Academic literature on the topic 'Wastage percentage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wastage percentage"
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A., K. Mishra, and S. Aithal P. "Assessing the Magnitude of Waste Material Using Lean Construction." International Journal of Case Studies in Business, IT, and Education (IJCSBE) 6, no. 1 (2022): 578–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6717736.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>Purpose: </strong><em>Wastage of construction material always results in cost overrun not only for the construction cost of the project but also for the management and disposal cost of such construction waste</em><strong><em>.</em></strong> <em>It is interesting to</em> <em>evaluate the magnitude of waste material based on the lean construction approach.</em> <strong>Design/Methodology/Approach: </strong><em>The present study adopted both primary as key informant interviews and secondary bills documents to analyze the Percentage of waste.</em> <strong>Findings/Result: </strong><em>The findings reveal that average wastage of material with standard deviation for five construction projects: rebar (2.096±1.09), bricks (2.56±0.77), cement (2.82±0.672), sand (3.634±0.5325), and aggregate (7.486±4.76). Compared with the other similar studies, waste percentages found are quite low because of adopting the lean construction approaches in the construction site. In the project, some of the wastage can be recycled and reused so the percentage of waste material is low due to the implementation of lean construction approaches. The practice of various reuse strategies like use of broken bricks in soling, cut a piece of rebar in the casting of a large number of manholes manhole grating, waste sand in Hume pipe bedding and backfilling, etc. Expire cement are used in unstructured work, cover block and aggregate are used for different purpose of construction..</em> <strong>Originality/Value: </strong><em>The study contributes by illustrating situation of wastage to implement lean construction. Governmental agencies, clients, consultants, and contractors are interested in waste management in building construction projects.</em> <strong>Paper Type: Action </strong><em>Research </em>
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Bekr, Ghanim A. "Study of the Causes and Magnitude of Wastage of Materials on Construction Sites in Jordan." Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/283298.
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The research aims to study the causes and magnitude of wastage of construction materials on construction projects sites in Jordan. To achieve the research aim, the researcher had prepared a questionnaire form included questions about the causes of wastage and the estimated percentages of wastage of ten most popular kinds of materials used on construction sites in Jordan. Prior to the final formulation of the questionnaire form, a pilot survey was conducted. The form was revised in accordance with the feedback received. The number of causes adopted was 60 distributed on the six major categories. The form was distributed to 240 participants (clients, contractors, and consultants). The study revealed that the most important causes of wastage of materials on construction sites in Jordan are frequent design and client’s changes; rework due to workers mistakes; poor contract documents; wrong and lack of storage of materials; poor strategy for waste minimization; shortage and lack of experience of skilled workers; poor site conditions; damage during transportation; theft and vandalism; and mistakes in quantity surveying and over allowance. In addition the study concluded that the percentage of wastage materials is accounted for by values between 15% and 21% on Jordanian construction sites.
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Oasan, Ruchel Gagarin, Kent Serafin N. Francisco, Gerald Z. Macalinao, and Ranny Magdalena J. Satigi. "Plate Wastage and the Service Quality of the Cafeteria in a Private High School." Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference 7, no. 1 (2019): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.896.
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Millions of people in the world are suffering from scarcity of food, yet tons of food are wasted every day. This study was conducted to determine the food wastage of high school students and the service quality of a cafeteria located in Silang, Cavite. Convenience sampling was utilized to select high school students enrolled in the school where the cafeteria is situated to participate in the study. A descriptive-evaluative research design was used and data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Quarter waste method was used to measure plate wastage while adopted questionnaire was used to determine the service quality of the cafeteria. Findings revealed that the highest percentage of food wastage was gluten followed by ground vegescallop, vegemeat, tofu, and beans. In terms of service quality, the lowest percentage was the dining area (Mean= 2.95 and SD= 0.80), followed by Food Quality (Mean=3.44 and SD= 0.80), Food Variety (Mean= 3.76 and SD= 0.61), Personnel employees’ service (Mean= 3.80 and SD= 0.79), and Serving time (Mean= 3.85 and SD= 0.80). Among the five protein foods that incurred a leftover, gluten has the highest percentage of waste while among the five factors contributing to the service quality of a cafeteria, dining area has the lowest percentage. Based on the results, the use of gluten as part of the meal and the dining area as a place to eat should be improved to lessen the food wastage and enhance the service quality, respectively.
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Nigussie, Tariku, and M. K. Chandrasekar. "Influence of rebar practice in the total cost of building construction projects: The case of Hawassa city, Ethiopia." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (2020): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v12i1.5.
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Rebar is one of the materials which is so scarce and highly expensive. The existing practices produce a large quantity of wastage; which contributes to the increment of the project cost. This study aimed to analyze the causes, extent, and remedies of steel wastages on the total costs of construction projects in Hawassa city. The study followed descriptive and analytical research designs. The cost estimated in the bill of quantity and the final cost after the provision of the steel with alterations was compared and the reasons for cost overrun were analyzed. The data were analyzed using Central value analysis, correlation and regression analysis using SPSS stat20, RebarWin7.97, ETABS2016. The percentage of the cost of steel wastage in total cost was found 1.43%. The result of the study verdict that frequent design change and bare-benders skill gap contribute much to the material wastage, thus for the cost overrun of projects.
 Keywords: Bending gain, cost overrun, detailing, rebar, redesign, steel, wastage
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Sarfaty, Michal, Assaf Moore, Ashley M. Regazzi, Aaron P. Mitchell, and Jonathan E. Rosenberg. "The Cost of Enfortumab Vedotin Wastage Due to Vial Size—A Real-World Analysis." Cancers 13, no. 23 (2021): 5977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13235977.
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Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) is FDA-approved for advanced urothelial cancer in patients previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and a checkpoint inhibitor. We conducted a real-world study to determine the extent of EV wastage in a single institution and assessed the financial impact of EV wastage annually in the United States. Systematic examination of the usage and wastage of all standard-of-care EV treatments administered to urothelial cancer patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020 was performed. Drug wastage was calculated by subtracting the actual administered dose from the total dose in an optimal set of vials. We built a pharmacoeconomic model to assess the financial impact of EV wastage annually in the US using the January 2021 Average Sales Prices from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Sixty-four patients were treated with standard-of-care EV, with a median of 11 doses per patient (range 1–28). Wastage occurred in 46% of administered doses (367/793), with a mean waste per dose of 2.9% (0–18%). The average drug wastage cost per patient was $3127 ($252/dose). The annual cost of EV wastage in the US is estimated to be $15 million based on wastage data from a single center in the US. In summary, EV wastage due to available vial sizes was 2.9%, which falls under acceptable thresholds. While the percentage of EV wastage is relatively low, waste-minimizing practices may reduce the financial toxicity for the individual patient and for society.
