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Jafaripour, Amir. "Utilisation of waste gas sludge for waste water treatment." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4784/.
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This hypothesis driven research investigated the removal of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn from synthetic metal solutions and real Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from Wheal Jane mine in West Cornwall UK, employing waste gas sludge (BOS sludge) which is an end waste reside generated from steel production. Batch experiments showed the efficiency and adsorption rates increased with reduction in BOS sludge particle size, lower in initial metal concentration, increase in BOS sludge dosage, an increase in initial pH and increase in agitation speed. Fitting of the Langmuir isotherm model to experimental data gave a good fit with correlation coefficients R\(^2\)≥0.99 and the selectivity series of BOS sludge was: Cu\(^2\)\(^+\)>Fe\(^3\)\(^+\)>Zn\(^2\)\(^+\)>Mn\(^2\)\(^+\). For single and multiadsorbate systems, a Pseudo second order model was the most appropriate theory to satisfactorily describe experimental data and the rate limiting step for this process was chemisorption. Adsorption was spontaneous and high pH promoted adsorption possibly by precipitation and/or ion exchange processes which had taken place between the exchangeable cations present in BOS and solutions. Results from the treatment of real and synthetic AMD solutions revealed that BOS sludge worked well and hence BOS sludge as a novel low cost material could be used as a sustainable sorbent in AMD treatment technologies.
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McCoy, Jan. "Treating Waste Water With Weeds." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295662.
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Zanger, Maggy. "Potential Problems of Treated Waste Water." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295692.
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Chan, May Kwan Syuen. "Development of pillared clays for water and waste water treatment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7757.
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Cameli, Fabio. "Microbial Fuel Cell for Waste Water Treatment." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183074.
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Microbial Fuel Cell is a novel technology that can be used for a waste water treatment in order to simultaneously remove carbonaceous matter and nitrogen while producing electrical power. Even if it is not an established technology so far, MFC could be a cost effective option for waste water treatment and the major challenge of this process will be the device scale-up. Exoelectrogenic bacteria are capable of converting the chemical energy of organic matter into electrical energy by transferring the electrons produced in the oxidation to the anode electrode. This project focused on developing a single device for nitrification, denitrification and carbon removal. Two double air-cathode single chamber MFCs are used to test the feasibility of this process that could replace the biological unit in a waste water treatment train. The cells tested in this study were manufactured with the purpose of achieving a high surface area on both the anode electrode (vitreous carbon foam) and the air-cathode electrodes (metallic mesh with diffusion layer and active layer) with different catalysts for the reduction reaction (cobalt and platinum). The bacterial biofilm growth is a fundamental step and the cells Open Circuit Potential was monitored during all the start-up period to determine the microorganism acclimation: a three days lag period was observed in both cells before the potential rise. The second cell was forced to reach higher voltage through an anode polarization and that seems to positively affect the biofilm stability at lower voltages transferring a greater amount of electrons and hence obtaining a higher current and power generation. For this reason after three weeks of inoculation the second cell reached an open circuit potential of 0.76 V which is a promising value for such a system. Electrochemical and biological tests were conduced in order to test the power production of the cell and the substrate removal from the waste water. Polarization curves were used to evaluate power generation (and the maximum production under a specific external load) and the cell voltage trend which is characterized by activation and ohmic losses: 32 mW/ and 41 mW/ are the power density normalized by cathode surface (72 ) reached by respectively first and second cell. The experimental conditions were varied from low to high temperature and from low to high inlet flow rate but the most affecting phenomenon seems to be the biofilm formation since significant voltage drops were noticed after long closed circuit operation. Higher cell voltage characterized the second cell thanks to more active cathode (platinum catalyst used) and more negative bacterial biofilm but a bigger drop in current generation over time affects the system performance and the most reliable reason is the shorter acclimation time compared to the first cell. Cyclic voltammetry tests were carried out on both electrodes to study the potential range of activity and determine an optimal operational voltage despite of mass transport or kinetic limitations. Substrate removal tests at different retention times in power generation conditions (external load 100 Ω) showed a relatively high total nitrogen consumption (maximum 72.2 %) for the first cell while lower values were achieved by the second system meaning that a longer acclimation period is beneficial for nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria to thrive on the cathode biofilm. Effluent pH level are almost similar to the initial values probably because of nitrification and denitrification protons offset.
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Sundström, Daniel. "Vibrational prediction of a waste water pump." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280800.
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An off-market waste water pump is suspected to have high vibrational velocity levels. These vibrations are sought after at the outer surface located at the upper bearing position of the pump. It has then become of interest for trying to predict these vibrations by using the commercial FEA software COMSOL. The aim is to quantify to what extent it is possible to predict the vibrations numerically by comparing to experimentally measured data. The ‘root-mean-square’-value or the RMS-value of the vibrational level is used to quantify the predictions. The proposed method for vibrational predictions separates the rotating structure and non-rotating structure of the pump. The rotating parts include shaft, bearings, rotor and impeller, which may be modelled in the Beam-Rotor module in COMSOL. The non-rotating structure includes the rest of the pump excluding the discharge connection and sliding bracket. Furthermore, the non-rotating structure is simplified where the drive unit of the pump is replaced by a homogenous hollow cylinder while the pump housing remains intact. The next step is to couple the rotating structure to the non-rotating structure. This may be done by using ‘moving foundation’ at the upper and lower bearing position in the Beam-Rotor module, where appropriate displacements may be added. However, it is found necessary to find a way to replace the non-rotating structure with a simplified version to avoid having to solve its large structure in time-domain. This has meant using a modal method with appropriate boundary conditions on the non-rotating structure to quantify the displacements at the upper and lower bearing position, which may then be inserted to the ‘moving foundation’ in the Beam-Rotor module which in turn produces the bearing forces that displaces the non-rotating structure. Two different constraints are used, namely, one symmetric constraint and one asymmetric constraint. When using a low water level covering the pump, it is found that the RMS-value for the symmetric constraint at the flow rate 0.5𝑄𝐵𝐸𝑃 (which is the worst load case with regards to vibrations) in 𝑥,𝑦 and 𝑧-direction deviates to measured values with (-1.3%), (-42.4%) and (+38.4%), respectively. The asymmetric constraint shows a deviation of (+27.0%), (57.7%) and (+110.8%), in 𝑥,𝑦 and 𝑧-direction. When using a higher water level for the pump, the RMS-value for the symmetric constraint at the flow rate of 0.5𝑄𝐵𝐸𝑃 shows a deviation of (+14.3%), (-24.6%) and (+48.5%), in 𝑥,𝑦 and 𝑧-direction. While the asymmetric constraint deviates with (+47.0%), (+98.8%) and (+126.1%), in 𝑥,𝑦 and 𝑧-direction. In conclusion, the first mode shape dominates the predicted vibrational response of the pump. The mode shapes are controlled by the constraints on the pump, which means that accurate information about the mode shapes is essential to be able to know that the constraints on the pump model are correct. It is therefore vital to measure the FRF-function (frequency response function) from experimental work to find the modes and mode shapes. It may also be necessary to include the discharge connection and sliding bracket to fully encapsulate all the measured modes and their mode shapes. Furthermore, missed kinematics due to a beam model of the rotating system (six degrees of freedom) while the non-rotating system is modelled using solid elements (three degrees of freedom) should be improved in future works.En avloppspump som ej är inom försäljning är misstänkt för att ha höga vibrationsnivåer. Dessa vibrationer är eftersökta vid den yttre ytan vid den övre lagerpositionen hos pumpen. Det har därav blivit av intresse att prediktera dessa vibrationer med hjälp av det kommersiella FEA-programmet COMSOL. Målet är att kvantifiera till vilken grad det är möjligt att prediktera vibrationerna numeriskt genom att jämföra med experimentellt uppmätt data. För att kvantifiera vibrationspredikteringen används det ’kvadratiska medelvärdet’ av vibrationsnivån, förkortat RMS (eng. root-mean-square) som mått. Den föreslagna metoden separerar de roterande delarna och de icke-roterande delarna av pumpen. De roterande delarna inkluderar axel, lager, rotor och impeller, vilka kan modelleras med hjälp av Beam-Rotor-modulen (Balk-rotor-modulen) i COMSOL. De icke-roterande delarna eller strukturen inkluderar de resterande delarna av pumpen, exkluderat kopplingsanslutningen och klon. Den icke-roterande strukturen är dessutom förenklad, där drivenheten ersätts med en homogen, ihålig cylinder medan pumphuset