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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Waste policy'
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Leach, Barbara Clare. "From policy process to policy impact : policy instruments for sustainable waste management." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368993.
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Greaves, Christopher. "Waste policy formulation and implementation : recycling and landfill." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1994. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3245.
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This thesis considers recycling as one option to improve the environmental performance of industry in the UK. A systems approach is used to identify objectives and capabilities of legislative and industrial agencies and to analyse issues in the broad context of waste policy formulation and implementation which spans both constituencies. It is shown that regulatory change to empower industrialists as decision takers is limited by a shortage of recycling infrastructure in the UK. Although well resourced firms are developing progressive waste policies in house, other firms are less well equipped to respond to regulatory pressures in a manner that is congruent with legislative objectives. An innovative option to develop recycling facilities for construction wastes at a landfill site is assessed, considering the roles of construction firms, skip hauliers and waste managers. An investigation is conducted into the practices employed by construction firms that influence wastes arising and likely changes to such practices. It is shown that pressures on construction firms are leading to some improvements to waste streaming that favour the recycling option. A spatial model of landfill catchment is used to estimate the elasticity of the volume of a given waste type delivered to a landfill site with respect to prices charged at the site and competing facilities. The option to recycle a substantial fraction of construction waste is compared with the null option of continuing to landfill waste without pre-treatment using a comparative cost benefit model. This model shows that, in the case of construction waste, benefits due to extending the working life of a landfill pit can be more significant than revenue effects for waste managers. Whether these benefits justify the costs of recycling is shown to be dependent on characteristics of particular landfill sites and
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Chvatal, Jessica. "A study of waste management policy implications for landfill waste salvagers in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14711.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-104).The aim of this innovative, qualitative research was to explore the factors that led to the Solid Waste Management Department's resolution to prohibit landfill salvaging in the Cape Metropolitan Municipality and the intended and unintended consequences such a decision subsequently had for the landfill waste salvagers. Large numbers of poor, unemployed and illiterate people reside in the Western Cape. The chronic and devastating nature of poverty is forcing thousands of vulnerable people into subsistence waste picking. These people dig through ingrained dirt and filth-ridden mud to extract items that they can use to construct and furnish their homes, to sustain themselves and their dependents, and more importantly, to sell to intermediaries for an income. Although a poorly paid, insecure and unsanitary form of employment, waste salvaging still puts food on the table at the end of the day when all else fails. This novel social development exercise studied what implications the prohibition on landfill salvaging in the Cape Metro has had for an exceedingly marginalized sector of society. This qualitative study mapped out the territory of integrated waste management and the various role players involved. The report explores the drivers for and barriers against landfill salvaging from three different perspectives: policy and planning, management and operations and informal sector waste salvagers. Government policies can sometimes prove to be less than effective in changing the disadvantaged circumstances of vulnerable communities. This research has demonstrated how the Department's decision to ban landfill salvaging has caused an even greater decline in the well-being of a section of the population that is already at risk. The researcher used observation, semi-structured one-on-one interviewing, focus group interviewing and questionnaires as well as conducted a thorough review of waste management policy-related documents and secondary data analysis in this qualitative endeavour. The triangulation of data collection methods helped the researcher interpret how the Department's decision has adversely impacted on the informal sector landfill salvagers and to what extent and helped indicate a possible way out of the subsequent precarious development. The waste salvagers of the Cape Metro are unemployed, experiencing a poorer quality of life and feeling even more socially and economically excluded from the rest of society because of the ban on landfill salvaging. Moreover, they have developed feelings of resentment and anger that have resulted in defiant acts of trespassing and theft. This research has shown that repressive and neglectful policies on landfill salvaging will only be met with significant opposition from the salvagers. Furthermore, given the socio-economic backlog and anticipated population growth in the Province, landfill salvaging will continue to be an important source of revenue for the poor and homeless. It is therefore the researcher's recommendation that landfill salvaging be legitimised and that landfill salvagers be recognized and organized into cooperatives that can provide them with the necessary resources to lobby for better working conditions at the top. Landfill salvaging will persist as long as chronic poverty endures. For this reason, consideration should rather be given as to how to go about formalising and controlling waste recovery at landfill sites to cater for the immediate and most basic needs of the poor. The recommendations brought forth will hopefully influence thinking about waste management policy planning and implementation in general, and be of service to furthering the country's achievement goals of sustainable employment creation and poverty alleviation.
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Maiden, Benjamin Gaylord. "Geographic implications of public policy : the siting of noxious facilities /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487266011225094.
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Juntti, Meri Johanna. "Interpreting agri-environmental policy : a comparative analysis of policy implementation in Finland and the UK." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7608.
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Schanes, Karin, Karin Dobernig, and Burcu Gözet. "Food waste matters - A systematic review of household food waste practices and their policy implications." Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.030.
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In recent years, food waste has received growing interest from local, national and European policymakers, international organisations, NGOs as well as academics from various disciplinary fields. Increasing concerns about food security and environmental impacts, such as resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions attributed to food waste, have intensified attention to the topic. While food waste occurs in all stages of the food supply chain, private households have been identified as key actors in food waste generation. However, the evidence on why food waste occurs remains scattered. This paper maps the still small but expanding academic territory of consumer food waste by systematically reviewing empirical studies on food waste practices as well as distilling factors that foster and impede the generation of food waste on the household level. Moreover, we briefly discuss the contributions of different social ontologies, more particularly psychology-related approaches and social practice theory. The analysis reveals food waste as a complex and multi-faceted issue that cannot be attributed to single variables; this also calls for a stronger integration of different disciplinary perspectives. Mapping the determinants of waste generation deepens the understanding of household practices and helps design food waste prevention strategies. Finally, we link the identified factors with a set of policy, business, and retailer options.