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Javadzadeh Shahshahani, Hayedeh, Shahin Sharifi, and Soheila Nasizadeh. "Impact of Implementing a Standard Operating Procedure to Reduce Blood Wastage in Blood Centers of Iran." Archives of Iranian Medicine 27, no. 2 (2024): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.2024.14.
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Background: Blood wastage leads to additional costs and reduced blood availability to patients. Above all is the moral issue of wasting donor gifts. This study aimed to determine the rate of blood wastage before and after implementing a new standard operating procedure (SOP) in Iran. Methods: In this interventional study, a SOP for wastage management was prepared and implemented in all blood centers throughout the country. Data were extracted from the integrated software of the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO). The wastage rate of blood components in the post-intervention years (2016-2017) was then compared with that in the pre-intervention years (2013-2015) using the Z test. Results: The overall wastage rate decreased by 36.86% (P<0.001, 95% CI [36.84-36.88]) after the intervention. Red blood cell (RBC) wastage decreased from 2.6% to 2.5%, platelet wastage from 19.5% to 10.6% and plasma wastage from 15.5% to 7.3% (P<0.001). The highest percentage of waste reduction pertained to plasma components, which decreased by 52.90% (P<0.001, 95% CI [52.86-52.94]). Expiration was the most common cause of RBC and platelet wastage. The most common causes of plasma wastage were RBC contamination and rupture or leakage of the bags. The intervention resulted in a drop of over 250000 discarded components each year, equal to approximately thirty-six million dollars in savings. Conclusion: This intervention effectively reduced waste and increased efficiency. Ongoing blood wastage reviews, auditing, and receiving feedback from the central headquarters were powerful tools in following the compliance of blood centers. Further studies are recommended, especially concerning blood wastage in hospital blood banks and various wards.
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Rathnayake, R. M. L. D., R. M. L. Madushantha, W. A. P. C. P. Gunawardhana, and P. B. R. Dissanayaka. "Unveiling Construction and Demolition Waste Dynamics: A Case Study of the Building Construction Sector in Sri Lanka." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 57, no. 4 (2024): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v57i4.7665.
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Construction and demolition waste (CDW) generation is an increasing global concern. Despite the significance of the construction industry to the economy of Sri Lanka, limited studies have been conducted on this topic, and no proper guidelines have been developed. Therefore, a comprehensive study on CDW is necessary to establish the required framework for developing guidelines for effective CDW management. This study aims to address this gap by investigating CDW generation in the building construction sector in Sri Lanka. The study examines the generation patterns and current management strategies of CDW in different phases at different conditions of significant construction projects in Sri Lanka. To ensure a representative sample, construction sites in the Colombo and Kandy districts were carefully selected, representing various project types and stakeholders, including public and private owners, commercial establishments, residential projects, and office structures. Data was collected by a rigorous questionnaire survey of stakeholders from 32 construction and demolition projects, complemented by face-to-face interviews with responsible higher officials. Key findings include high average wastage percentages for asbestos (7.4%) and ceramic tiles (7.1%), varying concrete wastage rates across building types (8.2% in high-rise structures, 5.2% in low-rise buildings, and 4.0% in medium-rise buildings), and potential inefficiencies in material use procedures. Substructure components show room for improvement in material consumption, with a wastage percentage of 6.3%, while superstructure components demonstrate relatively efficient material management, with a wastage ratio of 4.8%. Analysis of demolition waste composition reveals significant proportions of brick (25%), concrete (20%), timber (8%), and steel (6%), highlighting the importance of proper handling and disposal practices. Overall, finding of this study show that comprehensive waste management strategies are required, and the types of waste generated during building construction vary depending on factors such as construction stage, building size, contractor grade, etc.
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Fufa, Gamachu, Kebede Fite, Geremu Tucho, and Tamasgen Wakuma. "Cause of Construction Materials Wastages on Construction Project a Case of Mettu Town." American Journal of Construction and Building Materials 8, no. 2 (2024): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20240802.12.
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The rapid development of the construction industry has caused in the construction materials wastage that negatively affect the environment, budget and humanity. The aim of this study is to assess the cause of construction materials wastages on public construction project a case of Mettu town. The target population was selected randomly consultant and contractors of public construction project in Mettu town. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents’ a categories of questionnaires according to five groups on the cause of construction materials wastage of construction project. The main technique of data analysis was descriptive statistics comprising of percentage, mean value and relative importance index. The result of data analysis are shows on the tables and figures of the data collection. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-Test were used to test the hypotheses. The first three highest contributors to cause of construction material waste are found Group 3 operation, Group 1 design and documentation, and Group 5 site supervision in terms of groups with average relative importance index of 0.697, 0.686 and 0.680 respectively. The three rank cause of key construction materials, which are wasted on construction sites are Tile, Block (HCB), concrete, the relative importance index value are 0.683, 0.680, and 0.678 are wasted respectively. The statistical difference in the perceptions of the various group’s contractor and consultant concerning the most cause of wastage construction material produced during construction project. To evaluate the difference across five groups of cause of construction materials wastage on the contractor and consultant was tested using kruskal-wallis test. The test is significant difference of contractor, consultant and average (Aysmp sig. 0.000, 0.431, 0.812 are respectively. In the preference of cause of construction materials wastage for five groups of respondents are (Group 1=12, Group 2 = 19, Group 3 = 14, Group 4 = 13, and Group 5 = 5). The waste of construction materials is a common occurrence in Mettu town. Therefore, it is the obligation of all parties involved in the construction sector to minimize the construction materials waste. This study suggested that in order to achieve efficient waste reduction in the construction business, contractors and consultants need to receive the necessary training and motivation. The study&apos;s conclusions may have applications in waste management, construction technology, and control for environmentally friendly public construction projects.
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Abdul Razak, Taqarra Khalida Audi, Sakhiah Abdul Kudus, Adiza Jamadin, and Nurul Huda Suliman. "Compressive Strength of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Containing Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)." Materials Science Forum 1042 (August 10, 2021): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1042.165.
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This study provides the opening on the needs to save the Earth in the aspect of construction industry by limiting the usage of resources the Earth provided such as rocks and aggregates and instead, maximizing the use of wastage in concrete design. Meanwhile, palm oil industry is the biggest commercial industry in Malaysia. This eventually leads to contributing the highest wastage produced in Malaysia such as palm oil mill effluent (POME); being one of its wastage. Thus, the first study on POME in UHPC was conducted. A selected percentage of 1%, 3% and 5% of POME were chosen to be added in UHPC to be mixed with other components of making concrete and casted into 100mm x 100mm x 100mm cubes. The specimens were tested for slump and compression; tested for 28 days. Results revealed that the workability of the specimens was high and an increase of early development of compressive strengths at day 3. The strengths then dropped at day 7 and stayed constant until day 28. This is due to characteristics of POME that causes pozzolanic reaction in UHPC to react differ than other waste materials that act as silica, in which the POME caused depleting of strength as longer time curing were objected to the specimens. In conclusion, a relationship was obtained; high workability of fresh concretes result to high compressive strength by considering two factors which are the percentage of POME addition into UHPC and dilution effect – curing days.
