurkeyFoued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, TunisiaGianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, ItalyGuo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAIonela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, RomaniaJoanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMaria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, RomaniaMichaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, AustriaMiriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, SlovakiaMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyModar Abdullatif, Middle East University, JordanMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAOzgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, TurkeyPascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UKRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilRomana Korez Vide, University of Maribor, SloveniaRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineSumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, IndiaVassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), France

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 2 Ahmad Mahmoud Ahmad Zamil, King Saud University RCC, JordanAlina Badulescu, University of Oradea, RomaniaAlireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, IranAtallah Ahmad Alhosban , Aqaba University of Technology , JordanBadar Alam Iqbal, Aligarh Muslim University, SwitzerlandBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaBrian Sheehan, Thaksin University, ThailandBruno Ferreira Frascaroli, Federal University of Paraiba, BrazilCarlo Alberto Magni, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ItalyCheng Jing, eBay, Inc. / University of Rochester, USACristian Marian Barbu, “ARTIFEX” University, RomaniaEunju Lee, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USAFederica De Santis , University of Pisa , ItalyFilomena Izzo, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, ItalyFlorin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, RomaniaGianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, ItalyGilberto Marquez-Illescas, Clarkson University, USAGuo Zi-Yi, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAHanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, PolandHongliang Qiu, Tourism College of Zhejiang, ChinaHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAHung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaIonela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, RomaniaIsam Saleh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, JordanJolita Vveinhardt, Vytautas Magnus University, LithuaniaKaren Gulliver, Argosy University, Twin Cities, USALadislav Mura, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, SlovakiaM. Muzamil Naqshbandi, University of Dubai, UAEMarcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, BrazilMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMaria-Madela Abrudan, University of ORADEA, RomaniaMichaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, AustriaMiriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, SlovakiaMohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, MalaysiaMurat Akin, Omer Halisdemir University FEAS – NIGDE, TurkeyOnur Köprülü, Mersin University, TurkeyOzgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, TurkeyRadoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, SlovakiaRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRosa Lombardi, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USAShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, IndiaTariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah, University of Basrah, IraqValeria Stefanelli, University of Salento, ItalyVassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), FranceYan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 11   Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran Anca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, Romania Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy Andrei Buiga, “ARTIFEX University of Bucharest, Romania Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, Brazil Antonio Usai, University of Sassari, Italy Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Bazeet Olayemi Badru, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Nigeria Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand Essia Ries Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Fevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey Filomena Izzo, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy Francesco Scalera, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy Grzegorz Zasuwa, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland Haldun Şecaattin Çetinarslan, Turkish Naval Forces Command, Turkey Hanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Herald Monis, Milagres College, India Hsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USA Hung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, China Ionela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, Romania Iwona Gorzeń-Mitka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland Janusz Wielki, Opole University of Technology, Poland Keshmeer Makun, University o the