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1
Kopf, Sabrina. "Polymer rejuvenation of PET textile waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23819.
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Thermomechanical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) typically includes a decrease in the polymer´s intrinsic viscosity and therefore a reduction of the molecular weight. Consequently, thermomechanical recycling is usually a downcycling of the product. However current methods to increase the molecular weight such as solid-state polymerization or the usage of chain extenders are time consuming or introduce foreign molecules into the PET´s molecular chain. Thus, the aim of this work was to try to increase the molecular weight in the molten state in an extruder, to decrease the processing times. The processing times are reduced compared to the solid-state polymerization because in the molten state the movability of the polymer chain is increased. Moreover, no supplementary substances are added for the processing so that no foreign structures are introduced during reprocessing. Virgin PET pellets were extruded at 285°C, 290°C and 295°C set temperature and 2rpm, 4rpm, and 7rpm screw rotation rate. Afterwards the PET´s properties were investigated by measuring their intrinsic viscosities, conducting a 1H NMR and a DSC measurement. Additionally, pre-experiments were conducted to explore the possibilities of feeding industrial scrap polyester fabrics into the extruder. The polymer characterization showed that the intrinsic viscosity and therefore the molecular weight of the processed samples decreased with the parameters chosen for this experiment. Samples processed at 285°C and 7 rpm showed in the average the highest intrinsic viscosities and therefore the highest molecular weight of all processed samples. Additionally, the results of the 1H NMR and the DSC indicated degradation reactions such as thermal degradation and hydrolysis. Thus, further research is necessary to find an easily accessible recycling method for polyester textiles and reduce the amount of polyester textile waste. However, it is possible to feed long textile stripes into the twin screw extruder and reprocess it to a strand which is an important step for further recycling.
2
Taylor, Scott. "The catalytic transformation of polymer waste using modified clay catalysts." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20428/.
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A variety of modified minerals have been screened to determine their effectiveness as agents for the catalytic transformation of the thermally generated off gases arising from the pyrolysis of the polyolefinic plastic High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). This polymer has been shown to degrade through a series of known mechanisms to yield a hydrocarbon product mixture consisting of an homologous series of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons which include alk-1-enes, n-alkanes, alk-x-enes and a-w-dienes. Modification treatments have been wide ranging having included activation of the parent mineral by means of pillaring, ion exchange and acid activation. The activated products have been characterised by XRD, XRF, TGA and vibrational spectroscopy. Moreover, evolved gas analysis has been employed to perform catalytic screening runs on these modified minerals. In particular, attention has been paid to the activity of these materials in respect of the formation of potentially fuel applicable hydrocarbons, namely those exhibiting high octane ratings, including aromatics and branched aliphatics from the feedstock species present in the HDPE pyrolysate gas mixture. Pillared clays (PILC's) have proven ineffective in this role as a consequence of their poor reproducibility and lack of selectivity towards the formation of single ring aromatics. Likewise, ion exchange has been found to influence strongly the catalytic behaviour of previously acid activated clays, with autotransformed samples offering dehydrocyclisation (DHC) activity at levels significantly greater than seen with some ion exchanged samples, particularly protons. Acid activated metakaolinites have demonstrated poor selectivity in terms of aromatic formation, although total DHC activity is good. Metakaolin also gave rise to appreciable activity in respect of the formation of the single ring aromatics selected for monitoring in this work. Isomerisation activity was prevalent over these materials, but coking levels were high. Acid activated smectites represent the most suitable candidates to fulfil the role of single step fuel generation from the transformation of the gas stream resulting from HDPE pyrolysis. It has been found that careful control over the chemical and physical properties of acid activated clays can be achieved through consideration of the severity of the activation parameters chosen to induce modification. In addition, the nature of the activated product is strongly dependant on the nature of the base clay. In particular, acid activated beidellites have been shown to exhibit high levels of surface acidity as determined through the thermal desorption of cyclohexylamine. These materials consequently give rise to respectable activity and selectivity in terms of the formation of highly octane rated methyl substituted single ring aromatics, principally trimethylbenzene. In contrast, acid activated montmorillonites have been seen to offer lower levels of total surface acidity and have been shown to be active in promoting skeletal isomerisation reactions to yield branched aliphatics, again, highly octane rated. This activity variation has been attributed to the formation of highly Bronsted acidic silanol containing Surface Localised Acid Pools (SLAP's) on the exposed surfaces of the former as a consequence of the isomorphous substitution patterns observed in the tetrahedral sheets of beidellites.
3
Holbery, James D. "Recycle polymer characterization and adhesion modeling /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10586.
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4
Bainbridge, Clint. "Novel high added value materials from mixed post-consumer polymer waste." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2013. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/313186/.
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Increasing awareness of the impact of today’s ‘disposable society’ has highlighted the finite nature of mankind’s resources. As such, there is increasing impetus on ‘the three Rs’ – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. While many sources such as metals, glass and plastic bottles (high density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)) are widely recycled, mixed polyolefins require resource-intensive separation and are rarely recycled as a comingled feedstock. Furthermore, these mixed polyolefins may be in the form of multi-material items such as food packaging which comprises of many layers of bonded materials which are impossible to segregate. This thesis discusses a method of processing comingled mixed polyolefin waste streams by use of a compatibilising system which negates the necessity of separation. The outcome of adopting this approach resulted in the significant improvement of the mechanical properties of the materials, whilst also reducing cost by means of adding the compatibiliser system via a surface-treated filler. Calibration curves were developed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) data to calculate the polyolefin ratios of unknown samples. Binary polyolefin blends of HDPE and polypropylene (PP) were also produced to investigate the associated interactions and behaviour of the systems to understand how the morphology contributes to the mechanical behaviour observed. A commercial coupling agent know as Lubrizol Solplus C800® was used via a calcium carbonate filler as a compatibiliser in the polyolefin wastes, and in most instances significantly improved the mechanical response of the materials. Through solvent extraction and subsequent TGA analysis, it was suggested that the mechanism by which compatibilisation occurred was through the formation of an amorphous rubbery interfacial region close to the filler surface. While it was found that Solplus C800® goes a significant way in compatibilising mixed polyolefin wastes, it was suggested that an increased functionality coupling agent would be the next logical step in this line of research. However, initial work in this area has suggested that the complexity of this topic may provide a basis for subsequent research and development.
5
Li, Ruihua. "Single polymer composites made of slowly crystallizing polymer." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33925.
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Composites are widely used in an increasing number of applications in diverse fields. However, most traditional composite materials are difficult to recycle. Because of their enhanced recyclability, thermoplastic single-polymer composites (SPCs), i.e., composites with fiber and matrix made from the same thermoplastic polymer, have attracted much attention in the recent years. High-performance polymer fibers in combination with same polymer matrices would lead to a fully recyclable single polymer composite that has major ecological advantages. However, because a single polymer is involved in the composite, thermoplastic SPCs manufacturing presents a unique set of technical problems, and different approaches from those in standard composites manufacturing are frequently needed. Two specific issues in SPCs manufacturing are how to produce distinct forms of the same polymer and how to consolidate them. So far, most investigations have been reported on a single-component hot compaction method and two-component molecular methods. However, in these methods, either the processing window is too narrow or some impure materials are introduced into the system. The key issue in thermoplastic SPCs processing is how to melt-process the matrix without significantly annealing or even melting the fiber. To overcome the above drawbacks in existing SPCs processing, particularly to widen the SPCs processing temperature window and to purify the SPCs, a novel SPCs manufacturing process utilizing the characteristics of slowly crystallizing polymers was developed and investigated. Highly oriented and highly crystalline fibers made of a slowly crystallizing polymer are mixed with the amorphous form of the same polymer and then consolidated together under heat and pressure. In this dissertation research, two slowly crystallizing polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), were used as model systems for SPCs processing.. To study the deformation and failure mechanisms of PET and PLA SPCs, the SPCs were characterized using tensile test, tearing test, impact test, SEM, optical microscopy, and other methods. The change of crystallinity and orientation of the material forms during SPCs processing were characterized by DSC and XRD. The effects of major process conditions on the performance of the SPCs were studied. It was found that the processing temperature played a profound role in affecting the fiber-matrix bonding property. The compression molded SPCs exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. For the PET SPCs with 45% by weight fiber content the tensile strength is four folds of that of non-reinforced PET. After reinforcement, the tearing strength of the PLA SPCs is almost an order higher than that of the non-reinforced PLA.
The fusion bonding behavior of two crystallizable amorphous PET sheets was also studied. Several characterization methods including SEM, TEM and polarized microscopy (either on etched or on non-etched samples) were used to observe interfacial bonding morphology of the crystallizable amorphous PET sheets. For a bonded sample, a layer of transcrystals with a thickness of 1-2 Ým was found right at the interface. A secondary but much larger zone with a distinct morphology was observed outside the transcrystal layer. With increase of the heating time, the width of the whole interfacial region decreases. The interfacial morphology was found to significantly affect the interfacial bonding quality. The testing results further indicated that high bonding temperature with an appropriate holding time promotes interfacial bonding of two crystallizable amorphous PET.
6
Ozdemir, Tonguc. "Effect Of Ionizing Radiation On Different Polymers And Possible Use Of Polymers In Radioactive (nuclear) Waste Management." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607296/index.pdf.
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In this study three polymers, namely poly(carbonate urethane), poly(bisphenol-a-epichlorohydrin) and poly(methyl methacrylate), were selected and change of properties with gamma treatment were studied. Two different dose rates were used for irradiations and the properties of the
irradiated polymers exposed to same total absorbed dose were compared. In addition, long irradiations of up to about six months with high dose rate were done in order to understand the radiation stability of the polymers,
which may be possible candidates for embedding media for low and intermediate level radioactive (nuclear) waste before their final disposal.
Tensile, DSC, DMA, TGA, FTIR-ATR, FTIR tests were completed to understand the degradation of the polymers as a function of dose rate and total absorbed dose.
The DSC and FTIR results showed that there was not much structural chemical changes in polymer chains with irradiation. However, the changes in mechanical properties were recorded.
It was concluded that poly(carbonate urethane) and poly(bisphenol-aepichlorohydrin) can possibly be used in conditioning of radioactive waste, as they are radiation stable polymers. However, due to the moderate resistance of poly(methyl methacrylate) to ionizing radiation, it can be used
for low level radioactive waste conditioning.
7
Moglianetti, Mauro. "Polymer surfactant mixtures confined at the air/water and solid/waste interfaces." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504920.
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8
Gobin, K. "Catalytic degradation of plastic waste to chemicals and fuel as a polymer recycling method." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446571/.