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Nugroho, Galuh Ari, Aan Zainal Muttaqin, and Doni Susanto. "Waste Analysis in the Hot Press Section Using the Qfm (Quality Filter Mapping) Method at Pt. Linggarjati Mahardika Mulia Pacitan." Jurnal Teknik Indonesia 3, no. 01 (2024): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.58471/ju-ti.v3i01.256.
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PT. Linggarjati Mahardika Mulia is a company operating in the forestry sector located in Pacitan Regency, producing plywood with thicknesses ranging from 5mm, 8mm, 12mm, 15mm, 18mm. The subject of this research is the cause of waste in the hot press section of the pressing machine. The method used is Quality Filter Mapping because it is a relevant method for finding out the source of problems in the quality of the company's products. The results of this research showed that production in May with the highest percentage of plywood wastage occurred at a thickness of 15mm at 0.24% with a poor glue quality factor, and plywood with a thickness of 18mm at 0.24% for a damaged material factor. In June 2023, the highest wastage occurred in plywood with a thickness of 18mm at 0, 09% on the influencing factor is the quality of the glue is not good.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wastage percentage"
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Koh, Chon Jin. "Characterisation of shape of fine recycled crushed coloured glass and the effect on the properties of structural concrete when used as a fine aggregate replacement." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/561256.
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In order to reduce the use of landfilling within waste management great emphasis is being placed on waste reduction and recycling. Each year in the UK approximately 2.5 Mt of waste glass is produced and approximately half of this waste is not recyclable. Therefore alternative ways need to be found for using waste glass and one possibility is to use it within concrete as a replacement for cement and/ or aggregate. In the research programme concrete mixes were tested which had 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the fine aggregate replaced by crushed waste glass. All glass was originally in bottle form and was crushed to produce ‘sand’ which had a grading curve more-orless identical to fine aggregate obtained from a commercial supplier. Three colours of glass were studied, i.e. flint (clear), amber and green. Concretes were also made which contained a mixture of colours (in proportion according to the weight of each type of waste glass produced annually within the UK) and also a mixture of unwashed waste glasses. The overall concrete mix adopted for investigation, i.e. 1:2:4, was selected because of its wide use within industry, and all concrete was made with a water:cement content of 0.6 without the addition of plasticiser or ASR-retarding agents. The suite of laboratory tests included; slump, flow, initial and final setting time, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption by immersion and capillarity rise, ASR measurement (volumetric and linear), compression strength at ages from 7 days to 365 days. Techniques of developed digital imaging and processing have been applied to the glass aggregate to quantify various particle shape factors, i.e. aspect ratio, percentage concavity, Riley inscribed sphericity and surface texture index. Statistical analysis has been used to compare the distribution of particle forms present within the fine aggregate materials used in the experimental work. Dimensional changes (in three orthogonal directions) were measured as concrete cubes hardened over a period up to 365 days. The length changes of concrete prisms were also measured over the same period of time. The resultant data indicated that a fine aggregate which comprised 25% glass and 75% sand would be categorised as “non-expansive”, i.e. the same as the sand on its own. As the proportion of glass in the fine aggregate became greater than the aggregate became more expansive but it did not exceed recommended limits.
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PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
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Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction
strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement.
In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP.
However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may
provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario.
In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.
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Serra, Cláudia Beatriz Barbas. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de gestão de quebras de malha de uma empresa têxtil através da sua plataforma ERP." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/70262.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial<br>Este trabalho de dissertação foi elaborado no âmbito da conclusão do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia
e Gestão Industrial, da Universidade do Minho. O projeto foi desenvolvido numa empresa do ramo têxtil,
dedicada à produção de vestuário, com destaque para os processos de acabamento e tingimento de
artigos têxteis.
O processo de ultimação está associado a uma perda de matéria-prima, designada por quebra. Durante
a análise do processo produtivo localizaram-se as origens destas quebras e identificaram-se os fatores
que as fazem variar em cada ordem de produção.
O projeto teve como principais objetivos aumentar a fiabilidade dos dados existentes no ERP,
nomeadamente, as quantidades de material utilizado nas ordens de produção e consequentemente os
dados acerca do inventário, comparar as quebras reais com as quebras estimadas e, por conseguinte,
aumentar a eficácia do planeamento a fim de evitar excessos ou défices de produção.
Como propostas de melhoria sugere-se colmatar falhas na identificação dos produtos no chão de fábrica,
realizar inventários parciais para corrigir imprecisões no inventário, normalizar os processos de
introdução de dados no software ERP, monitorizar esses mesmos dados por meio da utilização de um
ficheiro Excel, automatizar o processo de análise e monitorização, através de uma ferramenta em Visual
Basic for Applications e por fim estimar as quebras através de modelos de análise preditiva, com base
nos dados e variáveis disponíveis de ordens de produção anteriores. Este conjunto de sugestões
melhoram os dados durante todo o processo para uma tomada de decisão do planeamento de
necessidades de materiais mais consciente e informada.
Com as melhorias implementadas no âmbito da qualidade dos dados, verificou-se um aumento de 8%
na taxa de exatidão das ordens de produção da principal empresa subcontratada.<br>This dissertation work was prepared within scope of the conclusion of the Master’s degree in Industrial
Engineering and Management, at the University of Minho. The project was developed in a textile company
dedicated to the clothing industry, focusing the processes of dyeing and finishing textile articles.
In the finishing process there is a loss of raw material, named as waste percentage of the knit. During
the analysis of the production process, the origins of these wastes were located and the factors that make
the waste vary in each production order were identified.
The main objectives of the project were increasing the ERP data reliability, namely, the materials quantity
needed in each production order, inventory data, compare actual percentage waste with estimated
percentage waste and therefore increase planning efficiency in order to avoid excesses or deficits in
production.
As improvement proposals, it was suggested the suppression of gaps in the products identification on the
shop floor, execution of partial inventories to correct inaccuracies, normalization of data entry processes
in the ERP software, the monitoring of those data through the use of an Excel file, automation of the
analysis and monitoring process through a Visual Basic for Applications tool and finally an estimation of
waste through predictive analysis models, based on available data and variables from previous production
orders. This set of suggestions improves the data throughout the process for a more conscious and
informed material requirement planning.
With the improvements implemented in the scope of data quality, there was an 8% increase in the
accuracy rate of the production orders of the main outsourcer.
