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Journal articles on the topic 'Waste disposal in the ground Developing countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Al Hasan, Abdullah, and Muhammad Abu Eusuf. "Study the Heat Sink Potential of Building Ground Floor Slab Integrated with ELT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.967.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the heat sink properties of ELT (end-of-life tyres) waste. A hazardous waste, ELT or massive scraped tyre waste created environmental load to the local environment. Today, when researchers think of the environmental impacts of tyres, they mostly focus on the management of tyres at the end of their useful lives. From Global perspective it is found that one billion tyres reach the end of their useful lives annually, out of which about four billion ELTs are currently in landfills and as stockpiles worldwide. Study revealed that most of the developing countries currently are not experienced with the disposal method of ELT. Besides, developed countries from Europe, USA, Japan and Singapore have framed specific law or regulation to the disposal of ELT. Recently it is obvious that should find out alternative ways as to reduce the load of massive ELT waste. Furthermore, this study has been designed to manage ELTs massive waste, experimentally. Due to fact that this research followed by an effective experimental set up to observe the real phenomena of ELT for passive cooling in hot humid and tropical climate and make comparison with conventional construction materials and systems.

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2

Christersson, L., L. Sennerby-Forsse, and L. Zsuffa. "The role and significance of woody biomass plantations in Swedish agriculture." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 6 (1993): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69687-6.

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The low profitability of agriculture, the greenhouse effect, acidification, the energy supply, ground water pollution, waste disposal and depopulation of the countryside are some of the problems in urgent need of solution not only in Sweden but in many other western countries. Naturally, there is no single solution to all these complex problems. However, by establishing plantations of fast-growing deciduous tree species on abandoned or surplus arable land it is possible to address many of these problems in a positive way. More than 15 years of research and development within the National Swedish Energy Forestry Program (NSEFP) have resulted in a new agricultural crop with a high potential for sound ecological and economic outcome. The further utilization of biomass plantations for environmental clean-up programmes and waste cycling is now developing on a regional and local basis. As a complement to pure energy plantations, mixed forest stands are discussed as multipurpose production systems for wood chips, short fiber and veneer. Key words: alternative crops, biomass plantations, energy crops, energy forestry, Salix, short-rotation forestry

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3

Mehta, Yash D., Yogendra Shastri, and Babu Joseph. "Economic analysis and life cycle impact assessment of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal: A case study of Mumbai, India." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 12 (2018): 1177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18790354.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major concern in Indian cities. This work rigorously assesses the relative costs and the environmental and health benefits of alternative MSW management methods. Management of MSW over the next 20 years for the city of Greater Mumbai was considered. A generic model was developed to determine the costs for (i) dumping on open ground, (ii) sanitary landfill without leachate treatment, (iii) landfilling with leachate treatment and (iv) regional composting and landfilling. LandGEM was used to quantify the gaseous emissions from landfill, while emissions from leachate and composting were taken from literature. The life cycle impact model of one tonne of MSW was developed using OpenLCA software and the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) 2011 method was used for impact assessment. The cost of disposal of one tonne of waste was found to be INR344 (US$5.17), INR741 (US$11.13) and INR1367 (US$20.53), respectively, for the first three scenarios. As compared to open dumping, landfill gas flaring reduced the global warming potential by 32% and leachate treatment reduced freshwater ecotoxicity and total human toxicity marginally, by 20% and 60%, respectively. Composting-landfilling was the most preferred option, with a cost of INR531 tonne−1 (US$7.97), leading to a reduction in global warming potential by 79% and a slight decrease in freshwater ecotoxicity by 64%. Further, emissions due to accidental fires were also quantified. The study provides valuable insights for the selection of MSW management options for large metropolitan cities in developing countries.

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Patil, Rajshree A., Dilshad Ahmad, Shankar B. Kausley, Pradeep L. Balkunde, and Chetan P. Malhotra. "A compact point-of-use water purification cartridge for household use in developing countries." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 1 (2014): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.111.

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Simple, low-cost household interventions are known to be effective in lowering the incidence of waterborne diseases in developing countries. However, high costs along with operational and maintenance issues have prevented the successful adoption of these interventions among the affected communities. To address these limitations, a cost-effective, gravity-driven water purification cartridge has been developed by employing the synergistic disinfection action of low concentrations of silver and chlorine on bacteria and viruses. The silver and chlorine treatment components within the cartridge have been developed using inexpensive materials and integrated with a life indicator and auto-shut-off-mechanism within a compact form factor. The antibacterial as well as antiviral performance of the cartridge was tested by using ground water spiked with Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophage. The results show that, although individually, the silver and chlorine treatment systems were unable to inactivate the test strains, the integrated cartridge inactivates both bacteria as well as viruses up to the log reduction requirement of the USEPA guide standard for microbiological water purifiers over its designated life of 2,000 liters.