South Pacific, Fiji Khaled Mokni, Northern Border University, Tunisia L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India Luisa Pinto, University of Porto School of Economics, Portugal Mahdi Shadkam, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy Michaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, Austria Miriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, Slovakia Miroslav Iordanov Mateev, American University, Dubai, UAE Mithat Turhan, Mersin University, Turkey Mohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA Murat Akin, Omer Halisdemir University FEAS – NIGDE, Turkey Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey Radoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, Slovakia Riaz Ahsan, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Roxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USA Serhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, Ukraine Shun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Wanmo Koo, Western Illinois University, USA Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE

Chrysanthemum white rust (CWR) is a quarantine-significant pest in the United States (Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319.37-2). The causal agent of CWR, Puccinia horiana Henn., is an autoecious, microcyclic rust that is pathogenic on chrysanthemum species (Chrysanthemum spp.) and close relatives within the family Asteraceae. CWR is indigenous to Japan, where it was first reported in 1895 (4). By the 1960s, CWR was found throughout Europe and later spread to Africa, Oceana, South America, and other parts of Asia. In North America, CWR was reported in Mexico and in the United States (New Jersey and Pennsylvania [1977], Oregon and Washington [1990], and California [1991]). Additional detections of CWR were later reported in 22 Pennsylvania counties (2004, 2006 to 2010) (3). These later Pennsylvania reports stated that eradication was attempted at some sites, but unconfirmed observations suggested that the rust pathogen might overwinter in volunteer plants (3). Since “CWR is known to overwinter in Europe where chrysanthemums overwinter (average minimum temperatures ranging from –10°F to 10°F)” (2), the unconfirmed Pennsylvania observations prompted us to determine if P. horiana can overwinter in Pennsylvania. During October 2010, we identified CWR on perennial mums planted at six outdoor garden locations in University Park, PA. Symptomatic plants were quarantined and eradication attempted. Eradicated sites were routinely surveyed and CWR confirmed in July 2011 on volunteer plants at two of the originally infested sites. An additional outdoor garden site with CWR was observed in State College, PA, during October 2011 and eradication attempted. The three infested sites were surveyed throughout the fall and winter of 2011 to 2012. During February 2012, two asymptomatic volunteer plants arising from root pieces were collected from each of the three sites. Each sample was washed with tap water to remove excess soil, examined morphologically, surface sterilized with 10% bleach, and divided into two subsamples. One subsample from each site was divided into crown and root portions and DNA extracted using a Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. Molecular analysis was performed using modifications of published primers ITS 5 and Rust1 (1,4). Puccinia horiana was detected in plant roots from one site and in plant crowns from two sites. The remaining two subsamples from each site were transplanted into sterilized potting soil and placed in a clean controlled environment chamber at 18°C and 85% relative humidity (RH). After 6 weeks, six actively growing plants were transferred to a second clean controlled environment chamber at 17°C and 90 to 100% RH. On 6 April 2012, CWR symptoms and signs were confirmed morphologically on two plants that had been removed from one site. On 19 April 2012, CWR signs and symptoms were confirmed morphologically and by molecular analysis on leaves of volunteer plants at one University Park site. DNA extractions were sequenced and shared a 100% maximum identity to a known P. horiana accession (EU816920.1) in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of P. horiana overwintering in Pennsylvania. References: (1) H. Alaei et al. Mycol. Res. 113:668, 2009. (2) Anon. Chrysanthemum White Rust Bulletin, Syngenta Flowers Inc., Gilroy, CA, 2010. (3) S. Kim et al. Phytopathology 101:S91, 2011. (4) K. Pedley. Plant Dis. 93:1252, 2009.