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Monteiro, Diana Marcela Martins. "Melhoria de desempenho do processo de tingimento e acabamento de uma empresa têxtil." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/61052.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial<br>O presente trabalho surge no âmbito do projeto de dissertação que culmina na conclusão do ciclo de
estudos do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial, da Universidade do Minho. A
investigação teve lugar numa empresa portuguesa do ramo têxtil, dedicada ao tingimento e acabamento
de artigos têxteis, procurando-se a melhoria global do desempenho destes processos pela eliminação de
desperdícios e ineficiências.
A racionalização e gestão da qualidade dos processos permitem reduzir os lead-times, os desperdícios e
as não-conformidades dos produtos, aumentando a satisfação do cliente e reduzindo os custos. Estes
são aspetos viabilizados pelos princípios e ferramentas do Lean e da Qualidade, aplicados e
desenvolvidos ao longo deste projeto.
A metodologia Action Research orientou o processo de investigação e o desenvolvimento da presente
dissertação, que se iniciou com a realização de uma revisão bibliográfica contextualizada no tema geral
da mesma. Aqui foram expostos os princípios, técnicas e ferramentas que fundamentam as filosofias da
Qualidade e do Lean Production. São ainda apresentados casos de implementação destas ferramentas
em contextos organizacionais. Relativamente à empresa em estudo, foi elaborada a sua apresentação e
a descrição das secções funcionais, sendo esclarecidos os aspetos fundamentais à sua análise.
A análise efetuada à situação atual da empresa apoiou-se nos dados recolhidos na investigação e na
informação partilhada pelos colaboradores. Foram aplicadas ferramentas como o diagrama de causaefeito,
o OEE, o VSM, o diagrama de Spaghetti e o fluxograma vertical, tendo sido ainda iniciado um
Benchmarking. O resultado da análise possibilitou a identificação do processo gargalo, o tingimento, e a
identificação de desperdícios, entre os quais se destacam os altos níveis de WIP, os elevados tempos
setup, o excesso de atividades sem valor acrescentado e a recorrência de reprocessamentos dos artigos.
Realça-se, ainda, a inadequação do indicador monitorizado pela empresa, as quebras de malhas.
Perante os problemas explanados, foram propostas e desenvolvidas ações de melhoria, sustentadas nas
ferramentas do Lean e da Qualidade, que visam o aumento da fluidez dos artigos, a padronização do
trabalho e novas metodologias de avaliação do desempenho. Apesar de não terem sido implementadas,
é sugerida a adoção destas propostas no futuro.<br>This work arises within the scope of the dissertation project that culminates in the conclusion of the cycle
of studies of the Integrated Master in Engineering and Industrial Management, University of Minho. The
investigation took place in a Portuguese textile company, dedicated to the dyeing and finishing of textile
articles, seeking to improve the overall performance of these processes by eliminating waste and
inefficiencies.
The streamlining and quality management of the processes can reduce lead-times, waste and product
nonconformities, increasing customer satisfaction and reducing costs. These aspects are achievable
using principles and tools of Lean and Quality, applied and developed throughout this project.
The Action Research methodology guided the research process and the development of the dissertation,
which began with a bibliographical revision contextualized in the general theme of the same. Here were
exposed the principles, techniques and tools that sustain the philosophies of Quality and Lean Production.
Implementation cases of these tools are also presented in organizational contexts. The company under
study was presented and was made a description of its functional sections, clarifying the fundamental
aspects for its analysis.
The analysis made to the company's current situation was based on the data collected in the research
and the information shared by the employees. Tools such as the cause-effect diagram, OEE, VSM,
Spaghetti diagram and vertical flowchart were applied, and a Benchmarking phase was also carried out.
The result of the analysis made it possible to identify the dyeing as the bottleneck process and the
detection of waste, among which stand out the high levels of WIP, the high setup times, the excess of no
added value activities and the articles’ reprocessing recurrence. It is also highlighted the inadequacy of
the indicator monitored by the company, the waste percentage of the knit.
In view of the presented problems, improvement actions were proposed and developed, based on Lean
and Quality tools, which aim to increase the fluidity of articles, standardization of work and new
performance evaluation methodologies. Although not implemented, it is suggested to adopt these
proposals in the future.
Books on the topic "Wastage percentage"
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United States. Government Accountability Office. Economic development administration: Remediation activities account for a small percentage of total brownfield grant funding : report to Congressional Committees. GAO, 2005.
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Maupin, G. W. Evaluation of using higher percentages of recycled asphalt pavement in asphalt mixes in Virginia. Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2008.
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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Environment and Solid Waste Committee. Public hearing before Assembly Environment and Solid Waste Committee [on] Assembly concurrent resolution no. 195: Proposes constitutional amendment to authorize use of dedicated corporation business tax revenues for funding development of land for recreation and conservation purposes, changes existing allocation percentages : [June 15, 2006, Trenton, New Jersey]. The Unit, 2006.
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Kacorzyk, Piotr. Wartość gospodarcza okrywy roślinnej gleby w aspekcie nawożenia oraz zdolności retencyjnej płytki gleby górskiej. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-33-5.
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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of method management of mountain soil on the quantity and quality of waste water, and the amount of mineral nutrients it contains. I have analyzed the water, that was moved through the soil profiles of 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm depth. I have also evaluated the floristic composition, the productivity of grassland and arable land, and the use of fertilizers by vegetation and soil chemical properties. I have found that the type of plant cover of the soil had a significant effect on the amount and chemical composition of water moving through the soil profile. Arable land was characterized by an average of 5 percentage point higher drainage rates compared to meadows. The smallest outflow of water from the soil was found in the first research period (intensive vegetation), and the largest in the third period (non-vegetation). The largest amount of the mineral content carried out annually with a soaking water, was observed on the arable land and was on average more than 2 times larger than on other fertilizers. This evidenced by the greater variation in the composition of floristic vegetation and its productivity. Between 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm of soil profiles, significant differences in the amount of waste water and mineral components were observed. The water drainage coefficient from the shallow profile was on average 9 percentage points higher than from the deeper profile. The amount of the sum of mineral loads, excluding calcium from the shallow soil profile was 94,5% higher than the sum of loads taken from the deeper soil profile. In the unused meadow the improvement of soil chemical properties was observed. There was an increase in pH, and the accumulation of minerals resulted from the positive balance of most of the ingredients.
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Brown, Christopher C. Harnessing the Power of Google. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400661877.