förblir intakt. Nästa steg är att koppla samman de roterande och icke-roterande strukturerna. Detta kan göras med hjälp av ’moving foundation’ vid den övre och undre lagerpositionen i Beam-Rotor-modulen, där lämpliga förskjutningar kan läggas in. Det har dock visat sig nödvändigt att ersätta den icke-roterande strukturen med en förenklad version för att undvika att behöva lösa en sådan stor struktur i tidsdomänen. Detta har inneburit att använda en modalmetod tillsammans med lämpliga randvillkor hos den icke-roterande strukturen för att kunna kvantifiera förskjutningarna vid den övre och undre lagerpositionen, vilket sedan kan sättas in i ’moving foundation’ i Beam-rotor-modulen, vilket i sin tur ger lagerlaster som förskjuter den icke-roterande strukturen. Två olika randvillkor har använts, ett symmetriskt och ett asymmetriskt. När pumpen kördes med en lägre vattennivå, ett symmetriskt randvillkor och flödet 0.5𝑄𝐵𝐸𝑃 (detta är det värsta lastfallet ur vibrationssynpunkt), då erhölls det predikterade RMS-värdena i 𝑥,𝑦 och 𝑧-riktning till (-1.3%), (-42.4%) och (+38.4%) av de uppmätta RMS-värdena. Med det asymmetriska randvillkoret erhölls det predikterade RMS-värdet i 𝑥,𝑦 och 𝑧-riktning till (+27.0%), (57.7%) and (+110.8%) av de uppmätta RMS-värdena. När pumpen kördes med en högre vattennivå, ett symmetriskt randvillkor och flödet 0.5𝑄𝐵𝐸𝑃, då blev deviationen (+14.3%), (-24.6%) och (+48.5%), i 𝑥,𝑦 och 𝑧-riktning. För det asymmetriska randvillkoret blev deviationen(+47.0%), (+98.8%) and (+126.1%) i 𝑥,𝑦 och 𝑧-riktning. Sammanfattningsvis, den första modformen dominerar de predikterade vibrationsnivåerna hos pumpen. Dessa modformer styrs av pumpens inspänning, vilket innebär att korrekt information gällande modformerna är väsentligt för att kunna veta ifall inspänningarna hos pumpmodellen är korrekt. Det är därför avgörande att mäta upp FRF-funktionen (frekvenssvarsfunktionen) från experimentellt arbete för att hitta moderna och dess modformer. Det kan också visa sig nödvändigt att inkludera kopplingsanslutningen och klon för att fullt fånga in alla de uppmätta moderna och dess modformer. En ytterligare sak att förbättra i ett framtida arbete är att på något vis fånga in de missade rotationsfrihetsgraderna eftersom det roterande systemet modelleras som en balk (sex frihetsgrader) medan det icke-roterande systemet modelleras som en solidmodell (tre frihetsgrader).
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Zhu, Yan, Chao Zhang, Xiaolong Shen, and Micah Kneeshaw. "Waste Water Treatment on a Naval Ship." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145127.
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Weiss, Katherine. "Water, Waste, and Words in Beckett’s Plays." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2251.
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Neupane, Kamal. "Bacterial Inhibition in Waste-Water/Fracking Water Using Copper Ion Solution." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1463931102.
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Mbewe, Alfred, and Alfred Mbewe. "Characterization of municipal waste waters." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23669.
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Over the past 20 years there have been extensive developments in the activated sludge method of treating wastewater. The functions of the single sludge system have expanded from carbonaceous energy removal to include progressively nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal, all mediated biologically. Not only has the system configuration and its operation increased in complexity, but concomitantly the number of biological processes influencing the system performance and the number of compounds involved in these processes have increased. With such complexity, designs based on experience or semi-empirical methods no longer will give optimal performance; design procedures based on more fundamental behavioural patterns are required. Also, it is no longer possible to make a reliable quantitative, or sometimes even qualitative prediction as to the effluent quality to be expected from a design, or to assess the effect of a system or operational modification, without some model that simulates the system behaviour accurately. To address these problems, over a number of years design procedures and kinetic models of increasing complexity have been developed, to progressively include aerobic COD removal and nitrification (Marais and Ekama, 1976; Dold et al., 1980), anoxic denitrification ( van Haandel et al., 1981; WRC, 1984; Henze et al., 1987; Dold et al., 1991) and anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic biological excess phosphorus removal (Wentzel et al., 1990; Wentzel et al., 1992; Henze et al., 1995). In terms of the framework of these design procedures and kinetic models, the influent carbonaceous (C) material (measured in terms of the COD parameter) is subdivided into a number of fractions - this subdivision is specific to the structure of this group of models. The influent COD is subdivided into three main fractions, biodegradable, unbiodegradable and heterotrophic active biomass. The unbiodegradable COD is subdivided into particulate and soluble fractions based on whether the material will settle out in the settling tank (unbiodegradable particulate) or not (unbiodegradable soluble). The biodegradable material also has two subdivisions, slowly biodegradable (SB COD) and readily biodegradable (RBCOD); this subdivision is based wholly on the dynamic response observed in aerobic (Dold et al., 1980) and anoxic/aerobic (van Haandel et al., 1981) activated sludge systems, that is, the division is biokinetically based. Thus, as input to the design procedures and kinetic models, it is necessary to quantify five influent COD fractions, that is, to characterize the wastewater COD. From a review of the literature on existing tests to quantify the COD fractions, it was evident that the existing procedures are either too elaborate or approximate or sometimes not even available. This research project addresses these deficiencies. In this research project, the principal objective was to develop simple accurate procedures to quantify the influent wastewater COD fractions. A batch test method has been developed to quantify the five influent COD fractions; namely heterotrophic active biomass, readily biodegradable COD, slowly biodegradable COD, unbiodegradable particulate COD and unbiodegradable soluble COD. Also, the physical flocculation-filtration method of Mamais et al. (1993) to quantify RBCOD has been evaluated and refined.
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Svensson, Johan. "Waste water in the vehicle industry : A pre-study on Volvo GTO waste water treatment plant and its future conditions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161141.
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This thesis aims to investigate and assess the future conditions for Volvo GTO Umeå after the installation of a new pre-treatment facility. The treatment method used is physical-chemical precipitation. Its function is to precipitate contaminants such as nickel, zinc and phosphorus, make them flocculate by adding a coagulant and separate the flocs by sedimentation. An investigation was carried out at the Volvo plant to locate the major inflow of waste water. These major inflows was analyzed and future scenarios was predicted by estimating a lower pre-treatment flow volume. The future scenarios showed that the volume and content will be greatly lowered. This will change many of the treatment plants performance factors, such as residence time, metal ion concentration and how much chemicals needed to treat the contaminants. Volvos physical-chemical precipitation plant was compared to the best available technique document drawn up in the framework of the implementation of the Industrial Emission Directive (2010/75/EU). The findings in the comparison showed that the Volvo plant works at a desirable degree and that the plant itself is considered best available technique when treating the current and future contaminants. Thus the physical-chemical precipitation technique can be used to treat the future waste water flows if the treatment plants performance factors are adjusted for.
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Adnan, Abid Muhammad. "Various methods of water marsh utilization for domestic sewage waste water treatment." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20727.
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Different methods are being used for the removal of unwanted material from waste sewage water such as mini sewage treatment plant, infiltration and filter bed. But as compared to all above methods introduction of marsh is more beneficial, as marsh efficiency is much better then above mentioned methods. Marshes also have important role in biodiversity. Domestic waste sewage water contains organic material, viruses, bacteria and pathogens, nitrate and phosphate. These all factor influence the external environment. Removal of nitrate and phosphate is necessary because if they are not removed they may cause rapid increase in the growth of algae. Algae have short life span so they die. Bacteria use a lot of oxygen for the decomposition of algae. So as a result there becomes deoxygenating in the marsh. Most of the animals die because of lack of oxygen in the water source. Marsh method is better as compared to other methods for the removal of organic material and nutrients. Subsurface flow is needed in wetland for getting the best result. Subsurface flow wetland system will make the process better and it will minimize the effect of odor and insects and these both things directly create bad effect on external environment. In the subsurface flow wetland Phragmites australis and similar plants are used. Bacteria grow on the roots of these plants and break down the nutrients. Waste water treatment marshes are best suited for smaller towns, villages and single family homes. They work best under relatively warm conditions, but many are used in temperate climate as well. For the removal of microorganisms, chlorine is to be used, as it is best way for the removal of it. A de-chlorination process is also necessary, otherwise this water will create bad effect on aquatic life.
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Walsh, Stephen. "Integrated design of chemical waste water treatment systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8603.
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Shpiner, R. A. M. "Treatment of produced water by waste stabilsation pond." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498655.
