Journal articles: 'Waste spills – South Africa – Limpopo'

1

Uhunamure, Solomon E., Nthaduleni S. Nethengwe, Karabo Shale, Virginia Mudau, and Matjutla Mokgoebo. "Appraisal of Households’ Knowledge and Perception towards E-Waste Management in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Recycling 6, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6020039.

Full text

Abstract:

The generation of electronic waste (e-waste) is increasing at an alarming rate in South Africa. This waste stream is also emanating from household appliances due to beneficial attributes accrued to the use of these electronic devices. At the same time, these devices are a source of concern considering the environmental impacts as well the threat of health hazards they possess to human wellbeing. In appraising household knowledge and perception on e-waste management in Limpopo Province of South Africa, 200 semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires were used in eliciting data from the participants. The results indicated that 76% of the respondents believed that e-waste streams have negatively affected their environment. Additionally, 85% of the survey households are willing to pay for the proper disposal of their e-waste. Furthermore, the results indicated a statistically significance between gender and knowledge on e-waste management (p-value 0.003) while there was no statistically significant difference between gender and perception (p-value 0.318) on e-waste management. Based on the results, the study recommends awareness and educational campaigns as a step in changing the perception of households on e-waste and environmental consciousness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Nemathaga, Felicia, Sally Maringa, and Luke Chimuka. "Hospital solid waste management practices in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A case study of two hospitals." Waste Management 28, no. 7 (January 2008): 1236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.033.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Uhunamure, Solomon E., Joshua N. Edokpayi, and Karabo Shale. "Occupational Health Risk of Waste Pickers: A Case Study of Northern Region of South Africa." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5530064.

Full text

Abstract:

In South Africa, waste pickers play a significant role in the management of waste at landfill sites. Waste picking is an income-generating venture for most people with low-income base. The activity of sorting waste at landfill sites is, however, associated with occupational health risks to waste pickers which this study has examined. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sampling method which was conducted among 114 waste pickers in three landfill sites in Limpopo Province of South Africa. A validated questionnaire was used in eliciting responses from the participants. The statistical technique employed includes the ANOVA, simple, and multiple regression. The results indicated that, in the last one year, waste pickers exposed to landfill sites were 1.7 times more likely to develop a common health disorder (AOR: 1.733; 95% CI: 1.069, 2.755; P value: 0.041). There was statistical significance between the number of days worked at the landfill and the health conditions of the waste pickers ( P ≤ 0.001). The cofounders were adjusted for age and years worked, and the result revealed that days worked by the waste pickers’ increased their chances of occupational health risks by 1.4 times. It is unlikely that waste pickers will have a risk-free environment, but supportive policies such as provision of adequate personal protective equipment and more awareness programmes on the health risks related to such enterprises will aid in abating the associated risks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Sepadi, Maasago M., Martha Chadyiwa, and Vusumuzi Nkosi. "Platinum Mine Workers’ Exposure to Dust Particles Emitted at Mine Waste Rock Crusher Plants in Limpopo, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020655.

Full text

Abstract:

The South African mining industry is one of the largest producers of platinum (Pt) in the world. Workers in this industry are exposed to significant amounts of dust, and this dust consists of particles sizes that can penetrate deep inside the respiratory region. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate dust exposure risk at two Pt mine waste rock crusher plants (Facility A and B) in Limpopo, South Africa. Workers’ demographic and occupational information was collected through a structured questionnaire, a walk-through observation on facilities’ processes, and static dust sampling for the collection of inhalable and respirable dust particles using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOH) 7602 and the Methods for Determination of Hazardous Substance (MDHS) 14/4 as guidelines. Only 79% of Pt mine workers, used their respiratory protective equipment (RPE), sixty-five percent were exposed to work shifts exceeding the recommended eight hours and 8.8% had been employed for more than ten years. The mean time-weighted average (TWA) dust concentrations between Facility A and B showed a significant difference (p < 0.026). The Pt mine’s inhalable concentrations (range 0.03–2.2 mg/m3) were higher than the respirable concentrations (range 0.02–0.7 mg/m3), however were all below the respective international and local occupational exposure limits (OELs). The Pt mine’s respirable crystalline silica (SiO2) quartz levels were all found below the detectable limit (<0.01 mg/m3). The Pt miners had increased health risks due to accumulated low levels of dust exposure and lack of usage of RPE. It is recommended that an improved dust control program be put in place which includes, but is not limited to, stockpile enclosures, tire stops with water sprays, and education on the importance of RPE usage.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Olaniyi, Foluke C., Jason S. Ogola, and Takalani G. Tshitangano. "Efficiency of Health Care Risk Waste Management in Rural Healthcare Facilities of South Africa: An Assessment of Selected Facilities in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122199.

Full text

Abstract:

Waste generated form healthcare facilities is a potential source of health risks to the public, if it is not properly handled from the point of generation to disposal. This study was conducted to assess the efficiency of healthcare risk waste (HCRW) management in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Fifteen healthcare facilities were selected in Vhembe District for this study. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, observation and pictures. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed, while the quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25. In all the healthcare facilities; mismanagement of HCRW was noted at different points along the management chain. Poor segregation, overfilling of waste bins, inappropriate transportation and storage of waste in substandard storage rooms were observed in the facilities. All the waste from the district are transported to a private-owned treatment facility outside the district, where they are mainly incinerated. Enforcement of healthcare risk waste guidelines, provision of standardized equipment for temporary storage, empowerment of each healthcare facility to treat at least some of the waste, and employment of non-burn techniques for treatment of waste are recommended for more efficient management of healthcare risk waste in Vhembe District.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Masingi, Vusi Ntiyiso, and Daniel Maposa. "Modelling Long-Term Monthly Rainfall Variability in Selected Provinces of South Africa: Trend and Extreme Value Analysis Approaches." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020070.

Full text

Abstract:

Extreme rainfall events have made significant damages to properties, public infrastructure and agriculture in some provinces of South Africa notably in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng among others. The general global increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events in recent years is raising a concern that human activities might be heavily disturbed. This study attempts to model long-term monthly rainfall variability in the selected provinces of South Africa using various statistical techniques. The study investigates the normality and stationarity of the underlying distribution of the whole body of rainfall data for each selected province, the long-term trends of the rainfall data and the extreme value distributions which model the tails of the rainfall distribution data. These approaches were meant to help achieve the broader purpose of this study of investigating the long-term rainfall trends, stationarity of the rainfall distributions and extreme value distributions of monthly rainfall records in the selected provinces of South Africa in this era of climate change. The five provinces considered in this study are Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga. The findings revealed that the long-term rainfall distribution for all the selected provinces does not come from a normal distribution. Furthermore, the monthly rainfall data distribution for the majority of the provinces is not stationary. The paper discusses the modelling of monthly rainfall extremes using the non-stationary generalised extreme value distribution (GEVD) which falls under the block maxima extreme value theory (EVT) approach. The maximum likelihood estimation method was used to obtain the estimates of the parameters. The stationary GEVD was found as the best distribution model for Eastern Cape, Gauteng, and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. Furthermore, model fitting supported non-stationary GEVD model for maximum monthly rainfall with nonlinear quadratic trend in the location parameter and a linear trend in the scale parameter for Limpopo, while in Mpumalanga the non-stationary GEVD model with a nonlinear quadratic trend in the scale parameter and no variation in the location parameter fitted well to the monthly rainfall data. The negative values of the shape parameters for Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga suggest that the data follow the Weibull distribution class, while the positive values of the shape parameters for Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo suggest that the data follow the Fréchet distribution class. The findings from this paper could give information that can assist decision makers establish strategies for proper planning of agriculture, infrastructure, drainage system and other water resource applications in the South African provinces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Njoku, Prince O., Joshua N. Edokpayi, and John O. Odiyo. "Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Case Study of Thohoyandou Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122125.