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Kwan, Woon-yin Patrick. "Policy review on domestic waste management in selected places." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-sa-b22107149a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007."A capstone project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Public Policy and Management at City University of Hong Kong." Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 12, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Roberts, Dawn Alexander. "Waste management in Wales : its problems and policy implications." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328182.
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Betancourt, Andrea Alejandra. "Waste pickers in Bogotá : from informal practice to policy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62131.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-156).
Waste pickers constitute the base and most essential work force of the recycling business in Latin American cities. Waste pickers have overtaken this commercial and environmental task as a survival strategy long before the state and private entities became interested in participating in this profitable business. Waste pickers separate, collect and commercialize recyclables informally and under very precarious working conditions. In Bogotá, the waste picking population has been active in defending their rights to continue working in this business and improve their working conditions by gaining the local government's recognition and inclusion in their solid waste management policies. They have faced strong opposition from local and national authorities, who often show little political will to support the social and environmental roles of recycling. In this paper, I explore how waste pickers in Bogotá have approached government authorities in order to acquire their support and build collaborative initiatives. The Association of Recyclers of Bogotá has led a fifteen year-old struggle to petition formal inclusion in local and national policies and to demand dignified working conditions. Waste pickers' persistence, leadership and high organization has guided them through this struggle, leading to the creation of collaborative spaces between waste pickers and the local government. My analysis of this case finds that collaboration, in the highly political topic of recycling, is not straightforward; it is attained through a push and pull dynamic that puts waste pickers and government authorities in constant confrontation, negotiation and conciliation. This long struggle has generated local and national laws, policies and programs that recognize recyclers' work and sets tools to include informal waste pickers in the recycling and waste management processes of Colombian cities. The practice and application of such political tools remains a challenge. However, this long struggle has been effective in making marginal actors - informal waste pickers - more visible in the urban agenda and in building bridges of communication between them, the local government and, to a lesser degree, private cleaning companies. This case shows that long processes of communication, struggle and negotiation are needed to address recycling and waste management through a comprehensive understanding of its social, economic and environmental dimensions.
by Andrea Alejandra Betancourt.
M.C.P.
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Sigman, Hilary A. (Hilary Anne). "Economic instruments for hazardous waste policy : an empirical analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12597.
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Karousakis, K. "The economics and policy of municipal solid waste management." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444764/.
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This thesis contributes to the environmental economics and policy of sustainable municipal solid waste management. Significant market and government failures are present that lead to inefficiently high levels of waste generation and distort the optimal allocation of waste to the various disposal options available. The aims of the thesis are to identify and analyse the socio-economic, policy, spatial, as well as attitudinal determinants of municipal solid waste generation, disposal and recycling, at the international macro-economic level and at the household level. The former is conducted using cross-sectional time-series data from the 30 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the period 1980 to 2000, whereas the latter is undertaken using original survey data collected from 188 households in London, UK. Three distinct methods have been adopted to undertake this investigation namely panel data econometrics, spatial econometrics techniques, and the stated preference choice experiment method. Conforming with previous studies, the results from the panel data econometrics indicate that waste generation is income inelastic. However, higher income levels are associated with smaller proportions of municipal solid waste disposed of at landfills and greater proportions of paper/cardboard and glass recycling. The role of urbanisation, population density and waste management policies are also examined. Moreover, spatial interaction is present in waste management and policy-making suggesting that governments may be acting strategically in their decision-making processes. Finally, the results from the choice experiment indicate that households are willing to pay for the number of 'dry' materials collected, and the collection of compost, while textile collection and the frequency of kerbside collection is less important. These insights into municipal solid waste management can assist policy-makers in designing and implementing efficient and cost-effective policies in developed countries, helping to promote sustainable municipal solid waste management.
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McWilliams, Kate. "Landlocked Landfills and the Invasion of Waste: Environmental Injustice as seen in Solid Waste Management in Rural Alaskan Villages." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/209.
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The communities of the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta in rural Southwest Alaska are living mosaics of the historical and sociological processes that have taken place since human populations first called this region home. These ongoing processes include integration of the cash economy, government-mandated assimilation, and the struggle to maintain infrastructure in an extreme climate and geographically isolated region of Alaska. In many aspects, the culture and people of this region are disadvantaged by the injustices of settler colonialism, perpetuated by state and federal policies. This thesis aims to describe social inequity in the YK Delta region through a comparison of solid waste management infrastructure and access to resources in the region’s hub city versus the surrounding villages. I will analyze the processes that allow predominantly Alaska Native villages to be exposed to environmental contamination—from policy to practice. Lastly, I will argue that State and Federal government is neglecting remote, Alaskan villages by failing to provide protective policy and access to adequate infrastructure. The devaluation of remote, Alaska Native communities creates an immense public health issue and case for environmental racism.
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Persson, Åsa Maria. "Choosing environmental policy instruments : case studies of municipal waste policy in Sweden and England." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/909/.