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Hua, Lihong. "Heat exchanger development for waste water heat recovery." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6459.
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Hot water plays an import role in modem life. The consumption of hot water represents a significant part of the nation's energy consumption. One way of reducing the energy consumption involved, and hence the cost of that energy, is to reclaim heat from the waste warm water that is discharged to the sewer each day.
The potential for economic waste water heat recovery depends on both the quantity available and whether the quality fits the requirement of the heating load. To recover heat from waste water in residential and commercial buildings is hard to achieve in quality because of its low temperature range. Nevertheless, efforts to recycle this waste energy could result in significant energy savings.
The objective of this research was to develop a multiple panel thermosyphon heat exchanger for a waste water heat recovery system. The advantage of the system proposed in this work is that it not only provides useful energy transfer during simultaneous flow of cold supply and warm drain water but also has the ability to store recovered energy at the bottom of a hot water storage tank for later use. While this concept is not new, the design of the heat exchanger proposed for the present study is significantly different from those used previously.
Component experiments were carried out to determine the performance characteristics of a single thermosyphon panel. By changing the inclination angle of the single panel heat exchanger and varying its working condition, it was found that the inclination angle of 10° could be identified as the minimum inclination angle at which good performance was still obtained. The close values of the overall heat transfer coefficients between top surface of the panel insulated and both top and bottom surfaces of the panel uninsulated shows that the overall heat transfer coefficient of the single panel was dominated by the bottom surface of the panel. Even if in a worst case the top surface of the panel might be possibly covered by the deposits from the waste water, it would not affect much on the heat transfer performance of the panel.
Measurements of hot water usage and waste water temperature and flow rates were obtained for a potential application of the proposed exchanger (the dishwasher for the kitchen in the University Halls of Residence).
A model of a multi-panel thermosyphon heat exchanger was also developed to predict the energy savings that would be expected if such a heat exchanger was used in this situation.
The result indicated that an overall electricity of 7500 kWh could be saved annually from the dishwasher system by employing a four-panel thermosyphon heat exchanger.
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Hamill, Noel Anthony. "Photocatalytic destruction of dichlorobutenes in waste water treatment." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322954.
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Dong, Wei. "Photoelectrochemical catalysis of waste water in pharmaceutical industry." Магістерська робота, Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19552.
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The master’s thesis is devoted to the study of photoelectrochemical treatment of the wastewater from pharmaceutical industrials. The aim is achieved through the new redox hybrid materials with viologen and AuNPs and CdS, respectively. The technical task is focused on the preparation of viologen-based hybrid films and improving their electrochemical and photocatalytic properties. Based on the electrochemical, spectroscopic and microscopic analysis, the materials have shown good redox properties, good stability and good photoelectrochemical performance. The excellent redox properties and good photoelectrochemical performance of the hybrid films have improved their photocatalytic properties in wastewater treatment, and their easy preparation and good stabilities will also extend their application as the new wastewater treatment materials in the future.
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Alias, Naser Ibraheem. "Ecological and economical importance of waste water treatment." Thesis, Изд-во СумГУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7611.
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Water resources were one of the environmental factors which reacted with ocean, affected by climatic, geological changes, pollution phenomenon, all water in nature component suspended dissolved matter in different quantity, that waste water in every kinds as domestic, industrial, agricultural and others contains to additional pollution matter, these were byproducts of human activities, these several wasters caused water pollution, depended this pollution on degree of pollution concentration; types of wasters and to the conditions of hydrological, physical and climatic of water sources, which these garbage throws in water sources.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7611
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Vaidya, Rajendra D. "Solid Waste Degradation, Compaction and Water Holding Capacity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35432.
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Bioreactor landfills offer a sustainable way to achieve increased waste degradation along with benefits such as enhanced landfill gas (LFG) recovery, reduction in leachate pollution potential and rapid increase in landfill volumetric capacity. It also offers significant reduction in post closure management activities as leachate treatment, LFG impact on the environment and improves the potential for land reuse. The regulatory 30 year post-closure period is believed to account for attenuation of organics, metals and trace pollutants of adverse environmental consequences. Methodologies to improve the degradation rate and process are refuse shredding, nutrient addition, pH buffering, and temperature control along with moisture enhancement. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) settlement and field capacity are of significant beneficial interest to achieve maximum utility of landfill volume and compute water requirements for rapid degradation using bioreactor concepts.
Physical and biochemical Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) characteristics were investigated with specific emphasis on the Bio-Chemical methane potential (BMP) test. The impact of waste characteristics on its compressibility and moisture retention capacity was evaluated on a laboratory scale. Traditional in-situ waste compression models from literature were used to compare with the obtained laboratory data.Master of Science
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Tanner, Rene Michelle 1963. "Food chain organisms in industrial waste water ponds." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192096.
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The following thesis research examined the algae and invertebrates making up a food chain in two, hypersaline, industrial waste water ponds at the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Phoenix, Arizona. The ponds had high levels of total salts (65 g/I, mainly NaC1), nitrate (580 mg/1), BOD (31.6 mg/1) and algae (up to 650,000 cells/m1). Currently, the only toxic element of concern is selenium (1641 IA g/ 1) . The dominant algae were the diatoms Chaetoceros sp. and Nitzschia frustulum (Kurtz.) Grun. and the cyanobacteria, Synechococcus Nageli 1849. The only aquatic fauna were two invertebrates: Artemia sp. (brine shrimp) and Trichocorixa sp. (water boatmen). A salinity tolerance experiment on algae indicated that the current dominant species will not persist above 150 g/I salt, hence the ponds, which are not expected to reach this salininity for many years, will continue to support a food chain and attract waterfowl as the mineral content increases.
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Skouteris, George S. "Low energy membrane bioreactors for decentralised waste water treatment." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527518.
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Tapah, Boris Fotso. "Processing of organic waste by catalytic supercritical water gasification." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4752/.
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The results of the degradation of glycerol in supercritical water show that conversion of pure glycerol (58 % at 550 \(^0\)C) without a catalyst can be achieved, but complete conversion of pure glycerol over Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\)+Cr\(_2\)O\(_3\) or Fe\(_3\)O\(_4\) catalysts (at 550\(^0\)C, 250 barg, <15 wt% feed concentration, 10.1 g and 4 mm catalyst particles) can be reached. Crude glycerol conversion decreases from 100 to 67 mole% and 100 to 74 mole% over the same catalysts and conditions. Hydrogen yield was as high as 61 mole% and 49 mole % when crude glycerol was gasified over Fe\(_3\)O\(_4\) and Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\)+Cr\(_2\)O\(_3\), respectively. 64 mole% of syngas was obtained with minimum 4:1 mole ratio of H\(_2\):CO. Hydrocarbon yields (69 mole% for ethylene and 22 mole% for methane) were obtained and this decreased with temperature as resulted of thermal cracking. Small amounts of char (<3.1 wt%) and carbon deposition on the catalyst surface and inside the reactor wall was observed. Prolonged exposure of Fe\(_2\)O\(_3\)+Cr\(_2\)O\(_3\) to 172 h on-stream under supercritical conditions resulted in fragmentation of the surface from metal sintering, which reduced activity for H\(_2\) production. 42 mole% of hydrogen was obtained from 2 wt% digestate gasification at the same conditions.
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Schennings, Jacob, and Rasmus Pettersson. "Modeling state of waste water system in Dakar, Senegal." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301199.
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This report contains a method to mathematically determine the condition of pipes in a sewer system in Dakar, Senegal. First a survival analysis model is established based on probability density functions. The functions are then fitted to a data set consisting of the age of the sewer pipes and their inspected status. The status is ranked on a scale from 0 to 5 where 0 is a practically new pipe and 5 being a pipe with severe deterioration. The data fitting is done using the maximum likelihood function. Based on the established functions a prediction of the deterioration of the system is done, modeling how the proportion of pipes in different states develops. It is found that a model describing the deterioration can be established. It is also found that a few hundred inspected pipes is sufficient to model large quantities of similar pipes with good accuracy as long as consistent classification of the pipes is applied.
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Acosta, Vega Julio A. "Electro-Disinfection of Municipal Waste Water using Direct Current." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1899.
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Wastewater treatment has always been a problem to human settlers. Events such as the great stink of London during the summer of 1858 have pushed engineers into developing new technologies to deal with such wastes in effective and safe ways. Research projects like this aim to find ways of improving performance, economics, or environmental friendliness of treatment and disinfection methods.
This thesis deals with the effectiveness, mechanisms of action, by-products and side effects of using DC current to disinfect secondary effluent. It is proposed as an alternative to conventional methods, such as chlorination, which are not always environmentally friendly or feasible.