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This informative and practical book teaches how to get better and faster results from Internet searches and methods for maximizing the potential of the world’s most popular search engine. Mastering Internet research skills is a must for today’s information professionals and LIS students, as well as for educators and all high school and college students. But without specific instruction in how to conduct online research, people are destined to waste time in their Internet queries or to come up emptyhanded when the information they’re seeking is, in fact, available. Harnessing the Power of Google: What Every Researcher Should Know offers simple strategies that streamline research and improve anyone's search results. It will specifically benefit information professionals, students, and academic researchers in disciplines like international studies, political science, and statistical research. Illustrated with helpful screen shots, this handbook will be an often-consulted desk reference and can serve as a workshop guide or supplementary reading in courses on online research skills. The book starts with a review of general guidelines for searching that covers topics like the difference between primary and secondary sources, determining authority, citing sources, indexing, and ranking before addressing Google’s power-searching features, such as the ability to search by top-level Internet domain or file type. The book describes the history of information access over the past century, culminating in today’s digital information archives and how Google now augments—not replaces—what libraries provide. The three Google interfaces that together comprise a powerful toolkit are covered in detail: Google Web for finding primary source materials; Google Scholar for full text searching of scholarly, peer-reviewed material; and Google Books for searching the full text of a very high percentage of books.
Book chapters on the topic "Wastage percentage"
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Behforouz, Babak, Davoud Tavakoli, Behrouz Naderi, and Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban. "Sustainable Enhancement of Lightweight Concrete: A Comprehensive Investigation into GGBS and Waste Steel Fiber Incorporation for Improved Strength and Durability." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_68.
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AbstractThis study explores the properties of lightweight concrete incorporating slag and steel fibers. Cubic and cylindrical specimens were created with varying fiber percentages (0%, 1.5%, and 3%) and slag replacements (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The samples underwent testing for compressive strength at 7, 28, and 90 days, tensile strength at 28 and 90 days, and water absorption at 28 and 90 days. Results indicate an enhancement in both compressive and tensile strength with a 20% slag replacement in all specimens. Additionally, an inverse correlation is observed between overhead percentage and water absorption, where an increase in overhead corresponds to a decrease in water absorption. Despite no substantial impact on compressive strength, the incorporation of waste steel fibers consistently improves tensile strength across all fiber percentages. This study underscores the potential of these eco-friendly additives in promoting environmentally conscious construction practices, aligning with the principles of sustainable development in the concrete industry.
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Shirkouh, Arman Hatami, Ahmed Soliman, Stéphane Godbout, and Joahnn Palacios. "Investigation Optimization of the Percentage of Agro-Waste in Non-structure Concrete." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61507-8_23.
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kreethawate, Laksana, Sirithan Jiemsirilers, Parjaree Thavorniti, and Sitthisunthon Supothina. "High Percentages of Hydrometallurgical Zinc Waste Loading in Unglazed Tile Body." In Ceramic Transactions Series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144107.ch12.
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Cherene, M. G. P., G. C. Xavier, A. R. G. Azevedo, and S. N. Monteiro. "Use of Ceramic Waste in Different Percentages as a Replacement of the Fine Aggregate in Mortars." In Advances in Powder and Ceramic Materials Science 2023. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22622-9_13.
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Khatti, Jitendra, and Kamaldeep Singh Grover. "Prediction of Suitable Percentage of Waste Materials for Improving Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using AI Approaches." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6513-5_4.
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Nagaraju, T. Vamsi, and Alireza Bahrami. "Sustainable Geopolymer Bricks Manufacturing Using Rice Husk Ash: An Alternative to Fired Clay Bricks." In Sustainable Structures and Buildings. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46688-5_5.
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AbstractFired clay bricks and cement bricks are commonly used in the construction industry. However, the greenhouse gas emissions and high energy use involved in production of fired clay bricks and cement bricks favor the utilization of geopolymer bricks instead. A change to geopolymer bricks would significantly improve the present housing and agricultural biomass waste problems. Using agricultural biomass ash waste to create sustainable products is one alternative. Products that have been alkali-activated are said to be cost-efficient and sustainably produced and contain no Portland cement. In this chapter, geopolymer bricks were prepared with waste brick powder (passed through 300 μm sieve), rice husk ash, and alkaline solution (NaOH and Na2SiO3) with different percentages of precursors. Geopolymer bricks were tested for the bulk density, water absorption, wet compressive strength, and dry compressive strength. This study also deals with the sustainability analysis of geopolymer bricks. Geopolymer bricks achieved a desirable range of the compressive strength, and they technically showed promising results and met the standard specifications for bricks. By utilizing geopolymer bricks as an alternative for burnt bricks in buildings, this recycling technique can have positive environmental benefits.
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Ayed, Rabeb, Emiliano Borri, Gabriel Zsembinszki, Salwa Bouadila, Luisa F. Cabeza, and Mariem Lazaar. "Use of Textile Fiber Waste to Improve the Thermal and Mechanical Performance of Cement-Based Mortar." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_25.
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AbstractImproving the thermal properties of materials used in buildings is crucial to reducing energy demand and consumption. This study investigated the use of textile fiber waste in cement-based composites for construction applications. Mechanical and thermal characterizations were carried out to assess the behavior of cement mortars with different percentages of two types of textile fibers after 7 and 28 days of water hardening. The results show that the incorporation of fibers can significantly improve the thermal insulation capacity of buildings by reducing the thermal conductivity of cement mortar by up to 52%. In addition, the use of textile fibers can improve the mechanical strength of the cement mortar, especially with a high fiber content and a longer curing time.
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Machado, Cristian Rivera, and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. "Composting as a Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy: Lessons Learned from Cajicá, Colombia." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_2.
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AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) generated in developing countries usually contains a high percentage of organic material. When not properly managed, organic waste is known for creating many environmental issues. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil and water contamination, and air pollution are a few examples. On the other hand, proper and sustainable management of organic waste can not only bring economic gains but also reduce the waste volume that is sent for final disposal. Composting is one such recovery method, in which the end product – compost – eventually helps the agricultural industry, and other sectors, making the process an excellent example of nexus thinking in integrated management of environmental resources. The aim of this chapter is to discuss how Cajicá, a small city in Colombia, approached this issue in a methodical way to eventually became one of the leading organic waste composting examples in the whole world, as recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2017. Cajicá launched a source separation and composting initiative called Green Containers Program (GCP) in 2008, based on a successful pilot project conducted in 2005. The organic waste separated at source collected from households, commercial entities, schools, and universities are brought to a privately operated composting plant chosen by the city to produce compost. The compost plant sells compost to the agricultural sector. The participants in the GCP could also receive a bag of compost every 2 months as a token of appreciation. The Cajicá case presents us with many lessons of good practice, not only in the sustainable management of waste but also in stakeholder engagement. It specifically shows how stakeholders should be brought together for long-lasting collaboration and the benefits to society. Finding the correct business model for the project, efforts made in educating the future generation, and technology adaptation to local conditions are also seen as positive experiences that others can learn from in the case of Cajicá’s GCP. Some of the concerns and potential threats observed include the high dependency GCP has on two institutions: the programme financially depends completely on the municipality, and the composting operation depends completely on one private facility. GCP will benefit from having contingency plans to reduce the risk of having these high dependencies.