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European governments have during the last couple of decades shown an interest in new types of environmental policy instruments (EPIs) such as environmental taxes, tradable permit schemes and voluntary approaches, as opposed to relying on traditional forms of regulation. The interest in so-called ‘new’ EPIs (NEPIs) has led many governments to commit both to a more diverse EPI mix and to a policy process characterised by procedural rationality, in terms of considering a wide range of alternative instruments and assessing them in a systematic and transparent way. The first aim of this thesis is to examine the success of the quest for NEPIs at the national level in the field of municipal waste policy in two countries; the UK (England) and Sweden. In addition to mapping out EPI diversity, two contrasting theories on the pattern of adoption of instruments over time are evaluated, specifically focusing on the degree of coercion associated with EPIs. It is found that the waste policy mix in England has become more diverse, while the Swedish mix is characterised by a higher degree of coercion. The second aim is to analyse whether the instrument choice process has become more procedurally rational, and, if so, conducive to the adoption of NEPIs. A range of instrument choice theories at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels drawn from the public policy and political science literature are used to explain whether the ideal of procedural rationality is achievable or not. A case study methodology is used, in which the processes leading to the landfill allowance trading scheme (LATS) in England and and the waste incineration tax in Sweden are studied. It is found that the procedural rationality was higher in the England case, but that it is not a necessary nor sufficient cause for adoption of a NEPI.
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Vrede, Bruce. "Petroleum waste disposal challenges in selected African countries - policy, practice and prospects." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4152.
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Magister Artium - MAThe oil industry is growing increasingly aware of its serious image problem. There is a growing awareness of the systematic abuses of people and the environment inherent in the production, processing and marketing of petroleum. (Rowell, 1997). From the Club of Rome to the Bruntland Report to Rio De Janeiro and Johannesburg Earth Summits, increased pressure on the oil industry has been witnessed. Pressure has mounted to, in particular, start managing the industry’s impact on the environment. It was the first pictures of earth from space, which revealed the view of the limited “spaceship earth”, after which Garrett Hardin’s seminal article, entitled ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ triggered an understanding of the close links between the environment and our economic activity in 1974, Daniel Yergin (1991) argues. Today the oil industry is facing ‘peak oil’ (the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction will be reached) and the looming fallout from environmental damage costs and disasters (Clyde,1996). It has been argued by Brain Clyde (1996) that the emergence of notions of ‘sustainable development’ and practice in the context of the oil industry, reifies global capitalism as the liberating and protecting force (Clyde, 1996). This thesis sets out to explore these notions of sustainable development and the ways in which they challenge (or not) the foundations of knowledge around environmentally ethical behaviour amongst large oil companies and the manner in which they manage, in particular, used oil. There is a growing body of research contained in the fields of Political Ecology and Industrial Ecology that points to the need for blame to be placed between multinational oil companies and national governments for failing in their mandate to protect the environment (Africa Institute, 2013 and Danida, 2012). This thesis argues that used oil management is not only the responsibility of oil companies but also that of national governments and suppliers in the general public. If the role of national governments is to create enabling conditions for the development of “fit for purpose” waste policy and regulations in order to lead or track “best practices” in used oil management, this thesis shows that more often than not, policy has either failed in practice or has not been developed owing to a lack of political will. The prospects for implementation of best practices typically speak to concepts of recycling, reuse and proper disposal in terms of Lansink’s Ladder (1979) concept (He was a Dutch member of parliament who presented a schematic presentation of the order of preference for waste management options, with disposal at the bottom and prevention at the top) of the “waste hierarchy” with which this study engages (Gertsakis and Lewis, 2003). The waste management hierarchy supports the approaches taken in studies in the field of Industrial Ecology which suggest practice-based solutions to waste oil and policy development. This thesis explores four contexts of waste management in Africa, focusing on comparisons between policy and practice in sites that I have worked at in Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia and relates these to South Africa. Waste management infrastructure to support used oil management is largely in poor shape or non-existent, whilst the gap between waste management policy and legislation and actual waste management practices appears to be widening. This is mainly due to ongoing capacity constraints or non-existence of waste management facilities for the different waste streams. As result of industrialization, urbanization and modernization of agriculture in Africa waste generation is expected to increase significantly. My interest in this research, and the major intention of this study came from my personal experience working as an environmental specialist in the petroleum industry, where I have witnessed poor waste oil practices as a result of inadequate infrastructural or waste disposal options. Exacerbating the problem, as I argue in the study, are poorly defined waste management policy/regulations with consequential severe environmental and health degradation.
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Cheung, Yan Priscilla. "An analysis of Hong Kong's recycling policy." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21037929.
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Lazarevic, David. "Life Cycle Thinking and Waste Policy : Between Science and Society." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105781.
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This study investigates the application of life cycle thinking (LCT) and life cycle assessment (LCA) in the field of waste management from perspectives based in the social sciences. LCT is explored through the theoretical construct of regimes, drawing theoretical resources from a combination of the ‘pragmatic turn’, the economics of conventions and transition theory.This work is based on eight papers treating theoretical arguments, qualitative and quantitative analysis, case studies and semi-structured interview data. LCT is placed in the context of contemporary societies. LCA is seen as an instrument of quantification and evaluation used by actors which have both similar and disparate objectives, and who offer justifications for its use through arguments embedded in conflicting pluralities of worth. Furthermore, this work analyses LCA as a tool for the qualification of the waste hierarchy; a waste management principle articulating a convention based on closed material cycles. This study argues that the technological trajectory of waste management regimes has been significantly influenced, inter alia, by actors’ institutional articulation of the waste hierarchy at national and territorial levels. It discusses the legitimacy of LCA, and the quantitative application of LCT, as an intermediary object used to qualify the waste hierarchy. Furthermore, LCT is placed in a prospective context which may be used to assist in the transition toward sustainable waste management.QC 20121127
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Barata, Eduardo. "Solid waste policy in Portugal : an environmental input output approach." Thesis, Keele University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250423.