It was demonstrated that DC current efficiently kills pathogens. DC properly used achieves disinfection significantly higher than the minimum required by the EPA. Nevertheless disinfection by products such as residual chlorine should be taken into account when considering this technology as an alternative to conventional chlorination.
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Mohammed, Alahmad Suleiman. "Electrochemical and Electroflotation Processes for Milk Waste Water Treatment." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu151309400205639.
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Apelt, Mark. "PHYTOREMEDIATION OF COPPER CONTAMINATED WASTE WATER USING LEMNA MINOR." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2300.
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The use of natural remediation methods to remove contaminants from waste water is becoming more popular. Plants have been used for several decades, yet their use for municipal waste water contaminated by heavy metals is limited to a few studies which focus on the Mercury and Chromium (Bennicelli, et.al, 2004). This study specifically attempted to determine the viability for using Lemna minor to remediate municipally generated wastewater contaminated with copper. The study used 100 ml samples of wastewater, artificially spiked with 8 mg/L of copper sulfate and seeded with approximately 100 Lemna minor fronds. Each treatment was repeated 15 times and distilled water was added daily to maintain 100 ml samples. The addition of Lemna minor statistically lowered the copper concentration of the treatment groups (55% reduction in total Cu concentration). No significant decrease was seen in the control groups. While Lemna minor has metals accumulation potential, its wide spread use is limited by the toxic effect of copper on Lemna minor at relatively low levels.
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Mehta, Rupel. "The separation of waste oily water using carbon adsorption." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440880.
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Thomsen, Ann. "Waste water treatment in Antarctica : a feasibility study for grey water at Wasa station." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi (flyttat 20130630), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32649.
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Today more and more of our focus in Antarctica and the rest of the world are turning towards how we, theinhabitants, leave footprints on our planet. Scientists have found trace of humans all over the world evenin Antarctica’s fauna and flora. To be able to do research and understand our planet’s development andproblems, we must try to make as small impact on Antarctica as possible today and leave a pristinecontinent to the coming generations. One way to manage this is to not release untreated waste water. The aim of this thesis was to investigate different techniques for cleaning grey water for the SwedishAntarctic Summer Station Wasa. A survey on waste water treatment on almost all Antarctic researchstations has been carried out in order to find a suitable treatment method for the grey water released fromWasa. The survey showed that all twenty eight member states that operate research stations was includedand the survey covered 41 permanent stations, 26 summer stations and 4 field stations. The study showedthat 26 permanent stations and 8 summer stations had some kind of treatment for their waste water. Themost common treatment method at the permanent stations are biological treatment (8 stations) followed bysecondary treatment and maceration (4 stations per method). The results are based upon analyses from thesurvey answers and information from COMNAP’s homepage about members’ stations. One treatment system using chemical precipitate is currently under evaluation for Wasa. The system willbe tested in Sweden before the planned installation at Wasa during season 2006/2007.www.ima.kth.se
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Graube, Franziska, Sebastian Grahl, Slawomir Rostkowski, and Michael Beckmann. "Optimisation of water-cannon cleaning for deposit removal on water walls inside waste incinerators." Sage, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35547.
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Deposits in municipal waste incinerators are very inhomogeneous in structure and constitution. They cause corrosion and reduce the efficiency, so they need to be removed frequently. Among other systems, operators use water cannons for the deposit removal. Two different removal mechanisms of water-cannon cleaning are suggested: A direct shattering of the deposit by the impact of the water jet, as well as the cracking caused by thermal stresses where droplets cool the deposits. As the contribution of each of the aforementioned mechanisms to the overall cleaning efficiency is unknown, we performed empirical investigations to determine the dominating effect. In a first experimental setup focusing on thermal stress, cold droplets were applied onto hot deposits taken from a waste incinerator. Results showed that the cleaning effect strongly depends on the deposit thickness and structure, so that the deposits could be categorised in three different groups. A second measurement campaign focused on the influence of deposit material, deposit temperature and water jet momentum. It could be shown that both deposit material and temperature have a significant effect on the cleaning efficiency, whereas an increase in water jet momentum only led to modest improvements. The combination of these two parameter studies implies that the influence of the thermal stress outweighs that of the momentum. This knowledge is applicable to the cleaning setup by increasing the temperature gradient.
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Ricco, Edward D. "Hydrogeologic Considerations in Siting a Solid Waste Landfill." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296439.
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From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Cortés, de la Fuente Christian. "Supervisory systems in waste water treatment plants: sistematise their implementation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7777.
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La implantació de Sistemes de Suport a la presa de Decisions (SSD) en Estacions Depuradores d'Aigües Residuals Urbanes (EDAR) facilita l'aplicació de tècniques més eficients basades en el coneixement per a la gestió del procés, assegurant la qualitat de l'aigua de sortida tot minimitzant el cost ambiental de la seva explotació. Els sistemes basats en el coneixement es caracteritzen per la seva capacitat de treballar amb dominis molt poc estructurats, i gran part de la informació rellevant de tipus qualitatiu i/o incerta. Precisament aquests són els trets característics que es poden trobar en els sistemes biològics de depuració, i en conseqüència en una EDAR. No obstant, l'elevada complexitat dels SSD fa molt costós el seu disseny, desenvolupament i aplicació en planta real, pel que resulta determinant la generació d'un protocol que faciliti la seva exportació a EDARs de tecnologia similar. L'objectiu del present treball de Tesi és precisament el desenvolupament d'un protocol que faciliti l'exportació sistemàtica de SSD i l'aprofitament del coneixement del procés prèviament adquirit. El treball es desenvolupa en base al cas d'estudi resultant de l'exportació a l'EDAR Montornès del prototipus original de SSD implementat a l'EDAR Granollers. Aquest SSD integra dos tipus de sistemes basats en el coneixement, concretament els sistemes basats en regles (els quals són programes informàtics que emulen el raonament humà i la seva capacitat de solucionar problemes utilitzant les mateixes fonts d'informació) i els sistemes de raonament basats en casos (els quals són programes informàtics basats en el coneixement que volen solucionar les situacions anormals que pateix la planta en el moment actual mitjançant el record de l'acció efectuada en una situació passada similar).
El treball està estructurat en diferents capítols, en el primer dels quals, el lector s'introdueix en el món dels sistemes de suport a la decisió i en el domini de la depuració d'aigües. Seguidament es fixen els objectius i es descriuen els materials i mètodes utilitzats. A continuació es presenta el prototipus de SSD desenvolupat per la EDAR Granollers. Una vegada el prototipus ha estat presentat es descriu el primer protocol plantejat pel mateix autor de la Tesi en el seu Treball de Recerca. A continuació es presenten els resultats obtinguts en l'aplicació pràctica del protocol per generar un nou SSD, per una planta depuradora diferent, partint del prototipus. L'aplicació pràctica del protocol permet l'evolució del mateix cap a un millor pla d'exportació.
Finalment, es pot concloure que el nou protocol redueix el temps necessari per realitzar el procés d'exportació, tot i que el nombre de passos necessaris ha augmentat, la qual cosa significa que el nou protocol és més sistemàtic.
The decision support systems (DSS) implemented in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) make easier the application of better techniques based on the knowledge to manage the process, insuring the effluent quality and minimising the economical costs of its exploitation. The knowledge-based systems are characterised by its capability of working in ill structured domains, and with relevant information of type qualitative or uncertain. These are the characteristics that could be found in the biological systems treatments, and consequently in a wastewater treatment plant. However, the high complexity of the DSS makes very expensive their design, development and the application in a real WWTP, and because this reason it is very important the generation of a protocol that makes easier the exportation of the program to other similar plants.
The objective of the present document is the development of a protocol that makes easier the systematic exportation of DSS and the reuse of the process knowledge acquired previously. The document is developed in basis on the study case from the DSS exportation from the Granollers WWTP to Montornès WWTP. This knowledge-based system integrates two kinds of systems based on knowledge, concretely the rule-based systems (which are programs that simulate the human reasoning and its capability of problem solving using the same information sources) and the case-based reasoning systems (which are informatic programs based on knowledge that solve the current abnormal situations in the plant by means of retrieving the executed action in a similar past situation).
The document is structured in different chapters, in the first chapter; the lector is introduced in the DSS domain and in the wastewater treatment domain. Afterwards the objectives are defined and the materials and methods used are explained. Following, the Granollers DSS prototype is presented. Once, the prototype is explained, the first protocol made by the author in his research work is presented. Afterwards, the results obtained from the protocol application to export the DSS to other plant are presented. The real application of the protocol allows making better itself.