e4912046This scoping exploratory review was aimed at analyzing the challenges that the so-called post-truth world represents for teaching in Ibero-Latin American higher education. With the increased access to online information media and social networks, netizens are increasingly exposed and may be more vulnerable to false or misleading information that seeks to generate action from emotions rather than reason (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). The reference search was carried out in the databases of SciELO and La Referencia, from which 26 titles out of 196 were selected. Combinations of terms such as social media, post-truth, fake news, fact-checking, education, higher education, university, teaching, critical thinking, and freedom of expression were used, with the Boolean “Y” connector. The analysis of the references resulted in six thematic categories: main concepts; realms of fake news; news verification initiatives and methods; theoretical analysis and its relationship with education; studies on the factors, perception and credibility of fake news; and addressing misinformation in higher education. The discussion presents the draft of a proposed pedagogical model to be used in higher education and to address misinformation. Includes: critical thinking habits, democratic dialogue, intellectual skepticism, research skills, use of reliable sources of information, and analysis from multiple perspectives.ResumoEsta revisão exploratória de escopo teve como objetivo analisar os desafios que o chamado mundo pós-verdade representa para o ensino na educação superior ibero-americana. Com o aumento do acesso às mídias de informação online e redes sociais, os internautas estão cada vez mais expostos e podem ficar mais vulneráveis a informações falsas ou enganosas que buscam gerar ações a partir de emoções ao invés da razão (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). A busca das referências foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO e La Referencia, das quais foram selecionados 26 títulos em 196. Combinações de termos como mídia social, pós-verdade, notícias falsas, checagem de fatos, educação, ensino superior, universidade, ensino, pensamento crítico e liberdade de expressão foram usadas, com o conector booleano “Y”. A análise das referências resultou em seis categorias temáticas: conceitos principais; escopos de notícias falsas; iniciativas e métodos de verificação de notícias; análise teórica e sua relação com a educação; estudos sobre os fatores, percepção e credibilidade das notícias falsas; e aproximação a desinformação no ensino superior. A discussão apresenta o esboço de uma proposta de modelo pedagógico para ser usado no ensino superior e para lidar com a desinformação. Inclui: hábitos de pensamento crítico, diálogo democrático, ceticismo intelectual, habilidades de pesquisa, uso de fontes confiáveis de informação e análise de múltiplas perspectivas.ResumenEsta revisión exploratoria de alcance tuvo como fin analizar los desafíos que para la enseñanza en la educación superior iberoamericana representa lo que se denomina el mundo posfactual (post-truth). Con el incrementado acceso a medios de información en línea y las redes sociales, los cibernautas están cada vez más expuestos y pueden ser más vulnerables a información falsa o engañosa que busca generar acción a partir de las emociones antes que la razón (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). La búsqueda de referencias se efectuó en las bases de datos de SciELO y La Referencia, de la cual se seleccionaron 26 títulos de 196. Se usaron combinaciones de términos como redes sociales, posverdad, noticias falsas, verificación de hechos, educación, educación superior, universidad, enseñanza, pensamiento crítico y libertad de expresión, con el conector booleano “Y”. El análisis de las referencias dio como resultado seis categorías temáticas: conceptos principales; ámbitos de las noticias falsas; iniciativas y métodos de verificación de noticias; análisis teóricos y su relación con la educación; estudios sobre factores, percepción y credibilidad de las noticias falsas; y abordaje de la desinformación en la educación superior. En la discusión se presenta el borrador de un modelo pedagógico propuesto para ser utilizado en la educación superior y abordar la desinformación. Incluye: hábitos de pensamiento crítico, diálogo democrático, escepticismo intelectual, habilidades de investigación, uso de fuentes confiables de información y análisis de múltiples perspectivas.Palavras-chave: Ensino Superior, Modelo Pedagógico, Mundo Pós-Factual.Keywords: Higher Education, Pedagogical Model, Postfactual World.Palabras clave: Educación Superior, Modelo Pedagógico, Mundo Posfactual.ReferencesAGUIRRE, Juan Carlos; JARAMILLO, Luis Guillermo. La ciencia entre el objetivismo y el construccionismo. Cinta Moebio, v. 38, 2010, 72-90.AGUADO LÓPEZ, Eduardo; ROGEL SALAZAR, Rosario; GARDUÑO OROPEZA, Gustavo; et.al. Redalyc: una alternativa a las asimetrías en la distribución del conocimiento científico. Ciencia, Docencia y Tecnología, v. XIX n. 37, 2008, p. 11-30.ALPERÍN, Juan Pablo; BABINI, Dominique; FISCHMAN, Gustavo (editores). Open access indicators and scholarly communications in Latin America. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, UNESCO, FLACSO Brasil, PKP, SciELO, RedALyC, 2014. Disponível em: http://microblogging.infodocs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/alperin2014.pdf. Acesso em: 4 de outubro de 2020.ALTBACH, Philip G.; DE WIT, Hans. Nacionalismo: ¿El fin de la internacionalización de la educación? Nexos. 8 mar 2017. Disponível em: https://educacion.nexos.com.mx/?p=480. Acesso em: 6 de outubro de 2020.ÁLVAREZ RUFS, Manuel. Estado del arte: Posverdad y fakenews (tesis de maestría). Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 2018. Disponível em: http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:masterComEdred-Malvarez. Acesso em: 30 de setembro de 2020.AMARAL FILHO, Nemézio. Tecnologias e a crise da democracia: desafios à práctica e ao ensino do Jornalismo no Brasil. Correspondencias Análisis. n. 10, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.24265/cian.2019.n10.02. Acesso em: 28 de setembro de 2020.ARENDT, Hannah. Los orígenes del totalitarismo. Madrid: Santillana, 1998.BACON, Chris C. 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TITLE Voluntary registry participation rapidly improves physician quality performance: a single practice experience AUTHORS David May, MD 1 , PhD, Samantha Risch, BS 2 , Fran Fiocchi, MPH 2 , William Oetgen, MD, MBA 2 1 Cardiovascular Specialists PA, Dallas, TX 2 The American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC BACKGROUND Registry participation has been used to gain evidence on rare disorders and collect data on a variety of medical conditions and procedures. The use of clinical data registry systems to monitor provider quality is less widespread and the effect of such participation on providers’ quality performance is unknown. The American College of Cardiology’s Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence (PINNACLE) Registry allows a glimpse into the voluntary use of such a registry system for assessing rapid provider performance improvement. We assessed the hypothesis that voluntary registry participation by practicing cardiologists in a busy private practice setting would result in rapid improvements across provider performance metrics. METHODS Cardiovascular Specialists PA (CVS) is a six-physician, single-specialty cardiovascular medicine practice averaging approximately 2160 patient evaluation and management visits per month. The PINNACLE Registry is the first national ambulatory quality improvement (QI) registry in the U.S. Participating practices enroll patients with atrial fibrillation, hypertension, coronary artery disease or heart failure at the point of care, documenting 27 performance metrics. CVS has been participating in the PINNACLE Registry since mid-2009. Quarterly reports detailing practice and individual physician performance relative to the cohort of national PINNACLE Registry participants are provided to CVS physicians. No report review with individual physicians is performed. Comparison of physician performance metrics for the first quarter 2010 and first quarter 2011 were performed with paired-samples t-test. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the scores for provider performance for the first quarter 2010 (Mean = 71.16; SD=26.72) and the first quarter 2011 (Mean = 79.73; SD=25.43); t(27)=2.883, p = 0.008. Large improvements were observed across several metrics including: initial laboratory tests of patients with newly diagnosed HF, documentation of an advance care plan and cardiac rehab patient referral from an outpatient setting. CONCLUSION These results suggest that voluntary registry participation resulted in rapid, statistically significant improvement in global performance metric achievement in a private practice setting. Characters without spaces: 1947

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Introduction A snapshot, not unlike countless photographs likely to be found in any number of family albums, shows two figures sitting on a park bench: an elderly and amiable looking man grins beneath the rim of a golf cap; a young boy of twelve smiles wide for the camera — a rather banal scene, captured on film. And yet, this seemingly innocent and unexceptional photograph was the site of a remarkable and wide ranging discourse — encompassing American conservatism, celebrity politics, and the end of the Cold War — as the image circulated around the globe during the weeklong state funeral of Ronald Wilson Reagan, 40th president of the United States. Taken in 1997 by the young boy’s grandfather, Ukrainian immigrant Yakov Ravin, during a chance encounter with the former president, the snapshot is believed to be the last public photograph of Ronald Reagan. Published on the occasion of the president’s death, the photograph made “instant celebrities” of the boy, now a twenty-year-old college student, Rostik Denenburg and his grand dad. Throughout the week of Reagan’s funeral, the two joined a chorus of dignitaries, politicians, pundits, and “ordinary” Americans praising Ronald Reagan: “The Great Communicator,” the man who defeated Communism, the popular president who restored America’s confidence, strength, and prosperity. Yes, it was mourning in America again. And the whole world was watching. Not since Princess Diana’s sudden (and unexpected) death, have we witnessed an electronic hagiography of such global proportions. Unlike Diana’s funeral, however, Reagan’s farewell played out in distinctly partisan terms. As James Ridgeway (2004) noted, the Reagan state funeral was “not only face-saving for the current administration, but also perhaps a mask for the American military debacle in Iraq. Not to mention a gesture of America’s might in the ‘war on terror.’” With non-stop media coverage, the weeklong ceremonies provided a sorely needed shot in the arm to the Bush re-election campaign. Still, whilst the funeral proceedings and the attendant