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5

J., Nyabayo C., Chemoiwa E. J., Mwamburi L., Jepkogei R. M., and Albert Kimutai. "The effects of vertical and horizontal separations between pit latrine and hand dug well on contamination water by human fecal matter in Bomachoge Borabu, Kenya." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 09 (2016): 4782. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.09.001.

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In developed world, water diseases are rare due to presence of efficient water supply and human wastes disposal systems (Jorge et al., 2010). However, in developing countries like Kenya, are characterized by inadequate basic resources such as safe drinking water and sewerage disposal facilities. This is due to rapid population growth. Consequently, use of pit latrines and hand dug wells are commonly used. There is concern that pit latrines may cause ecological and human health effects associated with pathogenic and chemical contaminations of ground water sources by hand dug wells. In Kenya, pit latrine disposal method could be a main source of ground water contamination. Contaminants from pit latrines excreta can potentially leach into groundwater, causing human health risks through contamination of hand dug well water. In this study we assessed vertical separation between the depths of pit latrines and hand dug wells and the horizontal separation between wells and pit latrines. These assessments were to establish the separation distance that can allow the pathogens to die off naturally or leach to underground water. A cross-sectional study design was used. The study areas of Bomachoge Borabu sub county were; Magenche, Bokimonge, Bombaba and Boochi, targeting hand dug wells and pit latrines usage within homesteads. Methods of data collection used in the study were questionnaires, measurements and laboratory water analysis. The results revealed that hand dug well water was significantly (p<0.05) contaminated with faecal coliforms in all study sites. In addition, usage of pit latrines and wells was significant (p<0.05) too. Over 60% of the population used both pit latrine system and hand dug wells for faecal disposal and as water source respectively. These results also showed that the minimum horizontal separation distance between pit latrine and hand dug well was 60 meters and vertical separation distance between depths of pit latrine and hand dug well was 1.1metre (45inches) at these distances no faecal coliforms were recorded. It was recommended that public health sensitization exercise be made in the study area.

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6

Vala, R. M. K., L. Tichagwa, D. E. Musibono, and V. M. Lukanda. "Environmental and health concerns regarding the quality of water in a poor suburb of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Water Supply 11, no. 3 (2011): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.044.

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In many developing countries, the scarcity of potable water is an ongoing challenge. Even when water is plentiful, its quality may be unsuitable for household use such as in the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) which is the study area for this investigation. Shortage of potable water has forced inhabitants in the city to rely on water wells dug without adherence to regulations or specifications within perimeters of their homesteads. The water from such wells is often polluted with household waste being generally disposed by burning and burying in shallow pits, thrown in pit toilets or into rivers. Such practices have led to contamination of ground water. This study examines the water quality of drinking water drawn from wells in Fer-bois, which falls under the Kimbanseke municipality in the South East of Kinshasa. The dynamics of well design/location, sources of possible contamination with respect to water treatment and water quality as well as its possible impact on health are examined. The area was shown to have poor groundwater quality with significant amounts of pollutants such as NO3, Pb and Cd leading to environmental and health concerns.

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7

Irda Sari, Sri Y., Deni K. Sunjaya, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Chiho Watanabe, and Ardini S. Raksanagara. "Water Sources Quality in Urban Slum Settlement along the Contaminated River Basin in Indonesia: Application of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (September 18, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3806537.

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Fecal contamination in water sources is still found globally, especially in urban slum areas of mid-low income countries. Fecal contamination as an indicator of low levels of hygiene and sanitation practices as well as poor management of drinking water supply might increase the risk of waterborne diseases in developing countries like Indonesia. This study aimed to assess quality of all water sources in one of the urban slum settlements along a contaminated river basin in Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of August to October 2015. Water samples were taken with simple random sampling from households in urban slum areas along the Cikapundung river basin in the center of Bandung city, Indonesia. Water samples (n=379) from 199 households and 15 common wells were tested for microbiological contamination, and 61 samples of ground water sources and river were tested for selected heavy metal contamination. Annual risk of infection from all water sources was calculated using the quantitative microbial risk assessment. Tap water distribution was poor in this slum area. Most of the dug wells and half of refill bottled water were contaminated. Estimated highest annual risks of infection due to fecal contamination would be caused by dug well and spring water since majority of the households did not use septic tank and disposed human waste directly to the river. Improvement in point-of-use water treatment and storage is essential to prevent risk of waterborne diseases, and tap water should be more accessible and affordable in urban slum areas. The integrated monitoring system to control the quality of refill bottled water production is one of the many essential issues to be prioritized.