In conclusion, the new protocol reduces the needed time to make the exportation process, although the new protocol needs more steps to make the same work, this means that it is more systematic.
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Paul, Joydip. "NANOMATERIALS FOR THE DECONTAMINATION OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177558.
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The existent of pharmaceutical drugs in our aquatic media is a preeminent burden for the environment effect including health fitness issues. The presence of tiny amount of organic and inorganic pharmaceutical drugs including hormones, birth control pills, NSAID, antibodies can causes a huge destruction for our living entity now a days. According to the report of WHO (World Health Organization), it is a matter of concern about the alarming existence of pharmaceutical drugs in our daily water supply systems because of these small portion of Pharmaceutical activated compound can cause enormous health effect for both animals and human being. The photocatalytic degradation of Ibuprofen and cetirizine has been chosen according to their large scale presence with waste water and also creating a benchmark with our conventional and nonconventional treatment processes of our waste water treatment plants to obtain pristine water. Even though our meticulous environmental regulation policy, Ibuprofen and Cetirizine both are vastly used by large portion of community in our society and they are major pharmaceutical contaminant of WWTP (waste water treatment plant) for their enormous uses by human being. TiO2, ZnO and several clay nanopowder with photocatalytic compounds are familiar as photocatalyst and their uses under UV light generator can able to degrade both pharmaceutical drugs. Three different types of TiO2 components (Anatase, Rutile and mixture of Anatease and Rutile) were used to determine the best efficient material among photocatalyst chemical nanopowder. ZnO and montmorillonite clay particles were tested for further verification of photocatalytic characteristics. The entire experiment was accomplished by batch reaction under several operating parameters consideration such as changing pH values, time and concentration. All parameters have very important influence on ibuprofen and cetirizine degradation was verified. Recently many efforts have been made to increase the efficiency of photocatalytic materials. By addition of MWCNT (Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube) with photocatalyst nano powder can increase the photocatalytic efficiency by increasing recombination time was demonstrated here after examination. The entire goal of this thesis was to develop a suitable, sustainable and efficient hybrid nanofiber composite also successfully investigated. Using photocatalytic nanopowders to degrade the PhACs (Pharmaceutical Active Compounds) in WWTP are not very easy to separate after execution. Therefore, the idea of hybrid nanofibers was fabricated here to get remedy from separation problem. Hybrid nanofibers assembled by PAN (Polyacrylonitrile)/TiO2 where TiO2 were immobilized over electrospun PAN nanofibers. The nanofiber has been fabricated appropriately with electrospinning process by using N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), PAN and tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OBu)4] sol-gel composites. TiO2 immobilized on PAN nanofiber after implementing hydrothermal process. The fabricated hybrid nanofibers were scrutinized with different characterization tools such as X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The outcome of fiber analysis represents the flexibility and large surface area of the hybrid nanofibers. The as-fabricated nanofibers were tested with ibuprofen solution under UV light irradiation. Impressive performances by fabricated nanofibers were examined for ibuprofen degradation after several minutes’ photocatalytic reaction.
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Longjan, Gurumwal George. "Bio-methane potential of exotic food waste and water hyacinth." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13540.
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Region specific foods in the Niger Delta like yam and cassava are consumed on a daily basis by at least 70% of the population. In addition to other commonly consumed foods, high volumes of unavoidable food wastes are generated. With 78% of the households in the region disposing their waste by burying, burning or in unauthorised heaps, environmental degradation is sustained. The region also suffers an infestation of Water Hyacinth (WH). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) presents a viable way of managing these wastes in addition to providing a clean source of energy. Limited research has been conducted on the characterisation and biogas potential of these exotic food wastes due to their localised availability, leading to a knowledge gap. My original contribution to knowledge is the Specific Waste Index (SWI), nutrient characterisation and biogas potential of the local food wastes and WH. Also novel is the design and optimisation of the AD process for mono and codigestion including the quarter hourly analysis of CH4 and CO2 content of the biogas composition over the complete duration of an AD test. The research approach was experimental and involved using conventional research methods in new fields of investigation. SWI was determined by replicating local food processing practices while nutrient composition was obtained using standard analytical methods. The Bio-Methane Potential (BMP) tests were carried out on the four most common food wastes, Yam Peel (YP), Cassava Peel (CP), Cocoyam Peel (CoP), Plantain Peel (PP), following VDI 4630 guidelines and using a newly designed cost-effective bioreactor. Laboratory scale batch reactors ran over 20 days at 37⁰C (310 K). The food wastes were anaerobically co-digested with WH in the ratio 2:1 g Volatile Solid (VS) with a total substrate mass of 8.4 g VS. The S:I ratio was 1:2 g VS and tests were carried out in duplicates to give an indication of repeatability. The results showed a wide range of SWI from 0.2-1.5. The Total Solid (TS) content varied from 7% for WH to 82% for Egusi Shell. Crude Protein and Crude Fibre were highest for Ugwu Stalk at 37% VS and Egusi Shell at 82% VS respectively. Cassava Peel had the highest oil content at 25% VS. NFE which was the major nutrient for 80% of the samples was highest for Yam Peel at 82% VS. YP+WH, CP+WH, CoP+WH and PP+WH had specific biogas yields of 0.42, 0.29, 0.39, and 0.38 m3/kg VS respectively. The yields represented 76%, 48%, 70% and 69% of their respective theoretical values. The samples had their highest methane content during the Technical Digestion Time (T80) period, which lasted up to the 8th day of digestion. The pH values ranged from 7.3 to 7.9 indicating that there was no inhibitory accumulation of organic acids. The results of the mono-digestion tests showed that co-digestion with WH reduced the biogas yields for YP, CP, CoP and PP by 16%, 22%, 7% and 7%. This drop in gas production was due to presence of complex molecules in the WH co-substrate, which cannot be digested by the anaerobic microbes. Further tests showed that fresh waste produced more biogas than dry samples, while a lower S:I produced more biogas due to increased microbial population. It was concluded that waste and nutrient content varied widely between different types of Niger Delta foods. In addition mesophilic digestion of food wastes have good biogas potentials which reduce when co-digested with water hyacinth. The methane content is shown to vary widely throughout an AD test. The findings of this research would provide valuable information to AD databases and its implementation would support clean energy production, environmental remediation and allow researchers in poor regions to perform BMP test on novel feedstock using cost-effective reactors. Key Words: Anaerobic Digestion, Co-Digestion, Water Hyacinth, Niger Delta, Yam, Cassava, Cocoyam, Food Waste, Specific Waste Index, Biogas.
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Benjathapanum, Nunthika. "Artificial intelligence applications in waste water monitoring for industrial purposes." Thesis, City University London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294426.
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Emmett, Robyn Angela. "Glycerol production by Dunaliella species in saline waste water treatment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004079.
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In recent years, much research has focused on Algal High Rate Oxidation Ponds as both an economic means for wastewater treatment and as a system for the mass production of algae. With the advent of these systems for the treatment of saline organic effluents, the extreme halophile, Dunaliella salina was considered. In this study, the growth and productivity of a number of Dunaliella species (and strains thereof) was evaluated in hide soak liquor tannery effluent. Hide soak liquor, diluted to 20% with water, proved to be highly suitable as a growth medium for the majority of the Dunaliella species under study and in some instances, resulted in enhanced growth rates and higher biomass yields compared to those obtained in defined inorganic medium. A few Dunaliella species failed to grow in this effluent. A correlation was observed between the lack of growth displayed by these species in this organio-rich medium and their failure to utilise organic compounds. Glycine, a major component of this effluent, possibly stimulates the growth of Dunaliella. Studies on the mechanism of growth stimulation by glycine revealed that an algal-bacterial relationship existed whereby the bacteria mineralised the amino acid, releasing ammonia which was then utilised by the alga. Results of this work revealed significant variations in the intracellular glycerol content amongst the Dunaliella species under study. Large differences were also observed between the glycerol contents of effluent-grown and control Dunaliella cells, where the effluent-grown cells were characterised by greatly reduced intracellular glycerol content. These reduced glycerol levels are assumed to have arisen from the glycine-induced stimulation of glycerol release which was observed in this study, where the high glycine content of the hide soak liquor is proposed to have induced glycerol release. This enhanced glycerol release in tatmery effluent could play a central role in the fimction of Dunaliella-based High Rate Oxidation Ponding systems, by stimulating bacterial activity. Observed glycerol productivities were therefore proposed to be a fimction of the type and concentration of the organic constituents of the medium. A similar medium-induced phenomenon was observed in the starch content of Dunaliella cells.