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Lazarevic, David Andrew. "Life cycle thinking and waste policy : between science and society." Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0037.
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Ce travail se penche sur les atouts et limites de la mise en oeuvre des principes du cycle de vie (LCT) et de l'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) dans le domaine de la gestion des déchets à partir de perspectives propres aux sciences sociales. La LCT est explorée à travers la construction théorique des régimes conventionnels, s’appuyant sur un travail d’interface entre sociologie pragmatique et théorie de la perspective multi-niveaux des systèmes d'innovation. La LCT est analysée dans le contexte des sociétés contemporaines. La LCT et son pendant technique, l’ACV, sont représentés comme des instruments de quantification et d'évaluation utilisés par des acteurs dotés d’objectifs à la fois semblables et disparates. L’ACV devient alors un instrument de justification utilisé par des acteurs en univers controversé, dans la tentative d’objectiver les choix collectifs dans un sens favorable à leurs intérêts. En ce sens, cette thèse analyse l’ACV en tant qu’outil de qualification du principe de hiérarchisation du traitement des déchets, un principe en phase avec le principe conventionnel du bouclage des flux de matières. Nous faisons valoir que la trajectoire technologique des régimes nationaux de gestion des déchets en Europe est fortement influencée, inter alia, par les arrangements institutionnels entre acteurs à différentes échelles territoriales. Nous discutons de la légitimité de l’ACV en tant qu’objet intermédiaire utilisé pour qualifier la hiérarchie des modes de traitement des déchetsThis study investigates the application of life cycle thinking (LCT) and life cycle assessment (LCA) in the field of waste management from perspectives based in the social sciences. LCT is explored through the theoretical construct of regimes, where theoretical resources drawn from the combination of the ‘pragmatic turn’ and the multi- level perspective of system innovation. This work is based on seven papers treating theoretical arguments, qualitative and quantitative analysis, case studies and semi-structured interview data. LCT is placed in the context of contemporary societies. LCT and LCA are seen as instruments of quantification and evaluation used by actors which have both similar and disparate objectives, and who offer justifications for its use through arguments embedded in conflicting pluralities of worth. Furthermore, this work analyses LCA as a tool for the qualification of the waste hierarchy; a waste management principle articulating the convention of closed material cycle economies. This study argues that the technological trajectory of waste management regimes has been significantly influenced, inter alia, by actors’ institutional articulation of the waste hierarchy at national and territorial levels. It discusses the legitimacy of the quantitative application LCT and LCA as intermediary objects used to qualify the waste hierarchy. Furthermore, LCT is placed in a prospective context which may be used to assist in the transition toward sustainable waste management
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Okere, Lawrence N. (Lawrence Ndubuisi). "Hazardous Waste Policy: a Comparative Analysis of States' Enforcement Efforts." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279156/.
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The major purpose of this study is to analyze hazardous waste enforcement by the states as mandated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA). States' historical enforcement records from 1980 to 1990 are analyzed to determine the pattern of variations in enforcement. This study differs from previous studies on hazardous waste regulation in that it employs longitudinal data from 1980 to 1990 to analyze states' enforcement effort.
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Zheng, Henry Yisheng. "Exploring problem intractability in public policy implementation : the cases of superfund policy and low-level radioactive waste management policy." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1283340744.
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Gilbert, David George Rollinson. "Pesticide safety policy and control arrangements in Britain." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38328.
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So, Kwan-ting, and 蘇鈞婷. "Electronic waste management in Hong Kong: extended producer responsibility (EPR) as a policy tool." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46734648.
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Hai, Qu, Sun PiaoYi, and Li Xiang. "Waste disposal and renewable resources." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10871.
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Purpose/aim: The purpose of this dissertation is to find out the effect of waste disposal on environment and to explore the effect of renewable resources on economy. We use some data to test and verify the existence of effects. Design/methodology/approach: We use our questionnaires to collect data, and analyze the data in statistical tests. We use case studies to find examples to verify the significance of waste classification and renewable resources as well as the problems in main cities of China. Findings: The analysis shows that we need to focus on waste classification education, if we want to apply it in real life. The best way to use renewable resource more widely is to aquire government support. If we can carry out waste classification better, we can make use of more renewable resources. Originality/value: The value of this paper is that we prove that using waste classification and renewable resource can increase economic growth rate and protect the environment. It is also important because economic growth brings about the reduction of environment quality. When the environment quality decreases, the economic level will also decrease.
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Hage, Olle. "The economics of household packaging waste : norms, effectiveness and policy design." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2008. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1544/2008/03/.
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Entwistle, Thomas Walter. "The politics of waste : policy and practice in regulation and recycling." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361364.
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Balch, Alan. "Waste management in California : an analysis of diversion policy and programs /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Alberti, M. (Marina). "Minimization of hazardous waste in Western Europe : policy implementation and harmonization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28015.