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8

ANANDALINGAM, G., and MARK WESTFALL. "Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal: Options for Developing Countries." Natural Resources Forum 11, no. 1 (1987): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1987.tb00288.x.

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9

Troschinetz, Alexis M., and James R. Mihelcic. "Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries." Waste Management 29, no. 2 (2009): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.016.

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10

Diaz, Luis F. "Options for improving solid waste management in economically developing countries." Waste Management 29, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.001.

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11

Ighravwea, Desmond Eseoghene, and Inyeneobong Ekoi Edemb. "Municipal Waste Management Sustainability in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Research Directions." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, no. 3 (2020): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.328.

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Currently, there is an increasing clamour for sustainable municipal management systems in developing countries because of the recent growth in waste generation in these countries. Different literature has discussed the issue of waste management systems for developing countries; however, there is sparse information on the synergic relationship among STEEP (Social, Technical, Economic, Environment and Policy) requirements for municipal waste management. This study uses STEEP requirements to evaluate the issue of municipal waste management sustainability in developing countries. These requirements help in aggregating the drawbacks and improvements in municipal waste management among developing countries. A framework for municipal waste management sustainability was proposed based on the discussion of available information on STEEP requirements. Furthermore, several research directions were highlighted to provide decision-makers with empirical tools for municipal waste management sustainability. Its emphasis is on municipal waste management in Africa in general and Lagos, Nigeria in particular. The study concluded that carrying out a detailed analysis of the STEEP requirements is a prerequisite for a sustainable municipal waste management system.

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12

Chembukavua, Agnes Anto, Arif Mohammada, and Devendra Narain Singhb. "Bioreactor Landfills in Developing Countries: A Critical Review." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 1 (2019): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm.2019.21.

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13

Pinka Sankoh, Foday. "Understanding Solid Waste Management Practices in Developing Countries: From Waste Disposal to Recovery of Resources." American Journal of Environmental Protection 9, no. 3 (2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.11.

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14

Sarkhel, Prasenjit. "Source Separation and Organic Waste Disposal: Policy options for Household Waste Management in Developing Countries." Arthaniti-Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 8, no. 1-2 (2009): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747920090104.

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15

Kofahi, Najib A., S. H. Gharaibeh, and S. Oqeili. "Algorithm for selection of domestic solid waste disposal site in developing countries." Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics 3, no. 2-3 (2000): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2000.10700280.

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16

Chen, C. C. "Spatial inequality in municipal solid waste disposal across regions in developing countries." International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 7, no. 3 (2010): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03326154.

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17

Shaub, Walter M. "Resource management in developing countries." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 10, no. 4 (1994): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(94)90027-2.

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18

Srivastava, A. K., and A. K. Nema. "Grey modelling of solid waste volumes in developing countries." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management 159, no. 4 (2006): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/warm.2006.159.4.145.

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19

Henry, Rotich K., Zhao Yongsheng, and Dong Jun. "Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing countries – Kenyan case study." Waste Management 26, no. 1 (2006): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.03.007.

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20

Nizami, A. S., M. Rehan, M. Waqas, et al. "Waste biorefineries: Enabling circular economies in developing countries." Bioresource Technology 241 (October 2017): 1101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.097.

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21

Ali, Mustafa, Wenping Wang, Nawaz Chaudhry, and Yong Geng. "Hospital waste management in developing countries: A mini review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 6 (2017): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17691344.

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Health care activities can generate different kinds of hazardous wastes. Mismanagement of these wastes can result in environmental and occupational health risks. Developing countries are resource-constrained when it comes to safe management of hospital wastes. This study summarizes the main issues faced in hospital waste management in developing countries. A review of the existing literature suggests that regulations and legislations focusing on hospital waste management are recent accomplishments in many of these countries. Implementation of these rules varies from one hospital to another. Moreover, wide variations exist in waste generation rates within as well as across these countries. This is mainly attributable to a lack of an agreement on the definitions and the methodology among the researchers to measure such wastes. Furthermore, hospitals in these countries suffer from poor waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation and disposal practices, which can lead to occupational and environmental risks. Knowledge and awareness regarding proper waste management remain low in the absence of training for hospital staff. Moreover, hospital sanitary workers, and scavengers, operate without the provision of safety equipment or immunization. Unsegregated waste is illegally recycled, leading to further safety risks. Overall, hospital waste management in developing countries faces several challenges. Sustainable waste management practices can go a long way in reducing the harmful effects of hospital wastes.