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With the upcoming technology available today, for the conversion of waste to useful products, research in the area of thermal degradation has gained particular attention. However, the wide product distribution and the high temperatures employed in such a process makes catalytic degradation a more promising solution to the problem of plastic waste. In catalytic degradation, lower temperatures are employed and the product distribution is narrow. This eliminates the need for further processing of the fuel in order to upgrade its quality. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic study of various industrial catalysts in a catalytic degradation system. More specifically, the influence on the yield to liquid fuel, product distribution and hence; quality and regeneration ability of the catalysts. The catalytic degradation of polyethylene over various microporous materials, zeolite-based and clay-based catalysts, was studied in a semi-batch reactor. From the zeolites, ZSM-5 resulted mostly in gaseous products and almost no coking due to its shape selectivity properties. Commercial cracking catalysts fully degraded the polymer resulting in higher liquid yield and lower coke content than their parent ultrastable Y zeolite. This confirmed the suitability of such catalysts for a polymer recycling process and its commercialisation potential, as plastic waste could be co-fed into a refinery cracking unit. Clays, Saponite and Zenith-N, a montmorillonite, and their pillared analogues were less active than zeolites, but could fully degrade the polymer. They showed enhanced liquid formation, due to their mild acidity, and lower coke formation. Regenerated pillared clays showed practically the same performance as fresh samples, but their original clays' performance deteriorated after removal of the formed coke. Although performance of the regenerated saponite was satisfactory, with the regenerated Zenith-N the structural damage was so extensive that plastic was only partly degraded.
9
Yang, Die Daisy, and 楊蝶. "Development of polymers for electroplating waste water purification, polymer-supported reagents for organic synthesis and heterogeneouscatalysts for aerobic alcohol oxidation reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39848887.
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Yang, Die Daisy. "Development of polymers for electroplating waste water purification, polymer-supported reagents for organic synthesis and heterogeneous catalysts for aerobic alcohol oxidation reactions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39848887.
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11
Bildiren, Mert. "Preparation Of Clay-polymer Nanocomposite For The Retardation Of Waste Water Infiltration In Landfill Sites." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608872/index.pdf.
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In this thesis study, the use of clay-polymer nanocomposites for their
applicability in landfill sites as a product of retardation of waste water infiltration
was evaluated. For this purpose, organophilic clays from HDTMA+ organic cation
and nanocomposites of montmorillonite were prepared. The bentonite samples B1,
B2 and B3 dominantly contain 2:1 layer montmorillonite and 1:1 interstratification of
illite/smectite mixed layer as clay minerals. B1 is an unmodified yellow bentonite
and B2 is a grey bentonite modified from B1, by the addition of Na2CO3 (Soda Ash).
They were obtained from Hanç<br>ili (Kalecik-Ankara) bentonite deposit which belongs
to the Hancili Formation of Early Pliocene age. B3 is a standard Wyoming (SWy-1)
white bentonite and belongs to the Newcastle formation of Cretaceous age.
Their cation exchange and swelling capacity values were determined and the
values increase from B1, B2 to B3. In order to produce clay-polymer
nanocomposites, firstly organoclays were produced in bentonite samples. Claypolymer
nanocomposite production was achieved by in situ intercalative
polymerization successfully with intercalation and partly exfoliation of clay minerals
with polyacrylamide (PAM). The samples of sand (S1), sand+bentonite (S2) and
sand+nanocomposite (S3) mixtures were prepared and their permeability was
determined. As a result of these values, the permeability of samples decrease from
S1, S2 to S3.
The results imply that the permeability of sample decreases as the claypolymer
nanocomposite content increases resulting in a retardation of water
penetration throughout the sample. The product has a potential to be used as a
retardant for waste water infiltration in landfill sites.
12
Zhang, Feng Hong. "A novel optical fibre sensor based on inter-fibre distributed coupling for particle concentration measurement." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361510.
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13
Chakraborti, Amrita. "Alpha-Poly-L-Lysine As A Potential Biosorbent For Removal Of Hexavalent Chromium From Industrial Waste Water." Digital WPI, 2009. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/601.
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Remediation of heavy metals from industrial effluents and ground water sources poses a significant challenge. Hexavalent chromium is one such heavy metal, prevalent in industrial wastewaters, which has been proven to be toxic to humans and other living organisms. Most of the conventional methods available for dealing with chromium are either cost prohibitive or generate secondary effluents which are difficult to deal with. The idea of bioremediation has gained much momentum over the last few decades because of its potential low cost and minimum impact on the environment. This study explored the potential for hexavalent chromium bioremediation using a synthetic cationic biopolymer alpha-poly-l-lysine (alpha-PLL) as a biosorbent. In the present research work, equilibrium batch studies were performed in a specially designed dialysis apparatus to obtain preliminary information about the adsorption capacity of the polymer. Metal uptake by the polymer was found to be maximum when the pH of chromium solution (pH 4.6) and that of poly-lysine (pH 5.7) was not changed at the beginning of the experiment. Applying the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed that alpha-PLL has a maximum uptake capacity of 42.2 microgram Cr/mg alpha-PLL, and a binding constant of 1.2 microgram/mL +/- 10%. The metal uptake performance of the polymer was also evaluated in a Polymer Enhanced Diafiltration (PEDF) system. The polymer-metal complex was retained and concentrated by the PEDF set up using a tangential flow filtration membrane, while the clean filtrate flowed through. When 3.4 L of 10 mg/L chromium solution in the Cr2O72- form was processed using 300 mL of 2 gm/L PLL, the concentration of chromium in the permeate reached a maximum of 0.79 mg/L. When 30 mg/L chromium solution was used, 2 L could be processed using 300 mL of 2gm/L PLL, and 7.8 mg/L chromium could be detected in the permeate in the end.
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Sulaiman, Muhamad Rosli. "Fluidised bed incineration of EVA co-polymer waste and its potential to remove sulphur from coal." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301275.
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Syed, Samira. "The Development Of Bio-Composite Films From Orange Waste : A Methodological And Evaluation Study Of Material Properties." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-25523.
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Bioplastic research has become more diverse and different types of research on bioplastic production have been conducted from fruits and vegetable waste, for example, orange waste. The wastes that come from oranges contain more than just vitamins, it has soluble sugars, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, and pectin. The intention of this project was to study the possibility to produce bio-composite films from orange waste, after removing the soluble sugars. It was also to analyze the properties of the material by tensile strength, visual observation, and to find a methodology that suits this study. An ultrafine grinder was used to mechanically separate the cellulose fibres, with the intention to compare the fibrillation cycles on the properties of the bio-composite films. A total of 30fibrillation cycle was performed. In addition, different film casting strategies were performed and evaluated. The primary plan was to produce a biofilm without the use of chemicals. After the observing the results three new routes for the methodology was developed where the usage of chemicals was be included. The citric acid was used as a solvent for pectin and glycerol was used as a plasticizer. In the first method, different concentration of citric acid and glycerol were added and observed. The combination which gave uniformed films that contained 0.3 g of citric and 0.375 g of glycerol for a 75 ml hydrogel. The second method was to infuse citric acid before grinding the orange waste suspension. Lastly, the third method was to bleach the orange waste before grinding. The films that were produced gave interesting results and from the tensile testing implied that an impact was made on the strength by every fibrillation. The amount of glycerol was consistent throughout the project, but by adding different amount of citric acid gave the films differentIIproperties. The same happened when changing the mould of the film. The best values of the films were from the 30th fibrillation, gave the mean value of 31.6 MPa in tensile strength, and had a strain in elongation at 6.1 %. The tensile strength and elongation had increased drastically compared the fifth fibrillation which had 9.8 MPa and 7.6%.
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Beereddy, Dinesh Reddy. "Waste Water Treatment and Optimal Utilization for Irrigation and Biogas Production." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171842.
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This paper is about the studies carried out to analyze the feasibility of using an innovative treatment system in the primary treatment process for municipal waste water. Furthermore, experiments are conducted to analyze the optimal parameters for utilizing the treated waters for irrigation purposes and for biogas production from the recovered sludge. The work is carried on the incoming municipal wastewater from Hammarby locality with around 30,000 inhabitants. Chemicals used in this process are, a metal salt namely polymerized aluminum chloride (PAX XL36) and two flocculation chemicals namely, a high molecular weight polymer (HM) (SNF Nordfloc C-192) and a low molecular weight polymer (LM) (Purfix 120). The choice of these chemicals was based on the recommendations made by previous studies on flocculation chemicals. These chemicals aid in flock formation and the DAF unit which provides compressed air, aids in flock flotation. The study is focused on optimizing parameters which implies minimal usage of chemicals and aimed to attain maximum sludge production with best possible treated water quality. All the experiments have been carried out on a pilot scale unit, designed with required specifications and with the foresight to scale up into a large scale unit based on the results. These are obtained by performing a series of analysis specifically formulated for this study. In laboratory experiments were carried out to analyze COD (chemical oxygen demand), Ammonium, Nitrate, Total nitrogen and phosphorus using Dr. Lange cuvettes. As the prime focus is on reuse of the treated water for irrigation purpose and biogas production, all the parameters are modulated in accordance with the standard water quality prescriptions for the water to be used for irrigation. In accordance with the climatic conditions of the region, various parameters are modulated in such a way that in summers the outcome water quality is emphasized and maximization of sludge/organic matter is emphasized during winter season.
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Wong, Caralyn, Stephanie Jung, Joongmin Shin, and Ajay Kathuria. "Maleic anhydride compatibilized peach waste as filler in polypropylene and high density polyethylene biocomposites." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2188.
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It is estimated that roughly 103, 515 tons of peach waste is produced annually in the US. The majority of the waste is disposed of in landfills, which contributes to climate change as they release 93 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent. Peach waste principally consists of remaining stone and seed after flesh removal. The agro-waste includes both cellulose and lignin, which can be utilized as a filler in plastic packaging to reduce carbon footprints and material cost. The objectives of this research are (1) to develop peach flour (PF)-filled biocomposites with a polyolefin matrix using maleic anhydride-g-high density polyethylene (MAH-g-HDPE) coupling agent resin and (2) to investigate the composites’ physicomechanical, thermal, and water absorbance changes. First, preliminary experiments examined a range of PF concentrations (5-50%) and MAH concentrations (0-17%) were tested to narrow the variability of PF and MAH loading mixture in an HDPE matrix. Preliminary experiments suggested that a 2:1 ratio of PF:CR provides maximum tensile properties.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to analyze and optimize the tensile strength of the PW composite. The RSM parameters were MAH loading (5-20%), PF loading (2.5-10%), and polyolefin matrix (HDPE or polypropylene). The properties of PF-HDPE biocomposites were analyzed using several instrumental analyses. Mechanical strength (including tensile strength, elongation, and Young’s modulus) and thermal properties (thermal degradation, melting point, and crystallinity), and water resistance with the addition of PF and MAH were investigated.
