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1
Flohr, Letícia, Armando Borges de Castilhos Júnior, and William Gerson Matias. "Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Soluble Fractions of Industrial Solid Wastes onDaphnia magnaandVibrio fischeri." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/643904.
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Industrial wastes may produce leachates that can contaminate the aquatic ecosystem. Toxicity testing in acute and chronic levels is essential to assess environmental risks from the soluble fractions of these wastes, since only chemical analysis may not be adequate to classify the hazard of an industrial waste. In this study, ten samples of solid wastes from textile, metal-mechanic, and pulp and paper industries were analyzed by acute and chronic toxicity tests withDaphnia magnaandVibrio fischeri. A metal-mechanic waste (sample MM3) induced the highest toxicity level toDaphnia magna(CE50,48 h=2.21%). A textile waste induced the highest toxicity level toVibrio fischeri(sample TX2,CE50,30 min=12.08%). All samples of pulp and paper wastes, and a textile waste (sample TX2) induced chronic effects on reproduction, length, and longevity ofDaphnia magna. These results could serve as an alert about the environmental risks of an inadequate waste classification method.
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Al-Ameen, Jathwa Abd ALKareem, and Mustafa Akeel Al-Hamdany. "Babylon Governorate Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rate." Journal of Engineering 24, no. 9 (2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.09.05.
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Municipal solid waste generation in Babylon Governorate is often affected by changes in lifestyles, population growth, social and cultural habits and improved economic conditions. This effect will make it difficult to plan and draw up future plans for solid waste management.
 In this study, municipal solid waste was divided into residential and commercial solid wastes. Residential solid wastes were represented by household wastes, while commercial solid wastes included commercial, institutional and municipal services wastes.
 For residential solid wastes, the relational stratified random sampling was implemented, that is the total population should be divided into clusters (socio-income level), a random sample was taken in each level in its proportion to the total population. According to the obtained results of the primary survey of 5% standard error and 99% confidence interval, held in Babylon Governorate, the best sample size was 44. Samples were taken as a daily collection for 10 days, this process was repeated for four different periods to cover the change in the waste generation between summer and winter season. The study showed that Babylon Governorate has an average residential solid wastes generation rate of 0.587 kg per capita per day.
 If the quantities of commercial solid waste were to be added; solid waste generation rate reaches 0.802 kg per capita per day as a 36.6 % increase. The research adopts the value of 0.802 kg/capita. day as a waste generation rate for Babylon Governorate.
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Lázár, Marián, Natália Jasminská, and Marta Lengyelová. "EXPERIMENT OF GASIFICATION OF THE SYNTHETICALLY MIXED SAMPLE OF WASTE IN NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 7, no. 1 (2013): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2013-0006.
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Abstract The article presents results of gasification of the synthetically mixed sample of waste in a 30 kVA transferred DC plasma reactor with a hollow graphite electrode. The subject of the research is a sample of waste consisting of components normally found in a municipal waste. The experimental test of waste gasification with a high level of organic fraction was implemented due to the verification of previously mentioned technology application also in the area of waste disposal at the current construction design of the reactor. Gasification took place in the inert atmosphere at the average temperature of 1578 °C. The goal of the experiment was the verification of possible synthesis gas production applicable in the energetic applications and focus of the possible usage of the energetic potential of, up to now not often used, secondary energy sources such as wastes.
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Serbanescu, Agnes, Mona Barbu, Ionut Cristea, et al. "Municipal solid waste (MSW) - competitive raw materials for combustible materials obtaining." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 2 (2020): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2020.221.
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Waste-to-energy projects can be classified as a complementary technology for energy recovery from nonrecyclable municipal waste fractions and should therefore not compete with measures to reduce, reuse, and recycle materials. The article presents the characterization of some treated municipal solid wastes as competitive raw materials for combustible materials obtaining. Samples with lignocellulosic and polymeric composition were analyzed, namely 3 samples of SRFs (solid recovered fuels) used as secondary raw material in cement plants, SRF1, SRF2, SRF3; a sample of RDF, consisting of household waste; a sample of fluff (a homogeneous mixture of non-hazardous waste - selected, mechanically treated and dried) used as a secondary raw material in cement plants; 4 samples of municipal solid waste, fractions smaller than 100 mm, after a bio-drying process, with composition: paper and cardboard (70-80%), wood (6-15%), plastic (6-10%), glass and metal (3-14%), MBU1, MBU2, MBU3, MBU4. The waste samples were characterized in terms of technical and elementary characteristics and the ash (obtained by the sample incineration) behavior in the combustion process. The mineral matter was investigated by the X-ray fluorescence analytical technique using the Rigaku CG X-ray Spectrofluorimeter. The analysis of the indices used for the slagging and deposit formation risks evaluation shows that the analyzed samples present an obvious risk of melt formation and deposits, due to a high content of base oxides and silicon oxide.
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Jovanović, Marina, Adnan Mujkanović, and Erna Tutić. "Cigarette butts and waste coffee grounds as additives to brick clay." Holistic approach to environment 10, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.10.1.1.
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The paper analyses the influence of cigarette butts and waste coffee grounds addition on the properties of the brick clay. The waste materials were added to the clay in amounts of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%. Standard consistency, plasticity, drying and firing behaviour and refractoriness were tested on the clay sample and the samples with wastes additions. Apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, strength and thermal conductivity were investigated on the samples fired at 1173 K. Addition of the waste materials improved thermal insulation characteristics and drying shrinkage, while other properties remain within the required limits for brick industry
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FUTATSUGAWA, S., S. HATAKEYAMA, Y. SAITOH, M. MATSUSHITA, H. INOUE, and K. SERA. "ANALYSIS OF LIQUID WASTE USING PIXE." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 03n04 (2002): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000172.
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Non-radioactive liquid waste generated in the Kaya Memorial Takizawa Laboratory was analyzed using the PIXE system established at the Nishina Memorial Cyclotron Center. Samples of the liquid waste were collected at several stages of the non-radioactive liquid waste purifying process. A simple sample preparation method for liquid sample was adopted. Liquid sample was dropped and dried directly on the backing film after adding the internal standard element, which produced appropriate targets to be analyzed by PIXE. Sodium, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron and so on in the liquid sample were detected. The PIXE method used in this study showed outstanding properties for analyzing the liquid sample.
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Akter, Aklima, Sadia Ahmed, Tamanna Islam, and Saurab Kishore Munshi. "Occurrence of drug resistant bacteria in household waste samples." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 9, no. 1 (2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v9i1.45652.
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Current study was carried out to investigate the presence of drug resistant bacterial isolates in the biodegradable household waste samples. In this respect, a total of six domestic waste samples including three kitchen waste samples and one sample each of home dust, dustbin waste and liquid waste were collected. Samples were analyzed for quantification of bacterial load and along with their drug susceptibility pattern. Huge array of total viable bacteria was present in all the samples (in average of 108 cfu/g or ml). Among the specific bacteria, Bacillus spp. was predominant and Vibrio spp. was found in almost all samples except liquid waste. Presence of Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and fecal coliform were evident in some samples. All isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Notably, 100% resistance was documented against cefuroxime and amoxicillin. All the isolates showed sensitivity against meropenem, amikacin and ceftriaxone. Presence of drug resistant bacteria in household waste samples in present study critically raises the requirement for proper management and disposal of the accumulated domestic wastes by the municipal and government authorities.
 Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.9(1) 2019: 15-18
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Thornber, Stephanie M., Martin C. Stennett, Eric R. Vance, et al. "A preliminary validation study of PuO2 incorporation into zirconolite glass-ceramics." MRS Advances 3, no. 20 (2018): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.109.
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Abstract:Zirconolite glass-ceramics are being developed as potential wasteforms for the disposition of Pu wastes in the UK. Previous studies utilised a variety of surrogates whilst this work uses both cold-press and sinter and hot isostatic press methods to validate the wasteform with PuO2. A cold press and sinter sample was fabricated as part of a validation study for plutonium incorporation in hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) wasteforms. The results confirmed the cold-press and sinter, achieved successful waste incorporation and a microstructure and phase assemblage that was in agreement with those expected of a HIPed equivalent. A HIP sample was fabricated of the same composition and characterised by SEM and XRD. Results were in agreement with the sintered sample and achieved complete waste incorporation into the glass-ceramic wasteform. These samples have demonstrated successful incorporation of PuO2 into glass-ceramic HIPed wasteforms proposed for processing Pu-based waste-streams in the UK.
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Mulyadi, Dikdik, Lela Mukmilah Yuningsih, and Desi Kusumawati. "Efektivitas Pemanfaatan Serbuk Gergaji dan Limbah Media Tanam Jamur (Baglog) sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Biogas." Jurnal Kimia VALENSI 2, no. 1 (2016): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3100.
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Biogas is one of energy that can be produced by anaerobic fermentation of the organic compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the utilization of waste of media mushroom growth (baglog) with sawdust as raw material for biogas with cow dung activators. The study was conducted through anaerobic fermentation of the samples containing waste baglog (sample 1) and sawdust (sample 2), with the addition of cow manure activator to each sample. Both of these samples do anaerobic fermentation for 32 days, then measuring the volume of biogas every 4 days for 32 days. Methane content in samples 1 and 2 measured by using gas chromatography. To see the effect of the addition of activators cow dung biogas volume measurement was carried out with cow dung without addition baglog waste and sawdust. The process of degradation baglog and sawdust with an activator of cow dung could be observed in some of the parameters through total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the degree of acidity (pH), and C/N ratio. The results showed that effectiveness of sample 1 resulted in the everage of total volume biogas 28% higher than sample 2. The content of methane in sample 1 and sampel 2 was 54% %, and 0.21% respectively. The fermentation process biogas production in this experiment was carried out at pH 7, with a value of TS, TVS and VFA showed a decrease trend after the fermentation process, C/N ratiowas lower than the baglog waste sawdust until day 32 retention time. Keywords: Sawdust, baglog waste, biogas, fermentation, methane DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3100
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da Costa Borges, Adriano, Monica Castoldi Borlini Gadioli, Luiz Alberto Baptista Pinto, and José Roberto de Oliveira. "Mixture of Granite Waste and LD Steel Slag for Use in Cement Production." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1535.
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A great amount of granite waste and steel slag is generated daily in Brazil, being those constituted mainly by SiO2and CaO, respectively. The objective of this work was to characterize the material formed after melting and cooling of the mixture of granite waste and LD steel slag, with basicity (CaO/SiO2) of 1.0, aiming to evaluate the technical feasibility of this to the Portland cement production. Two samples were prepared and melted. After the melting of the mixture, one sample was cooled in water and another in the furnace. The samples characterization was carried out through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the new material formed presented amorphous state, to the samples cooled in water and akermanite and gehlenite phases, considered ideals for the hydraulic activity of the slags, in the sample cooled in the furnace. Therefore, the mixture of those two wastes can be a new alternative for the use of both, allied to the decrease of the environmental impact.
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Castro, Liliana Cristina de, and Valeria Castilho. "The cost of waste of consumable materials in a surgical center." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 21, no. 6 (2013): 1228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.2920.2358.
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OBJECTIVES: to identify the types, quantities and cost of the consumable materials sent, used, returned unopened and wasted in surgical operations; to classify the incidences of waste as avoidable or unavoidable losses, and to calculate the rate of waste of the consumable materials in the peri-operative period in the Surgical Center of a São Paulo university hospital. METHOD: a descriptive-exploratory case study with a quantitative approach. The convenience sample corresponded to 105 types of consumable materials sent for the 275 operations observed between February and May 2011. RESULTS: the items wasted most were surgical sutures, surgical cotton sutures, and gauze compresses. The total cost of the waste was R$ 709.84. The mean percentage of waste in the sample was 9.34%, of which 1.23% was avoidable and 8.14% unavoidable. CONCLUSION: the study evidenced that the effective management of material resources reduces the costs of the processes, and reduces waste.
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Yola, I. A., and I. S. Diso. "Compost making from refuse sourced from Kano Metropolitan, Kano State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i2.5.
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Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process. The heap of uncollected refuse in Kano municipal causes serious health hazards and menacing public disorder. This research investigated the Kano municipal refuse for compost making, instead of using waste disposal technique such as landfilling. Refuse samples from Dorayi/Zage and Rimin Kira refuse dumping sites Kano Municipal, Kano State Nigeria were collected. The refuse samples were sorted and all the non-biodegradables materials were removed. A compost was made from Sample N in 20 days while 9 days was required to produce a compost from sample P. Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination method and simple procedure for total carbon determination method were used to determine the percentages of nitrogen and carbon in the samples. The results have shown that, the percentages of nitrogen in the samples were found to be 1.64% for sample N and 1.71% for sample P. The percentages of carbon in the samples are 6.8% for sample N and 6.3% for sample P. The C/N ratio for sample N was 4.15:1 and that of sample P was 3.69:1.Kano municipal refuse contains a lot of organic wastes which are very difficult to incinerate. Therefore, Composting method is the best option for the disposal of the refuse rather than directly dumped in the streets.
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Ayas, Gizem, and Hakan Öztop. "Thermal analysis of different Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs) samples." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201010249a.
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As a result of the activities carried out by people to maintain their daily lives in different places such as homes, hospitals, hotels or workplaces, waste consisting of furniture, paint, batteries, food waste, sachets, bottles, fabrics, and fibers with the heterogeneous structure is called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Secondary fuels with higher heating value, which are generated by recycling of non-recyclable and reusable wastes in municipal solid wastes, are called as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). In this study, Refuse Derived Fuel1 (RDF1 : taken in December, winter season) and Refuse Derived Fuel2 (RDF2 : taken in June, summer season) samples obtained from different dates were used. The ultimate, proximate, calorific value, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed for these samples. Combustion characterization from Refuse Derived Fuel samples was investigated in the applied analyzes. The results of the content analysis made were examined separately and compared with the Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis combustion graph curves. It was revealed that the Refuse Derived Fuel1 sample had a better combustion compared to the Refuse Derived Fuel2 sample, as the ash amount and content obtained as a result of the combustion also supported other data. In addition, the results of the analysis show how different the Refuse Derived Fuel samples taken from the same region in two different months are different from each other.
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Saha, B., and A. K. Ghoshal. "Model-free kinetics analysis of waste PE sample." Thermochimica Acta 451, no. 1-2 (2006): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.09.001.
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Smical, Irina, F. Filip-Văcărescu, G. Danku, and V. Paşca. "Research On Recycling Of Hardened Mortar From Construction And Demolition Waste." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 5, no. 2 (2015): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaes-2015-0025.