Full text

Abstract:

The by-products of solid waste deposited in a landfill has adverse effects on the surrounding environment and humans living closer to landfill sites. This study sought to test the hypothesis that the deposition of waste on landfill has an impact on the surrounding environment and residents living closer to it. This was achieved by evaluating the perception of the respondents drawn from people living close (100–500 m) and far (1–2 km) from the landfill site, concerning environmental issues, health problems, and life satisfaction. Results from the study showed that 78% of participants living closer to the landfill site indicated serious contamination of air quality evident from bad odours linked to the landfill site. Illnesses such as flu, eye irritation and weakness of the body were frequently reported by participants living closer to the landfill than those living far from the landfill. More than half of the participants (56%) living closer to the landfill indicated fear of their health in the future. Thus, the participants living closer to the landfill site were less satisfied with the location of their community with respect to the landfill, than those living far from the landfill site. Therefore, the need for a landfill gas (LFG) utilisation system, proper daily covering of waste and odour diluting agents are necessary to reduce the problems of the residents living closer to the landfill site.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Murray, Tanya Y., and Maureen B. Taylor. "Quantification and molecular characterisation of human sapoviruses in water sources impacted by highly polluted discharged wastewater in South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2015): 1055–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.255.

Full text

Abstract:

Sapoviruses (SaVs) were detected and quantified in 8/10 water samples collected from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) and water sources impacted by these WWTWs in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The median SaV concentration was 2.45 × 106 copies/L and SaV genotypes I.2 and IV were characterised. This study provides new data on the high concentrations of clinically relevant SaVs in rivers and dams impacted by poor-performing WWTWs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Olivier, J., H. J. Van Niekerk, and I. J. Van der Walt. "Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in the Waterberg area in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA 34, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i2.183636.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Mhlongo, Sphiwe Emmanuel, and George Oluwole Akintola. "Artisanal and small-scale mining activities as post-mining land use in abandoned mine sites: a case of Giyani and Musina areas, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 2815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.083.2815.

Full text

Abstract:

South Africa has many artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities that some are registered and others informal and illegal. This paper presents an overview of ASM operations in the vicinity of abandoned mine sites found in Giyani and Musina areas, Limpopo Provine of South Africa. It looks at the mining processes, environmental problems, and health and safety risks of ASM in the area. It also provideds a discussion of practical ways of dealing with the problems of artisanal and small-scale mining operations in a harmonized way with the rehabilitation of the abandoned mine sites. The exploitation of waste rock dumps for aggregate production in Musina demonstrated that formalized ASM activities can be the best alternative uses of the abandoned mine sites. However, artisanal gold mining around Giyani revealed the health and safety risks and environmental problems of these operations. The artisanal gold mining activities worsened the health and safety and the environmental problems of the abandoned mine sites. Therefore, this paper recommends that the efforts of coming up with strategies to formalize and regulate artisanal mining in South Africa be deepened for these activities to be accepteble as sustainable as post-mining land-uses in abandoned mines.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Bolton, P. "Disqualification for non-compliance with public tender conditions." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 6 (November 14, 2014): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v17i6.03.

Full text

Abstract:

When government entities procure goods or services, they generally consider and award contracts only to bidders who complied with the specifications and conditions of tender as laid down in the tender invitation. Tenders received must in other words be conforming, compliant or responsive. This enables procuring entities to compare tenders on an equal footing and ensures equal treatment amongst bidders. In South Africa the extent to which bidders must comply with tender specifications and conditions is a thorny issue in practice. In 2008 the Supreme Court of Appeal in Millennium Waste Management (Pty) Ltd v Chairperson, Tender Board: Limpopo Province confirmed the views of the courts in South Africa regarding compliance with tender conditions and the amendment of tenders before award. The recent 2013 decision of the Supreme Court of Appeal in Dr JS Moroka Municipality v The Chairperson of the Tender Evaluation Committee of the Dr JS Moroka Municipality, however, has moved public procurement regulation in South Africa to a point where procuring entities have very limited discretionary powers when evaluating compliance with tender specifications and conditions. This paper argues for an approach that allows procuring entities in South Africa more discretion when evaluating compliance with tender specifications and conditions. In doing so, reliance is placed on the treatment of "responsiveness" in international instruments as well as the views of the South African courts since first they were confronted with the issue.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Bwapwa, Joseph Kapuku. "Review on Main Issues Causing Deterioration of Water Quality and Water Scarcity: Case Study of South Africa." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v7i3.13156.

Full text

Abstract:

Water shortage in South Africa is a mixture of many factors: limited and highly polluted watercourses, low rainfall, fast growing population and high evaporation rates. Many studies on watercourses have shown a decline on quality due to the ongoing pollution caused by urbanization, mining, industry, power generation, afforestation and agriculture. Given the current forecasts based on population growth versus the country’s limited water resources, it is unlikely to keep existing patterns regarding the use of water and the discharge of wastes. Predictions are also indicating that pollutants will continue to accumulate in freshwater resources independently of the population growth in South Africa. Issues associated with water quality can turn out to be worsened with environmental devastating consequences. For instance, in the agricultural sector it may lead to a drop in yields and quality for fruits and crops followed by soil contamination. It can harmfully affect the population and aquatic health. Furthermore, water quality deterioration can affect the costs related to purification processes resulting in an increased price of clean water. Human induced activities causing salinization, eutrophication, acidification, presence of pathogens in watercourses, inappropriate waste discharge practices and sewage spills are major causes influencing or deteriorating water quality in South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Ramudzuli, Marubini R., Happy A. Nematshavhawe, and Martin J. Potgieter. "The state and management of hazardous waste discarded by beauty salons of the central business district of Musina, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2022.10034892.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Odiyo, John Ogony, Mashudu Maxwell Mathoni, and Rachel Makungo. "Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 6912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186912.

Full text

Abstract:

Public schools in most rural areas of South Africa depend on untreated groundwater due to unreliable water supply by the municipalities. This has the potential to cause water-related health problems to school children. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ. Chemical (fluoride, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) and microbial (Escherichia coliform (E. coli), Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri) water quality parameters were analysed in groundwater samples from 10 public schools in Vhuronga 1 to determine suitability for use. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to determine risks of infection and illness due to consumption of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to identify potential sources of contamination. All physical and most chemical water quality parameters were within guidelines for domestic water use. A high proportion of schools had high levels of microbial organisms. Risks of infection per day were relatively low for all schools. The annual risks of infection due to E. coli and Shigella flexneri for most schools was high, with maximum values of 89.11 and 83.75%, respectively. Maximum risks of illness per year were 31.19, 30.37, and 29.31% for E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated potential contamination of groundwater by agricultural activities, domestic waste, and faecal contamination from pit latrines. Preventive and mitigation measures to minimise such risks, including locating boreholes at safe distances from pit latrines, prevention/minimisation of pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities, and point-of-use treatment of groundwater by the schools are therefore essential.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Makaudze, Ephias M. "Measuring willingness-to-pay for water and sanitation by people living with HIV and AIDs in South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.102.