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22

Kozlov, Vladislav M. "Trending Models of Solid Municipal Waste Management in Russia." Social’naya politika i sociologiya 20, no. 1 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2021-20-1-5-13.

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The world community is increasingly concerned about environmental issues. Disposal of municipal solid waste is one of the critical components of the system for improving and maintaining the current level of the environmental situation both at the national and international levels. Foreign countries have been developing technologies and models for organizing the disposal of solid utility costs for a long time; in Russia, this trend has become popular only after the beginning of the 21st century. The paper discusses a model for the disposal of municipal solid waste in the European Union, the United States, developing countries in Asia and Africa. The research methodology consists in comparing Russian and foreign advanced trends in the management of fixed utility costs.

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23

Sohoo, Ihsanullah, Marco Ritzkowski, Kerstin Kuchta, and Senem Önen Cinar. "Environmental Sustainability Enhancement of Waste Disposal Sites in Developing Countries through Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010151.

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Sustainable management of municipal solid waste is one of the major challenges for authorities in developing countries. Current waste disposal methods in Pakistan and other developing countries are not meeting standards of any proper waste management system opted for in the developed world. This mismanagement of waste is leading to serious environmental problems at local as well as global levels. This study aims to investigate the methane emissions from waste dumpsites in the city of Karachi, Pakistan, and to propose an effective approach to enhance their environmental sustainability. The methane emissions from waste disposal sites were assessed by simulating four different landfill situations during the landfill simulation reactor experiment. The residual methane reduction potential of each waste disposal approach was assessed by a biochemical methane test of waste after the experiment. It is estimated that in the present situation, about 11,500 tons of CO2-eq methane is released annually from waste disposal sites in Karachi. The convectional anaerobic landfill with methane capturing facilities and post-aeration operation was found to be the most environmentally sustainable approach with controlling 65% of residual methane emissions in comparison with the present scenario. For the development of new landfill sites, we recommend the bioreactor landfill approach with methane recovery and post-care (in-situ aeration).

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Lonkar, Sagar, Zhihong Fu, Melinda Wales, and Mark Holtzapple. "Creating Economic Incentives for Waste Disposal in Developing Countries Using the MixAlco Process." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 181, no. 1 (2016): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2213-6.

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Browning, Shelby, Betsy Beymer-Farris, and Jeffrey R. Seay. "Addressing the challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and management in developing countries." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 32 (June 2021): 100682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100682.

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26

Ferronato, Navarro, and Vincenzo Torretta. "Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060.

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Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal sector in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging. Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most important issues. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams, in order to quantify its effect on the environment. This narrative literature review assessed global issues due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. The results and case studies presented can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level.

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27

Khan, Bilal Ahmed, Longsheng Cheng, Aves A. Khan, and Haris Ahmed. "Healthcare waste management in Asian developing countries: A mini review." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 9 (2019): 863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19857470.

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Healthcare waste encompasses a significant quantity of hazardous substances. Poor healthcare waste management can result in serious environmental and human health risks. Asian developing countries are densely populated, and some are highly resource constrained. These countries commonly fail to practice appropriate healthcare waste management. Moreover, facilities in these countries extensively lack proper waste segregation, collection, safe storage, transportation, and disposal. This mini-review recapitulates key issues of healthcare waste management confronting Asian developing countries. Regulations, legislation, and policies are found to be recent, and their implementation varies from one another. Variation in waste generation rate is common. Contradictory methods of waste measurement used by researchers leave these variations questionable. The absence of waste management training programmes roots ignorance among staff and handlers, which leads to unsafe waste handling and causes different health risks. Unsafe and illegal recycling of hazardous waste is a threat to human health, also landfilling is often confused with open dumping, causing environmental damage. Outdated incineration plants need to be replaced with autoclaving, steam sterilisation, and comparatively reasonable new practice of pyrolysis to avoid the emission of toxic gases. The significance of proper healthcare waste management cannot be ignored, especially in Asian developing countries; substantial improvements are required in order to protect the environment and human health from serious risks.