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Abstract The recycling issues related to the construction and demolition (C&D) wastes in the sustainable development and the circular economy context represent a continuous challenge for researchers. This paper reveals the possibility to recycle the hardened mortar recovered from C&D wastes. Thus, the recovered hardened mortar with grains size less than 16 mm was used in the concrete structure. The compression resistance of the final concrete was determined using a Heckert 3000 KN testing machine and the results showed a better compressive strength for the samples with C&D waste content than the standard sample of about 1.19 times. This is a good premise for improving the researches related to C&D waste usage in concrete production.
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Borra, Chenna, Thijs Vlugt, Jeroen Spooren, Peter Nielsen, Yongxiang Yang, and S. Offerman. "Characterization and Feasibility Studies on Complete Recovery of Rare Earths from Glass Polishing Waste." Metals 9, no. 3 (2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030278.
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One of the main applications of ceria (CeO2) is its use in glass polishing. About 16,000 tonnes of rare earth oxides, which is about 10% of total rare earth production, are used for polishing applications. The waste generated in glass polishing contains rare earths, along with other impurities. In this study, two different glass polishing waste samples were characterized and two different processes were proposed for the complete recovery of rare earths from polishing waste, i.e., an acid-based process and an alkali-based process. The polishing waste samples were characterized with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and particle size analysis. Chemical analysis showed that sample A (CeO2-rich waste from plate glass polishing) contained a high amount of impurities compared to sample B (CeO2-rich waste from mirror polishing). XRD analysis showed that sample B contained CeO2, LaO0.65F1.7 and LaPO4 compounds, whereas sample A contained CaCO3 in addition to rare earth compounds. SEM-EDX analysis showed the presence of alumino-silicates in sample A. Leaching experiments were carried out at 75 °C at different acid concentrations for the recovery of rare earths from polishing waste samples. The leaching results showed that it is difficult to dissolve rare earths completely in acid solutions due to the presence of fluorides and phosphates. Hence, undissolved rare earths in the leach residue were further recovered by an alkali treatment with NaOH. In another approach, polishing waste samples were directly treated with NaOH at 500 °C. After alkali treatment followed by water leaching, rare earths can be completely dissolved during acid leaching. Rare earths from polishing waste can be recovered completely by both the acid-based process and the alkali-based process.
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Galitskova, Yulia. "Use of Drilling Muds for Remediation." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819603001.
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Drilling wells is an ecologically dangerous type of work accompanied by contamination of soil, subsurface and surface waters, pollution of open air with drilling and technological wastes. Throughout the drilling process, drilling waste is generated, such as drilling muds, return drilling muds, drilling waste water. The resulting waste is usually disposed of at landfills, which ensure minimal environmental impact. The use of drilling muds in other spheres is hindered by the complex composition of oily waste. Samples of liquids and solids in drilling wastes, picked at three locations, were subjects for analysis. The waste sample was analyzed for moisture content, organic substances, oil products, silicon, iron and other substances. Based on the studies performed, the authors propose additional introduction of substances possessing high sorption capacity into drilling mud to improve its properties. The most effective way should be using a sorbent capable of retaining organic and heavy metals. The resultant homogeneous soil-like mixture possesses the necessary and sufficient properties to be used as a mineral base for remediation after performing construction work in urban areas.
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Chirila, Elisabeta, Naliana Lupascu, and Simona Raicu. "Preliminary studies on some waste vegetable contribution to the soil fertility." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Chimie 24, no. 2 (2013): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2013-0021.
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Abstract Researches on the use of waste vegetable (tomatoes, peppers) and fruits (apples, plums) in order to improve the nutritional quality of the soil have been performed. The content in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus, organic matter have been analyzed in fruits and vegetable waste and also in soil before and after mixing with each waste at a ratio of 1:2.5. Analyses were done by using current analytical methods (chemical and absorption molecular spectrometry) after previous mineralization of samples with appropriate reagents. To investigate the effect of vegetable wastes on the plants growth, wheat has been planted in the witness soil sample and in the mixed soil with wastes. The nutrients concentration in vegetable waste was higher than in fruit waste (33-75%). Available phosphorus concentration increased about two times in soil with fruit waste while in the soil with vegetable the increase was of about 3 times. Potassium concentration increased about three times in soil mixed with both types of waste. Although potassium and organic matter have higher values in the soil amended with fruit waste than in the witness soil, the height of the wheat was similar with those in the control soil due to the limiting role of phosphorus.
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Fomina, O. A., and Andrey Yu Stolboushkin. "Modeling of the Transition Layer in Ceramic Matrix Composites from Coal Wastes and Clay." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.37.
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A model of the transition layer between the shell and the core of a ceramic matrix composite from coal waste and clay has been developed. The chemical, granulometric and mineral compositions of the beneficiation of carbonaceous mudstones and clay were studied. The technological and ceramic properties of raw materials for the samples manufacturing were determined. The method of manufacturing multilayer ceramic samples from coal waste, clay and their mixture is given. The number of transition layers in the contact zone between the clay shell and the core from coal wastes is determined. The deformation and swelling phenomena of model samples from coal wastes, clay, and their mixtures were revealed at the firing temperature of more than 1000 °C. The formation of a reducing ambient in the center of the sample with insufficient air flow is shown. The influence of the carbonaceous particles amount and the ferrous form iron oxide in the coal wastes on the processes of expansion of multilayer samples during firing has been established.
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Sakinah, Wazirotus, Dina T. Septiningtyas, and Anita D Pahlewi. "Domestic Waste Mass Estimation and Perceptions of Coastal Citizen about Waste Management in Besuki Region, Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817701015.
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Coastal citizen in Besuki region have a habit of throwing garbage directly into estuary and sea. To know the bad conditions that can occur in the marine environment especially in Besuki region so domestic waste mass estimation is needed. Proportional random sampling is used to determine the number of samples and measurement of domestic waste is conducted for 8 days. Measurement with SNI (Indonesia National Standard) Number 19-3964-1994 method is used. To know perceptions of coastal citizen about waste management, the distribution of questionnaires to the sample was done. The result is waste mass estimation in Besuki Coastal Region is 167.57 g/people.day where non-organic waste more than organic waste that has percentage 63% and 37%, respectively. From questionnaire survey, 73% citizen throw their wastes in the sea or/and the river, 27% has been burned, and 0% in landfill. Generally, 80% citizens do not have the basic knowledge about marine debris impact and 20% citizens have knowledge about marine debris impact. Their interest about self-waste management is 33%.
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Shehab, Esraa Q., Zainab B. Mohammed, and Mohammed Y. Fattah. "Estimation of the Components of Residential Solid Waste in Baqubah City and their Generation Rate." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 3A (2021): 440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i3a.1777.
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Municipal solid waste is of variable, non-uniform inconsistent nature and the method by which the sample to acquire is decisive if the results are to be reliable. For data collection, an integrated methodological approach was introduced, including field investigation, questionnaire survey, and personal interviews, which were employed to estimate the rate of waste production and physical composition at the source of generation. Samples were collected from different socio-economic clusters (socio-income level). According to the results of the preliminary survey for 99% confidence interval and 10% standard error, the optimum sample size was 105 households, in Baqubah City in Diyala Governorate by implementation a completely random block design for sampling. Up to 105 units were sampled which were allocated to high, middle, and low-income socio-economic categories, yielding an average of 650 kg of waste collected daily for one week. It is concluded that Baqubah city has an average generation rate of 0.56 kg/ person/ day which is lower in the high-economic level zone in the city than in the other zones. Among the total waste generated in the city, 68% is food waste, 5.2% paper waste,7.4% plastic waste, 5.8% metal, 2.3% glass waste,3.1% textile waste, while the remaining percentages represent miscellaneous combustible and noncombustible materials.