media coverage were undeniably excessive in their deification of the former president, the historical white wash was not nearly so vulgar as the antiseptic send off Richard Nixon received back in 1994. That is to say, the piety of the Nixon funeral was at once startling and galling to many who reviled the man (Lapham). By contrast, given Ronald Reagan’s disarming public persona, his uniquely cordial relationship with the national press corps, and most notably, his handler’s mastery of media management techniques, the Reagan idolatry was neither surprising nor unexpected. In this brief essay, I want to consider Reagan’s funeral, and his legacy, in relation to what cultural critics, referring to the production of celebrity, have described as “fame games” (Turner, Bonner & Marshall). Specifically, I draw on the concept of “flashpoints” — moments of media excess surrounding a particular personage — in consideration of the Reagan funeral. Throughout, I demonstrate how Reagan’s death and the attendant media coverage epitomize this distinctive feature of contemporary culture. Furthermore, I observe Reagan’s innovative approaches to electoral politics in the age of television. Here, I suggest that Reagan’s appropriation of the strategies and techniques associated with advertising, marketing and public relations were decisive, not merely in terms of his electoral success, but also in securing his lasting fame. I conclude with some thoughts on the implications of Reagan’s legacy on historical memory, contemporary politics, and what neoconservatives, the heirs of the Reagan Revolution, gleefully describe as the New American Century. The Magic Hour On the morning of 12 June 2004, the last day of the state funeral, world leaders eulogized Reagan, the statesmen, at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. Among the A-List political stars invited to speak were Margaret Thatcher, former president George H. W. Bush and, to borrow Arundhati Roi’s useful phrase, “Bush the Lesser.” Reagan’s one-time Cold War adversary, Mikhail Gorbachev, as well as former Democratic presidents, Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton were also on hand, but did not have speaking parts. Former Reagan administration officials, Supreme Court justices, and congressional representatives from both sides of the aisle rounded out a guest list that read like a who’s who of the American political class. All told, Reagan’s weeklong sendoff was a state funeral at its most elaborate. It had it all—the flag draped coffin, the grieving widow, the riderless horse, and the procession of mourners winding their way through the Rotunda of the US Capitol. In this last regard, Reagan joined an elite group of seven presidents, including four who died by assassination — Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy — to be honored by having his remains lie in state in the Rotunda. But just as the deceased president was product of the studio system, so too, the script for the Gipper’s swan song come straight out of Hollywood. Later that day, the Reagan entourage made one last transcontinental flight back to the presidential library in Simi Valley, California for a private funeral service at sunset. In Hollywood parlance, the “magic hour” refers to the quality of light at dusk. It is an ideal, but ephemeral time favored by cinematographers, when the sunlight takes on a golden glow lending grandeur, nostalgia, and oftentimes, a sense of closure to a scene. This was Ronald Reagan’s final moment in the sun: a fitting end for an actor of the silver screen, as well as for the president who mastered televisual politics. In a culture so thoroughly saturated with the image, even the death of a minor celebrity is an occasion to replay film clips, interviews, paparazzi photos and the like. Moreover, these “flashpoints” grow in intensity and frequency as promotional culture, technological innovation, and the proliferation of new media outlets shape contemporary media culture. They are both cause and consequence of these moments of media excess. And, as Turner, Bonner and Marshall observe, “That is their point. It is their disproportionate nature that makes them so important: the scale of their visibility, their overwhelmingly excessive demonstration of the power of the relationship between mass-mediated celebrities and the consumers of popular culture” (3-4). B-Movie actor, corporate spokesman, state governor and, finally, US president, Ronald Reagan left an extraordinary photographic record. Small wonder, then, that Reagan’s death was a “flashpoint” of the highest order: an orgy of images, a media spectacle waiting to happen. After all, Reagan appeared in over 50 films during his career in Hollywood. Publicity stills and clips from Reagan’s film career, including Knute Rockne, All American, the biopic that earned Reagan his nickname “the Gipper”, King’s Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo provided a surreal, yet welcome respite from television’s obsessive (some might say morbidly so) live coverage of Reagan’s remains making their way across country. Likewise, archival footage of Reagan’s political career — most notably, images of the 1981 assassination attempt; his