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Diaz, L. F., G. M. Savage, and L. L. Eggerth. "Alternatives for the treatment and disposal of healthcare wastes in developing countries." Waste Management 25, no. 6 (2005): 626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.005.

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29

Mmereki, Daniel, Kgosietsile Velempini, and Larona Mosime-Serero. "Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management Policy Implementation in Developing Countries: Insights from Botswana." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (2021): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.46.

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Since independence, Botswana has promulgated environmental policies and legislation to protect the environment and reduce public health impacts. While the Botswana Waste Management Strategy and Waste Management Act were introduced in 1998, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) still remains a major challenge in Botswana. Thus, to understand the status of implementation of municipal solid waste management policy, the study employed a qualitative approach for data collection using a narrative review of literature, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The study aimed at highlighting the policy gaps with respect to municipal solid waste management, point out the challenges and provide alternative solutions. The results suggest numerous inadequacies in the implementation of policy related to municipal solid waste management including lack of approaches to policy support, weak institutional influences and lack financial support. The application of a sustainable and integrated waste management system is also limited. This study offers important information that could be helpful to decision-makers and policymakers in the sector to improve the efficiency of the municipal solid waste management system.

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Suprayogi, Dedy. "Handling Solutions for Electronic Waste (E - Waste) in Indonesia." Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 1, no. 2 (2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/alard.v1i2.115.

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Any changes always take effect to the environment either positive or negative, it is no exception developments in technology. In addition to bringing benefits to the human development, technology has always had a negative impact, actually thrash or waste from obsolete technology as the results of the process productions or side product. The mobile phones waste is one of the electronic waste that need to be awareness. Electronic waste processing in particular mobile phones as one of the new problems in the waste management, and it will be an ice mountain problem for developing countries because generally they have limited technology, insufficiency of financial and lack of human resources in the management of electronic waste that electronic trash left to accumulate for granted. Indonesia as a developing country need to strengthening regulatory, economic support and technology transfer of electronic waste management from developed countries to suppress pollution caused by electronic waste disposal carelessly.

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Diaz, Ricardo, and Suehiro Otoma. "Cost–benefit analysis of waste reduction in developing countries: a simulation." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 16, no. 1 (2013): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-013-0148-3.

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32

Ezeah, Chukwunonye, Jak A. Fazakerley, and Clive L. Roberts. "Emerging trends in informal sector recycling in developing and transition countries." Waste Management 33, no. 11 (2013): 2509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.020.

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33

El-Fadel, M., M. Zeinati, K. El-Jisr, and D. Jamali. "Industrial-waste management in developing countries: The case of Lebanon." Journal of Environmental Management 61, no. 4 (2001): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0413.

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34

Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, and Thomas C. Kinnaman. "Global Reuse and optimal waste policy." Environment and Development Economics 18, no. 5 (2013): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x13000235.

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AbstractElectronic waste generated from the consumption of durable goods in developed countries is often exported to underdeveloped countries for reuse, recycling and disposal with unfortunate environmental consequences. The lack of efficient disposal policies within developing nations coupled with global free trade agreements make it difficult for consumers to internalize these costs. This paper develops a two-country model, one economically developed and the other underdeveloped, to solve for optimal tax policies necessary to achieve the efficient allocation of economic resources in an economy with a durable good available for global reuse without policy measures in the underdeveloped country. A tax in the developed country on purchases of the new durable good combined with a waste tax set below the domestic external cost of disposal is sufficient for global efficiency. The implication of allowing free global trade in electronic waste is also examined, where optimal policy resembles a global deposit-refund system.

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35

Anuja Prabhakar, Romi Nayyar, and PK Sharma. "Environmental and Health Impacts of Electronic Waste: A Global Concern!!" International Healthcare Research Journal 5, no. 5 (2021): RV1—RV4. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0505.08445.

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Electronic waste, commonly referred as e-waste, is waste generated from discarded waste from an alarming number of electronic components which contains toxic substances affecting human health and the environment across the globe. In India, it is of extreme significance as its huge production uses more electronic materials and thus, dumps a significant amount of e-waste simultaneously. India is still lacking suitable infrastructure and methods is proper recycling and disposal. This review is an overview of current scenario in the developing countries, India and other countries depicting the magnitude of environmental and health hazards associated with improper recycling and disposal methods.