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Nádudvari, Ádám, Monika J. Fabiańska, and Magdalena Misz-Kennan. "Distribution of phenols related to self-heating and water washing on coal-waste dumps and in coaly material from the Bierawka river (Poland)." Mineralogia 46, no. 1-2 (2015): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mipo-2016-0005.
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AbstractSeveral types of coal waste (freshly-dumped waste, self-heated waste and waste eroded by rain water), river sediments and river water were sampled. The aim was to identify the types of phenols present on the dumps together with their relative abundances. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of a large number of samples (234) statistically underpin the phenol distributions in the sample sets. The largest average relative contents (1.17-13.3%) of phenols occur in the self-heated samples. In these, relatively high amounts of phenol, C1- and C2-phenols reflect the thermal destruction of vitrinite. In fresh coal waste, C2- and C3-phenols that originated from the bacterial/fungal degradation and oxidation of vitrinite particles are the most common (0.6 rel.%). Water-washed coal waste and water samples contain lower quantities of phenols. In the river sediments, the phenols present are the result of bacterial- or fungal decay of coaly organic matter or are of industrial origin.
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Galitskaya, P., L. Biktasheva, A. Saveliev, S. Ratering, S. Schnell, and S. Selivanovskaya. "Response of soil microorganisms to radioactive oil waste: results from a leaching experiment." Biogeosciences 12, no. 12 (2015): 3681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3681-2015.
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Abstract. Oil wastes produced in large amounts in the processes of oil extraction, refining, and transportation are of great environmental concern because of their mutagenicity, toxicity, high fire hazardousness, and hydrophobicity. About 40% of these wastes contain radionuclides; however, the effects of oil products and radionuclides on soil microorganisms are frequently studied separately. The effects on various microbial parameters of raw waste containing 575 g of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) kg−1 waste, 4.4 of 226Ra, 2.8 of 232Th, and 1.3 kBq kg−1 of 40K and its treated variant (1.6 g kg−1 of TPH, 7.9 of 226Ra, 3.9 of 232Th, and 183 kBq kg−1 of 40K) were examined in a leaching column experiment to separate the effects of hydrocarbons from those of radioactive elements. The raw waste sample (H) was collected from tanks during cleaning and maintenance, and a treated waste sample (R) was obtained from equipment for oil waste treatment. Thermal steam treatment is used in the production yard to reduce the oil content. The disposal of H waste samples on the soil surface led to an increase in the TPH content in soil: it became 3.5, 2.8, and 2.2 times higher in the upper (0–20 cm), middle (20–40 cm), and lower (40–60cm) layers, respectively. Activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th increased in soil sampled from both H- and R- columns in comparison to their concentrations in control soil. The activity concentrations of these two elements in samples taken from the upper and middle layers were much higher for the R-column compared to the H-column, despite the fact that the amount of waste added to the columns was equalized with respect to the activity concentrations of radionuclides. The H waste containing both TPH and radionuclides affected the functioning of the soil microbial community, and the effect was more pronounced in the upper layer of the column. Metabolic quotient and cellulase activity were the most sensitive microbial parameters as their levels were changed 5–1.4 times in comparison to control ones. Changes in soil functional characteristics caused by the treated waste containing mainly radionuclides were not observed. PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction – single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis followed by MDS (metric multidimensional scaling) and clustering analysis revealed that the shifts in microbial community structure were affected by both hydrocarbons and radioactivity. Thus, molecular methods permitted to reveal the effects on soil microbial community not only from hydrocarbons, which significantly altered functional characteristics of soil microbiome, but also from radioactive elements.
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Atauzzaman, M., and Q. H. Bari. "Effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market solid waste." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 1 (2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i1.30301.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market wastes. Suitable vegetable waste, waste paper and sawdust as bulking agent were mixed with the proportion 75:10:15. Temperature inside composting reactors was measured daily time to time. Total sample and volatile solids were determined before and after composting of waste mixture with both passive and forced aeration. Temperature increased to maximum 52 ºC for passive aeration and 54 ºC for forced aeration. The percentage reduction in total sample was found to be greater for forced aeration than passive aeration. The volatile solids decreased with time at the end of both processes. The extent of volatile solids degradation of waste mixture with time was determined through forced aeration for a series of composting process. Total sample and volatile solids were determined at 2, 3 or 4 days interval. The percentage reductions in total sample and volatile solids were found to be varied from 3 to 68 % and 4 to 55% respectively. The percentage reduction in volatile solids increased with time. There is a possibility of recycling the waste mixture in the form of composting.
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Aureli, Vittoria, Maria Luisa Scalvedi, and Laura Rossi. "Food Waste of Italian Families: Proportion in Quantity and Monetary Value of Food Purchases." Foods 10, no. 8 (2021): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081920.
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Halving per capita food waste (FW) is one of the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to evaluate the weight and monetary values of food waste among a sample of Italian families. In a representative sample of 1142 families, the adults responsible for food purchases and in charge of preparing meals were assessed with a self-administrated questionnaire measuring quantity and typology of FW. These data were linked with food purchases figures measured as an average of four weeks. Italian families wasted 399 kg of food per week (4.4% of the weight of food purchased), which correspond to a monetary value of €1.052 (3.8% of the overall food expenditure). Clustering the food groups according to waste quantity, typology, and monetary value made it possible to show that price has a role in the generation of food waste, as the lower the unitary cost, the higher the quantity of waste. Consequently, foods with high unitary costs were less wasted. The results of this study showed that Italian consumers are sensitive to the economic impact of waste and this should be considered in sensitization campaigns.
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Attal, A., J. Akunna, P. Camacho, P. Salmon, and I. Paris. "Anaerobic Degradation of Municipal Wastes in Landfill." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (1992): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0156.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the degree of decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW) placed in a landfill site and, based on this analysis, to propose an investigatory procedure to be used to assess the energetic potential of any site. A sampling technique was developed in order to reduce the size of the MSW sample to 25-30 kg with an acceptable error of 20 %. Profiles of the strata were established which have shown a well ordered structure in horizontal layers corresponding to different MSW ages. The location of the two drill holes were chosen consequently. A sample per MSW age was carried out for each drill hole. Their degradation states were measured using an accelerated biodegradability test which also gives the methane potential. For all samples, the evolution of four parameters, temperature, % CH4, % VSS and methane potential, were analysed as a function of their age. Anaerobic microbial activity was detected in the top layer of the landfill, showing that refuse starts as soon as deposited to undergo anaerobic transformation. Indeed, the % CH4 reaches its maximum value of 60 % between 5 and 10 m. Temperature increases from about 26°C to 50°C in the first 15 m and stays at this maximum value. That shows that municipal wastes are degraded under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Two relations between waste age and % VSS, and waste age and the energetic potential have been demonstrated. The % VSS represents about 65 % of the dry mass for the fresh wastes and is quite low for the 6 year-old refuse. This rapid waste transformation rate could be due to optimal conditions for anaerobic activity existing in the landfill. The methane potential is proportional to waste age, almost zero for the 6 year-old refuse and greater than 45 1.kg.−1 for fresh wastes. These results show that a simple and rapid measurement of the % VSS of an unknown sample could be a good indication of its age and its degradation state. As a result of this study, a two-step procedure has been developed that enables an evaluation of the energetic potential of a landfill site. The first step is to collect all the general information on the site, thus providing an initial estimate of the decomposition degree within the mass of the waste. The second step is then to confirm this estimation by sampling and analysing a few samples taken at shallow depths.