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Pinto, Maria Rita, Martina Bosone, and Francesca Ciampa. "Sustainable Reuse Indicators for Ecclesiastic Built Heritage Regeneration." In The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_60.
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AbstractIn the context of anthropogenic impacts on pollution and global warming scenarios, reject from the construction sector accounts for 36% of European waste. This waste percentage includes disused and abandoned buildings that have lost the value of their function over time. In order to reduce the ecological footprint they generate, the paper rethinks Recovery in its circular meaning to put these buildings back into a normal circuit of usability, improving the creation of resilient urban habitats. In particular, decommissioned ecclesiastical buildings constitute a huge quantity and significant quality heritage, as by cultural, perceptive, morphological and material values. The sustainable reuse of this heritage must act on its double impacting value: the tangible one linked to the material culture of the buildings and the intangible one, linked to the identity values of sediment instances. Through a comparison desk research of more than 140 cases of reuse on a European scale, the contribution arrives at a system of indicators that allow evaluating the reuse sustainable compatibility of these buildings, able to promote prosperity, inclusiveness and social equity. These indicators make it possible to assess the appropriateness of design actions aimed at mediating between the conservation of the built heritage and the transformative needs of contemporary instances. The results provide scenarios tool of sustainable recovery, capable of transforming waste into a resource, extending the life cycle of the ecclesiastical heritage and thus mitigating its environmental impact, as well as the cost related to the loss of cultural values and identity for the community.
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Shihata, Aya Ali, Mohamed Anwar Fekry, and Wessam Hamdy Abbas. "Implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Economic Sustainable Construction Minimizing Material Waste in Terms of Value Engineering." In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality. Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.103.
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The construction industry consumes a large amount of raw materials and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. However, studies have shown that philosophies alone are not efficient in solving problems in the construction industry. They must be supported by new tools and methodologies. Therefore, this study aimed to achieve a more sustainable building field by integrating BIM technology and value engineering principles in the management of building materials. to achieve the highest possible consumption of environmental resources and materials through value engineering. The methodology employed in this study was to develop a material waste management system for construction projects. Starting in the early design phase, develop a decision-making process for selecting the optimum floor tile size according to room dimensions. Some materials, such as floor tiles, wooden panels, and marble, can be used more efficiently using BIM and scheduling tools. Floor tiles are essential finishing materials in the AEC industry. The initial findings outline the benefits that can be obtained by using BIM tools to achieve waste minimization through value engineering principles by creating an automation process to choose the best floor tile size according to the space width and length and minimize the percentage of cut tiles to the total number of tiles that are used in the space. This provides a game-changing solution for construction stakeholders
Conference papers on the topic "Wastage percentage"
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Joskowicz, Jose, Sergio De Cola, Jose Luis Nunes, Gonzalo Varalla, Fabrizio Raffaelli, and Joaquin Frechero. "A Cost-Effective System to Measure the Filling Percentage of Solid Waste Containers in Smart Cities." In 2024 IEEE URUCON. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/urucon63440.2024.10850324.
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Edgemon, Glenn L., Dane F. Wilson, and Vanessa S. Anda. "Laboratory Investigations of Corrosion Phenomena in Simulated Defense Nuclear Waste Solutions." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08375.
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Abstract In 2006, the Integrated Multi-function Corrosion Probe (IMCP), a new multi-function corrosion monitoring system, was designed for double-shell tank 241-AN-107 at the Department of Energy’s Hanford Site. As part of the design work, laboratory testing using the IMCP data collection hardware, software, electrodes, and non-radioactive 241-AN-107 waste simulant solutions was conducted to establish baseline IMCP corrosion monitoring instrumentation performance and to characterize data produced by the major modes of corrosion that could be expected in Tank 241-AN-107 supernate simulants, particularly those forms of corrosion that could initiate during off-normal or upset conditions such as pitting and/or stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Testing demonstrated that standard tank waste simulants produce low rates of uniform corrosion on tank steel as monitored with linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrical resistance (ER) instrumentation. Additionally, as monitored with electrochemical noise (EN) instrumentation, uniform corrosion is characterized by random fluctuations of electrochemical current noise (ECN) and electrochemical potential noise (EPN) and low Pitting Percentage and Instability values (statistical parameters related to the degree of localized corrosion); pitting corrosion is characterized by the formation of numerous, distinct, relatively short-lived ECN and EPN transients over time, and moderately elevated Pitting Percentage and Instability values; and stress corrosion cracking (SCC), during active crack propagation, is characterized by negative mean current levels punctuated by occasional large, long-lived ECN and EPN transients. During SCC, the Pitting Percentage and Instability values are also highly elevated.
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Szafranko, Elzbieta, Jolanta Harasymiuk, and Marlena Jurczak. "CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN CONSTRUCTION AS AN ELEMENT OF THE GREEN BUILDING PHILOSOPHY." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/6.2/s25.21.
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Construction is a branch of the economy that occupies a leading place in waste production. The problem is both the demolition of buildings ending their activity and the construction process itself. During the demolition process, waste is segregated, and most often concrete and brick rubble is recycled. In addition, wooden and wood-based elements, metal and glass are most often recycled. However, there is still a large amount of mixed waste, which often contains hazardous waste. It is necessary to store them safely. Another problem is waste generated during construction. The largest percentage of their mass is packaging. In construction practice, they are most often transported to companies that deal with their segregation and partial processing as mixed waste. However, in the idea of a closed-loop economy, in addition to waste processing, it is about reducing the negative impact on the environment associated with, among others, the transport of this waste. The article proposes the possibility of using some packaging waste directly on the construction site. A scheme of processes allowing waste processing on the construction site and using them to produce elements used on site is presented. This approach allows for the implementation of the Green Building philosophy in a more comprehensive form.
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Usman, Akerele Ayodeji, and Póliska Csaba. "Investigating the Impacts of Slag Contents on the Thermal Characteristics of Foam Glasses." In 10th International Scientific Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-legj9i.
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The scourge of tonnes of waste generation from municipal, industrial, and medical facilities, among other sources, is a serious concern, significantly the increase in disposal through landfills, incineration, and others, which may pose further health and environmental challenges. In our work, we intend to study the characteristics of foam glass made from hazardous waste incinerator slags (HWIS) and waste bottle glass with 1.5%wt SiC used as foaming agents. Varying percentages (10%wt, 20%wt, 25%wt) of slags were sintered with waste bottles (88.5%wt, 78.5%wt, 73.5%wt). The increase in the height of the green samples with temperature rise, properties of the produced foam glass-like thermal conductivity (0.04-0.135W/mK), effusivity, water absorption (31.93%-98.67%), and compressive strength (3.92-5.61MPa) were checked as well. Our results gave great possibilities for the applicability of slags as secondary raw materials for foam glass production with good thermal insulating characteristics and other physical properties relevant to the expectations of construction materials.