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36

Preeti Singh Bahadur and Manjari Jain, Shalini Jaiswal. "Energy Generation through Integrated Sustainable Waste Management- Case Study NAXOS 2018." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 06, no. 09 (2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060919.

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The integrated waste management method used to examine solid waste problems in different developing countries along with their solution. Integrated sustainable waste management includes examination of physical elements like assemblage, dumping, and reprocessing as well as government role like involvement of consumers and facility suppliers; financial stability; rational institutions supported by coherent guidelines. The data shows that the performance has enhanced considerably over past 10 years in different developing countries. The mean collection and disposal rate of disposal in the middle 95% are even more common than in the low-income cities, even before 50%. Recycling rates of 20–30% have been achieved by the informal sector in many low-income countries. The evidence suggests that efficient, effective, and inexpensive systems are compatible with local requirements and conditions, developed with the direct involvement of service recipients. Despite the remaining challenges, evidence from recent reforms suggests that sustainable solid waste and resource management are possible for developing countries. The articles distributed right now a wide scope of themes, including vitality recuperation from squander, waste to vitality advances, maintainable vitality frameworks, anaerobic absorption, warm circular segment plasma gasification, microalgal-based biorefinery, squander the board, displaying of cutting edge gasification frameworks, squander valorisation, and microbial power module innovation.

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Azevedo, Bruno Duarte, Luiz Felipe Scavarda, Rodrigo Goyannes Gusmão Caiado, and Maryegli Fuss. "Improving urban household solid waste management in developing countries based on the German experience." Waste Management 120 (February 2021): 772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.001.

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Shah Khan, Safdar, Suleman Aziz Lodhi, Faiza Akhtar, and Irshad Khokar. "Challenges of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE)." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 2 (2014): 166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-12-2012-0077.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recent global situation on waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) management and recommend policy directions for designing environmental strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative research approach is adopted to review studies on WEEE management in developed and developing countries. The focus is to critically consider the available options for its safe management. Findings – Approximately 40-50 million tons of WEEE is generated worldwide annually and most of it is dumped in the developing countries. WEEE is not a challenge to be faced by a single country as it has trans-boundary effects and ultimately the contamination reaches back to the developed countries with a lapse of time. Research limitations/implications – Data availability on WEEE generation and disposal is in initial stages. Practical implications – Developing countries in Asia and Africa do not have resources to handle WEEE. The unregulated and unsafe WEEE management practices in these countries let hazardous materials to disseminate into the marine life and global ecosystem. Originality/value – The paper recommends policy directions to deal with the emerging issue that may have globally far reaching consequences.

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Macleod, Melissa A. "Transnational Trafficking of Hazardous Waste from Developed to Developing Nations: Policies and Recommendations." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v3i1.1447.

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Transnational trafficking of e-waste has become a rising problem over time as the amount of waste produced in developed countries increases. Over time, the focus has moved from traditional industrial waste disposal to e-waste disposal. This acceptance of hazardous waste often leads to adverse health effects in the importing nation. As a case study, the history, consequences, current policies, and recommendations for hazardous waste trafficking are considered in the context of West Africa. Following the analysis, it is clear that despite strong policies on the importers part, there are confounding factors, such as economic expansion and corruption, which continue to drive the import of e-waste. Therefore, the recommendations are addressed to exporting nations which generally have well-developed economies, political systems, and technology thus increasing the likelihood of control over the situation.

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Hemmati, Somayeh, Ebrahim Fataei, and Ali Akbar Imani. "Effects of Source Separation Education on Solid Waste Reduction in Developing Countries (A Case Study: Ardabil, Iran)." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 3 (2019): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.267.

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The aim of the present study was to create a source separation and waste reduction culture in Ardabil city in a randomized systematic way. The present semi-experimental study was conducted in two regions of Ardabil city. The number of sample in each region was 100 (50 as control, 50 as case population). In order to determine the effect of the profile of households in regions 1 and 2 and the effect of training on the amount of produced waste and the increase of awareness on source waste separation, two-step sampling, before and after training, was conducted in both groups. Beside a questionnaire also was completed before and after training. The results showed the statistically significant relationship between the income and reduction of produced waste in region 1 and 2. In the case group, level of awareness in regions 1 and 2 was changed from low-medium (first step) to medium-high (second step). Also, amount of produced waste was reduced in second steps in the case group. This result indicates the effect of training as an intervention factor, on waste management. Therefore, the desirable education system should be selected according to the status of society and the cultural, social, and economic conditions of each region and it is advisable to use specialized staff with health and environmental views to train citizens in order to source waste separation and waste management.

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Zimmermann, Klaus. "Microwave Technologies: An Emerging Tool for Inactivation of Biohazardous Material in Developing Countries." Recycling 3, no. 3 (2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030034.

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Inappropriate treatment and disposal of waste containing biohazardous materials occurs especially in developing countries and can lead to adverse effects on public and occupational health and safety, as well as on the environment. For the treatment of biohazardous waste, microwave irradiation is an emerging tool. It is a misbelief that microwave devices cannot be used for inactivation of solid biohazardous waste; however, the inactivation process, and especially the moisture content, has to be strictly controlled, particularly if water is required to be added to the process. Appropriate control allows also inactivation of waste containing inhomogeneous compositions of material with low fluid/moisture content. Where appropriate, especially where control of transport of waste cannot be guaranteed, the waste should be inactivated directly at the place of generation, preferably with a closed waste collection system. In waste containing sufficient moisture, there are direct useful applications, for example the treatment of sewage sludge or human feces. A number of examples of microwave applications with impacts for developing countries are presented in this review. In respect to energy costs and environmental aspects, microwave devices have clear advantages in comparison to autoclaves.

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Thakur, Vikas, and A. Ramesh. "Healthcare waste disposal strategy selection using grey-AHP approach." Benchmarking: An International Journal 24, no. 3 (2017): 735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2016-0138.

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Purpose Nowadays healthcare waste (HCW) has become a big challenge for the hospital management, especially, in developing countries like India. Like other developing countries, Indian healthcare waste disposal (HCWD) industry is also fragmented, as some hospitals are having their own in-house waste treatment facilities and others are outsourcing the process to government authorized Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities. Literature also lacks the quantitative studies in selecting the HCWD strategy and, hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritize the factors, which affect the selection of HCWD strategy and to propose the model to select the HCWD strategy and to apply the proposed model to select the HCWD strategy in Uttarakhand, Northern State of India. Design/methodology/approach Grey theory-based analytic hierarchy process approach has been applied to evaluate the HCWD options and select the appropriate strategy for the healthcare facilities (HCFs). Findings From the literature, six criteria have been used to evaluate the HCWD strategies: “access to expertise,” “overdependence,” “transportation & risk associated,” “Government rules,” “environmental factors,” and “economic factors.” “Outsourcing” strategic option (0.61) got the higher desirability index than “in-house treatment” (0.39). Research limitations/implications The proposed methodology can be used by the researchers and experts in the field to evaluate the strategic options and select the appropriate strategy. Practical implications The HCFs and other generators of HCW can select the alternative, whether they should treat the infectious waste in-house or they should go for outsourcing. Originality/value In the field of HCW management, this is the first study of its kind, which helps to evaluate and select the HCWD strategies. The proposed model has been applied in Uttarakhand, Northern State of India to make the comparison between “in-house” and “outsource” strategies.

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Rao, T. R., D. de Zwart, E. de Ruijter van Steveninck, and H. Tibosch. "Basic needs in ecotoxicology for developing countries." Science of The Total Environment 134 (January 1993): 1755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(05)80175-5.

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Jamasb, Tooraj, David Newbery, and Michael Pollitt. "Core indicators for determinants and performance of electricity sector reform in developing countries." International Journal of Regulation and Governance 6, no. 1 (2006): 43–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ijr-120052.

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Nguyen, Trang DT, Kosuke Kawai, and Toyohiko Nakakubo. "Drivers and constraints of waste-to-energy incineration for sustainable municipal solid waste management in developing countries." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 23, no. 4 (2021): 1688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01227-2.

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Khamitova, G. M., and A. I. Khabirov. "Legal regulation of medical waste disposal in foreign law." Journal of Law and Administration 17, no. 2 (2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2021-2-59-53-60.