Biocomposite mechanical properties generally resulted in a nonsignificant decrease compared to the controls. Water absorption significantly increased with PF loading (P<0.01, =0.05). PF-PP biocomposites demonstrated a shift in thermal stability with an average 9.6% increase in Td compared to its control, whereas PF-HDPE biocomposites displayed no change in Td compared to its control. PF-PP and PF-HDPE biocomposites experienced a 36.7% and 16.0% decrease, respectively, in crystallinity with PF addition. The results provided evidence that peach byproduct can be diverted from landfills and utilized a filler in a polyolefin matrix. Polyolefin biocomposites with 2.5% PF would possess comparable tensile strength to a commercially available control. PF-polyolefin biocomposites can be used for packaging, automotive, and non-weightbearing construction parts.
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Hedlund-Åström, Anna. "Model for End of Life Treatment of Polymer Composite Materials." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Machine Design (Div.), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-451.
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<p>Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration.</p><p>Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fibre, matrix, and additives. In the form of sandwich constructions also foam core material is added. This circumstance complicates the waste treatment of composite materials. In this thesis a model for assessing possible future waste treatment techniques for polymer composites including sandwich structures is presented. The model is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal for end of life products for planning waste treatment and for facilitating communication in contacts with waste receivers.</p><p>Recommendations for waste treatment have been formed for a number of polymer composites. These recommendations are based on the analysis of costs and environmental effects and they compare different scenarios for mechanical material recycling and energy recovery by waste incineration. The result of this study points out material recycling as the preferable method for the main part of the studied materials. But this recommendation is strongly dependent on type of virgin material replaced by the recycled material. Energy recovery can also be considered if the polymer composite waste replaces coal, which is non renewable. Though incineration will always result in a cost for the waste producer.</p><p>In the recommendations mentioned above no information concerning implementation of the different waste disposal techniques is included. Therefore, in this study a model for assessing possible waste disposal techniques for polymer composites is presented. The model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved.</p><p>A case study was carried out using the proposed model for assessing different waste disposal techniques for the hull of the Visby Class Corvette in the Royal Swedish Navy. Six different techniques were studied for the hull structure. Since almost all the important waste properties were known and the waste was assessed to be treatable all the included techniques except one are shown to be usable in the future.</p><p>Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling polymer composites is a complicated process, especially recycling thermoset composite it is important to aquire comprehensive information about the constituents of these materials.</p>
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Rammika, Modise. "An ion imprinted polymer for the determination of Ni (II) ions from mine tailing samples." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004981.
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A Ni(II)-dimethylglyoxime ion imprinted polymer {Ni(II)-DMG IIP} was synthesized by the trapping method using the bulk polymerisation format. The structures of the imprinted and non-imprinted polymer were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy and the morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The Ni(II)-DMG IIP was optimised for pH, mass, time and by the uniform design experimental method for the molar ratios of monomer to crosslinker to porogen and template to ligands as well as keeping these parameters constant and varying the quantities of initiator, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The optimum pH was 8.5, optimum mass was 50 mg, optimum time was 1 min and the optimum molar ratios of crosslinker to monomer, monomer to template and nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO₄.6H₂O) to 4-vinylpyridine to dimethylglyoxime were found to be 3.3:1.0, 0.6:1.0 and 1.0:0.6:3.6 respectively with 30 mg and 8 mL as the optimum amounts of initiator and porogen respectively. Through this optimisation, recovery of Ni(II) was increased from 98 to 100%. Selectivity of the ion imprinted polymer was evaluated by analysing, using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, for Ni(II) ions that were spiked with varying concentrations of Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Fe(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Na(I) and K(I) in aqueous samples. Selectivity studies also confirmed that the ion imprinted polymer had very good selectivity characterised by % RSD of less than 5 %. Co(II) was the only ion found to slightly interfere with the determination of Ni(II). The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 3x10⁻⁴ μg/mL and 9x10⁻⁴ μg/mL respectively. The method was evaluated by a custom solution of ground water certified reference material (SEP-3) and sandy soil reference material (BCR-142R) and the concentrations of Ni(II) obtained were not significantly different to the certified ones. The Ni(II)-DMG IIP was then evaluated in aqueous and soil samples where recoveries of 93 to 100% and 98 to 99% respectively were obtained with enrichment factors ranging from 2 to 18 in aqueous and 27 to 40 in soil samples. Finally, the Ni(II)-DMG IIP was used to analyse mine tailings samples and Ni(II) recovery of 99% was obtained with an enrichment factor of 2.
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Kanagaraj, James, R. C. Panda, R. Prasanna, and M. Javid. "A Protein based Polymeric Syntan from Leather Waste - 270: Retanning agent for Sustainable Leather Processing." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34206.
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Content:
A copolymer has been synthesized from leather waste and monomer and its application has been studied for improved exhaustion in tanning and post-tanning processes. After synthesizing, the product has been analyzed and found to have particle size of 810 nm, pH of 4.0, relative viscosity of 0.8872 cp, polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) of 0.555 and percent solid as 23%. The weakly anionic character of the copolymer is supported by zeta potential of –0.0403 mV. The stability of the particle was also studied using TGA, DSC. Functional groups of the polymer was analyzed by FT-IR which revealed the presence of
carboxylic acid, amide I & II, hydroxyl groups and ester groups in the product. The product can be used for increasing exhaustion and leather-properties in chrome tanning and post-tanning processes. It improves belly filling, provides fullness, softness and dye exhaustion in post-tanning process. It also shows better fullness and body in chrome tanning processes. The color properties found to be better and strength properties were comparable in experimental leather as compared to conventionally produced leather. This product can be applicable for manufacturing different types of leather where fullness and tightness are necessary. The present process helps in mitigating pollution problem of liquid and solid wastes of leather industry. A cost benefit analysis shows that the process is feasible for up-scaling.
Take-Away:
Synthesis of Co-Polymer from Leather Waste
Application of Co-polymer as retanning agent
Improved Exhaustion & Organoleptic Properties of leather
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Čermák, Jan. "Problematika tepelně zpracovaných odpadních recyklátů a optimalizace vlastností pro jejich využití ve stavebnictví." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390285.
Full textAbstract:
Given the increasing consumption of plastic materials their reuse becomes a very topical issue. Recycling the single-cleaned plastic waste is simple, these products can be used as raw material or additive in the manufacture of new products. The problem remains the energy, economic and environmental demands in sorting, cleaning and eventual regranulation of waste to a suitable feedstock. This problem can be solved using technology that is able to handle multiple-type waste thermoplastics in further useful products.
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Tesař, Filip. "Vývoj polymerních vícevrstvých podlahových systémů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225584.
Full textAbstract:
Multilayer polymer flooring systems belongs to widespread materials for industrial constructions and also for public constructions. These are mostly two-components polymeric materials based on epoxy. The main aim of my thesis is to make list of requirements for multilayer polymer flooring system and utilization of waste materials as fillers in polymer epoxy. Then use this knowledge for development of multilayer polymer flooring system and propose the new recipe and primary test´s for this material.
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Tasnim, Sadia. "Development of light-weight polymer composite containing solid waste fillers and its application as sub-base layer of flexible pavement." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88383.
Full textAbstract:
This research programme is an in-depth study regarding the sub-base layer of
pavements made by a polymer composite using crumb recycled tyres, recycled plastic
and fly ash as fillers with jute-fabric as a reinforcement. Emphasis is placed mostly on
the mix proportions, mechanical properties and durability of the purposed composite
as precast lightweight product.
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Karmore, Vishal K. "Kinetics Of Polymerization And Degradation By Non-Conventional Techniques." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/269.
Full textAbstract:
Non-conventional techniques for polymerization and depolymerization were investigated. The rates of polymerization were enhanced higher in ultrasonic, supercritical fluids and microwaves. However in these system under certain conditions, simultaneous degradation also occurred. Depolymerization was studied by various methods like thermal degradation in supercritical fluids and in presence of oxidizers, Lewis acid and other organic acids. Degradation by ultrasound and thermal degradation of polymer mixtures were also investigated. The scission of the polymer backbone is random for thermal degradation while the scission occurs at the midpoint for ultrasonic degradation. The degradation rates in all the investigated techniques were higher than the degradation rates observed for pyrolysis. Degradation was possible at low temperature (< 50°C) for oxidative and ultrasound degradation while the degradation rates were two orders of magnitude higher in supercritical conditions. The molecular weight distribution was obtained by GPC analysis and the continuous distribution models were used to obtain the rate coefficients. The activation energies were calculated from the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients.
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Karmore, Vishal K. "Kinetics Of Polymerization And Degradation By Non-Conventional Techniques." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/269.
Full textAbstract:
Non-conventional techniques for polymerization and depolymerization were investigated. The rates of polymerization were enhanced higher in ultrasonic, supercritical fluids and microwaves. However in these system under certain conditions, simultaneous degradation also occurred. Depolymerization was studied by various methods like thermal degradation in supercritical fluids and in presence of oxidizers, Lewis acid and other organic acids. Degradation by ultrasound and thermal degradation of polymer mixtures were also investigated. The scission of the polymer backbone is random for thermal degradation while the scission occurs at the midpoint for ultrasonic degradation. The degradation rates in all the investigated techniques were higher than the degradation rates observed for pyrolysis. Degradation was possible at low temperature (< 50°C) for oxidative and ultrasound degradation while the degradation rates were two orders of magnitude higher in supercritical conditions. The molecular weight distribution was obtained by GPC analysis and the continuous distribution models were used to obtain the rate coefficients. The activation energies were calculated from the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients.
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Cox, Ryan Yinghua. "Development of a Humidity-Resistant Coating to Impart High Oxygen Barrier Performance to Food Packaging Films." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1764.
Full textAbstract:
Oxygen barrier coatings have the potential to greatly extend the lifetime of certain food products by incorporating them into existing food packaging. Present technologies face definite challenges of maintaining high performance, while attaining simple and inexpensive preparation methods. The oxygen barrier effect obtained with these coatings is also susceptible to a plasticization effect when exposed to high humidity, since water vapor molecules are readily soluble in typically hydrophilic resins. In this work, we demonstrate a 1 – 2 micron thick oxygen barrier coating, prepared on a 12 micron poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate, that has oxygen transmission rates as low as 1.44 cc m-2 day-1 under standard conditions and can maintain similar oxygen barrier performance at high humidity. This degree of oxygen barrier meets the standard of 1 – 10 cc m-2 day-1 established for food packaging applications. The coating is prepared through use of sol-gel chemistry between poly(vinyl alcohol) and vinyltrimethoxsilane molecules, which form a strong network resin through hydrolysis and condensation reactions. The formulation of these oxygen barrier coatings allows for variability of solids percentage and viscosity without significant change in performance. The ability to scale up the preparation of these coated films was tested successfully on an industrial flexographic printing press.