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Hernando-Revenga, Manuel, Nerea Hurtado-Alonso, Javier Manso-Morato, et al. "Initial Approach to a Self-Compacting Concrete with Waste from Crushed Wind Turbine Blade." In Technology Enabled Civil Infrastructure Engineering & Management Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-d7gysb.
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Wind energy has been making its way into renewable energies until today, experiencing a continuous growth worlwide that leads to the urgent task of reflecting on and solving the issue of the recycling of the wind turbine blades. Their complex composition causes that currently there is no a widely acepted solution for it. This study evaluates the incorporation of waste from the crushing of wind turbine blades, which contains fibers, into self-compacting concrete, which can be used for producing any construction element. Therefore, five concrete mixes were made with different percentages of this waste, including a reference mix without this waste. The addition of waste increased the content of fibers in the concrete, which in turn implied an increase in the water/cement ratio. This situation led to a worsening of the mechanical performance of concrete as the waste amount increased, although it was partially compensated by the stitching effect of the fibers. The concrete mix with 1.5% in volume of this waste exhibited flexural and compressive strengths very similar to those of the reference concrete. This shows that incorporating the waste from the crushing of wind turbine blades can allow to produce structural self-compacting concrete.
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Khan, Hamad, Muhammad Jawad-ul-Haq, Abdullah Khan Jadoon, and Haq Nawaz Khan. "Optimizing Granular Soil Properties with Marble Dust: A Case Study from Peshawar City." In 14th International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ozq4uc.
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A The marble processing industry in the Peshawar region generates a significant amount of waste during the cutting and processing stages, with approximately 20 to 25% of the total processed stone ending up as waste. This waste is often disposed of in open land, causing severe environmental problems. To address these issues, this study investigates the use of waste marble dust for soil stabilization as an economical and sustainable solution, particularly in regions where granular material for backfilling is scarce. Granular soil (sand) samples were mixed with varying percentages of waste marble dust (3.5%, 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% by dry weight of soil). A series of geotechnical tests, including specific gravity, sieve analysis, modified Proctor compaction tests, and large direct shear tests, were conducted on both natural and marble dust-stabilized soils. The modified Proctor tests identified an optimum moisture content and maximum dry density at a 14% marble dust mixture. Subsequent large direct shear tests on this optimum mixture revealed enhanced shear strength parameters, including improved cohesion and angle of internal friction. The results demonstrated that incorporating marble dust into granular soil significantly improved its geotechnical properties. At the optimum 14% marble dust content, the soil exhibited increased compactness and enhanced shear strength, making it a viable alternative to traditional backfill materials. This study not only offers a cost-effective approach to soil stabilization but also provides a sustainable solution for managing marble waste, contributing to environmental preservation especially for Peshawar city and the development of local construction projects.
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Jayathilake, J. P. H. K. E., B. L. D. Seneviratne, and H. L. Liyanage. "What is the effect of supermarket managers’ behavior on food waste?" In International Conference on Business Research. Business Research Unit (BRU), 2024. https://doi.org/10.31705/icbr.2024.14.
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Despite a significant percentage of the world population facing chronic hunger, close to one-third of the food produced within a food supply chain is wasted annually. Predominately visible food waste occurs during harvesting, transportation, and consumption stages. Therefore, the supermarket sector, which contributes to a substantial amount of food waste, remains under-explored in academic research areas. This study employs a quantitative approach, grounded in the theory of planned behavior. The study investigates how food waste behavior is influenced within supermarkets by attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and situational factors. Additionally, the study explores the mediating role of intention within this context. The data were collected from 136 supermarket managers using the survey method and to analyze data multiple regression analysis was employed. The results indicate that Positive attitudes, favorable perceived behavioral control, and favorable intentions are the factors that positively significantly effect on food waste-reducing behavior of supermarket managers. Furthermore, the intention has a mediation effect between the independent variables and the dependent variable (food waste-reducing behavior). Moreover, the study concludes that the attitudes of managers are having a more substantial impact on food waste-reducing behavior rather than perceived behavioral control. The study findings assist top-level management of the supermarkets to identify the critical areas that need to be addressed to reduce food wastage in supermarkets and drive them to make more accurate decisions to minimize food wastage in supermarkets.
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Szuszkiewicz, Anita. "Sharing economy as a new dimension in the development of society case of Poland." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.035.
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Sharing economy concerns a wide range of different behaviours in the field of redistribution of goods and resources, including renting products instead of buying them or resources sharing, such as carsharing or bedsharing inter alia. Such activities enable better access and allocation of resources, which can be assessed positive in terms of ecology (rationalization of resources use, elimination of post-consumption waste) or societal issues (counteracting social exclusion of people). A study on adult Poles shows that two thirds of respondents have handed over unused items to people in need or sold them on C2C market in the last year, while 59% limited buying new products directly from producers, buying "second-hand" items or borrowed them from friends, family or specialist companies (50%) if possible. Also, a high percentage of respondents willingly share their surplus of food products (69%) and non-food products (79%) with others. Such results indicate on high degree of commitment to the development of circular economy, as well as collaborative consumption helping to drive the sharing economy, which is an important step towards hindering wastage of both food and other resources thereby promoting their optimal use.
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Temelkova, Maria. "ANALYSIS AND ASSESMENT OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF THE TOWN OF BREGOVO." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/3.1/s12.01.
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Bregovo is a small Bulgarian town located on the border with the Republic of Serbia. It is situated 6 kilometers from the mouth of the Timok River, which flows into the Danube River. Despite the proximity of the river, the town experienced some complications in its water supply. The purpose of the research is to to analyze and evaluate the water supply system of the town of Bregovo. The water supply in the municipality of Bregovo is taken care of by the operator "ViK Vidin" EOOD. The separate territory of "ViK Vidin" EOOD consists of a total of six different sized water supply systems (WSS), one of which is WSS Bregovo � for the town of Bregovo. The WSS Bregovo is supplied with water from two underground water sources, which receive water from one shaft well and two drilling wells. The water is pumped by means of two pumping stations through the distribution network to the water tower located above the city with a capacity of 250 m3. Data on water sources and consumption were used for the purpose of the research. The data for the resource of the water sources is based on information from the issued water permits of Danube River Basin Directorate Pleven. The data for the water demand � from the "ViK Vidin" EOOD and the forecast for the demand made in the regional master plans for water and waste water. Then with this data it was calculated The Water Stress Index for water supply of the town of Bregovo, which takes into account the percentage of intake water to the available water resource. In order to avoid water stress, this ratio should be under 20%, and for the town of Bregovo is around 20-22%. The water stress can even be reduced below 20% if measures will be taken to reduce the high water losses and water wastage in the distribution network, which reach up to 70%. The study shows that the quantity of water sources is sufficient for consumption of the population, but there are possible problems with the quality of drinking water. It is also calculated the Water Storage Capacity Index of the water tower, which should be within 50-100% of the average daily water demand in the serviced territory, in order to achieve an acceptable level of security of water supply. The index is insufficient, with values around 31-45%. Some recommendations have been made to improve the storage index values. Conclusions have been made in connection with the improving the performance of the WSS Bregovo.