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Onwuchekwa, Elendu, C., Anaele, C. C., Emeonye, O. P., et al. "Microbial load of healthcare wastes in Aba Metropolis, Abia State." International Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice 3, no. 1 (2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhmnp.557.
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Introduction: Healthcare waste is the total waste both solid and liquid from healthcare establishment and laboratories. A hospital produces waste by giving their services to the patients. Purpose: This study examined the microbial load of waste from selected healthcare facilities in Aba metropolis, Abia State.
 Methodology: Tenfold serial dilution was used for processing of all the samples. After the dilutions, exactly 0.5ml of each the sample was planted on the media using the spread plate method and evaluated using the standard microbiological techniques.
 Results: The viable count (TVC) ranged from 1.0×103cfu/g to 0.3×108cfu/g, coliform count (TCC) ranged from 0.4×102 cfu/g to 4.2×104 cfu/g, staphylococcal count (TSC) ranged from 1.0×101 cfu/g to 1.4×102 and fungal counts ranged from 2.0×102 cfu/g to 0.8×103cfu/g in the microbial count of various waste samples within the Aba metropolis, Abia State. The laboratory waste had the highest microbial counts, followed by the Out-patient department waste and the least was the pharmaceutical waste. The microorganisms isolated from the hospital wastes were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, A. Fumigatus, Candida albicans and among others.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This research has revealed that healthcare waste contained pathogens with high microbial load densities, suggesting that the hospital wastes may pose a major health and environmental threat, if not properly managed. The study recommends that, the government should ensure that there is a policy on hospital waste management in line with recommended international best practices, which should be monitored and enforced.
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Anwar, Bilal, Muneeb Asif, and Muhammad Imran Ashraf. "Assessing Economic Benefits through Waste Efficient Drivers in Mega Construction Projects: A Case of Pakistan." Global Foreign Policies Review III, no. I (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2020(iii-i).01.
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Waste disposal has become an issue worldwide and the major cause of this issue is considered to be the construction activities producing wastes. Pakistan being the 6 most populated country in the world is considered to have a huge amount of waste due to the various construction and particularly megaprojects and this amount of construction waste is increasing consistently in the country. Pakistan produces of construction waste per year and is increasing annually by 2%. These increasing wastes and issues associated with these construction wastes lead to a crucial need for improvement of waste management practices in the construction industry of the country through various measures. Despite of the large need for waste minimization research in Pakistan, , deductive approach was used, and quantitative method was selected, the present study has used cross-sectional design. The researcher used a sample of 323 individuals and conducted a questionnaire-based study.
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Aldakshe, Abudalrhman, Hakan Çağlar, Arzu Çağlar, and Çağrı Avan. "The Investigation of Use as Aggregate in Lightweight Concrete Production of Boron Wastes." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 7 (2020): 1328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091551.
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Lightweight concrete manufacture has been aimed as a result of the use of boron waste which is aggregate of pumice, one of our natural resources, and a valuable industrial waste as a substitution material in different proportions (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%). As a result of the study, it was aimed to obtain a water-resistant and lighter material which has higher properties than lightweight concrete in terms of physical and mechanical. The study was carried out as three stages. At the first stage, 90% of the pumice aggregate and 10% of the sand (Reference sample) were used and lightweight concrete was produced. At the second stage, boron waste at the rate of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% was used for pumice aggregate and the doped lightweight concrete sample was produced. At the last stage, tests were carried out for the determination of the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete samples which were produced. For determination of mechanical properties, tensile splitting strength and compressive strength tests were performed. Additionally, specific gravity, water saturated unit volume weight, porosity, and capillary water absorption tests were made for the determination of physical diversities. It was found that the physical and mechanical properties of the material improved with the increase of boron waste in the consequence of this study. The best result was obtained with the boron waste substitution at the rate of 9%. Environmentally harmful boron wastes being used in the construction sector will contribute to sustainability by recycling the boron wastes.
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Das, Nayan Chandra, Farzana Hossaini, and Saurab Kishore Munshi. "Influence of tannery wastes and the surrounding environment of tannery industries on microbial growth and proliferation." Stamford Journal of Microbiology 7, no. 1 (2017): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v7i1.40065.
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The present study was carried out to assess the degree of microbiological proliferation in tannery wastes and the surrounding environment of the tannery industries. In this regard, a total of 8 tannery waste (n=4) and environmental (n=4) samples were tested. All the samples contained a huge load of bacteria and fungi in an average of 108 cfu/g or ml. An extended numbers of pathogenic bacteria were recovered. Among the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus spp. was predominant. Most of the samples exhibited the presence of Pseudomonas spp. Salmonella spp. and fecal coliform were found each in one sample. Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Vibrio spp. were found in few samples. The average load of the pathogens was 104 cfu/g or ml. All the pathogenic isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Higher resistance was found against penicillin and streptomycin. Tannery waste after lather treatment sample showed antibacterial activity against all the pathogens tested. Overall, presence of pathogenic microorganisms with multidrug resistance traits may pose serious public health threats.
 Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.7(1) 2017: 14-18
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Zou, Ping, Ximo Zhao, Zhonghua Meng, Aibing Li, Zhengyu Liu, and Wanjie Hu. "Sample Rocks Tests and Slope Stability Analysis of a Mine Waste Dump." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (December 27, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6835709.
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The safety and stability of waste dump are vital influencing factors to the mine sustainability and mine employees. Based on a real mine project in a certain open-pit mine waste dump in Tibet, the in situ test on waste rocks from waste dump, including measurements of density, water content, rock size, and natural repose angle, was conducted. Afterwards, these sample waste rocks, of which grain size is less than 5 cm, were selected for indoor large-scale shear test under natural and saturated conditions. By using some engineering methods, the physical and mechanical parameters of waste rocks layer were then determined accordingly. MIDAS-GTS/NX has the advantage of pre-processing modeling. FLAC3D has good computational and analytical capabilities. The process of dump accumulation is simulated numerically. According to the calculation results of FLAC3D, the distribution of stress, displacement and plastic zone in the dump is obtained. FOS (factor of safety) for each analytical step in this model was then calculated through the strength reduction method. The limit equilibrium method is used for waste dump stability analysis considering three states: only applied gravity, applied gravity and rainfall, and applied gravity and underground water. The results from this analysis show that the waste dump is stable. The potential failure modes of waste dump mainly consist of the “combined sliding mode” which has circular sliding in upper side and broken line sliding that cuts through gravel-soil layer into heavily weathered layer in the bottom. This paper documents some of the procedures and approaches utilized for waste dump life-of-mine design analysis. It provides reference for further waste dump optimization.