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Han, Le. "Desalination of saline waste water containing organic solute by electrodialysis." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30245/document.
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L'électrodialyse peut être utilisée pour traiter des effluents salins contenant de la matière organique. La compréhension des mécanismes de transfert (eau, ions, espèces organiques) à travers les membranes échangeuses d'ions et particulièrement l'influence de la composition ionique est un point clé vis-à-vis des performances du procédé. L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude du transfert et la relation avec les performances de dessalement. Les nombres d'hydratation des ions sont tout d'abord calculés à partir des mesures du transfert des ions et de l'eau. Ils sont indépendants du courant et de la composition saline. La comparaison avec des valeurs de la littérature montre que les membranes ont peu d'effet sur l'hydratation des ions. Le transfert d'espèces organiques est ensuite étudié pour différentes compositions salines. Outre la diffusion, une contribution additionnelle est mise en évidence (convection pour les espèces neutres, migration pour les espèces chargées). Pour les espèces neutres, diffusion et convection sont du même ordre de grandeur et fixées par l'effet stérique. Des tendances inverses sont obtenues concernant l'hydratation des ions, la diffusion étant limitée par les modifications des membranes, la convection étant limitée par l'hydratation des espèces organiques en solution. Pour les espèces chargées, la migration domine la diffusion, les deux contributions étant influencées par la présence de sel. Les performances de dessalement sont enfin discutées sur la base d'un modèle phénoménologique à 4 paramètres liés au transfert de l'eau, des ions et des espèces organiques. La robustesse du modèle est validée pour différentes conditions. Ce travail montre que l'électrodialyse est une technologie très prometteuse pour le dessalement d'effluents contenant de la matière organiqueElectrodialysis can be used to treat saline water containing organic solute, separating organic solutes from salt. The understanding of salt, water and organic solute transfer through ion- exchange membranes and especially the influence of salt composition is a key factor regarding the process performances. The aim of the Thesis is to investigate the mass transfer and the relationship with the desalination performance. Firstly, hydration numbers of individual ion transferring through the membranes are computed based on experimental measurements of ion- water flux. They are independent from the salt compositions and current. Comparison with literatures values shows that the membranes have a weak influence on the ion hydration. Secondly, the transfer of different organic solutes is investigated with different salt compositions. Two contributions are pointed out, diffusion and additional one (convection for neutral solute, migration for charged one). For neutral solutes, diffusion and convection are comparable and both fixed by steric effect. Ion hydration leads to reversed trend for diffusion due to membrane swelling and convection due to solute dehydration. For charged solute, migration is more important than diffusion, both being influenced by the presence of salt. Then, desalination performance is discussed based on a phenomenological model, consisting of 4 parameters, related to ion, water and organic solute transfer respectively. The robustness of the model is demonstrated for different conditions. This work shows that electrodialysis can be a very promising process for the desalination of saline water containing organic solutes
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Scott-Emuakpor, Efetobor. "Optimisation of sustainable technologies for the remediation of waste water contaminants." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=182250.
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There is an increasing demand for the provision of cleaner safer water. In the last 5 years, the global water supply industry has spent > £57 billion on purification treatments. With an increasing population and energy costs, investment is predicted to increase over the next 10 years. Moreover, the industry is attempting to move towards more efficient and sustainable processes for the treatment of a wide range of contaminants. This project focuses on two novel sustainable technologies for remediation of common waste water contaminants: photoelectrocatalysis (pathogens and 2,4-DCP) and biosorption (heavy metals - HMs). The application of semiconductor photocatalysis in waste water treatment has been intensively investigated over the past decade. These studies mainly involve nano dimensional titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst using ultra-violet light as an energy source. However, practical applications are still limited by its poor visible light activity. In this study a photoelectrocatalytic batch cell (PECB) and photoelectrocatalytic fuel cell with a flow through configuration (PECFC) containing a visible light active tungsten trioxide (W03) photocatalyst have been optimised and assessed for contaminant remediation. The potential for the PECB to disinfect a surrogate human pathogen, the lux-marked E. coli HE 101 pUCD607, is investigated in Chapter 3. Disinfection experiments indicated that a > 99 % decrease in CFU/rnl occurred within 15 min. Although, this experiment showed that bacterial disinfection can be achieved by light alone (photolysis), the results indicated that disinfection rates were enhanced considerably by using the immobilised thin film W03 photoelectrocatalyst. This alternative catalyst was further assessed in a flow through PECFC system. The combination of the visible light enhanced W03 and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology to remediation of 2,4-DCP in waste waters is investigated in Chapter 4. Degradation of 2,4-DCP was monitored over a period of 24 hrs. A total decrease of 74 % in 2,4-DCP concentration was observed, from which ea. 54 % were accountable to photoelectrocatalytic degradation processes and 20 % due to losses by adsorption or volatilisation. This decreased further to > 98 % removal over 6 days. A combination of chemical (HPLC) and bacterial biosensor (lux-marked Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607) toxicity responses confirmed degradation of the parent compound with a concomitant increase in toxicity due to formation of intermediates, respectively. The reduction in 2,4-DCP concentration was observed to follow first order kinetics assuming a perfect flow model for the PECFC. However, more work is required to improve sustain ability of this technique as reduced efficiency of the PECFC occurred with prolonged use of the MEA (potentially due to occlusion of the catalytic sites), leading to loss of membrane conductivity. A major constraint with PECFC is the presence of eo-contaminants such as HMs that limit the efficiency of the MEA. Therefore, Chapter 5 assesses the efficacy and mechanisms for a sustainable biosorbent (distillery spent grain - DSG) to remove HMs from contaminated waters. A batch system was employed to determine the sorption of five different HMs from aqueous solution to DSG. Adsorption occurred up to a saturation point of 11.8, 14.1, 11.2, 38.1 and 14.6 mg of Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn / g DSG, respectively. Adsorption for all HMs conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating heterogeneity of the DSG surface. The sorption of HM followed the pseudo- second-order kinetic model, indicating that the rate-controlling step in the process was chemical interaction between the HM ions and the functional groups on the DSG surface. An increased sorption efficiency of the DSG occurred with increased storage time as decomposition of the organic matrix resulted in increased number of active sorption sites. However, deterioration in the aesthetic quality of the DSG meant that a balance was required between optimum performance and ease of handling in the application of this material; an optimum storage period of 3 months has been proposed. The batch equilibrium sorption experiments estimated sorption under optimal conditions where there was no limiting rate of interaction between HM and DSG active sites. A leaching set up more reminiscent of a 'real life' in-stream remediation scenario is assessed in Chapter 6. Successful sorption of all five HMs was observed but this was significantly reduced compared to batch equlibia. Moreover, an assessment of the effect of competing ions (NaCl) on HM sorption efficiency of the DSG indicated that increasing the ionic strength of the HM solution generally resulted in a decrease in HM sorption capacity of DSG at lower initial HM concentrations but the opposite effect was observed at the highest initial HM concentration. Sequential extractions, carried out on the BM-laden DSG after leaching experiments indicated that all five HMs studied were strongly bound within the organic matrix of the DSG as < 10 % of the sorbed HMs were loosely bound on labile or exchangeable sites. A preliminary investigation of DSG as a potential sorbent for 2,4-DCP is described in Chapter 7. For two concentrations (16.3 and 40.75 mg/l) , 66.0-68.9- % and 39.6-44.3 % of the 2,4-DCP was removed in batch and leaching experimental set-ups, respectively. The W03 photoelectrocatalytic fuel cells (batch PECB and continuous flow PECFC) and waste-derived biosorbent investigated during the course of this study are both promising emerging technologies for sustainable waste water treatment technologies. Moreover, there is potential for both technologies to act as complementary systems in a treatment train with the DSG deployed upstream of the PECFC (Chapter 8). This DSG- PECFC arrangement could potentially improve the efficiency of the PECFC to degrade organic contaminants, as the DSG will sorb both HM and organic pollutants, thereby reducing the contaminant concentration load stream entering the PECFC. This proposed set-up could in principle be adapted for application in-line of existing waste water treatment systems.
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Palma, Heredia David. "Development of strategies for waste valorisation in waste water treatment plants (WWTPS): Consorci Besòs Tordera case study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671580.