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Gonzalez, Llera Ricardo 1971. "Integrated electronic waste management in Mexico : law, technology and public policy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17717.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
What is electronic waste? Why is it considered a problem? What are the public health implications of its mishandling? The electronic industry, a sector that has experienced one of the highest growth rates of the last decade, has had a great success in growing the mass consumer market for personal computers, cell phones, and other types of personal electronic equipment. Supporting this incredible growth, the electric industry has also provided electric cells and battery systems to power all these devices. Unfortunately, personal computers as well as other electric and electronic equipment (EEE) become obsolete faster than ever. The mounting quantities of obsolete EEE and spent batteries represent a serious problem for the industrial sector, as well as for governments and citizens, not only because of the volumes being generated, but because of the hazardous materials and toxic metals, including lead, nickel, cadmium, mercury and chromium to mention some of the most important health wise and the gold, copper, aluminum, nickel, silver and palladium they contain. These contents also offer incentives for their collection and recovery. They need to be diverted from the waste stream reaching the sanitary landfills and in some instances incineration facilities, to reduce public exposure to these toxic substances and avoid the public health burdens they represent. What is the dimension of this problem in Mexico? Mexico has generated at least 6.3 million obsolete computers during the last decade, and by the end of 2006, 10 million additional personal computers will become obsolete. Not all of them will reach the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream the same year they become obsolete.
Hoarding by final users must be considered in designing any collection program. Even taking account of hoarding, almost 3 million computers will be available for collection in 2005 and 10 million computers will be available for collection by 2013. For spent cells and batteries in Mexico, the numbers are not very clear. The best estimate is that 450 million cells and batteries will be purchased annually (90 million rechargeable batteries and 148.5 million primary cells). At least 25% of them (hoarding of spent batteries has been estimated at about 75%) will be introduced into the municipal waste stream, some 37 million batteries every year. Taking into consideration Mexico's waste management infrastructure, what are the related Public Health effects of electronic waste? What are the risks associated with the final treatment options available? What can be done to reduce the E-Waste burden? Which collection and recycling mechanisms can be implemented in the Mexican context? The present work deals with these questions and introduces a proposed collection and recycling program to address Mexico's needs.
by Ricardo Gonzalez Llera.
S.M.
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Richards, Jonathan Peter. "Implementing marine pollution policy : proposals for change." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/389.
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This study aims to determine the factors that affect the implementation of marine pollution policy, especially with regard to regulation of the hazardous substances which contaminate the marine environment- The purpose is to identify weaknesses in the current regulatory regime and to propose improvements. The study also aims to develop a new strategic framework for the implementation of the recent international policy commitments, which call for the complete cessation of discharges of hazardous substances into the marine environment by the year 2020. Furthermore, the study seeks to provide evidence to support or challenge current theories relating to regulation and policy implementation. Examination was made of the attitudes of environmental managers from the UK chemical industry and inspectors from the environmental agencies towards the regulatory system. These are the key personnel who operate at the regulatory interface where the policy outcome is determined. The methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Structured interviews helped define the issues for subsequent investigation using a questionnaire survey which was sent to over 700 key personnel. Focus groups were then used to explain the survey findings and develop solutions to key regulatory problems. Statistical analysis of the survey response data revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current Integrated Pollution Control regime. The strength of the system was perceived as its practical and pragmatic approach, coupled with a convenient and familiar bureaucracy. The weaknesses identified related to the derivation and enforcement of standards. The Environmental Quality Standards system, which underpins the regime, was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion in the number of priority listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment Environmental Quality Standards and Direct Toxicity Assessment of effluents. Focus groups supported the expansion of the system, but recognised that it would create a regime that was both complex and impractical. The findings were used to construct a revised model of the existing regime. Multivariate analysis of the industry response data identified 3 cluster types and significant differences were revealed between their knowledge of policy developments, their implications and the need for changes to the current system of hazardous chemical control. Operators and regulators acknowledged the existence of the mutual interdependency which has created and maintained a tight policy network (community) at the regulatory interface. Further evidence to support the existence of this community and of regulatory capture, was provided by the study data. Focus group discussions also identified the requirement for a more fundamental reappraisal of the regulatory system in order to deliver the OSPAR strategy. A new regulatory model, which incorporates process and product substitution, is proposed as a strategic framework to ensure that future policy commitments are implemented. This approach may lead to the opening up of the current tight policy network with resultant benefits for policy implementation and reduced regulatory capture. The new model could be applied by other countries within the OSPAR region and in other regions of the world, in order to improve environmental protection.
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Quinn, Shannon E. "Extended Producer Responsibility: Examining Global Policy Options." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1306498569.
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Gandy, Matthew. "The recycling of household waste : urban environmental policy in London and Hamburg." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241722.
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Leung, Carolina, and 梁碧芬。. "A review of the 1989 waste disposal plan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254329.
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Bailey, Ian. "Implementation of European Union environmental policy : the case of the Packaging Waste Directive." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/512.
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Chan, Kin-ki. "The Hong Kong SAR government's policy on waste management : a study of the contracting out the provision of waste management facilities /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21036573.
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Nickerson, William Arthur 1971. "Policies to manage electronics waste : an analysis of US and EU regulatory initiatives." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29296.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-139).
Policies to address the environmental challenges associated with the disposal of electronics waste are being developed in the US and the EU. This paper offers a standard critique of those policies and also analyzes them in terms of the likelihood they will induce innovation in response to their requirements. The US proposal relaxes the hazardous waste handling requirements for cathode ray tubes and mercury containing equipment, with the intent that more of them will be recycled. However, the rule does not contain any requirement that recycling occur, and the economic incentives to do so are minimal. Technological innovation and diffusion of current technology are both unlikely responses to the proposed rule. In addition, the rule does not apply to many users and types of electronics equipment, thereby only addressing a very small portion of the overall electronics waste issue. The rule fails to consider other materials found in electronics equipment and issues regarding recyclability, recycled content, secondary markets, and materials substitution. Two of the EU proposed directives are much more comprehensive in their coverage of electronics waste. They require certain recycling targets to be met and mandate the elimination of some hazardous substances from electronics equipment. Diffusion and incremental innovation are likely responses, with perhaps radical innovation only as the targets become more stringent in future years. The directives require additional clarification regarding the types of electronics equipment covered, financing mechanisms, the structure of the recycling targets, the granting of exemptions, and the development of secondary markets. Portions of the two EU proposed directives may be challenged under World Trade Organization rules. An analysis shows that provisions in the directives could face some difficulty in obtaining exemptions. A growing disconnect between global trade rules and the making of environmental policy is examined. Finally, one additional proposed EU policy that would require manufacturers of electronics equipment to consider the life cycle environmental impacts of the equipment during its design and manufacture is analyzed. At present, innovation is an unlikely response to this directive, though the inclusion of specific performance requirements could substantially improve it. Suggested modifications are offered for each of the policies examined.
by William Arthur Nickerson.
S.M.
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Park, Il-Ho. "The environmental economics analysis on the minimisation policy of packaging waste in Korea." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423788.
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Montevecchi, Francesca. "Policy Mixes to Achieve Absolute Decoupling: A Case Study of Municipal Waste Management." MDPI AG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8050442.
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Studying the effectiveness of environmental policies is of primary importance to address the unsustainable use of resources that threatens the entire society. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate on the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments to decouple waste generation and landfilling from economic growth. In order to do so, the paper analyzes the case study of the Slovakian municipality of Palarikovo, which has drastically improved its waste management system between 2000 and 2012, through the utilization of differentiated waste taxes and awareness-raising and education campaigns, as well as targeting increased recycling and municipal composting. We find evidence of absolute decoupling for landfilled waste and waste generation, the latter being more limited in time and magnitude. These policy instruments could therefore play an important role in municipalities that are still lagging behind in waste management. More specifically, this policy mix was effective in moving away from landfilling, initiating recycling systems, and to some extent decreasing waste generation. Yet, a more explicit focus on waste prevention will be needed to address the entirety of the problem effectively. (author's abstract)
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Berkhout, F. "Radioactive waste : Institutional determinants of management and disposal policy in three European countries." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234039.
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The objective of this thesis has been to write a detailed historical account of the policy and practice of radioactive waste management in Britain. Sweden and West Germany, and to draw out implications for theory and public policy. The research was motivated by the perception that many of the technical and socio-political problems of dealing with radioactive wastes had not been resolved. and that these had a critical bearing on the political viability of civil nuclear programmes. By comparing the evolution of the policy process in three countries it has been possible to develop a better understanding of the particular operational. regulatory and political factors determining policy in each case. In addition. fundamental issues in the regulation of radwastes - the setting of standards and criteria for management and disposal, the institutional structure for oversight and policy-making, research policy and its relation to storage. treatment. disposal and siting policy. and the validation of disposal techniques according to performance goals amid great long-term uncertainty - have been clarified through their analysis in a comparative framework. The main conclusions are three-fold. First. the presence or absence of commitments to the reprocessing of spent fuel for a wide range of strategic, industrial and legal reasons have been critical to the success in finding an acceptable radwaste management and disposal policy (or strategy). Politically it is not possible to make a clear distinction between radwaste management and policy for the rest of the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Analytically It is also not possible to separate the two. Second, because of this complex but intimate relationship to reprocessing policy, the dynamism and consistency of radwaste policies are highly dependent on the industrial and political contexts of the drive to reprocessing. Traditionally a view on reprocessing has been virtually synonomous with a faith or scepticism in the future of nuclear power. Experience in the three countries covered in this research shows that there may be a basic conflict between integrated and viable radwaste policies and strong nuclear policies. In this sense radioactive waste could turn out to be the achilles heel of the nuclear industry. Third, the policy process, and indeed its goals, was rather unique to national circumstances (the legal and institutional framework, industrial and political structures). This demonstrates one of the principle arguments of the thesis which is that the innovation process for radwaste management and disposal technologies cannot be seen merely as a technical process, but has to be seen as a process of political and institutional negotiations. There are no perfect' solutions'. Questions of procedure and the context of policy have to be considered as central to the innovation process. Generalizing the patterns which emerge is however difficult, and conclusions must be applied with care under conditions of continuing change and uncertainty.
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Stewart, Fraser Andrew. "Scotland's rubbish : domestic recycling, policy and practice in everyday life." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5930.