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Van, Eeden Alida Elizabeth. "Extracellular polymer extraction and analysis from UASB granules and batch produced anaerobic granular sludge." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52841.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The start-up period of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactors can
significantly be reduced by enhancing the time-consuming granulation process
through the batch cultivation of anaerobic granular sludge and thus seeding the
reactor with this cultivated granular sludge, instead of raw anaerobic sludge. The
precise mechanism for granule formation is not well known, but it is believed that
extracellular polymers (ECP) play a critical role in the granulation process.
Information on the precise role of ECP is also limited and no universal
standardised method for ECP extraction is used at present. Therefore,
comparison of results from different researchers has to be made with great
caution.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate an ECP extraction methód so
as to optimise the extraction time, and then to correlate ECP composition of UASB
granules with granule metabolic activity. The impact of changes in the
environmental conditions, such as sludge sources (Paarl and Kraaifontein-sludge),
carbon growth substrates (yeast extract lactate, glucose medium and fruit cocktail
effluent) and batch cultivation techniques (roller-table and shake-waterbath), on
batch cultivation studies was also evaluated in terms of granule activity, ECP
composition and granule formation.
A physical extraction method was used to quantify the ECP content of
UASB granules from six different sources. The optimal extraction time was taken
as the time needed before cell lysis took place, and before intracellular material
started contributing to the ECP content of the granules. It was concluded that the
ECP composition was affected by the wastewater composition fed to the original
UASB reactors, It was also found that the activity test results could be used to
indirectly predict the activity of the different trophic groups present in the UASB
granules. A correlation was found between the activity test results and the total
ECP content, and this showed that the granules with the higher ECP yields
exhibited greater biogas (SB) and methanogenic (SM) activities. However, based
on the activity data and total ECP content, it appeared that a protein:carbohydrate
ratio < 1 affected the activity of the granules,
The sludge source used as inoculum for batch cultivation of anaerobic
granular sludge had a significant effect on granule formation. The use of a pre- granulated raw anaerobic sludge, such as the Paarl-sludge, resulted in a greater
increase in granule numbers at the end of the cultivation period. The acetic acid
activity profiles showed that the acetoclastic methanogens that are involved in
initiation of granulation by nucleus formation, were inactive or absent in the
different batch systems, with the exception of the roller-table glucose cultivated
Kraaifontein-sludge (RKG) batch system.
The addition of glucose as carbon growth substrate for batch cultivation not
only enhanced the activity of the acidogenic population, but also led to the
establishment to a greater variety of granule trophic groups within all the glucose
cultivated batch systems. The addition of fruit cocktail effluent as carbon
substrate enhanced ECP production in the Paarl-sludge cultivated batch systems.
However, the addition of carbon substrates showed no discernible trend on
granule formation itself. The roller-table cultivation technique resulted in the
higher increase in granule numbers, and it was speculated that the more vigorous
shake-waterbath technique probably shortened the contact time between biomass
and substrate.
Large variations in the ECP composition of the different batch systems were
found, and these were ascribed to the composition heterogeneity of different
sludges. For future studies, it is advisable to characterise sludge, both chemically
and microbiologically before using as inoculum. The selection of an appropriate
sludge inoculum should then lead to optimisation of the granulation process.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aanvangsperiode van "Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed" (UASB) bioreaktors kan
noemenswaardig verminder word deur die tydsame granulasie proses te versnel
deur die vooraf lot-kweking van anaërobe granulêre slyk waarmee 'n reaktor dus
geïnokuleer kan word in plaas van rou anaërobe slyk. Die presiese meganisme
van granulevorming is nog nie welbekend nie, maar daar word beweer dat
ekstrasellulêre polimere (ECP) wel 'n kritiese rol speel in die granulasie proses.
Inligting; oor die presiese rol van ECP is ook nog beperk, en tans word daar nog ,
geen universele standaard metode vir ECP-ekstraksie gebruik nie. Gevolglik moet
resultate vanaf verskeie navorsers met groot omsigtigheid vergelyk word.
Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om 'n ECP ekstraksiemetode te
evalueer deur die ekstraksietyd te optimiseer, en dan te korreleer met die ECP samestelling
en metaboliese aktiwiteit van die UASB granules. Die inwerking van
veranderinge in omgewingskondisies, soos slykbronne (Paarl- en
Kraaifontein-slyk), koolstofbronne (gisekstrak-Iaktaat-, glukose-medium en
vrugtekelkie-uitvloeisel) en lot-kwekingstegnieke (rol-tafel en skud-waterbad) op
lot-kweking studies in terme van granule aktiwiteit, ECP-samestelling en
granulevorming is ook ondersoek.
'n Fisiese ekstraksie metode is gebruik om die ECP-inhoud van UASB
granules vanaf ses verskillende bronne te bepaal. Die optimale ekstraksietyd is
geneem as die tyd benodig voordat sellise sal plaasvind en die intrasellulêre
materiaal 'n bydrae sal lewer tot die ECP-inhoud van granules. Dit is afgelei dat
die ECP-samestelling beïnvloed word deur die samestelling van die afvalwater wat
vir die oorspronklike UASB bioreaktors gevoer is. Voorts is gevind dat die
aktiwiteitstoets resultate indirek gebruik kan word vir die voorspelling van aktiwiteit
van die verskillende trofiese groepe wat in die UASB granules teenwoordig is. 'n
Korrelasie is gevind tussen die aktiwiteitstoets resultate en die totale ECP-inhoud
wat aangedui het dat granules met hoër ECP opbrengste, beter biogas (SB) en
metanogeniese (SM) aktiwiteit getoon het. Volgens die aktiwiteitsdata en totale
ECP-inhoud het dit egter geblyk dat 'n proteïen:koolhidraat verhouding < 1 die
aktiwiteit van granules beïnvloed het.
Die slykbron wat as inokulum gebruik is vir lot-kweking van' anaërobiese
granulêre slyk het 'n noemenswaardige invloed gehad op granulevorming. Die gebruik van 'n rou anaërobe slyk wat reeds 'n mate van granulasie getoon het,
soos die Paarl-slyk, het 'n hoër toename in granule getalle aan die einde van die
kwekingsperiode teweeg gebring. Die asynsuur aktiwiteitsprofiele het aangedui
dat die asetoklastiese metanogene, wat hoofsaaklik betrokke is by inisiëring van
granulasie deur kernvorming, onaktief of afwesig was in al die verskillende lotsisteme,
met die uitsondering van die roltafel glukose-gekultiveerde Kraaifonteinslyk
(RKG) lot-sisteem.
Die toevoeging van glukose as koolstofbron vir lot-kweking het nie alleenlik
die aktiwiteit van die asidogene populasie verhoog nie, maar het ook bygedra tot
die vestiging van 'n groter verskeidenheid van granule trofiese groepe. Die
toevoeging van vrugtekelkie-uitvloeisel as koolstofbron het die produksie van ECP
verhoog in die Paarl-slyk gekweekte lot-sisteme. Die toevoeging van
koolstofsubstrate het egter geen merkbare verandering getoon in granulasie
opsigself nie. Die rol-tafel kwekingstegniek het 'n hoër toename in granule getalle
tot gevolg gehad, en dit is gespekuleer dat die meer kragtige skud-waterbad
tegniek waarskynlik die kontaktyd tussen die substraat en biomassa verkort het.
Groot variasies is gevind in die ECP-samestelling van die verskillende lotsisteme,
en dit is toegeskryf aan die heterogene samestelling van die verskillende
slyke. Vir toekomstige navorsing is dit raadsaam om slyk voor gebruik as
inokulum beide chemies en mikrobiologies te karakteriseer. Die keuse van 'n geskikte slyk-inokulum sal bydra tot die optimisering van die granulasie proses.
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Jankech, Filip. "Elastomerní plniva jako potencální surovina pro betony a malty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295668.
Full textAbstract:
To attain a sustainable development in the field of building materials, it is necessary to consider environmental, economic, and social aspects of the industrial production. This thesis addresses the first two aspects. Both theoretical and practical research were implemented in order to study the possibility to replace the commonly used RDPs, that are being used in the dry-mix mortar industry as a primary additive, with the industrially processed elastomer waste materials, such as recycled tire rubber. The review of the scientific literature processed within the theoretical research discloses the state of the art in the field of polymer modification of the mortar products and the effect of the commonly used modifiers and elastomer fillers on the performance of mortar and concrete products. The experimental research was implemented to study the possibility of the replacement of the RDPs for the elastomer fillers. The performance of fresh and hardened mortar containing various amounts of elastomer particles was studied. The results indicate, that the partial replacement could be feasible without worsening the performance of the product.
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Sajja, Mani Bhushan. "Eco-friendly paving blocks from alkali-activation of basalt powder." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
The main aim of the research is to investigate the waste by-products as a sustainable construction material by means of Alkali-activation processes. Nowadays, cement is one of the most significant factors of climate change and global warming. It accounts for 5% to 8% of total emission, which may increase due to the increase in concrete production. In this process, sustainable and eco-products have been chosen.
Basalt and metakaolin were chosen as precursors. In this, basalt is the main component of our research. Basalt is an igneous rock formed by the rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet and it is the most common rock in the earth’s crust and metakaolin is the anhydrous calcined form of the clay mineral kaolinite also the particle size of metakaolin is smaller than cement particles.
In this experimentation, there are two activators sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. These two activators added into precursors in certain proportions and mixed using a cement rotator. After that, this mixture is distributed into cube blocks and leave for a few minutes before packing with a plastic cover. Proceeding into a curing process, these cube blocks placed in the oven at certain temperatures between 60 to 80 degrees.
These types of precursors and activators are added in different ratios using this procedure to make a cube sample following by the curing process of 28 days. These were tested in compressive strength machine to obtain load resistance results. Basalt has better chemical resistance to the extended operating temperature range and environmentally friendly material. Metakaolin is eco-friendly by reducing the amount of 〖co〗_2 emission and the heat of hydration leading to shrinkage and crack control.
With the obtained synthetic mixtures, some special paving blocks were produced. Following the EN 1338 standard, these were tested in different to fully characterize the final product.