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Ito, K., T. Takata, and M. Kamiya. "Quantification of Transferring and Adhering for Pd, Mo, Te, Sb, Ru, Re, Cs and I During the Evaporation Under Vacuum and at Atmospheric Pressure." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4878.
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In order to modify current nuclear fuel reprocessing plants on the basis of a more sophisticated, economical, and safer nuclear waste recycling system, the production of low-level radioactive wastes must be reduced and the recycling of wastes must become more efficient. To simulate liquid waste recycling operations, evaporators under vacuum and at atmospheric pressure were used to determine adhering and transferring rates for Pd, Mo, Te, Sb, Ru, Re, Cs and I in the nitric acid and sodium nitrate solutions. In the evaporation from the HNO3 and NaNO3 solutions containing precipitate PdI2, the percentage values for materials adhering on the inside of lid at vacuum pressure were 0.01 ∼ 0.1%/m2, however at atmospheric pressure the values were 0.001 ∼ 0.01%/m2. Adhering percentage values on the condenser were 0.0001 ∼ 0.001%/m2 for the vacuum and atmospheric pressure systems. The transferred percentages into the distillate for Pd, Mo, Te, Sb, Ru, Re, and Cs were 0.0001 ∼ 0.001% in the HNO3 and NaNO3 solutions for the vacuum and atmospheric pressure systems, and those of I were about 10% for HNO3 system at atmospheric pressure, 2∼7% for HNO3 system under vacuum, 0.01∼0.1% for NaNO3 system under vacuum. Reducing rates for the treated solution were one third of feeding solutions in the evaporation under vacuum and at atmospheric pressure.
Reports on the topic "Wastage percentage"
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Grau, Javier, Horacio Terraza, Germán Sturzenegger, Alfredo Rihm, and Diana Milena Rodríguez Velosa. Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006297.
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This document is a collection of available data on solid waste management in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The following bullet points contain a brief description of the most relevant data: The regional average per capita generation of Domestic Solid Waste (DSW) and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is 0.6 kg/cap/day and 0.9 kg/cap/day, respectively. DSW represents, on average, 67% of the MSW generated in the region. The MSW regional average collection rate is 89.9% (as a percentage of the population). Compared with a worldwide average of 73.6%, LAC has a high level of coverage, reflecting the priority the region gives to this service. LAC's coverage is higher than that of Africa (46%), South Asia (65%), and the Middle East and Northern Africa (approximately 85%). Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Trinidad & Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela have MSW collection rates close to 100% (universal coverage). About 53% of LAC's population receives 2to-5-days a week waste collection service, 45% daily service and 2% once-a-week service. Separate MSW collection, commonly known as selective collection is still uncommon in the region. However, there are cases like that of Brazil, where 62% of municipalities implement selective MSW collection programs. Average unitary collection costs have been estimated at US$34 per collected ton, with high cost variance between countries. For example, the cost in Argentina is US$54, while in Paraguay is only US$6.6 (a US$47 difference). These variations typically reflect differences associated with the (higher-lower) quality of service. Adequate MSW final disposal coverage (i.e., in landfills) is approximately 55% (as a percentage of the population), which means that there is still a large amount of waste that is not disposed and/or treated adequately (45%). The average final disposal cost is US$20.4 per ton disposed. There is a first group of countries where disposal costs are around US$10 (US$5.6 in Ecuador, US$11.4 in Chile), a second group where it costs around US$20 (US$18.8 in Costa Rica, US$23.3 in Colombia), and then there¿s Brazil, where costs are, on average, considerably higher (US$31.5). In several LAC countries MSW management costs are directly afforded by the municipality. The average cost recovery is 51.6%xii. Municipalities typically use property taxes as the main revenue collection system. This collection mechanism represents 52.1% of the total, followed by direct billing to users, with 20.2%; the electricity bill (15.3%); and the water & sanitation bill (12.4%).
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Pessino, Carola, Nadir Altinok, and Cristian Chagalj. Allocative Efficiency of Government Spending for Growth in Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004310.
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There is scant empirical economic research regarding the way that Latin American governments efficiently allocate their spending across different functions to achieve higher growth. While most papers restrict their analysis to the size of government, much less is known about the composition of spending and its implications for long-term growth. This paper sheds light on how allocating expenditures to investment in quality human and physical capital, and avoiding waste on inefficient expenditures, enhance growth in Latin America. This paper uses a novel dataset on physical and human capital and detailed public spending that includes -for the first time- Latin American countries, which is categorized by a cross-classification that provides the breakdown of government expenditure, both, by economic and by functional heads. The database covers 42 countries of the OECD and LAC between 1985 and 2017. There are five main results. First, the estimated growth equations show significant positive effects of the factors of production on growth and plausible convergence rates (about 2 percent). The estimated effect of the physical investment rate is positive and significant with a long-run elasticity of 1.2. Second, while the addition of years of education as a proxy for human capital tends to have no effect on growth, the addition of a new variable that measures quality-adjusted years of schooling as a proxy for human capital turns out to have a positive and significant effect across all specifications with a long-run elasticity of 1.1. However, if public spending on education (excluding infrastructure spending) is added to the factor specification, growth is not affected. This is mainly because, once quality is considered, spending more on teacher salaries has no effect on student outcomes. Therefore, the key is to increase quality, not just school performance or education spending. Third, both physical and human capital are equally important for growth: the effect of increasing one standard deviation of physical capital or human capital statistically has the same impact on economic growth. Fourth, increasing public investment spending (holding public spending constant) is positive and significant for growth (a 1% increase in public investment would increase the long-term GDP per capita by about 0.3 percent), in addition to the effect of the private investment rate. However, the effect of public spending on payroll, pensions and subsidies does not contribute to economic growth. Fifth, the overall effect of the size of public spending on economic growth is negative in most specifications. An increase in the size of government by about 1 percentage point would decrease 4.1 percent the long-run GDP per capita, but the more effective the government is, the less harmful the size of government is for long-term growth.