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Wielgosiński, Grzegorz, Dorota Wasiak, and Alicja Zawadzka. "The Use of Sequential Extraction for Assessing Environmental Risks of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash/Wykorzystanie Ekstrakcji Sekwencyjnej Do Oceny Zagrożeń Dla Środowiska Powodowanych Przez Żużle I Popioły Z." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 3 (2014): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0030.
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Abstract Thermal treatment of waste is one of the ways of their processing. It is commonly used in most developed countries of the European Union. Major by-products of the combustion processes are slag and bottom ash. In the majority of EU countries bottom ash and slag are used as a priming for road construction. In Poland slag and bottom ash from incineration process are stabilized with the addition of cement and some polymers and are landfilled as wastes. In accordance to Polish law, depending on the leaching of heavy metals from fly ash and slag after thermal treatment of waste can be regarded as both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. At present work sequential extraction methods described in the literature: Tessier’s method, van Herck’s method and BCR method were compared experimentally with the results of using Swiss standard TVA.SA.1991 and European standard EN 12457 and total concentration of metals in sample analyzed after complete digestion of sample. The study sample was bottom ash from the medical waste incineration plant.
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Nepal, Bimal, and Bharatendra K. Rai. "Reducing paint waste in a colour sample manufacturing industry." International Journal of Business Excellence 3, no. 2 (2010): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2010.030728.
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Rushbrook, P. E., and R. Ball. "Improved Estimation of Waste Arisings Using Limited Sample Sizes." Waste Management & Research 6, no. 1 (1988): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x8800600103.
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RUSHBROOK, P., and R. BALL. "Improved estimation of waste arisings using limited sample sizes." Waste Management & Research 6, no. 1 (1988): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-242x(88)90077-8.
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Tiwari, Anurag V., and Y. R. M. Rao. "Study on Indirect Tensile Strength of Plastic Waste Bituminous Concrete for Road Construction." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 7, no. 1 (2018): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjti-2018-0006.
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Abstract The rutting and cracking of pavements has become very common problem in India. Also the quantity of plastic waste has significantly increased in the recent year due to industrialization and population growth. Improper disposal of these plastic wastes has caused various environmental problems, hence the alternative use of waste plastic in bituminous concrete for road construction has been encouraged by the community. In the present study the Indirect Tensile Strength Test has been carried out on Marshall Samples confirming to ASTM D6931-12. Three different processes (dry process, wet process and combined process) of mixing of waste plastic were used during experimentation. It was found that the indirect tensile strength (ITS) and tensile strength ratio (TSR) of sample significantly increase up to 8%, 6% and 12% for dry process, wet process and combined process respectively for LDPE and HDPE type of waste plastic.
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Atasoy, Ahmet. "The wet high intensity magnetic separation of magnesite ore waste." Chemical Industry 73, no. 5 (2019): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind181010026a.
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The wet high intensity magnetic separation of magnesite ore waste stocked in an open pit of a magnesite mine was investigated in this paper. The received sample was subjected to physical, chemical, thermal and phase characterizations. The magnesite ore waste sample contained 77.69 % MgCO3 and a considerable amount of Fe2O3 (3.14 %). The unwanted silica and iron impurities were removed and a high-grade magnesite was experimentally obtained. Results have shown that a high-grade magnesite was obtained after subjecting the non-magnetic portion of the processed sample twice at 1.8 T. It was possible to increase the magnesite content up to 91.03 % while reducing the iron content to 0.32 % by using magnetic separation. After the calcination process at 1000?C, the sample showed mass loss on ignition of 52 % and contained 85.39 % MgO with 0.32 % Fe2O3. The final product can be used in chemical and metallurgical applications where high magnesia contents are required. The experimental results provide useful information on wet magnetic separation of magnesite wastes.
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Odusote, J. K., S. A. Onowuma, and E. A. Fodeke. "Production of Paperboard Briquette Using Waste Paper and Sawdust." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 15, no. 2 (2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol13iss1pp80-88.
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Nigeria has abundant supplies of biomass resources and agro-forestry residues (waste), including sawdust, whose potentials are yet to be fully utilized for economic advantage. This study was undertaken to investigate the properties of paperboard briquettes produced from a mixture of shredded waste paper (pulp) and sawdust using starch as binder. The paperboard briquettes were produced manually by compressing soaked mixtures of pulp and sawdust in a wooden mould (28 cm x 28 cm x 1 cm) with a compressive load of 26 kg in the mixing ratios (by weight) 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 70:30, and 0:100 of pulp to sawdust, respectively. The compressed mixtures were sun dried for three days to ensure proper drying and free from moisture. Density, compressive and tensile tests were carried out on the test samples. The results showed that mass and density of the paperboard increased with increased amount of the sawdust in the mixture. Test results showed that compressive strength decreases as the sawdust content increases. Sample A, which is 100% paper, had a compressive strength of 5215 kPa, while Sample E, which is 100% sawdust, had a compressive strength of 22.02 kPa. It was also observed that sample B, which is 70% pulp and 30% sawdust, had the highest tensile strength of 0.629 kPa. However, the tensile strength reduces as the sawdust ratio in the mixture increases. The tensile strength of sample E (100% sawdust) could not be determined because the sample failed to bind properly. It was concluded that paperboard briquettes can be produced using paper and sawdust, which are generally considered wastes.
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AZARMI, Soolmaz, Roozbeh VAZIRI, and Mehmet Necati CİZRELİOĞULLARI. "COMPARISON OF WASTE GENERATION RATE IN DIFFERENT SIZE OF HOTELS (CASE STUDY OF NORTH CYPRUS)." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 8, no. 4 (2020): 701–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i4.1581.
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Waste management in hotels has a significant role in reducing the negative impact on the economy and environment. The goal of this study was to discover hotel sector waste (HSW) by quantitative analysis of HSW in different size of hotels. The SPSS software was employed to predict the average HSW generation rate using nationality, type of waste, season, accommodation type, and type of waste management practices as predictors. The results showed that during lean season 2063.4 kg and high season 4160 kg. In the sampled accommodation, also during the lean season, the large hotels waste generation rate was (66.7%), medium hotels (19.4%), and small hotels (13.9%) and in high season HSW generation increase around (45%). From the total amount of waste generated in the sampled accommodation, 36% generated by the kitchen, and in other section, 7% of waste was glass, 8% nylon 4% plastic, 3%bottle, and 5% of wood. Also, 14% of the waste generated was recyclable waste in the sample accommodations. Besides, the result showed that the waste management practice rate in the small hotel is less than another accommodation sample size.
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Czuczwa, Jean M., and Ann Alford Stevens. "Optimized Gel Permeation Chromatographic Cleanup for Soil, Sediment, Wastes, and Oily Waste Extracts for Determination of Semivolatile Organic Pollutants and PCBs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 5 (1989): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.5.752.