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Signoret, Christian. "Réseaux polyuréthannes classiques et contenant des motifs furanniques pour le confinement de déchets radioactifs : relations structure-propriétés." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0088.
Full textAbstract:
Etude des proprietes mecaniques, de la stabilite thermique de la diffusion de l'eau et de sels radioactifs dans des polyurethannes. Les polyetherurethannes souples ont un comportement moyen a la temperature et a la diffusion. Les polyesterurethannes ont un meilleur comportement mais sont hydrolyses rapidement les polyetherurethannes rigides (tv=20 a 40#oc) sont le meilleur compromis; amelioration de la tenue en temperature vers 350-500#oc par addition de derives furanniques
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Aghaye, Ghazvini Amir Kia. "Evaluation of exploiting coffee wastes in production of PLA green composites." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17536/.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, lot of attention is devoted both to the application of bio-based polymers as promising alternative to the currently used petro-based polymers, and to the recycling of waste materials coming from agriculture industry. However, a series of economic barriers hinder the application of bio-based polymers in large scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of PLA composites containing up to a 30 %wt of wastes deriving from coffee production. The waste was coffee silverskin which is the main byproduct of coffee roasting process. The composites were formulated in three different proportions of waste including 10 %wt, 20 %wt, and 30 %wt of the composites. The mechanical properties, microstructure, and crystallinity of the composites, as well as thermal stability, water uptake, and contact angle have been evaluated. The results show that coffee silverskin did not compromise the thermal stability and degree of crystallinity of the composites, while it changed the mechanical properties. Specifically, tensile strength gradually decreased on addition of coffee silverskin, while the Young’s modulus slightly increased. The distribution of filler throughout the matrix was almost homogeneous without porosities in the composites. An increase in the value of water uptake was obtained, but the water absorption behavior was not modified. Furthermore, the values of contact angle were constant for all the composites. Due to the production conditions of this study, in order to obtain acceptable properties for the composites, the amount of waste should be limited up to 20 %wt. The simple and low cost operations performed on the waste for obtaining the filler, lead to a decrease in material price on account of PLA reduction. Moreover, using coffee waste as filler in production of green composites, in addition to adding value to agricultural waste, would results in minimizing the dependency on petro-based polymers.
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Dang, Yu. "Value-added Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil, Post-consumer PET Bottles and Soybean Meal into Biodiesel and Polyurethane Products." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468591615.
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Hodná, Jana. "Výzkum a vývoj progresivních ochranných prostředků na vodorovné konstrukce s využitím odpadních surovin." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355612.
Full textAbstract:
Large amount of different types of industrial wastes are still not re-use as secondary raw materials in industry. The work deals with finding a new way how to use secondary raw materials, especially the possibilities of using recycled glass from different sources as a fillers in the polymer protective materials development for horizontal structures. The main task of this work is to develop a material with the desired physic - mechanical properties and further verifying the influence of particle shape on their chemical resistance. Result of this work will find advanced protective materials using secondary raw materials as alternatives to be in terms of economic and ecological efficiency replacement for conventional products.
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Quitadamo, Alessia. "Influence of wood flour and cellulose on the properties and the stability of formulations based on polyolefins and bio-based polymers." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI015.
Full textAbstract:
L'objectif de cette recherche est le développement de matériaux à haute valeur ajoutée, avec une grande quantité de charges bio-dérivées, aboutissant à un produit plus écologique. La stratégie poursuivie est basée à la fois sur l'introduction de fibres naturelles et sur l'utilisation de mélanges de polymères à base d'huile et bio-dérivés comme matrices, réduisant la quantité non biodégradable dans le matériau. Le projet de thèse est basé sur le développement de mélanges HDPE / PLA remplis de charges naturelles, telles que la farine de bois et les fibres de papier recyclées. Le polyéthylène haute densité a été choisi car il est l'un des polymères recyclés les plus représentatifs du marché. L'acide poly (lactique) a été sélectionné car il s'agit d'un polymère biodégradable important sur le marché. La méthodologie développée ici peut être étendue à d'autres polymères biodégradables, tels que l'isolat de protéine de soja (SPI). La farine de bois est un déchet diffus qui peut être utilisé pour la production de composites bois-plastique. Les fibres de papier recyclées sont issues de déchets de papier industriels, qui ne peuvent pas être soumis aux procédés de recyclage traditionnels. Des additifs ont été introduits pour faire face au problème d'hydrophilie différente entre les polymères à base d'huile / bio-dérivés avec des charges naturelles. La composition et les processus de production optimaux sont des défis, non seulement pour l'utilisation de ces matériaux, mais aussi pour leur élimination. La fin de vie de ces échantillons peut être évaluée par une biodégradabilité et une compostabilité contrôlées, en corrélant la structure du matériau avec la capacité de se biodégrader. La production d'un matériau à impact environnemental réduit avec des propriétés cohérentes avec leurs applications est un premier avantage environnemental. L'obtention d'une biodégradabilité contrôlée, en fonction des applications, valoriserait nos matériaux. Plusieurs caractérisations ont été réalisées afin d'analyser l'effet de différents compatibilisants et traitements tels que: tests de traction, microscopie électronique à balayage, calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, analyses thermogravimétriques, spectroscopie infrarouge, chromatographie d'exclusion de taille et tests de compostage<br>The objective of this research is the development of high-added value materials, with high amount of bio-derived fillers, resulting in a more eco-friendly product. The pursued strategy is based on both the introduction of natural fibres and the use of oil-based and bio-derived polymer blends as matrices, reducing the non-biodegradable amount in the material. The thesis project is based on the development of HDPE/PLA blends filled with natural fillers, such as wood flour and recycled paper fibres. High-density polyethylene has been chosen because it is one of the most representative recycled polymers on the market. Poly(lactic) acid has been selected as it is an important bio-degradable polymer on the market. The methodology developed here can be extended to other bio-degradable polymers, such as Soy Protein Isolate (SPI). Wood flour is a diffuse waste material, that can be used for production of Wood Plastic Composites. Recycled paper fibres are derived from industrial paper waste, which cannot be subjected to traditional recycling processes. Additives have been introduced in order to face the problem of different hydrophilicity between oil-based/bio-derived polymers with natural fillers. The optimal composition and production processes are challenges, not only for the use of these materials, but also for their disposal. The end-of-life of these samples can be evaluated through controlled bio-degradability and compostability, correlating material structure with the ability to biodegrade. The production of a material at reduced environmental impact with properties consistent with their applications is a first environmental advantage. Obtaining a controlled biodegradability, as a function of the applications, would give enhanced value to our materials. Several characterizations have been performed in order to analyse the effect of different compatibilizers and treatments such as: tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and composting tests
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Jorge, Luiza Milbroth. "A cadeia de reciclagem do plástico pós-consumo na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134611.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho avaliou aspectos ambientais, culturais, econômicos, de segurança, sociais e tecnológicos da reciclagem de plástico pós-consumo na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA). Os objetivos específicos são: (i) obter um panorama da reciclagem do plástico pós-consumo na RMPA; (ii) identificar benefícios e custos da cadeia de reciclagem do plástico pós-consumo; (iii) identificar problemas, causas e oportunidades relacionadas à triagem dos materiais recicláveis, à reciclagem e transformação de plástico pós-consumo na RMPA. Devido à falta de dados completos mais recentes, o panorama foi construído utilizando dados de 2010 (base de dados governamental e planos municipais de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos). Entrevistas com atores da triagem de materiais recicláveis, comercialização de sucata plástica, reciclagem e transformação do plástico pós-consumo constituíram o segundo procedimento metodológico na coleta de dados. Foi apresentado um panorama considerando a coleta de resíduos recicláveis e sua triagem, a comercialização, reciclagem e processamento do plástico pós-consumo na RMPA. Não foram encontrados dados de RSU para seis cidades que compunham a RMPA, correspondentes a 9% de sua população. Desta forma estima-se que 91% da população geraram 255.712 toneladas de materiais recicláveis (41% de plásticos), que 22% dos plásticos foram reciclados e que 202.864 toneladas de materiais recicláveis foram enviadas para aterros. Além disto, foi verificado que existiam significativas diferenças de políticas ambientas e de eficiência na reciclagem entre as cidades avaliadas. Para o ano de 2010, cálculos econômicos demonstraram benefícios de R$ 32 milhões na reciclagem do plástico, descontados o custo da coleta seletiva e a manutenção dos centros de triagem. Adicionalmente, foi verificado existir capacidade ociosa nas recicladoras de plástico no Rio Grande do Sul. Considerando que dezoito cidades (81% da população) recuperaram somente 19% dos materiais recicláveis gerados na região através da triagem da coleta seletiva ou bruta, as prováveis causas do envio de grande quantidade de materiais recicláveis para o aterro são a baixa eficiência da população ao separar em casa os resíduos recicláveis dos demais resíduos e a baixa taxa de participação da população na coleta seletiva. Ainda faltava implantar coleta seletiva em dezesseis cidades da RMPA. Entretanto, o aumento na frequência da coleta seletiva poderia aumentar o índice de participação na maioria das cidades e o aumento do pessoal na triagem de coleta bruta poderia aumentar a recuperação de recicláveis. Além disto, R$ 150 milhões seria o benefício por reciclar 89.837 toneladas de materiais recicláveis enviados para o aterro em 2010.<br>This work aims to address environmental, cultural, economic, safe, social and technological aspects involved in the recycling scene of post-consumer plastics in the Porto Alegre Metropolitan Area (RMPA). The specific goals are to identify: (i) benefits and costs of sorting recyclable materials and recycling plastics; (ii) problems, causes and opportunities related to sorting of recyclable materials and post-consumer plastic recycling and processing in the RMPA. Owing to the lack of a more recent complete data base for the RMPA, the recycling scene was built from 2010 data (from integrated waste management plans and Brazilian government database). Interviews with actors involved in the post-consumer plastic recycling of the region were the second collection method used. The recycling scene in the region has been presented, considering collection, sorting, trading, transportation, mechanical recycling and re-processing. Municipal solid waste (MSW) data was not found for six cities, corresponding to 9% of the RMPA population. According to this study estimations, 91% of the RMPA population generated 255,712 tonnes of recyclable materials (41% of plastics), 22% of plastics were mechanically recycled and 202,864 tonnes of recyclable materials (44% of plastics) were sent to landfill sites. Furthermore, it was verified that there are significant differences of policies and recycling efficiency among the cities of the RMPA. For the year of 2010, economic calculations demonstrated benefits of R$32 million in plastic recycling, discounted the cost of the selective collection and sorting facilities maintenance. Additionally, it was verified that there is a surplus capacity in recycling companies of the region. Considering that 81% of the RMPA population (18 cities) recovered through selective collection only 19% of existing recyclable material in municipal solid waste, low efficiency in sorting recyclable waste at home and low participation rate of population in selective collection may be considered the primary causes of the problem related to the large amount of plastics arriving at the landfill in the RMPA. However, the increase in the selective collection frequency could also contribute to improve the participation rate in most cities of the region. Besides, R$150 million would be the benefit for recycling 89,837 tonnes of plastics, which were sent to landfill.
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Benešová, Pavla. "Bioprodukce, charakterizace a aplikace vybraných biopolymerů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295714.
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Proposed doctoral thesis deals with microbial production of biopolymers (polysaccharides and polyesters) using renewableble inexpensive resources as carbon and nitrogen source. At first, production of extracellular metabolites, mainly pullulan and poly-L-malic acid, by polymorphic microorganism Aureobasisium pullulans was studied. Further part of thesis was focused on production of bacterial biopolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHA are produced in the form of intracellular granules by various bacteria species. During the study of PHA production, sythesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and technologically significant copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) was investigated as well with regard to waste substrate utilization in biorafinery concept. Spent coffee ground seemed to be applicable waste in biorefinery proces. One of the coffee wastes used for PHA production was spent coffee ground hydrolysate which was converted to PHA by Burkholderia cepacia. Moreover, copolymer of 3HB and 3HV was accumulated when SCGH was used as a sole carbon source, no precursor had to be added. Another coffee waste, which was utillized by Cupriavidus necator H16, is represented by oil extracted from spent coffee grounds. Hydrolysis proces of waste substrates had to be optimized, to reach the highest possible saccharide concentration. Due to the hydrolysis process several toxic compounds can be formed, hence, influence of hydrolysis procesings on polyphenols content in hydrolysates was monitored. Waste substrates were also tested as potentional complex nitrogen source for PHA production. Hydrolysates of cheese whey and chicken feather were used as inexpensive complex nitrogen source for PHA production by C. necator, when waste frying oil was used as a carbon substrate. The finnal part of the thesis is dealing with possibilities how the PHA can be processed into atractive aplication forms. Liposomes with partial content of PHB had been prepared, moreover, for improving of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect the waste coffee oil was added. Micro-fibrous PHB materials were prepared for the purposes of water filtration. Higher filtration effectivity was observed when composite PHB fibrous material containing active charcoal or metal oxides was used. Important part of thesis is represented by study of degradation processes of prepared PHA-based aplication forms. Various microorganisms were tested on PHA depolymerases production. Biodegradability of PHA materials was tested in of composting conditions by standard composting test IS/ISO 20200. Changes in mechanical properties of polyurethan, where polyol was partialy replaced by PHB, were tested depending on the exposure of composting condition.
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Bajer, Tomáš. "Problematika využití surovin na bázi skelných recyklátů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371894.
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Presented work deals with the problem of solar glass waste recycling. In theoretical part recent EU regulation regarding waste management is presented. Different ways of PV panels recycling are explained as well as raw materials for glass production are listed. Differences between regular and solar glass is explained. In experimental part different recipes using solar glass waste and polymer binders are presented. Grindability was tested on specimen tiles. Potential of solar glass waste for manufacturing products with acoustic properties was examined.
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Novotná, Adéla. "Nové možnosti využití druhotných surovin na silikátové bázi v ekologických polymerních vícevrstvých podlahových systémech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227171.
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The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the multi-layer polymer flooring systems green products, where main focus is placed on recycled material fillers. The practical part is devoted to reference materials practical testing and also to testing of materials filled by secondary materials silicates with the conclusive tests support. The economic part should point out the advantages of the secondary raw materials use in terms of the final product lower price.
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Silva, Italo Guimaraes Medeiros da. "POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case160709776258431.
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Bouaouine, Omar. "Caractérisation et valorisation de bioressources végétales pour le prétraitement d'effluents par coagulation-floculation." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0088/document.
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Les biofloculants sont une alternative durable aux sels métalliques et aux polymères de synthèse pour le traitement des eaux par coagulation floculation (CF). La littérature a surtout décrit les paramètres optimaux pour l’application des matériaux biosourcés en CF. En étudiant deux exemples, Opuntia ficus indica, connu pour ses propriétés coagulantes et les margines, un déchet peu valorisable issu de la trituration des olives, nous proposons une méthodologie pour déterminer la nature des molécules actives et appréhender le mécanisme de CF impliqué. L’expérimentation a été menée sur un effluent synthétique à base de kaolinite. Les conditions optimales de CF, ont été déterminées par la méthode classique du jar test couplée à de la zétamètrie et de la microscopie. Pour les margines, les conditions optimales sont obtenues pour un pH de 11 et une dose d’extrait de 62.5 mg L-1. La couleur des margines impose néanmoins l’utilisation de 50 mg L-1 de coagulant métallique (Al2 (SO4)3). Nous avons ensuite basé notre étude sur une approche comparative de différentes fractions hydrosolubles en fonction du pH, dans les deux cas les molécules actives ont montré une solubilité maximale au pH optimal de CF. La détermination des pKa, la réalisation de dosages colorimétriques (protéine, sucres, polyphénols, tanin) et l’analyse infrarouge du matériel brut a permis d’envisager les familles de molécules impliquées (dans les deux cas, les tanins / flavonoïdes et les sucres). Des expériences de CF effectuées après digestions enzymatiques permet de confirmer l’identification des molécules impliquées dans le mécanisme. Ainsi la CF se fait par adsorption et pontage pour les deux matériaux. La faisabilité du traitement d’eaux résiduaires (industrie textile, lixiviat de décharge) par des extraits d’Opuntia ficus indica a été validé. Les tanins/ flavonoïdes et particulièrement la quercétine pour le cactus, s’adsorbent sur les colloïdes de l’effluent puis un polymère d’amidon (cactus) ou de cellulose (margine) permet la floculation par adsorption et pontage<br>Biofloculants represent a sustainable alternative to metal salts and to synthetic polymers for water treatment by coagulation flocculation (CF). The optimal parameters of biomatrerials applicated in CF were mainly described by literature data. Opuntia ficus indica, known for its flocculating properties and olive mill waste (OMW), which its reuse not deeply examined, were chosen in our study. A methodology was proposed in order to determine the nature of the active molecules and to better understand the involving mechanism in CF. The experiment was conducted on a synthetic water based on kaolinite. The optimal conditions of CF were determined by jar test coupled with zeta potential and microscopy. For OMW, the optimum conditions are obtained for a pH of 11 and an extract dose of 62.5 mg L-1. The removal of OMW colors requires the use of 50 mg L-1 of a metal coagulant (Al2 (SO4)3). Afterwards, our study was based on a comparative approach of different water-soluble fractions as function of pH. The active molecules showed a maximum solubility at the optimal pH of CF, in both cases. The characterization of the raw materials by pKa, colorimetric assays (proteins, sugars, polyphenols and tannins) and the infrared analysis allowed to determine the molecules involved in CF (In both cases, tannins / flavonoids and sugars). CF experiments performed after enzymatic approach confirm the identification of molecules involved in the mechanism and suggest that the two materials operate through an adsorption and bridging mechanism. The efficiency of wastewater treatment (textile industry, landfill leachate) by Opuntia ficus indica extracts has been validated. Tannins/ flavonoids and especially quercetin for cactus promotes a colloidal material destabilization (coagulant) through anion exchanges and bridges; otherwise, the starch (cactus) or cellulose (OMW) forms a large cross-linked polymeric network responsible for bridging
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Nakanishi, Erika Yukari. "Estudo de biofilmes funcionais como revestimento em painéis multicamada para uso em instalação agroindustrial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74133/tde-10042018-164526/.
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Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo do recobrimento superficial de filmes poliméricos à base de látex e breu, com microbicida de prata em painéis multicamadas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, reforçados com partículas de bambu (PMBB), visando seu o uso como material isolante térmico em instalação agroindustrial sujeita a ambientes úmidos e com grande carga bacteriana. O projeto foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas. Na etapa 1 (Estudo dos painéis multicamadas), foi realizado o estudo de dois diferentes procedimentos de moldagem, sendo moldagem 1 (PMBB-M1) com prensagem nas camadas e a moldagem 2 (PMBB-M2) sem prensagens nas camadas. Na avaliação física e mecânica o painel PMBB-M2 apresentou melhor desempenho físico e mecânico, por conta da melhor interação entre as camadas, quando comparado ao painel PMBB-M1. A etapa 2 (Estudo do tratamento superficial dos painéis) consistiu na produção e caracterização dos filmes de breu, látex-LT e látex-LS, e na avaliação do recobrimento do painel PMBB e da sua durabilidade expostos às intempéries ambientais (sol, chuva, vento e orvalho). Os filmes apresentaram bom desempenho físico, dificultando a penetração de água no material, contudo, a exposição à radiação e as intempéries climáticas promoveram a degradação dos filmes, apesar disso o látex-LT e o breu apresentaram, até os três meses de envelhecimento natural, melhor desempenho mecânico. A etapa 3 (Estudo da impregnação de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) nos filmes) consistiu na preparação e avaliação dos filmes com AgNPs. Por meio da análise microbiológica constatou-se que os filmes de látex-LT e breu apresentaram caráter bacteriostático. Por fim, na etapa 4 (Aplicação dos painéis PMBB em Instalação Suinícola), foi analisado o potencial do painel PMBB-M2 como material isolante térmico, na forma de abrigo para leitão (escamoteador) em uma granja de suínos. Nessa etapa, foi avaliado o microclima gerado no interior dos escamoteadores aquecidos com lâmpada incandescente, por meio da coleta de dados ambientais e análise dos índices de conforte térmico. O painel apresentou bom desempenho, atendendo a faixa de temperatura e umidade de conforto térmico para os leitões na primeira semana de vida. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os filmes de breu e látex-LT no painel PMBB-M2, promoveram uma impermeabilização do material e por apresentarem caráter bacteriostático, evitaram a proliferação de bactérias quando em contato com os filmes, sendo assim, a aplicação deste material como isolante térmico em instalação para suíno apresenta um grande potencial, pois, o recobrimento no material propicia sua aplicação em um ambiente úmido e com grande carga bacteriana.<br>This project aims the study of surface coatings with polymeric films based on latex and rosin, by using a microbicide agent of\' silver in multilayer panels of sugarcane bagasse reinforced with bamboo particles (PMBB) to be used as an insulate material in agroindustrial facilities subject to humid environments with high bacterial load. This project was conducted into four steps. In the step 1 (Study of the multilayer panels), the evaluation of two different molding procedures was conducted, with molding 1 (PMBB-M1) with pre-pressing in the layers and molding 2 (PMBB-M2) without pre-pressing in the layers. Physical and mechanical properties of the PMBB-M2 panel presented better physical and mechanical performance due to the best interaction between the layers compared to the PMBB-M1 panel. In the step 2 (Study of the superficial treatment of panels), it was studied the production and characterization of the films of rosin, latex-LT and latex-LS, as well as the evaluation of the PMBB panel covering, and evaluation of the durability of these panels exposed to weather conditions (sun, rain, wind and dew). The films presented good physical performance, making it difficult to penetrate water in the material, on the other hand, by exposing the materials to radiation and weather conduction it was noticed the degradation of the films, despite the fact that latex-LT and rosin presented better mechanical performance until three months of age. In the step 3 (Study of impregnation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the films) it was conducted the preparation and evaluation of the films with AgNPs. By means of the microbiology analyses it was stated that the latex-LT and rosin presented bacteriostatic character. In the step 4 (Application of PMBB panels in Poultry facilities) it was evaluated the potential of the PMBB panel as an insulation material in a pig-farm as a piglet shelter. In this step, the microclimate generated inside of the pig shelter heated by incandescent lamps was evaluated through the collection of environmental data and evaluation of the thermal comfort indices. The panel presented good performance, taking into account the temperature and humidity range of thermal comfort for the piglets in the first week of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the films of rosin and latex-LT in the PMBB panel, promoted a waterproofing of the materials and due to the bacteriostatic character, it was noticed that proliferation of the bacteria when in contact with the films was avoided, thus, the application of this material as thermal insulation in pig installation presents a great potential, due to the coating in the material and propitiates its application in a humid environment and with bacterial load.