Full text

Abstract:

The ill-provision of water and sanitation services poses the greatest risk to people living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa – a majority of whom reside in slum settlements. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) die after succumbing to opportunistic infections, especially water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhoea, cholera). This study was based on 485 individuals with HIV and AIDs drawn from three types of settlements (rural, peri-urban and urban slums) and sampled from three selected provincial districts of Khayelitsha (Western Cape), Ukhahlamba (Eastern Cape) and Groblersdal (Limpopo). The results show PLWHA having higher willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sanitation at ZAR448.40/month compared to water (ZAR428.60). Those living in urban slum settlements show the highest WTP for sanitation (ZAR552.70), followed by the ones in rural areas (ZAR500.24). The results underscore important implications: PLWHA face greater sanitation challenges relative to water; those in slum settlements endure the worst sanitation insecurity compared to counterparts living in other settlement types; higher WTP for sanitation implies that PLWHA will derive greater benefits from improvements in sanitation services relative to water. To conclude, it is imperative for municipal authorities to prioritize the provision of sanitation facilities to PLWHA especially in urban slums as part of the ‘pro-poor service delivery’ campaigns.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Nekhavhambe, TJ, T. Van Ree, and OS Fatoki. "Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, surface runoff, and sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA 40, no. 3 (June 11, 2014): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v40i3.4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Gundry, Stephen W., James A. Wright, Ronán M. Conroy, Martella Du Preez, Bettina Genthe, Sibonginkosi Moyo, Charles Mutisi, and Natasha Potgieter. "Child dysentery in the Limpopo Valley: a cohort study of water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.032.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this cohort study was to assess risk factors for child dysentery and watery diarrhoea. The study participants consisted of 254 children aged 12–24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe in households where drinking water was collected from communal sources. The main outcome measure was the most severe diarrhoea episode: dysentery, watery diarrhoea or none. For dysentery, drinking water from sources other than standpipes had a relative risk ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.5–9.8). Poor source water quality, as indicated by Escherichia coli counts of 10 or more cfu 100 ml−1, increased risk by 2.9 (1.5–5.7). There were no other significant risk factors for dysentery and none for watery diarrhoea. In this study, endemic dysentery is associated only with faecal contamination of source water. Sources other than standpipes, including improved groundwater, are of greater risk. Remediation of water quality by treatment at source or in the household will be required to achieve access to safe drinking water in accordance with the 7th Millennium Development Goal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Van Averbeke, W., T. E. Tshikalange, and K. A. Juma. "The commodity systems of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum Dun. in Vhembe, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA 33, no. 3 (December 6, 2018): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v33i3.180593.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Abebe, Lydia Shawel, James A. Smith, Sophia Narkiewicz, Vinka Oyanedel-Craver, Mark Conaway, Alukhethi Singo, Samie Amidou, Paul Mojapelo, Julia Brant, and Rebecca Dillingham. "Ceramic water filters impregnated with silver nanoparticles as a point-of-use water-treatment intervention for HIV-positive individuals in Limpopo Province, South Africa: a pilot study of technological performance and human health benefits." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.185.

Full text

Abstract:

Waterborne pathogens present a significant threat to people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). This study presents a randomized, controlled trial that evaluates whether a household-level ceramic water filter (CWF) intervention can improve drinking water quality and decrease days of diarrhea in PLWH in rural South Africa. Seventy-four participants were randomized in an intervention group with CWFs and a control group without filters. Participants in the CWF arm received CWFs impregnated with silver nanoparticles and associated safe-storage containers. Water and stool samples were collected at baseline and 12 months. Diarrhea incidence was self-reported weekly for 12 months. The average diarrhea rate in the control group was 0.064 days/week compared to 0.015 days/week in the intervention group (p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney). Median reduction of total coliform bacteria was 100% at enrollment and final collection. CWFs are an acceptable technology that can significantly improve the quality of household water and decrease days of diarrhea for PLWH in rural South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Walsh, Tara, and Jonathan Mellor. "Comparative life cycle assessment of four commonly used point-of-use water treatment technologies." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 862–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.158.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Across the globe, billions of people lack access to safe drinking water. Many different point-of-use (POU) technologies have been developed that significantly reduce the disease-causing pathogens found in untreated water. With many different technologies available, it can be difficult to choose which technology to implement in specific areas. Beyond the cost of each technology, the environmental impacts could bring additional harm to a community. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are used to make comparisons across different technologies. This study uses an LCA to compare boiling water, ceramic water filters, BioSand filters and POU chlorination as treatment options in the rural community of Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa utilizing previously published, open-access data. Global warming potential, water use, energy use, smog formation, particulate matter and land use are the studied environmental impacts. Results found that boiling had the most impact on energy use, global warming potential, smog and land use; chlorination had the greatest impact on particulate matter and water use. A cost comparison found boiling water to be most expensive at 0.053 USD per liter and chlorination to be least expensive at 0.0005 USD per liter.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Manungufala, T. E., L. Chimuka, and B. X. Maswanganyi. "Evaluating the quality of communities made compost manure in South Africa: A case study of content and sources of metals in compost manure from Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo province." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 5 (March 2008): 1491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Danielopol, Dan L., Christian Griebler, Amara Gunatilaka, and Jos Notenboom. "Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 2 (June 2003): 104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000109.