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This thesis examines the relationships people have with rubbish in everyday life. Focusing on domestic recycling policy and practice, environmental concern and action is explored as a sociological problem in a way that moves beyond the individualising paradigms that dominate environmental discourse for behavioural change. In its place, this thesis argues that better explanation may reside in the social context of embedded practices, and how they get enacted in daily life. Beginning with a historical overview and evaluation of current policy, this thesis re-imagines domestic recycling as a complex socio-technical system involving the engagement of different actors. Conducted at the boundaries of sociology, this thesis draws on empirical and theoretical ideas that extend across disciplines. Methodologically the research has been grounded on a principle of mixed methods pragmatism, exploiting the Sequential Explanatory mixed methods research design. Conducted across two phases, Phase One involved the secondary analysis of the Scottish Household Survey and Phase Two the collection and analysis of qualitative data using the Diary- Interview method. The first phase was a macro- analysis of recycling practices in Scotland. The main results of this analysis are presented in Chapter 4, which built a Binary Logistic Regression model, using the Scottish Household Survey, to predict the characteristics of Scottish households likely to engage in recycling behaviour. In addition to identifying the social and structural dimensions of recycling in Scotland, this analysis also enabled a research site to be selected for Phase Two of the study. Chapters 5 and 6 respond to the macro- analysis by accounting for the micro- aspects of recycling practices by looking at the problem inductively. Using qualitative data analysed in Phase Two, these two chapters are based on the idea that how people value the environment is relevant for understanding contemporary recycling practices. Chapter 5 considers the explanatory usefulness of environmental ethics, values and citizenship for explaining why some households engage in environmental behaviour, but others do not. In Chapter 6 these arguments are developed further with a more detailed discussion about how household recycling practices get enacted in everyday life. Using evidence from the data, this chapter considers why commitment to ‘doing’ recycling varies between people and examines recycling as formed, cultivated and maintained habitual behaviour. Taken together the three data chapters try to show that, rather than be an inconsequential feature of normal domestic life, recycling is a practice deeply-rooted in wider social patterns and structural forces. In the final chapter, all of the micro- and macro- findings are integrated together and concluded, along with some reflections on the multidimensionality of contemporary recycling practices in the home, and what this might mean for policy and future research.
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黃偉圓 and Wai-yuen Wong. "Waste management towards sustainability: a criticial review of the existing policy and way forward." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967097.
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Wan-A-Kadir, W. "The development of a framework for sustainable waste management policy and strategy for Malaysia." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14686/.
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This thesis is an analysis and a comparative study of current trends in Waste Management in the UK and Malaysia. The focus is on identifying the policy and strategy framework of Sustainable Waste Management as adopted in the UK and its application for future waste planning and management in Malaysia. The research on the UK waste management practices was done through analyses of official waste policy documents from 35 English counties. Analyses of the 615 policy statements revealed 52 issues and repetitions of terms or terminologies which were labelled in the analyses as 'variables'. These variables were grouped into five categories which were further analysed by; category, county and source of documents. It was discovered that solid waste management in the UK is well institutional ised and legislated. The UK legislative framework provides policy makers with accessible information so as to identify the objectives and to construct necessary measures for sustainable waste management policies. It also established, that the waste management industry needs active participation both from the public and private sectors A case study on Malaysian waste management indicated a total contrast with those discovered in the UK studies. The present Malaysian waste management systems have to be improved with the introduction of specific legislation on waste and the formation of the correct institutions to overlook the Country's waste activities. The research enabled the author to produce a concise set of recommendations for the improved handling of waste in Malaysia.
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Wong, Wai-yuen. "Waste management towards sustainability : a criticial review of the existing policy and way forward /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25140838.
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Edwards, Laura. "E-Waste Recycling: The Dirty Trade Between the United States and China." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/153.
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This thesis explores the environmental and public health damages associated with the informal e-waste recycling industry in China and provides an overview of Chinese policies regulating e-waste. Furthermore, the thesis examines how the United States has contributed to these ecological and human health damages by exporting e-waste to China and failing to regulate the US e-waste recycling industry.
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Porter, Martin Howard Andrew. "Interest groups, advocacy coalitions and the EC environmental policy process a policy network analysis of the packaging and packaging waste directive /." Online version, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.319714.
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De, Beer Thys. "Sustainable waste management : a decision support framework." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80319.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to address the need for sustainable development within waste management. It explores how sustainability can be assessed and used as the basis for high level decision making within waste management. Stellenbosch University (SU) was used as a case study to demonstrate how information can be gathered and used for decision support. The literature reviewed, showed a wide area of focus within which sustainability is defined and how businesses and organisations shift towards a model of corporate responsibility. The concept of sustainability was then presented within waste management. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), were presented as management tools that could facilitate the assessment and decision making process within a sustainable waste management framework. The two management tools, Sustainable Life Cycle Analysis (SLCA) and Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) (branches of LCA and MCDA respectively), were used to develop a framework to be applied to SU Waste Management System. By integrating the two tools, a framework was established that could measure the sustainability of current waste management practices and provide a decision support tool. The framework was validated by applying it to the Stellenbosch University waste system. The framework that was developed delivered a set of sustainable results from which decision makers could base policy decisions. The framework then facilitated the decision making process and a sustainable waste management policy was selected. The application modelled the decision makers preferences and resulted in a policy being selected which favoured high levels of recycling and waste prevention. The results represented an approach which, when compared to the current practice, was more expensive but more environmentally friendly and socially acceptable. The findings provide an exciting basis for future research, where decisions are based on sustainable principles. The framework has potential to be expanded into other areas of management and is not limited to a university environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die behoefte aan volhoubare ontwikkeling binne afvalbestuur aan te spreek. Die tesis ondersoek hoe die volhoubaarheid in afvalbestuur bepaal kan word, en hoe dit dan gebruik kan word as basis vir beleid besluitneming binne afvalbestuur. Die Universiteit Stellenbosch (US) is as ’n gevallestudie gebruik om te demonstreer hoe inligting versamel kan word en as ondersteuning vir beleidbesluitneming gebruik kan word. Die literatuurstudie dek ’n wye veld waarbinne daar op volhoubaarheid gefokus word. Dit wys ook hoe maatskappye en organisasies na ’n model van korporatiewe verantwoordelikheid beweeg. Die konsep van volhoubaarheid word dan binne die mileu van afvalbestuur aangebied. Die Lewenssiklus Assesering (LSA) en Multi-Kriteria Besluitnemings Analise (MKBA) wat gebruik is, kan dien as bestuur hulpmiddel om die assessering van, en besluitneming binne ’n volhoubare afvalbestuur te vergemaklik. Vanuit die twee hulpmiddels, is Volhoubare Lewens Siklus Analise (VLSA) en Analitiese Hierargiese Proses (AHP), gebruik om ’n raamwerk te ontwikkel wat toegepas is op die US. Deur die twee hulpmiddels te integreer kan ’n raamwerk geskep word wat die volhoubaarheid van die huidige afvalbestuur praktyke en wat kan dien as ‘n ondersteunende hulpmiddel met die besluitnemingsprosesse. Die waardasie van die raamwerk wat ontwikkel was, het ‘n stel volhoubare resultate opgelewer, wat besluitnemers gebruik het om hul beleidsbesluite op te baseer. Die besluitnemers se voorkeure is gebaseer op die bevindinge van die VLSA en het bepaal watter beleid gekies is. Die bevindinge het ’n duurder, maar meer omgewingsvriendelike en sosiaal aanvaarbare beleid verteenwoordig. Hierdie bevindinge bied ’n opwindende basis vir toekomstige navorsingwerk, waar besluitneming op volhoubare beginsels gebaseer is. Die raamwerk het potensiaal vir uitbreiding na ander gebiede van bestuur en is nie beperk tot ’n universiteitsomgewing nie.
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Kwok, Kin-chung Tommy, and 郭健聰. "The recycling of municipal solid waste in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255528.
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Fredholm, Susan (Susan A. ). "Evaluating electronic waste recycling systems : the influence of physical architecture on system performance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52750.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68).
Many different forms of electronic waste recycling systems now exist worldwide, and the amount of related legislation continues to increase. Numerous approaches have been proposed including landfill bans, extended producer responsibility (EPR) and advance recovery fee (ARF) funded recycling systems. In order for policymakers and system architects to establish the optimal recycling system for their location, they need to know how to evaluate the performance of existing systems, and furthermore, how to use this information to design new systems. This thesis addresses the question: How does the physical system architecture of e-waste systems influence system performance? Specifically, it focuses upon the physical system architecture of collection site density and distribution. This thesis presents a systematic methodology developed with the Materials Systems Laboratory for characterizing recycling systems. Case studies of existing e-waste systems operating in Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, the Canadian province of Alberta and the US States of California, Maine and Maryland are examined for correlations between the environmental and financial performance of existing systems with respect to both the context and the architectural options of those systems. The case study analysis furthermore informs the construction of a model of e-waste systems. This model, which examines architectural choices in collection, transport, processing and system management of e-waste, is used to predict the environmental and financial performance of theoretical e-waste systems for a given location. The model was intentionally developed to be both broad, in order to encompass all pieces of recycling systems, and general, such that many different types of systems, both real and hypothetical, can be analyzed. Following an application of the model to several different combinations of system architecture and context, policy recommendations are made regarding the construction and evaluation of e-waste systems in various locations.
by Susan Fredholm.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Ibrahim, Auwal. "Law and policy for environmental protection and sustainable development in Nigeria with special reference to water resources development projects." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1455/.
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There could hardly be any doubt that the pursuit of development objectives, especially in a developing country such as Nigeria, is a legitimate and in fact necessary path for economic, social and political advancement. Within the decades of the 1970s and 1980s however, increased concern about the adverse environmental and socio-economic effects of certain specific development activities have necessitated a search for appropriate development paradigms that would enable the attainment of development objectives with as little environmental and socio-economic adversity as possible. A concept that has so far become very popular in this quest for a development paradigm is that of "sustainable development" which, in simple terms, could be described as a paradigm which seeks to integrate the objective of protection of the environment with the traditional objectives of development. Furthermore, law is being increasingly considered an important tool in the provision of the framework for the pursuit of development and environmental management as whole; and recent international events, such as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development for example, have placed a big emphasis on the possible contribution which could be made by law in the move towards the attainment of sustainable development. The development of water resources has for a long time occupied a priority position in the development programmes of Nigerian Government and various water resources projects have in the past resulted in serious environmental, social and economic problems. This thesis examines how the principles of sustainable development could actually be translated into specific legislative provisions with special emphasis on the development and management of water resources in Nigeria.
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Haas, Taylor. "Sustainable End-of-Life Management for Photovoltaic Waste in California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1157.
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While solar energy presents the possibility of a low-carbon energy world, the solar industry has its own environmental impacts. Data on end-of-life management of photovoltaics (PV) remains scarce and as more solar panels reach the end of their lifespan, systems for their appropriate management need to be created. Because PV modules contain small amounts of hazardous materials, panels cannot be landfilled without some processing. Additionally, by not addressing the problem of PV waste and failing to create a system for management, an unintended consequence of shipping PV waste abroad remains possible. As a leader in environmental problem solving and a large installer of solar power, California has a responsibility to plan for PV end-of-life and to create policy for sustainable management practices. Using the existing extended producer responsibility and product stewardship policies and programs in California for mattresses, carpets, and beverage containers, policymakers can establish a program for the sustainable management of PV waste. Learning from these policies’ successes and failures, California legislators can push the solar industry to innovate and think about the impacts of their product at all stages in the life cycle.
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Vlahiotis, Anna. "Distance and disparity social disadvantage and the distribution of hazardous waste in America /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6269.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 15, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.