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Introduction. The article considers international and national experience in legal regulation of medical waste disposal. The special attention is given to foreign experience and possibility of application and perfection of the legislation on medical waste recycling in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Realization of research tasks has been reached on the basis of studying theoretical and practical experience of foreign countries concerning regulation of medical waste utilization. The study is based on the method of analysis of the current regulatory and legal framework in the Russian Federation, the practice of applying the legislation by judicial and other competent authorities and existing European (world) standards for the purposes of legal unification. Study results. In the article experience of the foreign countries concerning legal regulation of medical waste recycling, presented in the works of foreign and domestic researchers, the legislation of foreign countries is considered; the analysis of the sources regulating recycling of medical waste is conducted; various concepts of classifications of medical waste are revealed.Discussion and conclusions. The study showed that polymorphism of medical waste is both an epidemiological and environmental hazard. The problem is compounded by the potential hazards that arise from contact with these wastes, such as toxicity, radioactivity and infection. This is why environmental and environmental legislation is of particular importance, along with health and sanitary legislation. These legal norms should be taken into account by medical institutions when developing procedures for handling hospital waste. On the basis of the above-stated it seems expedient to study the experience of developed countries, in particular of the USA and the European states, concerning legal regulation of utilization of medical wastes as the problem of safe handling of medical wastes is important for each subject of the Russian Federation.

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Waqas, Muhammad. "THE CURRENT STATUS AND STEPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 1 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v3i1.5520.

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The increasing anthropogenic activities as a result of significant growth in population, urbanization, and industrialization has resulted in a tremendous amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). The municipal authorities are under extreme pressure from the epidemiological evidence towards human and environment as a result of injudicious waste disposal to landfills without any material recovery. In this article, the current status and limitations in treating MSW by the developing countries have been overviewed with a case study from Peshawar-Pakistan. The daily waste production in Peshawar city is about 650.8 tons with 0.4 kg/capita/day. Among the total waste, food waste contributes 14.3% fallowed by plastic waste (4%), paper (2.7%), glass (1.2%), wood (1.1%) and metals/rubber (0.6%). The waste collection efficiency is very low and about 40% of waste are collected whereas 60% of the waste remains in streets or at collection points. Currently there well-organized and specialized waste management practices such as composting, incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, biological treatment, and recycling for treating waste according to environmental deliberation. The directives of the developed countries had strictly imposed the regulations to increase the waste recycling and material recovery whereas in the developing countries the lack of proper legislation, planning, awareness regarding waste reduction has worsened the municipal solid waste-related problems. Moreover, in this article, an attempt has been made towards various important steps that need to incorporate in formulating the strategy for sustainable MSW management along with various aspects for their assessment in term of their sustainability in the developing countries.

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Nzediegwu, Christopher, and Scott X. Chang. "Improper solid waste management increases potential for COVID-19 spread in developing countries." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 161 (October 2020): 104947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104947.

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A. H., Gana,. "Solid Waste Generation and Management in Yobe State, Problems and Mitigations." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 2 (2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20210414.

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Waste management has been a serious topic of discussion among many countries (developed and developing) over the last few decades. People’s attitude towards uncontrollable waste generation and indiscriminate disposal of waste has increased recently, with these, some countries especially in Sub-Saharan-Africa have non-existent waste management policy and institution framework. In Nigeria local governments have the responsibility to manage waste at local level. During the study quantitative method was deployed, where questionnaire was administered to the respondents. 220 questionnaires were distributed across the state, 100 questionnaires were filled with (45%) return rate. About 93% of the respondents are male and 95% of the respondents have tertiary education. The results showed that most respondents are aware of waste management. 49% of the respondents dump their waste on roadsides and 63% believed that people’s attitudes towards waste disposal should change as it is unethical. The study advocates for a holistic strategy to mitigate indiscriminate generation and disposal of waste in the state. Governments and communities should work together in devising a means to improve waste management. Keywords:Waste, generation, disposal, problem, mitigation and management.

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MORENO-SÁNCHEZ, ROCÍO DEL PILAR, and JORGE HIGINIO MALDONADO. "Surviving from garbage: the role of informal waste-pickers in a dynamic model of solid-waste management in developing countries." Environment and Development Economics 11, no. 3 (2006): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x06002853.

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In developing countries, informal waste-pickers (known as scavengers) play an important role in solid waste management systems, acting in a parallel way to formal waste collection and disposal agents. Scavengers collect, from the streets, dumpsites, or landfills, re-usable and recyclable material that can be reincorporated into the economy's production process. Despite the benefits that they generate to society, waste-pickers are ignored when waste management policies are formulated. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the role of scavengers in a dynamic model of production, consumption, and recovery, and to show that, in an economy producing solid waste, efficiency can be reached using a set of specific and complementary policies: a tax on virgin materials use, a tax on consumption and disposal, and a subsidy to the recovery of material. A numerical simulation is performed to evaluate the impact of these policies on landfill lifetime and natural resource stocks. A discussion on the implementation of these instruments is also included.

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