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Abstract A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) method, used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), was modified for cleanup of soil, sediments, wastes, and oily wastes before determination of semivolatile organic pollutants. The modifications included new calibration procedures and control of the amount of material processed. The modifications were evaluated for soil and sediment matrixes in a 5-laboratory study where each laboratory processed a solution containing a phthalate, substituted phenols and benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nitroaniline, and pesticides. With the exception of nitroaniline, analyte recoveries were 87-112%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 6.7-26%. Soil samples containing PCBs and fortified with 6 pesticides at 0.7-4 /ig/g were also analyzed by the 5 laboratories. The mean recovery of the 6 pesticides was 100% with a mean RSD of 16%. Mean RSD for the determination of total PCBs was 8.9%. An additional modification for the processing of wastes and high concentration waste samples was attempted; this involved GPC processing of sample extracts dissolved in 1 + 1 butyl chloridemethylene chloride. This modification did not improve recoveries of the semivolatile analytes. Finally, the modified GPC protocol was applied to PCB-contaminated reclaimed waste oils samples. Two GPC cleanup steps were used to separate PCBs from the waste oil samples before PCBs were determined by gas chromatography combined with electron-capture detection (GC/ECD).
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Sambo, Etonihu, and A. M. Mohammed. "BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 11 (2015): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i11.2015.2909.
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The fear of depletion of fossil fuels and their attendant ecological effects and the high cost of renewable energy technology in Nigeria has triggered a need to develop alternative sources of energy, among which is biogas production. A slurry of 1 kg mixture of agro-waste feed stocks (plantain peel/rice husk, PP/RH; banana peel/plantain peel, BP/PP; and banana peel/rice husk, BP/RH) in 1:1 ratio was co-digested in locally fabricated digesters (10 L capacity). The experiment was run for 50 days and assessed for proximate content, biogas generation, organic matter, and mineral content in the digested and undi-gested agro-waste materials. The proximate composition showed that while banana peel had the highest moisture (56%), rice husk was highest in the content of ash (64%), crude protein (6.94%), and volatile solids (20%). The weekly cumulative biogas generation increased from 852.6 cm3 for BP/PP sample to 1049.7 cm3 for PP/RH sample for the 7 weeks at the experimental room temperature range of 29 oC to 35 oC. Sample PP/RH generated the highest volume of gas (biogas, methane, and others) compared to BP/RH and BP/PP samples. In each case the volume of gas production decreased in week 7 from 271.4 cm3 to 152.0 cm3 (for biogas), 161.4 cm3 to 97.1 cm3 (for methane), and 110.0 cm3 to 54.9 cm3 (for other gases). The nutritional concentrations of the digested and undigested mixture of the waste samples after Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Flame Photometry showed that the digested samples had higher contents of the nutritional elements than the undigested samples. The mineral elements ranged from 0.554 mg/g in the undigested rice husk to 18.155 mg/g in the digested banana peel samples. Fermentation of agricultural wastes to generate biogas and sludge with agricultural value offers an al-ternative and efficient method of agricultural wastes and energy management in Nigeria.
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Sinha, Sankar Narayan, Dipak Paul, and Karabi Biswas. "Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaf extract in treatment of tannery effluent." Our Nature 14, no. 1 (2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v14i1.16440.
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The effect of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica using ethanol as solvent on tannery waste water treatment was investigated for a period of five days and their phytochemical constituents were analyzed. All the extracts were found to be efficient in the clarification and sedimentation of total solids in the tannery waste water sample. On the 5th day, sample treated with 10 ml of extract showed higher reduction of electrical conductivity, pH, chloride, sulfate along with dissolved oxygen. The significant reduction of these pollution indicating parameters of the tannery effluent indicated its high applicability to treat the tannery wastes along with other waste water treatment in near future. This is the first report of decontamination of tannery waste water by Azadirachta indica leaf extract. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Kong, Dequan, Rong Wan, and Yonghui Wang. "Sample Preparation Methods Affect Engineering Characteristic Tests of Municipal Solid Waste." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 26, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9280561.
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The output of municipal solid waste (MSW) has sharply increased over the recent years, which induces many severe problems (environmental pollution, deteriorating human health, and increased land occupation). Engineering parameters form the research basis for MSW treatment, which can be greatly influenced by the applied sample preparation methods. Currently, the preparation method of MSW samples mostly refers to the geotechnical test standard. The suitability and accuracy of this method for MSW are less studied, especially when considering biodegradation, so further research is needed. Depending on whether the material is dried or remains wet during preparation, the samples made by traditional geotechnical test standards are referred to as dry method samples or wet method samples, respectively. To study the influence of the sample preparation methods on the MSW engineering properties of MSW, the compression tests, direct shear tests, and biodegradation compression tests were conducted for both types of samples (dry and wet). The results show that the data dispersion of the wet method samples is stronger. The average test data variance of wet samples was 1.43–8.85 times higher than that of dry samples. In both the direct shear test and the compression test, the differences in engineering parameters caused by the sample preparation method were less than 12.3% and 8.9%, respectively. In biodegradation compression tests, the difference in engineering parameters reached up to 33.7%. In general, the dry method is preferred for tests that do not consider biodegradation, while the wet method is more suitable for tests that consider biodegradation. The research can be used as a reference toward improving the simplicity and accuracy of MSW tests.
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Chinyere, G. C., and O. R. Chima Ezika, K. U. Osuocha. "Studies on soil quality indices and agricultural functionality potentials of Ariara Market Solid Waste Dumpsite Aba, Abia State, Nigeria." Journal of Scientific Agriculture 1 (December 29, 2017): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2017.v1.906.
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Soil physicochemical properties and selected enzyme activities were assessed at thirteen different points at a depth of 0-45cm (sample A) and 46-90cm (sample B) from Ariara Market solid waste dump site Aba, Abia State. Control samples were collected 100m away from discharge point devoid of solid waste impaction. The studied points were discharge point (DC), 4 meters away East (E1), West (W1), North (N1), and South (S1) from the center of the dumpsite and 8 meters away East (E2), West (W2), North (N2) and South (S2) from the center of the dumpsite. Results indicated an alkaline pH for all the studied points. Significantly high (p<0.05) temperatures and percentage moisture contents were also obtained at the discharge points (DC) of the dumpsite compared to control points. Similarly, dumpsite alkaline phosphatase, hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase and urease activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of control points at 0-45cm depth (sample A). These finding suggest that wastes from this dumpsite could be harnessed as biofertilizers for agricultural purposes.
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Kocot, Agnieszka. "Impact of Artificial Waste on the Strength of Cementitious Composites." Proceedings 34, no. 1 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019034011.
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Every year number of municipal wastes increases. Despite of belonging to the countries with landfill ban, over 35% of municipal wastes in Poland were disposed to landfills in 2018. Abandoned artificial wastes can endanger whole environment including human. Scientists and students try to reduce arising number of artificial wastes by turning it into construction materials. Plastic waste material can replace natural aggregate in cementitious composites. Addition of artificial wastes decreases density of composites, but also affects their strength significantly. Properties of cementitious composites containing artificial wastes depend on the amount of added plastic material and its type. In the article different types of artificial wastes substituted natural aggregate in mortar. Alternative aggregate were PET flakes, PET pellet, powdered PVC and shredded HDPE. Aggregate was replaced in the amount of 2%, 5% and 10% of volume of sand. Control sample consisted of Portland cement CEMI 42,5R with water/cement/aggregate ratio 0.5:1:3. Samples were cured in water until the examination and weighed before the test. Compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted after 2 and 28 days. Mortars containing artificial wastes presented similar results to control sample after 2 days of curing. The difference was more significant after 28 days, the compressive strength decreased up to 30% for mortars containing 10% of artificial wastes. After flexural strength test mortars containing PET flakes were difficult to divide into two parts. Additionally, the impact resistance of mortar containing 5% PET flakes was examined. According to the assumption, the results were higher for samples containing PET flakes in comparison to control mortar. The addition of different artificial wastes led to compressive and flexural strength decrease. However, the results of impact resistance test are higher for samples containing PET flakes in comparison to control mortar. The results show that addition of artificial wastes could improve some properties of mortar; still further tests need to be conducted in order to qualify artificial wastes as valuable component of cementitious composite.