quip “not to make age an issue” during the 1984 presidential debate; and his 1987 speech at the Brandenburg Gate demanding that Soviet President Gorbachev, “tear down this wall” — provided the raw materials for press coverage that thoroughly dominated the global mediascape. None of which is to suggest, however, that the sheer volume of Reagan’s photographic record is sufficient to account for the endless replay and reinterpretation of Reagan’s life story. If we are to fully comprehend Reagan’s fame, we must acknowledge his seminal engagement with promotional culture, “a professional articulation between the news and entertainment media and the sources of publicity and promotion” (Turner, Bonner & Marshall 5) in advancing an extraordinary political career. Hitting His Mark In a televised address supporting Barry Goldwater’s nomination for the presidency delivered at the 1964 Republican Convention, Ronald Reagan firmly established his conservative credentials and, in so doing, launched one of the most remarkable and influential careers in American politics. Political scientist Gerard J. De Groot makes a compelling case that the strategy Reagan and his handlers developed in the 1966 California gubernatorial campaign would eventually win him the presidency. The centerpiece of this strategy was to depict the former actor as a political outsider. Crafting a persona he described as “citizen politician,” Reagan’s great appeal and enormous success lie in his uncanny ability to project an image founded on traditional American values of hard work, common sense and self-determination. Over the course of his political career, Reagan’s studied optimism and “no-nonsense” approach to public policy would resonate with an electorate weary of career politicians. Charming, persuasive, and seemingly “authentic,” Reagan ran gubernatorial and subsequent presidential campaigns that were distinctive in that they employed sophisticated public relations and marketing techniques heretofore unknown in the realm of electoral politics. The 1966 Reagan gubernatorial campaign took the then unprecedented step of employing an advertising firm, Los Angeles-based Spencer-Roberts, in shaping the candidate’s image. Leveraging their candidate’s ease before the camera, the Reagan team crafted a campaign founded upon a sophisticated grasp of the television industry, TV news routines, and the medium’s growing importance to electoral politics. For instance, in the days before the 1966 Republican primary, the Reagan team produced a five-minute film using images culled from his campaign appearances. Unlike his opponent, whose television spots were long-winded, amateurish and poorly scheduled pieces that interrupted popular programs, like Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show, Reagan’s short film aired in the early evening, between program segments (De Groot). Thus, while his opponent’s television spot alienated viewers, the Reagan team demonstrated a formidable appreciation not only for televisual style, but also, crucially, a sophisticated understanding of the nuances of television scheduling, audience preferences and viewing habits. Over the course of his political career, Reagan refined his media driven, media directed campaign strategy. An analysis of his 1980 presidential campaign reveals three dimensions of Reagan’s increasingly sophisticated media management strategy (Covington et al.). First, the Reagan campaign carefully controlled their candidate’s accessibility to the press. Reagan’s penchant for potentially damaging off-the-cuff remarks and factual errors led his advisors to limit journalists’ interactions with the candidate. Second, the character of Reagan’s public appearances, including photo opportunities and especially press conferences, grew more formal. Reagan’s interactions with the press corps were highly structured affairs designed to control which reporters were permitted to ask questions and to help the candidate anticipate questions and prepare responses in advance. Finally, the Reagan campaign sought to keep the candidate “on message.” That is to say, press releases, photo opportunities and campaign appearances focused on a single, consistent message. This approach, known as the Issue of the Day (IOD) media management strategy proved indispensable to advancing the administration’s goals and achieving its objectives. Not only was the IOD strategy remarkably effective in influencing press coverage of the Reagan White House, this coverage promoted an overwhelmingly positive image of the president. As the weeklong funeral amply demonstrated, Reagan was, and remains, one of the most popular presidents in modern American history. Reagan’s popular (and populist) appeal is instructive inasmuch as it illuminates the crucial distinction between “celebrity and its premodern antecedent, fame” observed by historian Charles L. Ponce de Leone (13). Whereas fame was traditionally bestowed upon those whose heroism and extraordinary achievements distinguished them from common people, celebrity is a defining feature of modernity, inasmuch as celebrity is “a direct outgrowth of developments that most of us regard as progressive: the spread of the market economy and the