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Lima, Cristian Kelly Morais de. "Estudo da incorpora??o de res?duo industrial polim?rico ao CAP." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15744.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-28<br>This work presents the incorporation of an industrial polymeric waste into a petroleum asphalt cement with penetration grade 50-60 (CAP 50-60). The main goal of this research is the
development of a polymer-modified asphalt, with improvements in its physical properties, in order to obtain a more resistant material to the traffic loads. Furthermore, the use of this
polymeric waste will result in economic and environmental benefits. The CAP 50-60 used in this research was kindly supplied by LUBNOR Lubrificantes e Derivados de Petr?leo do
Nordeste (produced in Fazenda Bel?m Aracati - Cear?) and the industrial polymeric waste was provided by a button manufacturer industry, located in Rio Grande do Norte state. This polymeric waste represents an environmental problem due to its difficulty in recycling and disposal, being necessary the payment by the industry to a landfill. The difficulty in its reuse
is for being this material a termofixed polymer, as a result, the button chips resulting from the molding process cannot be employed for the same purpose. The first step in this research was the characterization of the polymeric waste, using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on the results, the material was classified as unsaturated polyester. After, laboratory experiments were accomplished seeking to incorporate the polymeric waste into the asphalt binder according to a 23 experimental factorial design, using as main factors: the polymer content (2%, 7% and 14%), the temperature of the mixture (140 and 180 oC) and the reaction time (20 and 60 minutes). The characterization of the polymer-modified asphalt was accomplished by traditional tests, such as: penetration, ring and ball softening point, viscosity, ductility and flash point temperature. The obtained results demonstrated that the addition of the polymeric waste into the asphalt binder modified some of its physical properties. However, this addition can be considered as a feasible alternative for the use of the polymeric waste, which is a
serious environmental and technological problem.<br>Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a incorpora??o de um res?duo industrial polim?rico ao Cimento Asf?ltico de Petr?leo com penetra??o 50-60 (CAP 50-60). O principal objetivo na realiza??o deste trabalho ? obter um asfalto modificado com melhorias em suas propriedades f?sicas, tornando-o mais resistente as cargas de tr?fego. Al?m disso,como conseq??ncia, o aproveitamento deste res?duo traz grandes benef?cios econ?micos e ambientais. O CAP 50-60 empregado nesta pesquisa foi cedido pela LUBNOR Lubrificantes e Derivados de Petr?leo do Nordeste (produzido na Fazenda Bel?m - Aracati-
Cear?) e o res?duo polim?rico industrial foi cedido por uma f?brica de bot?es, localizada no Rio Grande do Norte. Trata-se de um res?duo que se constitui em um problema ambiental,
devido ? dificuldade em aproveit?-lo ou descart?-lo, sendo necess?rio a empresa pagar a um aterro sanit?rio para estoc?-lo. A dificuldade no aproveitamento do res?duo deve-se ao fato do mesmo ser um pol?mero termorr?gido, assim, as aparas provenientes do processo de moldagem n?o podem ser aproveitadas para a mesma finalidade. A pesquisa foi iniciada com a caracteriza??o do res?duo, atrav?s dos ensaios de Calorimetria Diferencial Explorat?ria (DSC), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho (IV) e Analise Termogravim?trica (TGA), sendo
este classificado como um poli?ster insaturado. Em seguida, foram realizados experimentos de incorpora??o do res?duo ao asfalto, de acordo com uma matriz de experimentos 23, tendo
como fatores o teor de res?duo polim?rico (2%, 7% e 14%), a temperatura de incorpora??o (140 e 180 oC) e o tempo de incorpora??o ( 20 e 60 minutos). Para a caracteriza??o do asfalto modificado foram realizados ensaios tradicionais que avaliam a consist?ncia do asfalto, tais como: penetra??o, ponto de amolecimento, e viscosidade. Realizou-se tamb?m o ensaio de ponto de fulgor e ductilidade. Os resultados obtidos atrav?s destes ensaios mostraram que a adi??o do res?duo polim?rico ao ligante asf?ltico alterou algumas das propriedades f?sicas do
CAP, sendo considerado uma alternativa vi?vel para a solu??o de um problema ambiental e tecnol?gico.
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Бухкало, Светлана Ивановна. "Особенности процессов сушки в технологии утилизации полимерных отходов". Thesis, Российский государственный аграрный университет – МСХА им. К. А. Тимирязева, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/23830.
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Утилизация и переработка полимерных отходов в статье представлена как комплексное исследование и анализ энерго- и ресурсосберегающих процессов переработки полимерных отходов различного происхождения. Исследования направлены на изучение таких вопросов как: классификация полимерных отходов; выбор научно обоснованных методов переработки подлежащих утилизации полимеров; разработка необходимых технологических схем с учетом особенностей оборудования для переработки полимерных отходов; выбор предприятий для реализации утилизации полимеров и вида энергетических ресурсов для реализации этих проектных решений.<br>The problem of wastes utilization and recycling is present as complex research and analysis of energy- and resource saving processes for treatment of polymer wastes of various origin. The investigation are focused in researching such problems as organization of waste collection, identification of wastes according to adapted polymers classification; selection of scientific based methods of wastes to be utilized or recycled; the development of appropriated process flow sheets and choice equipment for polymers waste recycling. The choice of appropriate plants with selected energy resources is very important for projects realization.
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Gornall, Tina. "Catalytic degradation of waste polymers." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2011. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/4886/.
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Plastics have become an integral part of our lives. However, the disposal of plastic waste poses an enormous problem to society. An ideal solution would be to break down a polymer into its monomer, which could then be used as the building-blocks to recreate the polymer. Unfortunately, the majority of plastics do not degrade readily into their monomer units. Thermal degradation of polymers usually follows a radical mechanism (which is of high energy and requires high temperatures) and produces a large proportion of straight chain alkanes, which have low relative octane number (RON) and so cannot be used in internal combustion engines. However, a suitable catalyst can help to branch straight alkane chains and so give high RON fuels that can be blended into commercial fuels. An extensive thermogravimetric study of polymer-catalyst mixtures was undertaken and produced dramatic reductions in the onset temperature of degradation and significant changes in the activation energy, suggesting a change to a desirable Brønsted- or Lewis-acid catalysed degradation mechanism in many cases. For example, GC-MS analysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degraded with Fulcat 435 clay showed the polymer forming a large number of C6-C7 single-branched alkanes of intermediate RON value. In comparison, degradation of LDPE in the presence of a ZSM-5 zeolite (280z) resulted in the production of a large aromatic content (41% of Total Mass at 450ºC) together with branched C6-C8 hydrocarbons (40%). This formation of a large proportion of high RON components from polyethylene and other polymers could move us one step closer to tackling the enormous problem of plastic waste disposal that the world faces today.
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Миронович, Людмила Максимівна, Людмила Максимовна Миронович, Liudmyla Maksymivna Myronovych та А. А. Павленко. "Получение полимерной композиции на основе отходов зонтичной ткани". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/5293.
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Ekeroth, Sara, and Elvira Lind. "Avfallsplast i asfaltvägar : En granskning av möjligheten att implementera polyeten som polymertillsats i svenska vägar." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277714.