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Amber Fatima, Syeda, Mohammad Nawaz Chaudhary, and Syeda Adila Batool. "Comparative Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Commercially Available Windrow Compost Sample and Privately prepared Invessel Compost samples." Current World Environment 14, no. 1 (2019): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.14.1.14.
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In developing countries like Pakistan the organic waste production is comparatively high. Composting is a good option to overcome problems related to management of organic waste. Compost produced from solid waste should be according to the standards set for soil to ensure beneficial results in plants. The objectives of the study were to determine the quality of compost used in agricultural lands in different areas of country.In the study area the commercially available compost is prepared by windrow composting method. Some home gardeners prepare compost by invessel method. But the sale of commercial compost decreased with the passage of time. One of the reasons behind this includes low quality compost and less desired results in terms of soil fertility. Comparative analysis of windrow compost sample and in-vessel compost samples were carried out to identify the fate of these composts in terms of international standards. Analysis results revealed that some parameters were lower than standard values i.e. moisture content was less than 45% in all samples, carbon nitrogen (C:N) ratio was less than 25 which should be >25, available carbon was < 35% in all samples and burned carbon was also <35% in all samples. Compost is used as a soil conditioner and low level fertilizer however if its nutritional value is not according to the standard it maybe no longer beneficial for plants. Substandard compost can also cause microbial degradation in soil and can make it anaerobic as well.
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Samad, MA, MI Ali, D. Paul, and SMA Islam. "An Environmental Impact Study of Jamuna Urea Fertilizer Factory at." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (2012): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10131.
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The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K have been determined in solid and liquid samples collected from the Jamuna Urea Fertilizer Factory, Tarakandi, Jamalpur, Bangladesh. Six different types of samples, namely, i) the liquid waste water stored inside the factory ii) water sample near the liquid waste disposal point of Jamuna river iii) liquid-waste-mixed soil iv) normal soil adjacent to the factory v) the final product (Urea) and vi) urea dust of the factory have been analyzed by gamma spectrometric technique using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector of 40% relative efficiency. The activity concentration of 226Ra was determined from the average concentrations of the 214Pb and 214Bi decay products, the activity concentration of 232Th was determined from the average concentrations of 208Tl and 228Ac, whereas the concentration of 40K was measured directly. The analysis of the liquid waste samples showed that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th were 3.64 ± 0.72 and 12.94 ± 2.02 Bq/L, respectively and no 40K was detected in any of the samples. In the liquid-waste-mixed soil samples the average value of activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were 21.45 ± 3.19, 63.00 ± 8.10 and 311.97 ± 90.93 Bq/kg, respectively whereas in the normal soil the values were 20.97 ± 3.56, 61.77 ± 8.93 and 645.48 ± 103.62 Bq/kg, respectively. Considering the stored wastes as a part of the ambient environment of the factory, radium equivalent activity, radiation hazard index and external annual effective dose to the worker and the public due to these wastes were calculated and compared with the world average values.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10131J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 27-33, 2011
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Jerie, Steven. "Analysis of Enterprise Profile and Composition of Solid Waste Generated in the Informal Sector of Gweru, Zimbabwe." Journal of Waste Management 2014 (June 11, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/865854.
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This paper examines the characteristics of solid waste generated in the informal sector enterprises of Gweru, the third largest city in Zimbabwe. Samples from the informal sector enterprises were collected in plastic bags and labelled with unique identity marks. The segregated components were measured to determine percentages of total weight of a sample. The data collected during the two seasons were analysed statistically using ANOVA to identify key similarities and differences. The major components of the waste stream include food and vegetable wastes in the market areas (from 18 to 51% of total weight), metals in the industrial areas (from 19 to 36%), and paper in the residential suburbs and markets (9–11% of total weight). The biodegradable waste stream dominates in the market areas of Kudzanai and Kombayi where it constitutes an average of 57.1% of waste generated in these areas. Establishing biodegradability of solid waste is essential because the majority of environmental and health problems associated with waste generated in the enterprises are caused by the biodegradable components. In order to come up with a sustainable and comprehensive waste management plan for the informal sector of Gweru, an up-to-date database on the composition and characteristics of the waste is a primary requirement.
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Rehman, Obaid-ur, Syed Jamil Hassan Kazmi, and Anwar Alam. "Mismanagement of Solid Waste & its Impact on the Environment of Peshawar City." International Journal of Learning and Development 2, no. 4 (2012): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i4.2213.
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The purpose of the study is to investigate reasons, types and workable for the disposal of wastes in Peshawar city with special emphasis on Municipal Corporation, Peshawar Development Authority (PDA) and local govt. The focus of the study is to ensure proper management of solid waste and cleanliness of the targeted areas. The data was collected through pre-designed questionnaire and interview schedule. The major sources of demographic data are census, sample surveys, demographic yearbook, statistical handbook, national and international publications. (Alam: 2006). Board, Karkhano and Hayat Abad Phase III were the targeted area of the study. A sample of size 300 was selected out of 37,839 population in three target areas i.e. Board 96 out of 12,164, Hayat Abad Phase III 121 out of 15,281, and Karkhano 83 out of 10,394 through proportion allocation method of sampling.The results of the study indicated that Local government has no proper planning, for the disposal of solid waste. The residents have no awareness for the proper disposal of the solid wastes. Population is directly proportion to the increase in solid wastes mismanagement, more over Afghan Refugees has accelerated the solid waste mismanagement in the area.
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Khamaruddin, Putri Faizura Megat, Tiffany Anak Tony, Azil Bahari Alias, Sharifah Aishah Syed A. Kadir, and Emma Qarmilla Suhaili. "Waste Characteristics Study and Recycling Practice Trend at Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah Engineering Complex, UiTM." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.65.
Full textAbstract:
In Malaysia, waste management via recycling is highly promoted, however, recycling bins are not fully utilized as almost all the recycling bins provided are filled with other wastes. As institutional waste is a part of municipal solid waste (MSW), this composition study will be crucial to obtain a conventional management of the waste. In other words, waste composition studies are vital for a more effective and proper management of the waste generated. Hence, the objectives of the research are to analyse the trend of the recycle waste composition obtained during both semester session and semester break and to determine the recycle waste composition collected at UiTM engineering complex. Sorting of the solid wastes from the recycle bins are done manually before weighing of each waste category. The trend shows that paper has the highest composition both during semester session and semester break which is at 65% and 84% respectively followed by plastic bottle with 25% and 13% and aluminum can at 10% and 3%. A sample of recyclable wastes is taken from each recycle bins to the instrumental analysis laboratory for ultimate analysis. The ultimate analysis result shows 43.68% carbon and 1.27% nitrogen for paper wastes, which give a C/N ratio of 34.67. This indicates that paper wastes are compostable when mixed with yard wastes. In determining the economic benefits of recycling, potential revenue of RM78.37 can be obtained from a 10-week period of study and hence, if recycling practice is made compulsory, the revenue can be increased.