rise of democratic, individualistic values” (Ponce de Leone 14). On one hand, then, Reagan’s celebrity reflects his individualism, his resolute faith in the primacy of the market, and his defense of “traditional” (i.e. democratic) American values. On the other hand, by emphasizing his heroic, almost supernatural achievements, most notably his vanquishing of the “Evil Empire,” the Reagan mythology serves to lift him “far above the common rung of humanity” raising him to “the realm of the divine” (Ponce de Leone 14). Indeed, prior to his death, the Reagan faithful successfully lobbied Congress to create secular shrines to the standard bearer of American conservatism. For instance, in 1998, President Clinton signed a bill that officially rechristened one of the US capitol’s airports to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. More recently, conservatives working under the aegis of the Ronald Reagan Legacy Project have called for the creation of even more visible totems to the Reagan Revolution, including replacing Franklin D. Roosevelt’s profile on the dime with Reagan’s image and, more dramatically, inscribing Reagan in stone, alongside Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt at Mount Rushmore (Gordon). Therefore, Reagan’s enduring fame rests not only on the considerable symbolic capital associated with his visual record, but also, increasingly, upon material manifestations of American political culture. The High Stakes of Media Politics What are we to make of Reagan’s fame and its implications for America? To begin with, we must acknowledge Reagan’s enduring influence on modern electoral politics. Clearly, Reagan’s “citizen politician” was a media construct — the masterful orchestration of ideological content across the institutional structures of news, public relations and marketing. While some may suggest that Reagan’s success was an anomaly, a historical aberration, a host of politicians, and not a few celebrities — Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Arnold Schwarzenegger among them — emulate Reagan’s style and employ the media management strategies he pioneered. Furthermore, we need to recognize that the Reagan mythology that is so thoroughly bound up in his approach to media/politics does more to obscure, rather than illuminate the historical record. For instance, in her (video taped) remarks at the funeral service, Margaret Thatcher made the extraordinary claim — a central tenet of the Reagan Revolution — that Ronnie won the cold war “without firing a shot.” Such claims went unchallenged, at least in the establishment press, despite Reagan’s well-documented penchant for waging costly and protracted proxy wars in Afghanistan, Africa, and Central America. Similarly, the Reagan hagiography failed to acknowledge the decisive role Gorbachev and his policies of “reform” and “openness” — Perestroika and Glasnost — played in the ending of the Cold War. Indeed, Reagan’s media managed populism flies in the face of what radical historian Howard Zinn might describe as a “people’s history” of the 1980s. That is to say, a broad cross-section of America — labor, racial and ethnic minorities, environmentalists and anti-nuclear activists among them — rallied in vehement opposition to Reagan’s foreign and domestic policies. And yet, throughout the weeklong funeral, the divisiveness of the Reagan era went largely unnoted. In the Reagan mythology, then, popular demonstrations against an unprecedented military build up, the administration’s failure to acknowledge, let alone intervene in the AIDS epidemic, and the growing disparity between rich and poor that marked his tenure in office were, to borrow a phrase, relegated to the dustbin of history. In light of the upcoming US presidential election, we ought to weigh how Reagan’s celebrity squares with the historical record; and, equally important, how his legacy both shapes and reflects the realities we confront today. Whether we consider economic and tax policy, social services, electoral politics, international relations or the domestic culture wars, Reagan’s policies and practices continue to determine the state of the union and inform the content and character of American political discourse. Increasingly, American electoral politics turns on the pithy soundbite, the carefully orchestrated pseudo-event, and a campaign team’s unwavering ability to stay on message. Nowhere is this more evident than in Ronald Reagan’s unmistakable influence upon the current (and illegitimate) occupant of the White House. References Covington, Cary R., Kroeger, K., Richardson, G., and J. 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Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Zinn, Howard. The Peoples’ History of the United States: 1492-Present. New York: Harper Perennial, 1995. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Howley, Kevin. "Always Famous: Or, The Electoral Half-Life of Ronald Reagan." M/C Journal 7.5 (2004). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/17-howley.php>. APA Style Howley, K. (Nov. 2004) "Always Famous: Or, The Electoral Half-Life of Ronald Reagan," M/C Journal, 7(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/17-howley.php>.