Full text

Abstract:

Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of subterranean hydrosystems have changed during the past 40–50 years. The major environmental pressures (mainly anthropogenic ones) impact the quantity and quality of groundwater resources and the state of subsurface ecosystems, and it is expected that the environmental pressures on groundwater will continue, at least until 2025, unless new environmental policies change this state of affairs. The world demographic increase and the general rise of water demand constitute one of the major environmental pressures on groundwater ecosystems especially in less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Specific human activities leading to the depletion of groundwater reserves include agricultural practices, landscape alteration, urbanization demand for domestic and public drinking water, various industrial activities such as thermoelectric production and mining, and the rise of tourism in coastal areas. Climate change is contributing to the water crisis too, especially in areas with arid climate and/or in some humid monsoonal countries. The overload of aquifers with pollutants derived from agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides), from industry (release of hydrocarbon chemicals, especially spills), from waste and industrial waters, from domestic and industrial landfills, from the infiltration of pollutants from surface and from the intrusion of saline water affect groundwater quality. The dangerous increase in contaminated subsurface sites with chemicals and microbial pathogens brings with it health risks to humans. Changes of redox condition in groundwater zones, changes of biological diversity, vegetation changes with modification of agriculture practices and impacts at the biosphere scale, such as the increase in the concentration of nitrous oxides in the atmosphere, all impact groundwater ecosystems. Groundwater ecosystems must be better investigated and understood. Economic, social and ecological lines of thinking have to be combined in order to achieve meaningful policies for the sustainable development of groundwater reserves and for the protection of subsurface ecosystems. Practical measures and ideas for the development of policies up to the 2025 time-horizon should improve the sustainable usage of the world's groundwater resources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Letsoalo, J. M., and M. J. Potgieter. "Domestic waste disposal in a small urban wetland area by Ga-Makanye Community, Limpopo Province, South Africa." South African Geographical Journal, October 21, 2020, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1824804.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Greenfield, R., J. H. J. Van Vuren, and V. Wepener. "Determination of sediment quality in the Nyl River system, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA 33, no. 5 (March 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v33i5.184090.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Molelekoa, Tumisi J., Thierry Regnier, Laura S. da Silva, and Wilma A. Augustyn. "Potential of marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) waste for the production of vinegar through surface and submerged fermentation." South African Journal of Science 114, no. 11/12 (November 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/4874.

Full text

Abstract:

Although there is an abundance of indigenous fruits in South Africa, knowledge of their potential uses is mainly restricted to within communities. In this study, marula fruit-processing waste by-products (fruit pulp residue and skin) were used as substrates in surface culture and submerged fermentation methods to produce vinegar (acetic acid) using spontaneous and starter culture techniques. The study revealed the possibility of producing vinegar through both methods of fermentation, with yields of acetic acid ranging between 41 000 mg/L and 57 000 mg/L (surface culture method) and between 41 000 and 54 000 mg/L (submerged culture method). Furthermore, the physicochemical property analyses revealed marula vinegar to be a potential source of bioactive compounds (total phenolics 0.289–0.356 mg/L GAE and total flavonoids 0.146–0.153 mg/L CAE) which displayed a potent antiradical activity against DPPH•: 78.85% for surface culture and 73.03% submerged culture, respectively. The sensory panel recommended application of the vinegar in products such as salad dressing and mayonnaise. Finally, we have demonstrated that the surface culture method using the inoculation technique is more suitable for the production of high-quality vinegar, with possible consideration for commercialisation. Significance: Marula fruit has high economic importance for South Africa, particularly for the Limpopo Province. Marula waste can be a source of bioactive compounds, yet comparatively little is reported on the potential use of the waste to produce vinegar. Self-development of communities through viable and easy to produce commodities from marula fruit needs to be implemented and prioritised in the Limpopo Province.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

SM Mazibuko, G Mukwada, and ME Moeletsi. "Assessing the frequency of drought/flood severity in the Luvuvhu River catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA 47, no. 2 April (April 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i2.10913.

Full text

Abstract:

The Luvuvhu River catchment experiences rainfall variability with a high frequency of extremely dry and wet conditions. Understanding the frequency of drought and floods in this catchment area is important to the agriculture sector for managing the negative impacts of these natural hazards. This study was undertaken to investigate the frequency and severity of drought/floods and linkages with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Poor and resource-limited small-scale farmers in the Luvuvhu River catchment area struggle to adjust due to decreasing crop yields and livestock mortality caused by drought and floods. Monthly rainfall data from 15 grid points (0.5° × 0.5°) was used to compute the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) for the period between 1979 and 2016. The 3-month SPI was calculated for the December–January–February (DJF) period. The second half of the agricultural season was selected because the influence of ENSO is high during the late summer season (DJF) in the catchment. The SPI results indicate that the agricultural seasons 1982/83, 1991/92 and 2015/16 were characterised by extreme drought. Conversely, the SPI values also show that the wettest seasons were recorded in 1998/99 and 1999/00. The catchment experiences a high frequency of moderate to severe drought in the north and north-eastern parts. Spatially, the occurrence of moderate to severe dry conditions covers large areas in the north and south-western parts. Severe to extreme wet conditions cover large areas in the north and south-eastern parts of the catchment. The SST index (Niño 3.4) shows a strong influence on rainfall variability in the catchment, resulting in either dry or wet conditions. Therefore, this study recommends further research focusing on more climatic modes that influence rainfall variability, as well as further development of drought and flood forecasting to improve farmers’ adaptations options and reliability of weather forecasts used as a tool to manage crop production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Ncube, Alice, Andries J. Jordaan, and Beverly M. Mabela. "Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding cholera preparedness and prevention in Ga-Mampuru village, Limpopo, South Africa." Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 8, no. 2 (January 13, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v8i2.164.

Full text

Abstract:

The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of cholera prevention and preparedness in Ga-Mampuru village (Limpopo, South Africa). Interviewers collected data using a two-pronged method, namely a household questionnaire (open- and closed-ended questions) to assess knowledge and attitudes about cholera and observations to assess practices in the prevention and management of the disease. Additionally, interviewers took pictures with the respondents’ permission. Ninety-six respondents were interviewed. Most respondents (86%) indicated they knew how cholera was contracted with 84% indicating contaminated water as a source. Ninety percent of the respondents indicated they knew how to prevent contracting cholera. All respondents generally knew that cholera could be treated with medicine received at a health-care facility or worker. Fewer respondents (58%) had specific knowledge such as the use of rehydration solutions. The respondents’ high level of prevention practices could be biased. Interviewers observed that many practices were not adhered to, like not washing hands, not using toilet paper and throwing waste in respondents’ yards. Therefore, the community of Ga-Mampuru had not reached a stage of adequate cholera prevention and preparedness in spite of the fact that they were aware of cholera risks and risk-reduction measures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Nevondo, V., T. Malehase, AP Daso, and OJ Okonkwo. "Leachate seepage from landfill: a source of groundwater mercury contamination in South Africa." Water SA 45, no. 2 April (April 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v45i2.09.