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The objective of this thesis is to develop and apply to a real case study a method to allow easier WWTP development planning and implementation of circular economy related processes in the wastewater treatment sector. In the WWTP system, sewage sludge is the main waste produced. Hence, the processes regarding its production and transformation are the focus of the thesisEl objetivo de la tesis es desarrollar y aplicar a un caso de estudio real un método que permita facilitar la planificación del desarrollo de EDAR y la implementación de procesos relativos a la economía circular en el sector del saneamiento. En el sistema de la EDAR, el fango de depuración es el principal residuo producido. Por tanto, los procesos relativos a su producción, transformación y valorización son el foco de la tesis
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Ying-WangShiau and 蕭英旺. "Application of Reclaimed Municipal Waste Water for Industrial Water Resources: A Study on Waste Water Treatment System." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00820005953839410464.
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碩士國立成功大學
地球科學系碩士在職專班
103
In recent years, global factors such as global warming and climate change have significant impacts toward our Planet. Taiwan possesses abundant rainfall during the rainy season, however, a wide area of mountains and hills fairly help to maintain the water storage. This reveals the importance of effective usage of water resources. How to develop an effective and reasonable application of water resources and implement the diversified usages of resources, are mission and vision of future water resources development in Taiwan. Under this research of water resources recycling and reapplication, different processing units were experimented, such as: bio-nitrification, sand filter, pressurized ultrafiltration membrane, submerged ultrafiltration membrane, and reverse osmosis, etc. Through the water quality analysis after each processing unit, the best operating parameters of each unit were obtained; the criteria and requirements to meet the water quality standard were also confirmed. The final result is robust and re-applicable as reference for future planning and design of water recycleing plant.
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Verma, Priyanka, and Subrahmanyam Ch. "Bio-waste derived adsorbent materials for waste water treatment." Thesis, 2014. http://raiith.iith.ac.in/103/1/CY12M1013.pdf.
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Corn cobs were used as a source to prepare activated carbon by physical and
chemical activation methods. The physical activation was employed with CO2 and
steam at high temperature of 1,173K while chemical activation with nitric acid and
hydrogen peroxide at ambient temperature. The adsorption studies of a basic dye,
methylene blue, on the activated carbon were investigated. The effects of various
experimental parameters like contact time, adsorbent dosage, MB concentration,
temperature and pH were studied using batch adsorption experiments. The
characterization of the activated carbon was accomplished by using BET-N2
adsorption, Temperature programmed decomposition (TPD) and Thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA). The results obtained from adsorption studies follow Langmuir
adsorption isotherm with maximum monolayer capacity of 94.33 mg/g for CCC,
64.93 mg/g for SCC, 7.02 mg/g for NCC and 4.04 mg/g for PCC. The kinetics of
adsorption was analyzed by different kinetic models like pseudo first order, pseudo
second order, intraparticle diffusion and Evolich. Among these, pseudo second order
was found to be the most appropriate to study the adsorption of MB on physically
activated carbon. The process was found to be endothermic with enthalpy change,
ΔH (kJ mol-1) of 43.27 (CCC), 38.45 (SCC), 151.63 (NCC) & 72.29 (PCC) and
entropy change, ΔS (kJ mol-1) of 1.57 (CCC), 1.33 (SCC), 5.09 (NCC) and 2.41
(PCC) for a temperature change of 300-330 K. The negative value of ΔG (kJ mol-1),
of -29.92 (CCC), -11.14 (SCC), -7.09 (NCC) and -2.14 (PCC), suggests the
spontaneous adsorption of MB on activated carbon.
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Pan, Hsiao-yung, and 潘孝勇. "Waste Water Treatment by Electrolysis." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91226453036104617171.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
92
The aim of this study is to apply electrolysis in waste water treatment focusing on removal of total suspended non-metal solids(TSS). Relations among applied voltage, current, area of electrodes and distance between electrodes were quantified. Two experimental tanks including water re-circulating type and fixed batch type were set up and amount of waste water were both 100 liter. Electrodes were made from stainless steel. 6 plates of 1.4m x 1cm x 1mm and 4 plates of 60cm x 1cm x 1mm were used in the re-circulating and fixed batch tanks, respectively. The removal rate at the first 10 minutes for the waste water at 500μS/cm EC and initial TSS of 200-500 ppm in the re-circulating tank was about 30-40 %. For the waste water at 250-750μS/cm EC and initial TSS of 500 ppm, the highest removal rate at the first 10 minutes was 56.7 %. The TSS removal rates in direct relation to the EC values of the waste water. The removal rate at the first 10 minutes for the waste water at initial TSS of 200-500 ppm and 2 mS/cm EC in the fixed batch tank was 40-50 %. Compare both systems using waste water at 750μS/cm EC and initial TSS of 500 ppm, the removal rate for the fixed batch type at the first 20 minutes was less than the re-circulating type. However, the situation reverse after 1 hour of treatment. The final TSS for the fixed batch type and re-circulating type treatments were 40 and 100 ppm, respectively.
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Rungan, Chen, and 陳榮安. "Waste Water Purification by Vacuum Freezing." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70451747328103340515.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
89
As waste water purification by vacuum freezing has the benefits of water recycling, high freezing rate and simple equipment, it is worth to study this technology. The objective of the present study is to perform an experimental study in order to investigate the effects of solute concentration and pressure difference between the system and the triple point of the solution on the purification by the process. The results of the studies show that when the pressure difference between the system and the triple point of the solution ranged in an optimal region around 0.53 torr, the ice formed is thin and limpid, and the degree of purification could be better than 10. Higher pressure difference produces thicker ice layer which contains more impurity. Lower pressure difference fields granular ice. Both of them lower the degree of purification of the solution. When the chemical oxygen demand of the solution is less than 5000ppm., the solution of higher solute concentration has positive effect on the separation of the ice layer and the solute which results increased degree of purification. Regarding to the ice growth rate, it all maintains above 100L/m2•hour, and it increases with the pressure difference between the system and the triple point of the solution.
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Swain, Ipsita. "Waste water minimization using pinch analysis." Thesis, 2010. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1906/1/10600039.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis lays out the basic principles for analyzing a water using operation and then compares the freshwater and wastewater flowrates for the system with and without
reuse. First, the system is defined as a mass transfer problem in which the contaminant is transferred from a contaminant rich process stream to a water stream. Next, the system is analyzed treating each water-using operation separately. Finally, the minimum freshwater requirement for the integrated system is determined by maximum water reuse subject to constraints such as minimum driving force for mass transfer. For this analysis, the concentration composite curve, the concentration interval diagram and the freshwater pinch are introduced. The methods of regeneration reuse and recycle are also discussed.
The approach for single contaminant problem is extended to multiple contaminants problem with multiple constraints. The preliminary mass exchange network is designed
on the basis of concentration interval diagram and further simplification is achieved by loop breaking. The basic concepts of each method are formulated into a mathematical
code to obtain computer-aided solution to a problem.
Two industrial case studies are discussed to illustrate the significance of wastewater minimization and the results obtained are compared with that predicted using analytical method. The first one is a SO2 extraction problem from four process streams and the second is a petroleum refinery complex problem. An average reduction of about 20% in the freshwater requirement is achieved with water reuse while a reduction of about 60 % is achieved by regeneration reuse. There is also a reduction in the number of units in the mass exchange network by four units with water reuse.
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Chang, Yung-Hsin, and 張永信. "Membrane process for industrial waste water reclamation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77239993307723474246.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
96
The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of treating the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant（WTP）of an industrial park for reuse. First, coagulation, with or without UF, followed by reverse osmosis（RO）were used to treat the effluent. The permeate quality and the flux decline of the RO system were monitored. Then sequential filtration by combining various kind of ultrafiltration（UF）membrane were used to test the coagulated effluent, in order to evaluate the characteristics of the major foulants. The results show that the water quality of RO permeate was excellent, and can be easily used as process water supplement. However, as the fouling potential of the WTP effluent was quite high, the smooth operation of the RO system will depend on successful fouling control. Coagulation followed by UF could significantly reduce the Silt Density Index（SDI） value, and, therefore, are the feasible pretreatment process for RO. In the study of coagulation for UF fouling control, alum was found to be superior to ferric chloride. The alum treated water generated high flux for the UF than ferric chloride, as the former removed more colloidal and particulate matters. Further, based on sequential filtration by various UF membrane, the size of the major foulants for 10 kDa regenerated cellulose UF membrane was found to be between 100 kDa（20 nm）to 1μm. Based on Hermia's model, the major fouling mechanisms for 10 kDa and 100 kDa UF membranes were found to be cake formation on the membrane surface, and particles deposition on pore walls, respectively.
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Brassington, Juliette. "Wilderness management : human waste & water quality." Thesis, 1999. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19077/1/whole_BrassingtonJuliette1999_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Human wastes in wilderness areas have a number of impacts. Many of these impacts
relate to inadequate disposal methods which are unable to contain harmful pathogens
found in human wastes nor prevent animal contact with them. This situation can lead to
contamination of surface waters, thereby posing a public health risk. These issues are
compounded by the dramatic rise in visitation to these areas and a lack of research or
baseline data from which to make informed management decisions.
A case study was undertaken at Pelion Plains in the Tasmanian World Heritage Area to
examine the impact of human waste on water quality. Pelion Plains is a heavily used area,
and there is anecdotal evidence linking the area to a number of health related problems.
Using the traditional indicator method, Faecal coliform levels taken over five sample
occasions ranged from 1-410 (cfu) per 100 mL water and Faecal streptococci levels
ranged from 1-420 per 100 mL. Results indicate that the water is not suitable for
drinking. Currently no warning is provided advising visitors of a potential health risk
associated with the consumption of untreated water.
The faecal sterol method was also used due to its ability to differentiate human and
herbivore faecal matter. Results indicated that contamination was herbivore in origin.
Due to lack of (antecedent) rain during sampling, however, results were not considered
to be truly representative in this study. A limited macroinvertebrate analysis was also
undertaken to provide much needed baseline data, which may be useful as a pollution
indicator for the detection of long term ecological impacts.
This research has demonstrated that inadequate disposal of human wastes is influencing
water quality in a wilderness area, and that associated issues of public health are not being
addressed. In particular this research demonstrated that the existing toilets and camping
activities at Pelion Plains are implicated in the contamination of surface water which is
currently used for drinking.
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YADAV, RAJAN. "APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT." Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16307.
Full textAbstract:
The textile industry manages the outline and generation of different textures with a web of procedures interweaved to create the final item. Among these, the dyeing and finishing forms specifically utilize substantial amounts of water and thusly prompt generation of extensive volumes of wastewater. Colors, dis-settled solids, dangerous substantial metals, leftover chlorine and other non-degradable natural materials are the poisons of real concern show in profluent from textile enterprises. Headways in nanotechnology have empowered us to investigate the uses of nanochemicals for profluent treatment in textile enterprises. Nanochemicals have the coveted properties required for toxin and pathogen expulsion from wastewater by techniques, for example, chemical oxidation, disinfection and photocatalysis. This part talks about the different poisons display in wastewater effluent from textile businesses and their sources, the present profluent measures and the utilization of nanochemicals for wastewater treatment.
Dyes are an important class of pollutants, and can even be identified by the human eye. Disposal of dyes in precious water resources must be avoided, however, and for that various treatment technologies are in use. Among various methods, adsorption occupies a prominent place in dye removal. The growing demand for efficient and low-cost treatment methods and the importance of adsorption has given rise to low-cost alternative adsorbents.
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Maleka, Mamohau Julia. "Investigation of causes of foaming in industrial waste water treatment and effects of substances in industrial waste water treatment." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/420.
Full textAbstract:
M-Tech: Chemistry (Vaal University of Technology)ABSTRACT The research was aimed to study the causes of excessive foaming in a waste water treatment plant. Although the activated sludge process has been adopted to treat this industrial waste water , lots of problems were experienced by the inhibitory effects of toxic compounds that are found in industrial effluents and the foaming stability that was very high. Industrial waste water treatment using sludge processes was found to be more challenging than the normal municipal waste water treatment although the principle is the same; the foaming tendencies were found to be more in industrial waste water. In this study the composition of influents to the waste water treatment plant and operating parameter’s effects on foaming tendencies were examined. The foaming potential in the plant was found to be chemically related due to high contamination of compounds such as phenols, which played a major role in formation of stable foam. It was recommended that there must be pretreatment of the incoming influents to minimize their impact to waste water treatment.
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Buthelezi, Simphiwe P. "Application of bacterial bioflocculants for wastewater and river water treatment." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1049.
Full textAbstract:
Dyes are often recalcitrant organic molecules that produce a colour change and contribute to the organic load and toxicity of textile industrial wastewater. Untreated effluent from such sources is harmful to aquatic life in the rivers and lakes due to reduced light penetration and the presence of highly toxic metal complex dyes. The use of alum as flocculant/coagulant in wastewater treatment is not encouraged as it induces Alzheimer’s disease in humans and results in the production of large amounts of sludge. Therefore, the development of safe and biodegradable flocculating agents that will minimize environmental and health risks may be considered as an important issue in wastewater treatment. Bioflocculants are extracellular polymers synthesized by living cells. In this study, bacterial bioflocculants were assessed for their ability to remove dyes from textile wastewater as well as reducing the microbial load in untreated river water. The bacteria were isolated from a wastewater treatment plant and identified using standard biochemical tests as well as the analysis of their 16S rDNA gene sequences. Six bacterial isolates were identified viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella terrigena. The flocculating activities of the bioflocculants produced by these isolates were characterized. The effect of temperature, pH, cations and bioflocculant concentration on the removal of dyes, kaolin clay and microbial load was also determined. The amount of bioflocculants produced by the bacterial isolates ranged between 5 and 27.66 g/l. According to the findings of the present study, bacterial bioflocculants were composed of carbohydrates, proteins, uronic acid, and hexosamine in varying quantities. The bioflocculants were effective to varying degrees in removing the dyes in aqueous solution, in particular whale dye, medi-blue, fawn dye and mixed dyes, with a decolourization efficiency ranging between 20-99.9%. Decolourization efficiency was influenced by the bioflocculant concentration, pH, temperature, and cations. The bacterial bioflocculants were also capable of reducing both the kaolin clay and the microbial load from river water. The flocculating activity ranged between 2.395–3.709 OD-1 while up to 70.84% of kaolin clay and 99% of the microbial load from the river water was removed. The efficiency of kaolin clay flocculation increased with higher concentration of bacterial bioflocculants. The optimum pH for the flocculating activity was observed between 6 and 9. The best flocculating activity was observed at 28oC. Divalent cations such as Mg2+ and Mn2+ improved the flocculation while salts such as K2HPO4, CH2COONa, and Na2CO3 did not. The findings of this study strongly suggest that microbial bioflocculants could provide a promising alternative to replace or supplement the physical and chemical treatment processes of river water and textile industry effluent.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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LIN, YI-CHIAN, and 林宜謙. "Investigation of Specific Water Pollution Indicators for Domestic Sewage and Waste Water." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13821290698430916964.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
獸醫學系研究所
85
The aims of this study were first to differentiate the specific indicators of swine waste water from domestic sewage, and then to evaluate the possibili ty of utilizing these indicators as tools to estimate river pollution by swine waste. Thirty-four sewage samples（8 original domestic sewage(A1), 9 inflow w aste water(A2), 9 outflow waste water(A3), and 8 downstream river water(A4)）, were collected from Taipei Di-huah waste water treatment plant and its downst ream. Swine waste samples were collected separately from Pig Research Institut e of Taiwan（PRIT）and Tai-chung swine farms. They were 11 solid liquid separa tion samples(B1), 11 post-anaerobic fermentation samples(B2), 6 inter-aerobic treatment samples(B3), 11 overflow of final clarifier samples(B4), and 8 downs tream samples(B5) from PRIT, and twenty-four samples from Tai-chung as compari son purpose. Conventional water pollution indicators－BD5, COD, SS, and pH, an d specific bacterial indicators－FC, FS, FC/FS, and flora of Enterococcus were investigated. BOD5, COD and SS had no source specificity and influenced by di lution factor and treatment ability easily. Thus, they cannot be used as sourc e identification purposes. The results of FC/FS for A3 and A4 were 52.58＋/－3 9.52 and 38.61＋/－44.49 respectively. All were significantly higher than FC/F S of B4（0.81＋/－0.66）, and of B5（1.71＋/－2.42）（P＝0.0002）. X ratio, de fined as（Enterococcus durans/E. hirae）／（Enterococcus faecalis/E. faecium） , of A3 and A4 was 0.90, and were lower than X ratio of B4 and B5（5.55）. Sim ilar FC/FS and X ratio were also noticed from other swine water samples. This indicated FC/FS and X ratio were suitable of distinguishing swine and domestic source of waste water. On the assessment of the Kao-Ping river, the pollution declined after the FMD outbreak, and the FC/FS and X ratio indicated that ups tream is in heavy polluted by swine waste water. However, the method is still in early stage to be used as a tool to predict the weigh of contribution from different sources. A mathematical model involved variables, such as different animal sources, pollutant amount, water temperature, and water volume, etc., w as needed for future research to estimate the proportion of different pollutio n sources.
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Tanner, Rene Michelle. "Food chain organisms in industrial waste water ponds." 1997. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1997_187_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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