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Denna rapport utreder möjligheten att implementera avfallsplast, specifikt polyeten, som polymertillsats i svenska asfaltvägar. Tekniken, med avseende på avfallsplast, används idag i begränsad utsträckning i andra länder samt utreds på flera håll som en möjlig metod att främja hållbar utveckling genom att öka materialåtervinningen av plast. I Sverige förbränns idag en stor mängd plast för energiåtervinning och införandet av metoden skulle, förutsatt att den ersätter en del av energiåtervinningen, bidra till att minska växthusgasutsläpp från fossila material. Det används idag jungfruliga polymerer som tillsatser i vägmaterial tillsammans med bitumen som utvinns ur råolja, införandet av metoden kan således även substituera uttag av fossila råvaror. För att inhämta resultatet har en litteraturstudie tillsammans med intervjuer med representativa experter inom området utförts. Resultatet redogör för plasters egenskaper och hur dessa fördelaktigt samverkar med, och kan integreras i, asfaltmaterial. Vidare hur dessa egenskaper bidrar till att klimatanpassa vägbyggnationer, leva upp till kravställningen på vägar samt hur egenskaperna utreds genom olika mätmetoder. Även negativa aspekter som kan uppstå kopplat till miljö- och hälsorisker redogörs för. Ett urval av aktuella aktörer som berörs av implementeringen presenteras ur konkurrens- och synergiperspektiv samt med en beskrivning av verksamhetens mål och drivkrafter kopplat till metoden. En stor del av aktörsperspektivet inhämtades från de genomförda intervjuerna med representanter inom asfaltindustrin, bitumentillverkning och innovations- och kemiindustrierna. Inställningen till implementeringen i syfte att arbeta med hållbar utveckling bedöms vara försiktigt positiv på grund av höga krav på sorteringsgrad, jämnhet hos materialströmmar samt eventuella följdproblem som kan följa av införandet. Däremot har tekniken visat sig vara positiv ur ett prestandahöjande perspektiv för vägen genom att vidga tillgängligt temperaturområde, öka åldrings-, deformations- och nötningsresistens samt vattenbeständigheten. För att göra en mer rättmätig bedömning, och ytterligare slutsatser, krävs vidare studier för att undersöka de långsiktiga effekterna av att tillämpa metoden i svenska vägar.<br>This report investigates the possibility to implement plastic waste, specifically polyethylene, as a polymer additive in Swedish asphalt roads. The technique, when applied with waste plastic, is used to a limited extent in other countries and is investigated as a method in order to forward sustainable development by increasing material recycling of plastics. A large quantity of plastics is incinerated for energy recovery in Sweden today and introducing the method would, given that it replaces parts of the energy recovery method, contribute to decrease greenhouse gas emissions derived from fossil materials. Today virgin polymers are used as additives in road materials as well as bitumen that is extracted from crude oil, introducing the method could therefore substitute the outtake of fossil raw materials. In order to obtain the result a literature review was carried out along with interviews with representative experts related to the area. The result presents properties of plastics and how these can beneficially cofunction and integrate with asphalt material. Furthermore, how these properties contribute to adapt the road to climatic changes, achieve overall related demands and how these properties are measured. Negative environmental and health aspects related to the method are also presented. A selection of would-be affected actors are portrayed with regards to competition and synergies as well as overall goals and driving factors related to the method. A large portion of the chapter portraying actors is based on the information collected during the interviews with representatives from the asphalt industry, bitumen manufacturers and the Chemical and innovation companies. The overall outlook on implementing the method in order to forward sustainable development is considered carefully optimistic, due to high requirements on consistent material streams and potential problems that can arise from the implementation. The technique has been proven to be beneficial regarding performance by broadening the available temperature range as well as increasing resistance towards aging, deformation, wear and water. In order to more precisely analyse and make conclusions regarding the method further studies regarding long-time effects in Swedish roads are needed.
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Baldan, Victor José dos Santos. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização de placas poliméricas produzidas a partir da reciclagem do resíduo industrial de poliuretana termofixa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-30062016-102309/.
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Os compósitos são materiais formados por duas fases de diferentes propriedades químicas e físicas, sendo uma matriz e um reforço, que apresentam alta rigidez, melhores respostas à fadiga sob cargas cíclicas, leveza e resistência mecânica, o que os torna viáveis para substituir materiais nobres e de custo elevado, com diversas aplicações na aeronáutica, nos esportes, na indústria bélica e principalmente na construção civil. Além disso, os compósitos podem ser obtidos a partir da incorporação de resíduos em sua composição, solucionando problemas como o descarte irregular. Com o intuito de contribuir nessa área de conhecimento o presente estudo propôs o desenvolvimento de um compósito em forma de placas poliméricas a partir da incorporação do agregado reciclado de poliuretana termofixa reciclado à resina vegetal de mamona e à mantas de fibra de vidro. Para isso, o trabalho estabeleceu uma metodologia na qual o resíduo industrial de poliuretana termofixa é transformado em agregado reciclado, a partir de processos de corte e moagem, caracterização e classificação segundo as normas NBR 10.004 a 10.007 (ABNT, 2004). Na sequência, com o auxílio de uma prensa térmica, foi possível confeccionar as placas poliméricas e caracterizálas quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas (tração, flexão, punção), físicas (absorção em água, inchamento, densidade e dureza), térmicas (condutividade térmica) e quanto ao seu potencial de durabilidade (resistência ao impacto, à abrasão superficial, ao ataque químico, à exposição ao ultravioleta e às intempéries, resistividade elétrica e flamabilidade). Os resultados obtidos por meio dos ensaios realizados apontaram que os parâmetros ensaiados comportaram-se como materiais semelhantes àqueles utilizados na construção civil, o que possibilita a utilização do material desenvolvido nesta pesquisa em aplicações por este setor.<br>This study proposes the development of a composite material in the form of polymer slabs. The material is created from the incorporation of recycled thermoset polyurethane to castor oil resin and glass fiber mats. Composite materials are formed by two phases with different chemical and physical properties. One phase is a matrix, and the other a reinforcement. These materials are highly stiff, light, have mechanical strength and present better responses to fatigue under cyclic loads. These properties make them a substitute for noble materials, being eligible for uses in aviation, sports, the arms industry and, specially, civil construction. Furthermore, composites may be obtained by the incorporation of residue, solving problems of waste disposal. In the procedures undertaken, the industrial waste of thermoset polyurethane is transformed into a recycled aggregate, achieved by the cutting, grinding, characterization and classification in compliance to the ABNT standards (NBR 10.004 to10.007). Afterwards, with the use of a thermal press, it was possible to produce the slabs and characterize them according to the following properties: mechanical (tensile strength, and puncture), physical (water absorption, swelling and stiffness), thermal (conductivity) and the potential durability (resistance to impact, abrasion, chemical attack. ultraviolet and weather exposure, electrical resistance, and flammability). The test results indicated that the composite behaves similarly to materials used in civil construction, which enables its use in the area.
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Ek, Emmelie. "Återvunnet vatten : använda renat avloppsvatten i processen." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22095.
Full textAbstract:
Fältstudien gjordes för att utreda om det var möjligt att använda renat, filtrerat avloppsvatten för polymerberedning och i längden även som övrigt processvatten på Ellinge reningsverk. Testerna utfördes i fullskala med både vatten från mellansedimenteringen och slutsedimenteringen. Genom omfattande provtagningar och analysering av resultaten visade det sig vara en fungerande metod utan negativ påverkan på polymerlösningen och slamavvattningen. Det krävs dock mer arbete och ytterligare reningssteg såsom desinficering för att implementera det renade avloppsvattnet på hela vattensystemet.<br>The field study was done to investigate whether it was possible to use purified, filtered wastewater for polymer preparation and in the long run also as other process water at Ellinge treatment plant. The tests was performed in full scale with both water from the intermediate sedimentation and the final sedimentation. Through extensive sampling and analysis of results, it proved to be a working method without a negative impact on the polymer solution and sludge dewatering. However, more work and addiotional purification steps such as disinfection are required to implement the treated wastewater on the entire water system
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Ponsot, Inès. "Glasses and Glass-Ceramic Components from Inorganic Waste and Novel Processing." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424636.
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Thanks to European environmental rules and regulations establishment, waste recycling has become a more and more relevant problematic. For manufacturing plants, especially those producing hazardous wastes, expenses linked to waste production have drastically increased over the last decades. In the proposed work, various hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, among: soda-lime and borosilicate glass cullet, cathode ray tubes glass, exhausted lime from fume abatement systems residues, sludge and slags from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and pre-stabilized municipal solid waste incinerators ashes are used to elaborate several compositions of glass-ceramics. High-temperature treatment (minimum 800 °C) associated to a Direct Sintering process (30 min) was an efficient way to stabilize chemically the final products. The impact of each waste on the final product’s mechanical properties was studied, but also their synergies between each other, when mixed together. Statistic mixture designs enabled to develop interesting products for modern building applications, such as porous tiles and lightweight panels destined to insulation, with a purpose of fulfilling multifunctional properties.<br>Grazie alle regole e normative ambientali europee istituite, il riciclaggio dei rifiuti è diventato una problematica sempre più rilevante. Per gli impianti di produzione, in particolare quelli che producono rifiuti pericolosi, le spese connesse allo smaltimento sono drasticamente aumentate negli ultimi decenni. Nel lavoro proposto, vari rifiuti, pericolosi o no, vengono utilizzati per elaborare diverse composizioni di vetroceramiche. Si distinguono rottami di vetro della produzione di finestre, di contenitori farmaceutici e di tubi catodici. I rifiuti non vetrosi invece sono calce esausta da residui di sistemi di filtrazione di fumi, scorie metallurgiche da leghe ferrose e non e ceneri da inceneritori. E' presentata nel presente lavoro la ricerca di un metodo di trattamento ad alta temperatura (minima 800 ° C) efficace per stabilizzare chimicamente il prodotto finale, tramite i diversi processi di sinterizzazione diretta, sinter-cristallizzazione e vetrificazione. Sono stati studiati gli effetti di ogni rifiuto sulle proprietà meccaniche del prodotto finale, ma anche le nuove funzionalità ottenute attraverso le sinergie risultanti dalla loro miscela. Miscele calibrate hanno permesso di sviluppare prodotti interessanti per applicazioni edilizie moderne, come le piastrelle porose e pannelli leggeri destinati all’isolamento.
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Sanchez, Vazquez S. A. "Polymers from food wastes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1426392/.
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The first part focuses on the conversion of limonene to dimethylstyrene in order to produce polymeric materials. Limonene was dehydrogenated over a palladium catalyst with an anhydrous solvent and base using copper chloride as oxidant under argon atmosphere at 120 °C. Solvent, base, catalyst and reaction conditions were varied in an attempt to improve conversion to DMS. The conditions for conversion to dimethylstyrene without by-products were established. Alternative and cheaper bases and catalysts were identified. It was observed that 69% of the polymer obtained was insoluble in organic solvents while the soluble part had an average MW of 3800. The second part focuses on the polymerization of chlorogenic acid, a potato waste product, by enzyme - based solution polymerization as a potential biomaterial. Three environments were used: (i) phosphate buffer pH7 and methanol, (ii) unbuffered water- methanol, and (iii) aqueous buffer pH7 with poly(ethylene glycol) template. To compare and understand this reaction, chlorogenic analogues were studied. Phenol polymerized to high yields in all environments. 2,3 - dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechol and 2,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid polymerized to moderately high yield in (i). Caffeic acid polymerised with 23% yield in (ii) but both caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid produced higher yields when the templating method (iii) was used. The third part of the project focused on the polymerization of oleic acid obtained from mango seed butter. Oleic acid was first purified from mango butter, then esterificated using 1,3 - propanediol, resorcinol and orcinol. The resulting di-esters were epoxidized and crosslinking reactions were attempted using anhydride and amine curing agents. All polymers obtained were in form of waxes and dissolved in organic solvents, with the expection of epoxidized resorcinol di -ester cured using phenylenediamine. Finally a study of the interaction of all the monomers with montmorillonite clay was made. Chlorogenic acid and oleic acid intercalated into the unmodified clay layers while an organoclay was used with D -limonene and dimethylstyrene to obtain intercalation.