Full text

Abstract:

Mercury has been used for many centuries in the production of consumer products such as thermometers, electrical switches, fluorescent light bulbs, batteries, biocides and pesticides, cosmetics and dental amalgam filling, among others. After use, these mercury-containing consumer products form part of the municipal solid waste (MSW). As a result of an unseparated solid waste collection system, mercury-containing wastes tend to end up in landfills where mercury and other pollutants can leach out of products into landfill leachates. The present study, therefore, was conducted with the aim of determining the total mercury (THg) concentrations in leachate and sediment samples collected from 4 selected landfill sites (3 sites in Gauteng Province – Soshanguve, Hatherly, Onderstepoort and 1 site in Limpopo Province – Thohoyandou). Groundwater samples were collected from the monitoring boreholes at the four selected landfill sites in the summer and winter periods. An acid digestion method was employed for sample preparation and this was followed by analysis using cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CVAAS). The concentration range of total mercury in the Thohoyandou leachate, sediment and groundwater samples was 0.12–2.07 μg/L, 0.03–0.48 μg/g and 0.09–2.12 μg/L, respectively. In Soshanguve, the concentration range of total mercury in leachate, sediment and groundwater samples was 0.10–1.20 μg/L, 0.04–0.62 μg/g and nd –1.66 μg/L respectively, Hatherly concentration range was 0.42–1.31 μg/L and 0.06–0.78 μg/g in leachate and sediment, respectively and in Onderstepoort the concentration range was 0.12–2.41 μg/L, 0.03–0.50 μg/g and 0.05–2.44 μg/L, in leachate, sediment and groundwater, respectively. The findings from this study suggest that there is a likelihood of groundwater pollution by mercury from landfill leachate seepage, particularly for landfills that are not lined with a geomembrane.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Jonker, CZ, C. Van Ginkel, and J. Olivier. "Association between physical and geochemical characteristics of thermal springs and algal diversity in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water SA 39, no. 1 (April 26, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v39i1.10.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Moritz Hofstetter, Barbara van Koppen, and Alex Bolding. "The emergence of collectively owned self-supply water supply systems in rural South Africa – what can we learn from the Tshakhuma case in Limpopo?" Water SA 47, no. 2 April (April 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i2.10921.

Full text

Abstract:

Despite the rapid extension of public service delivery since the end of Apartheid, many rural citizens in South Africa still rely on their own initiatives and infrastructure to access water. They construct, improve, operate and maintain infrastructure of different complexities, from individual wells to complex collectively owned water schemes. While most of these schemes operate without legal recognition, they provide essential services to many households. In this article we will first provide an overview of the growing international body of literature describing self-supply as an alternative pathway for public service delivery. We then take a historical perspective on the role of communities and self-supply in South Africa and describe the emergence of six collectively owned, gravity-fed, piped schemes in Tshakhuma, Limpopo Province. We describe and compare these systems using key characteristics like resource access, investment, construction, operation, maintenance and institutional governance. We further assess their performance with regard to coverage, service level, reliability, governance structure, accountability and water quality. We do so because we are convinced that lessons learned from studying such schemes as locally adapted prototypes have the potential to improve public approaches to service delivery. The described cases show the willingness of community members to engage with service delivery and their ability to provide services in cases where the state has failed. The assessment also highlights problematic aspects of self-supply related to a lack of accountability, technical expertise and the exclusion of disadvantaged community members. By describing and assessing the performance of rural self-supply schemes, we aim to recognize, study and learn from such schemes. We consequently do not conclude this article by providing answers, but by raising some pertinent, policy-relevant questions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Waste spills – South Africa – Limpopo'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles