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Journal articles on the topic 'Wastewater influent and effluent'
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1
Filipic, M., and M. J. Toman. "Genotoxicity of influents and effluents of the wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (1996): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0595.
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Wastewaters are treated through different processes of wastewater treatment procedures. Nevertheless they often contain mutagens especially when the proportion of industrial wastewater in comparison to municipal wastewater is high. In this study we evaluated mutagenic potential of influents and effluents from a wastewater treatment plant that is processing both industrial and domestic wastewater. The mutagenicity of XAD-2 extracts of influent and effluent was evaluated by means of Ames test using S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98 in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation. Extracts that were mutagenic to strain TA98 without metabolic activation were suspected to contain nitropolyaromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs). To confirm this hypothesis they were tested with nitroreductase (TA98NR) and O-acetiltransferase (TA98/1,8DNP6) deficient derivatives of strain TA98, that are resistant to nitropolyaromatic hydrocarbons. The nitroreductase deficient strain TA98NR was less sensitive to the mutagenic extracts of influent than the parent strain TA98. The O-acetiltransferase deficient strain TA98/1,8DNP6 was resistant to the mutagenic extracts of influent. The mutagenic extracts of the effluent were nearly equally mutagenic to the parent strain TA98 and both deficient strains TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP6. On the basis of the responses of nitroreductase deficient strains on the influent and effluent it was concluded that the influent contained nitro-PAHs. These were not removed or inactivated during the biological treatment of the wastewater, but activated to the final nucleophylic form able to induce mutations strain TA98 and in its nitroreductase deficient derivatives TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP6.
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Kwarciak-Kozłowska, Anna, Lucyna Sławik-Dembiczak, and Bartłomiej Bańka. "Phycoremediation of Wastewater: Heavy Metal and Nutrient Removal Processes." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 25, no. 4 (2014): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2014-0026.
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Abstract Phycoremediation is the use of algae for the removal or biotrans-formation of pollutants from wastewater. The study is a novel at-tempt to integrate nutrient (N and P) removal and some heavy met-als (iron, manganese and zinc) bioaccumulation from municipal wastewater using two microalgae species: Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus armatus. The Chlorella vulgaris showed higher re-moval of total nitrogen (TN) both in influent and effluent waste water than Scenedesmus armatus. Nevertheless, more than 51% of total phosphorus (TP) in effluent and 36% in influent wastewaters were removed by Scenedesmus armatus. More efficient microalga in heavy metal removal in influent wastewater was Scenedesmus armatus. The results showed that Chlorella vulgaris was appropriate for TN removal and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from effluent wastewater. Nevertheless, Scenedesmus armatus was highly pref-erable for heavy metals removal from influent wastewater.
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Adjei, Raymond Lovelace, Lady Asantewah Boamah Adomako, Appiah Korang-Labi, et al. "Assessing Changes in Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance in the Legon Sewage Treatment Plant between 2018 and 2023 in Accra, Ghana." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 9 (2023): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8090427.
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Wastewater treatment plants are efficient in reducing bacterial loads but are also considered potential drivers of environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In this study, we determined the effect of increased influent wastewater volume (from 40% to 66%) in the Legon sewage treatment plant (STP) on the removal of E. coli from sewage, along with changes in AMR profiles. This before and after study compared E. coli loads and AMR patterns in influent and effluent samples from a published baseline study (January–June 2018) with a follow-up study (March–May 2023). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli were measured pre- and post-sewage treatment during the follow-up study. The follow-up study showed 7.4% and 24% ESBL E. coli proportions in influent and effluent, respectively. In both studies, the STP was 99% efficient in reducing E. coli loads in effluents, with no significant difference (p = 0.42) between the two periods. More E. coli resistance to antimicrobials was seen in effluents in the follow-up study versus the baseline study. The increased influent capacity did not reduce the efficiency of the STP in removing E. coli from influent wastewater but was associated with increased AMR patterns in effluent water. Further studies are required to determine whether these changes have significant effects on human health.
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Melcer, Henryk, Hugh Monteith, and Stephen G. Nutt. "Variability of Toxic Trace Contaminants in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (1988): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0177.
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The variability of toxic trace contaminants in influents and effluents at three full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants was measured by collecting grab samples of degritted raw wastewater and non-chlorinated secondary effluent at two hour intervals over eight consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for metals, conventional contaminants and a range of organic trace contaminants. The metals and volatile organic compounds were the dominant contaminants found in the influents. In the effluents, organic concentrations were close to detectable levels and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were almost never detected. Some influent metal and organic contaminants varied diurnally while others appeared to fluctuate randomly with periodic spike inputs. The variability of most effluent trace contaminant concentrations was considerably attenuated in comparison to influent concentrations.
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Sima, Laura C., Julien Schaeffer, Jean-Claude Le Saux, Sylvain Parnaudeau, Menachem Elimelech, and Françoise S. Le Guyader. "Calicivirus Removal in a Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Treatment Plant." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 15 (2011): 5170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00583-11.
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ABSTRACTTo evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus andEscherichia colialso were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never detected in effluent; GI and GII were detected in 50% of the samples but at low concentrations. In the effluent, sapovirus was identified only once. An adenovirus titer showing temporal variation in influent samples was identified only twice in effluent.E. coliwas always below the limit of detection in the effluent. Overall, the removal of calicivirus varied from 3.3 to greater than 6.8 log units, with no difference between the two main genogroups. Our results also demonstrated that the viruses are blocked by the membrane in the treatment plant and are removed from the plant as solid sludge.
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Bilel, Moslah, Hapeshi Evroula, Jrad Amel, Fatta-Kassinos Despo, and Hedhili Abderrazek. "Pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater samples in north-eastern Tunisia." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 19 (2017): 18226–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8902-z.
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Pharmaceutically active substances (PhACs) and drugs of abuse (DAs) are two classes of contaminants of emerging concern that have attracted great concern and interest by the scientific community during the last two decades. Numerous studies have revealed their presence in treated urban wastewaters. This is mainly due to the fact that some compounds are not efficiently removed during wastewater treatment processes, and are thus able to reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharge and reuse practices. The application of an optimized multi-residue method for the simultaneous confirmation and quantification of licit and illicit drugs has been investigated in influent and effluent wastewater samples from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in north-eastern Tunisia. Analysis was performed through ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Out of 12 pharmaceutical compounds analyzed, 11 of them were detected mainly in effluent wastewaters. In both matrices, antibiotics and β-blockers were the most detected groups. This suggests that these compounds show noticeable resistance against biological treatment in WWTPs. The estimated concentrations of antibiotics in effluents ranged from ca. 35 ng/L to 1.2 μg/L. However, all five studied illicit drugs were detected, mainly in influent wastewaters. Forensic investigation performed on people suspected to be drug abusers covering all Tunisian cities was conduct- ed by monitoring an epidemiological study of human urine samples surveying rate of consumption for illicit drugs. Hence, these preliminary results confirmed the presence of illicit drugs in the influent wastewater samples. For example, quantification ranges for cocaine were found to be 25–450 ng/L in influent wastewater samples. Significant differences for cocaine consumption across the two sampling methods were observed. Consequently, we conclude that the analyses in wastewater are more reflective of the real levels of illicit drug consumption. Moreover, the cost for chromatographic analysis is lower than the screening test methods for human biological specimen, particularly staffing, which are likely to be much lower.
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Thakali, Ocean, John P. Brooks, Shalina Shahin, Samendra P. Sherchan, and Eiji Haramoto. "Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes at Two Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plants of Louisiana, USA." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061729.
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) represent all known types of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and are considered as the critical points for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the removal of a Class 1 integrase gene (intI1) and a selected set of ARGs (blaTEM, ermF, mecA, and tetA) at two conventional WWTPs by using chlorination in Louisiana, USA. We collected 69 wastewater samples (23 each from influent, secondary effluent, and final effluent) and determined the concentrations of ARGs by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All tested ARGs, except for mecA, were detected in 83–96% and 30–65% of influent and final effluent samples, respectively. Although the ARGs underwent approximately 3-log10 reduction, two WWTPs on an average still released 3.3 ± 1.7 log10 copies/mL of total ARGs studied in the effluents. Chlorination was found to be critical in the significant reduction of total ARGs (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis and the ability of intI1 to persist through the treatment processes recommend the use of intI1 as a marker of ARGs in effluents to monitor the spread of antibiotic resistance in effluents. Our study suggests that conventional WWTPs using chlorination do not favor the proliferation of antibiotic resistance bacteria and ARGs during wastewater treatment.
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Klees, R., and J. Silverstein. "Improved Biological Nitrification Using Recirculation in Rotating Biological Contactors." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 3-4 (1992): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0434.
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The effect of recirculation on biological nitrification in rotating biological contactors (RBCs) was examined in an on-site pilot-scale RBC system which simulated full-scale plant RBC operations at the Longmont, Colorado, Wastewater Treatment Plant (LWWTP). Two LWWTP wastewater streams were used as pilot RBC influent. One wastewater stream, designated the “fresh” influent, was first stage trickling filter effluent. The second stream, designated the “recirculation” influent, was clarified secondary effluent. Three recirculation ratios, defined as the ratio of the recirculation influent to the fresh influent, were examined: 0 (no recirculation), 1 (50% of the flow is recirculation), and 3 (75% of the flow is recirculation). Each recirculation ratio was studied at three hydraulic loading rates. Recirculation improved nitrification at all hydraulic loading rates. Improved nitrification with recirculation was due to the dilution of influent biodegradable organic carbon (BOD5) which occurs as a result of mixing secondary plant effluent with first stage effluent. An unexpected and operationally significant result was that extremely low concentrations of influent organic carbon did not improve nitrification.
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Gevao, Bondi, Saif Uddin, Divya Krishnan, Smitha Rajagopalan, and Nazima Habibi. "Antibiotics in Wastewater: Baseline of the Influent and Effluent Streams in Kuwait." Toxics 10, no. 4 (2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040174.
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This study provides baseline information on the concentrations of antibiotics in influent and effluent from two wastewater treatment plants in regular operation in the State of Kuwait. Wastewater samples were collected from the influent and effluent streams of two WWTPs, over four sampling campaigns and analyzed for a broad range of antibiotics. The mean influent concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and cefalexin were 852 ng/L, 672 ng/L, 592 ng/L), and 491 ng/L, respectively, at Umm Al Hayman WWTP. At the Kabd WWTP, the influent concentration of clarithromycin was highest with a mean of 949 ng/L, followed by ciprofloxacin (mean, 865 ng/L), cefalexin (mean, 598 ng/L), and sulfamethoxazole (mean, 520 ng/L). The dominant compounds in the effluent from Umm Al Hayman were sulfamethoxazole (mean, 212 ng/L), ciprofloxacin (mean, 153 ng/L), ofloxacin (mean, 120 ng/L), dimetridazole (mean, 96 ng/L), and metronidazole (mean, 93 ng/L). Whereas, at the Kabd WWTP, the dominant compounds were sulfamethoxazole (mean, 338 ng/L), dimetridazole (mean, 274 ng/L), cefalexin (mean, 213 ng/L), ciprofloxacin (mean, 192 ng/L), and clarithromycin (189 ng/L). The mean influent concentrations of all compounds were higher than those measured in the effluents. The concentrations of antibiotic compounds were not significantly different between the two WWTPs (p > 0.05). The removal efficiencies of the various antibiotics over the four sampling campaigns for the Kabd and Umm Hayman WWTPs ranged between 10.87 and 99.75% and also showed that they were variable and were compound dependent. The data clearly show that the concentrations of antibiotics measured in the influents of both WWTPs were highest in samples collected during the winter-summer (September samples) transition followed by the concentrations measured during the winter-summer (March samples) transition period. This is possibly linked to the increased prescription of these medications to treat infectious diseases and flu prevalent in Kuwait during these periods. This study provides the first reported concentrations of antibiotics in the dissolved aqueous influents and effluents of WWTPs in Kuwait. Additional studies are required to evaluate the environmental impact that antibiotic residues may cause since treated wastewater is used in irrigation, and often there are instances when untreated wastewater is discharged directly into the marine environment.
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Liedhegner, Elizabeth, Brandon Bojar, Rachelle E. Beattie, Caitlin Cahak, Krassimira R. Hristova, and Troy Skwor. "Similarities in Virulence and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gene Profiles among Cefotaxime-Resistant Escherichia coli Wastewater and Clinical Isolates." Antibiotics 11, no. 2 (2022): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020260.
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The World Health Organization has identified antibiotic resistance as one of the largest threats to human health and food security. In this study, we compared antibiotic resistance patterns between ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from human clinical diseases and cefotaxime-resistant environmental strains, as well as their potential to be pathogenic. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested amongst clinical isolates (n = 11), hospital wastewater (n = 22), and urban wastewater (n = 36, both influent and treated effluents). Multi-drug resistance predominated (>70%) among hospitalwastewater and urban wastewater influent isolates. Interestingly, isolates from clinical and urban treated effluents showed similar multi-drug resistance rates (~50%). Most hospital wastewater isolates were Phylogroup A, while clinical isolates were predominately B2, with a more diverse phylogroup population in urban wastewater. ESBL characterization of cefotaxime-resistant populations identified blaCTX-M-1 subgroup as the most common, whereby blaKPC was more associated with ceftazidime and ertapenem resistance. Whole-genome sequencing of a carbapenemase-producing hospital wastewater E. coli strain revealed plasmid-mediated blaKPC-2. Among cefotaxime-resistant populations, over 60% of clinical and 30% of treated effluent E. coli encoded three or more virulence genes exhibiting a pathogenic potential. Together, the similarity among treated effluent E. coli populations and clinical strains suggest effluents could serve as a reservoir for future multi-drug resistant E. coli clinical infections.
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Yadav, Parul, Manik Chandra, Nishat Fatima, et al. "Predicting Influent and Effluent Quality Parameters for a UASB-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant in Asia Covering Data Variations during COVID-19: A Machine Learning Approach." Water 15, no. 4 (2023): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040710.
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A region’s population growth inevitably results in higher water consumption. This persistent rise in water use increases the region’s wastewater production. Consequently, due to this increase in wastewater (influent), Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are required to run effectively in order to handle the huge demand for treated/processed water (effluent). Knowing in advance the influent and effluent parameters increases the operational efficiency and enables cost-effective utilization of diverse resources at wastewater treatment plants. This paper is based on a prediction/forecasting of an influent quality parameter, namely total MLD, as well as effluent quality parameters, namely MPN, BOD, DO, COD and pH for the real-time data collected pre-, during and post-COVID-19 at the Bharwara WWTP in Lucknow, India. It is the largest UASB-based wastewater treatment facility in Uttar Pradesh and the second largest in Asia. In this paper, we propose a novel model namely, wPred comprising extensions of SARIMA with seasonal order and ANN-based ML models to estimate the influent and effluent quality parameters, respectively, and compare it with the existing machine learning models. The lowest sMAPE error for the influent parameters using wPred is 2.59%. The findings of the paper show a strong correlation (R-value), up to 0.99, between the effluent parameters actually measured and predicted. As a result, the model designed in this paper has an acceptable level of accuracy and generalizability which efficiently predicts/ forecasts the performance of Bharwara WWTP.
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Shwetha, Gubbammanavar, D. P. Nagarajappa Dr., H. N. Bhagyashree, and P. Shiva Keshava Kumar Dr. "Comparison Study on Effect of Effluent and Influent of Sewage Treatment Plant on Irrigation Land along with Plant Height in Bhudihal Area, Davanagere." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 9, no. 11 (2024): 2640–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14410235.
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Influent and effluent water flows are referred to as the entering flow to STP. Influent is the term for the incoming water or wastewater that enters the treatment plant. It includes all the sewage and wastewater from homes, industries, and other sources before it has been treated. The influent is typically characterized by high levels of contaminants and pollutants. Effluent is the term for the treated water that exits the treatment plant after the various treatment processes have been completed. The effluent is typically much cleaner than the influent, although it may still contain some residual contaminants. This study examines how soil characteristics and plant growth are impacted by effluent, and influent, with a particular emphasis on fenugreek farming. The majority of the alterations in the irrigated soil were found to be associated with increases in soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient levels (N, P, and K) of 7.91, 1.01, 241, 41.89, and 96.73.When compared to the plant height measurement shows that influent and effluent irrigation produce superior growth, with influent irrigation producing the maximum plant growth.
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Chang, Yan Hong, Hui Tao Feng, Hui Luo, and San Jian Ma. "Research for Treating Avermectin Wastewater with UASB Technique." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1281.
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The avermectin wastewater was treated with UASB technique. The paper was focused mainly on the removal rate of COD and the change of ammonia nitrogen of influent and effluent wastewater in the first running stage. At the stable phase of anaerobic operation, the removal rate of COD could be stabilized at 85% when the influent volume load was 9.21 kg/(m3•d), and the effluent COD was about 1400 mg/L. As for ammonia nitrogen concentration of influent and effluent wastewater, in the first 50 days, the former was larger than the latter, after then, it was opposite. In the condition of same volume load but different hydraulic retention time (COD concentration of influent being different), COD removal rate kept almost the same. In the second running stage, the influent COD volume load reached 9.21 kg/(m3•d) at the 16th day, with the COD removal rate being around 87%.
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van Kempen, R., C. C. R. ten Have, S. C. F. Meijer, et al. "SHARON process evaluated for improved wastewater treatment plant nitrogen effluent quality." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 4 (2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0087.
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New stricter nitrogen effluent standards and increasing influent loads require existing wastewater treatment plans (WWTPs) to extend or optimize. At WWTPs with limited aeration capacity, limited denitrification capacity or shortage of aerobic sludge age, implementation of SHARON to improve nitrogen effluent quality can be a solution. SHARON is a compact, sustainable and cost-effective biological process for treatment of nitrogen-rich rejection waters. At WWTP Rotterdam-Dokhaven and WWTP Utrecht a SHARON has been in operation for several years. For both WWTPs the effect of SHARON on the nitrogen effluent quality has been evaluated. WWTP Rotterdam-Dokhaven has limited aeration capacity. By implementation of SHARON, the ammonia load of the effluent was reduced by 50%. WWTP Utrecht had limited denitrification capacity. The implementation of SHARON improved the effluent nitrate load by 40%. The overall TN removal efficiency increased from 65% to over 75% and strict nitrogen effluents standards (TN = 10 mg N/l) could be reached. Through modelling and supported by full scale practice it has been shown that by implementation of SHARON in combination with enhanced influent pre-treatment, the aerobic sludge age can be extended to maintain total nitrogen removal at lower temperatures.
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Park, Soohyung, Chaeyoung Lee, Keug Tae Kim, Hyun Woo Kim, and Wontae Lee. "Comparison of COD and TOC in influents and effluents of six industrial wastewater treatment plants in Korea." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, no. 5 (2022): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.143.
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Objectives : This study compared the CODMn and TOC concentrations of the influent and effluent from six industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the wastewater from manufacturing facilities in the industrial complexes, and to understand the correlation between the two indicators.Methods : The sampling campaigns were performed four times at each WWTP for both influent and effluent. Water quality surveys were also conducted to assess the characteristics of organic matter in the wastewater from the manufacturing facilities. A total of 272 facilities including manufacturing, non-manufacturing, and miscellaneous manufacturing units were surveyed. Results and Discussion : The CODMn/TOC ratios of the influent and the effluent of the WWTPs ranged from 0.78 to 1.79 (average 1.19) and 0.94 to 1.58 (average 1.20), respectively. The ratio of CODMn/TOC ratio in the wastewater from the manufacturing facilities was 1.06~1.22 (average 1.12). Industries with high R2 values for the CODMn/TOC ratios included rubber and plastics manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 1.17), nonferrous metals manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 0.94), medical materials and pharmaceutical manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 0.98), and chemicals manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 1.27).Conclusion : CODMn/TOC ratios of the influent and effluent of the six plants and the wastewater from manufacturing facilities varied in different ranges for each WWTP, with an average value of 1.12. The results of this study can be used as basic information to manage the effluent water quality of the WWTPs.
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Janahi, Essam M., Sakina Mustafa, Saba F. D. Parkar, Humood A. Naser, and Zaki M. Eisa. "Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in a Sewage Treatment Center and Shallow Water Bay." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (2020): 6483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186483.
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The incidence of enteric viruses in treated wastewater and their potential release into the environment or use for agriculture are very critical matters in public health. In our study, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses was performed on 59 samples of influents and effluents collected from Tubli wastewater treatment plant (Water Pollution Control Center (WPCC)) and Tubli Bay, where the effluents were discharged, in Kingdom of Bahrain during two sampling periods. Four clinically essential waterborne enteric viruses were examined: enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), astroviruses (AV), and rotaviruses (RV) and compared to standard bacterial and bacteriophages indicators of fecal pollution. Detection rates of EV, AV, HAV, and RV in the influent samples were 100%, 75%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, while 50% of the effluent samples from Tubli WPCC contained only EV RNA. None of the tested enteric viruses could be detected in any of the samples collected directly from Tubli Bay. Effluent samples from Tubli plant did not show significant seasonal differences. Since detection of enteric viruses genome does not necessarily indicate infectivity, the infectivity of these viruses was evaluated through isolation and growth of indictor bacteria and bacteriophages. High concentration of fecal bacteriological indicators was detected in all effluents samples (100%): 3.20 × 103 cfu/mL for E. coli, 1.32 × 103 cfu/mL for Salmonella spp., and 1.92 × 103 cfu/mL for Shigella spp. E. coli and Salmonella specific bacteriophages were also detected in the effluent samples in high titers. The combined results of PCR and bacterial enumeration point to a probable public health risk via the use of these wastewaters in agriculture or their discharge into the sea. Continuous surveillance of viral and bacterial prevalence and their resistance to sewage disinfection procedures could contribute to a better control of risks associated with the recycling of effluent wastewater and its release into the environment.
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Purwatiningrum, Oktina. "Description of Communal Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant in Kelurahan Simokerto, Kecamatan Simokerto, Kota Surabaya." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 10, no. 2 (2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v10i2.2018.211-219.
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Domestic wastewater treatment is one of the environmental problems in Surabaya. Besides causing water pollution, wastewater also causeing health problems. A method to treat wastewater is Communal Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). The effluent of WWTP is then reused by residents. The study aimed to describe the WWTP in Kelurahan Simokerto, Kecamatan Simokerto, Kota Surabaya, and compare wastewater parameters to the regulation. The study is a descriptive observational and cross-sectional research. The method used is interview with WWTP organizer and laboratory examination on 5 samples of influent and effluent parameters include pH, BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease. All of influent and effluent parameters have already met domestic wastewater quality standards in Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Timur No. 72 Tahun 2013 so the effluent is safe to be discharged into the environment. Since the influent and effluent is below the maximum level of quality standards, the Communal WWTP in Kelurahan Simokerto hasn’t already met standard for an appropriate WWTP. The experts need to do study about wastewater characteristics before building a WWTP so that the appropriate WWTP is obtainable. Moreover, they need to do in-depth study about factors that affect wastewater quality. It’s necessary to arrange detailed SOP for routine operations and maintenance of WWTP accompanied by improvement of understanding of the organizer and citizens about the importance of communal WWTP as well as how to operate and maintain.
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Alfarsi, Ali, Anupama Kumar, Abbasher M. Gismelseed, et al. "Pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants: insights from an Arabian Peninsula nation." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32, no. 15 (2025): 9844–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36287-6.
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Abstract The growing introduction of pharmaceutical compounds into waterways is a contemporary environmental issue in the Middle East and North Africa. This escalating problem necessitates a careful examination of the risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in water sources. The present study analysed samples from eight wastewater treatment plants in an Arabian Peninsula nation. Sixty-nine percent of pharmaceuticals were partially or fully removed, while 31% showed higher effluent concentrations, indicating potential accumulation post-treatment. The highest detected pharmaceuticals were paracetamol (1300 ± 8 ng/L), metformin (1100 ± 70 ng/L) in effluent, and mefenamic acid (630 ± 3 ng/L), captopril (560 ± 11 ng/L), and amitriptyline (510 ± 1 ng/L) in influents. For radiopharmaceuticals, influent activity exceeded that in effluents, with Ga-67 being the most prominent (influent, 0.28 ± 0.07 Bq/L; effluent, 0.22 ± 0.02 Bq/L). Sludge samples showed higher radioactivity levels than wastewater samples, primarily from I-131 at 5 ± 2 Bq/kg. The data obtained from this study will enable the assessment of potential hazards posed by pharmaceutical mixtures in the receiving environment in a hitherto less studied region. Graphical abstract
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Marup, Hanie Wardah, Nur Zaida Zahari, and Mohd Khalizan Sabullah. "Investigating the Presence and Distribution of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants Systems." Frontiers in Water and Environment 6, no. 1 (2025): 32–44. https://doi.org/10.37934/fwe.6.1.3244.
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Microplastic is a highly concerning emerging contaminant with the significant increase of municipal waste along with the elevating growth of population. Wastewater is one of the main routes contributing to the persistent microplastics presence in the environment since it originates from domestic, industrial, and even agricultural wastewater. These facilities are increasingly identified as potential contributors to the release of microplastics (MPs) into the environment. This study aims to examine the occurrence and distributions of MPs in both the influent and effluent of two districts sewage treatment plant (STP) in Kota Kinabalu (UMS STP) and regional sewage treatment plant Penampang (RSTP) Sabah Malaysia. The results showed that the abundance of MPs in UMS STP was higher in both influents and effluents than RSTP. The average size of MPs found varied from 1.0 mm to 125 µm being the most abundant. Microplastics 2.0 mm is higher in influents, while effluents exhibit higher concentrations of smaller particles (63 µm). In terms of microplastic morphology, fragments were identified as the most predominant shape in the sampled materials from both sewage treatment plants (STPs), whereas microplastic beads were the least frequently detected. The distribution of colours across the influent and effluent samples was consistent, with a variety of colours identified, though green, blue, and red predominated. Polymer analysis revealed a diverse array of microplastic types present in the samples, including polypropylene (PP), nylon (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE), indicating a variety of sources and characteristics of the microplastics entering the treatment systems. These polymer types were found in both influent and effluent, suggesting that certain microplastics may persist through the treatment process. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical properties of microplastics in wastewater treatment systems, providing valuable insights into their distribution, persistence, and the potential implications for the fate of microplastics within wastewater treatment processes. The findings contribute to a better understanding of microplastic behavior, highlighting key factors influencing their occurrence and removal efficiency in sewage treatment plants.
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Shigei, Makoto, Almoayied Assayed, Ayat Hazaymeh, and Sahar S. Dalahmeh. "Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Pollutant Levels in Wastewater and the Waters of the Zarqa River, Jordan." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188638.
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Assamra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the largest treatment facility in Jordan. Treated wastewater is discharged into the Zarqa River (ZR) and used to irrigate fodder and vegetables. ZR also includes surface runoff, stormwater, and raw wastewater illegally discharged into the river. This study examined pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) in water resources in the ZR basin. Samples of WWTP influent and effluent and river water from four sites along ZR were collected. Concentrations of 18 target antibiotics, one stimulant, and 15 other PhACs were determined in the samples. Five antibiotics were detected in WWTP influent (510–860 ng L−1 for ∑Antibiotics) and six in the effluent (2300–2600 ng L−1 for ∑Antibiotics). Concentrations in the effluent of all antibiotics except clarithromycin increased by 2- to 5-fold compared with those in influent, while clarithromycin concentration decreased by around 4- fold (from 308 to 82 ng L−1). WWTP influent and effluent samples contained 14 non-antibiotic PhACs, one simulant, and six antibiotics at detectable concentrations. The dominant PhACs were paracetamol (74% of ∑PhACs) in the influent and carbamazepine (78% of ∑PhACs) in the effluent. At ZR sampling sites, carbamazepine was the dominant PhAC in all cases (800–2700 ng L−1). The antibiotics detected in WWTP effluent were also detected at the ZR sites. In summary, water in ZR is contaminated with PhACs, including antibiotics, and wastewater discharge seems to be the main pathway for this contamination. The occurrence of antibiotics and other PhACs in the irrigated soil requires investigation to assess their fate.
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Kiejza, Dariusz, Urszula Kotowska, Weronika Polińska, and Joanna Karpińska. "USAEME-GC/MS Method for Easy and Sensitive Determination of Nine Bisphenol Analogues in Water and Wastewater." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 4977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154977.
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A new, simple and sensitive method for isolating nine compounds from the bisphenol group (analogues: A, B, C, E, F, G, Cl2, Z, AP) based on one-step liquid–liquid microextraction with in situ acylation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed and validated using influent and effluent wastewaters. The chemometric approach based on the Taguchi method was used to optimize the main conditions of simultaneous extraction and derivatization. The recoveries of the proposed procedure ranged from 85 to 122%, and the repeatability expressed by the coefficient of variation did not exceed 8%. The method’s limits of detection were in the range of 0.4–64 ng/L, and the method’s limits of quantification ranged from 1.3 to 194 ng/L. The developed method was used to determine the presence of the tested compounds in wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in northeastern Poland. From this sample, eight analytes were detected. Concentrations of bisphenol A of 400 ng/L in influent and 100 ng/L in effluent were recorded, whereas other bisphenols reached 67 and 50 ng/L for influent and effluent, respectively. The removal efficiency of bisphenol analogues in the tested wastewater treatment plant ranged from 7 to approximately 88%.
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Sindikubwabo, Theoneste, Martin Vincent Nsanzumukiza, and François Xavier Nshimiyimana. "The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment Case of Kacyiru Sewerage Treatment Plant, Kigali, Rwanda." International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research 6, no. 2 (2020): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3692398.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong> <em>The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru </em><em>estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD<sub>5</sub> were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The</em><em> parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD<sub>5</sub> and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant</em><em>.</em>
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Makuwa, Stenly, Ezekiel Green, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Victor Moroaswi, and Matsobane Tlou. "A Snapshot of the Influent and Effluent Bacterial Populations in a Wastewater Treatment Plant in the North-West Province, South Africa." Applied Microbiology 3, no. 3 (2023): 764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030053.
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Wastewater treatment plants receive influent wastewater that is contaminated with bacterial pathogens which may be released into the environment if the plant effluent is inadequately treated. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to perform a 16S rDNA-based survey of bacterial populations in the influent and effluent from a treatment facility in the North-West Province (SA). In total, 3638 and 3872 effective DNA reads were obtained for the influent and effluent, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed the detection of a diverse bacterial constituency in both the influent and effluent samples. The phyla: Proteobacteria (49.82% and 52.04%), Firmicutes (14.06% and 13.14%) and Actinobacteria (5.00% and 9.99%) were found to be taxonomically abundant in the influent and effluent, respectively. This translated to the detection of biological treatment-, fecal coliform-, and disease-associated bacterial groups that are classified under the following genera: Escherichia spp., Serratia spp., Aeromonas spp., Legionella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Mycobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp., Comamonas spp., Nitrosomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Rhodobacter spp., Paracoccus spp., Hyphomicrobium spp., and Desulfovibrio spp.
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Kelly, John J., Maxwell G. London, Amanda R. McCormick, Miguel Rojas, John W. Scott, and Timothy J. Hoellein. "Wastewater treatment alters microbial colonization of microplastics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0244443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244443.
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Microplastics are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic habitats globally, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are point sources of microplastics. Within aquatic habitats microplastics are colonized by microbial biofilms, which can include pathogenic taxa and taxa associated with plastic breakdown. Microplastics enter WWTPs in sewage and exit in sludge or effluent, but the role that WWTPs play in establishing or modifying microplastic bacterial assemblages is unknown. We analyzed microplastics and associated biofilms in raw sewage, effluent water, and sludge from two WWTPs. Both plants retained >99% of influent microplastics in sludge, and sludge microplastics showed higher bacterial species richness and higher abundance of taxa associated with bioflocculation (e.g. Xanthomonas) than influent microplastics, suggesting that colonization of microplastics within the WWTP may play a role in retention. Microplastics in WWTP effluent included significantly lower abundances of some potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa (e.g. Campylobacteraceae) compared to influent microplastics; however, other potentially pathogenic taxa (e.g. Acinetobacter) remained abundant on effluent microplastics, and several taxa linked to plastic breakdown (e.g. Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas) were significantly more abundant on effluent compared to influent microplastics. These results indicate that diverse bacterial assemblages colonize microplastics within sewage and that WWTPs can play a significant role in modifying the microplastic-associated assemblages, which may affect the fate of microplastics within the WWTPs and the environment.
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Ibrahim, U. F., K. M. Adamu, S. S. D. Mohammed, M. N. Chukwu, and O. O. Mabekoje. "Bioremediation Potentials of <i>Bacillus subtillis</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger</i> on Selected Heavy Metals from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 41, no. 1 (2024): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v41i1.4.
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Bioremediation is the process of cleaning up the environment with microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria. These microorganisms employ processes including biosorption, biodegradation, and bioaccumulation to remediate the waste materials. Potential for bioremediation of heavy metals from wastewater collected from the Wupa wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Abuja was examined for Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis. Samples were analyzed using standard methods and procedure. The bioremediation potentials of isolates were assessed on a heavy metal solution, monitored for growth and absorbance. The remediation potential was evaluated using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometer and microplate reader. Between the influent and effluent, every heavy metal evaluated in the treated and untreated samples demonstrates a significant difference (p<0.05). The Wupa wastewater treatment plant's mean value for the heavy metals under study varied from 0.31±0.10 mg/L in treated wastewater to 0.37±0.20 mg/L in untreated wastewater. This indicates a substantial (p<0.05) difference in manganese levels between the influent and effluent. There was a substantial (p<0.05) difference in the mean iron value between the influent and effluent, ranging from 0.91±0.3 mg/L in the influent to 1.58±0.2 mg/L in the effluent. The treated and untreated wastewater exhibit a significant difference (p<0.05) in mean value of zinc ranging effluent wastewater. The findings indicate that Aspergillus niger grew to its maximum with an absorbance of 0.612 ± 0.62 and Bacillus subtilis to its maximum with an absorbance of 0.729 ± 0.01.The results of this investigation allow us to draw the conclusion that Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtillis have the ability to withstand and grow on heavy metals, which helps to remove the metals from wastewater by absorbing them and increasing the biomass of the microorganisms.
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Chen, Jie, Xiaoling Jin, Chunxia Zhao, Zhe Qin, Jingfei Wang, and Shu-xuan Liang. "Biotoxicity and by-product identification of dye wastewaters." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 2 (2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.029.
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Abstract Dyeing effluent is a typical refractory wastewater containing toxic pollutants. It is difficult to treat it to meet discharge regulations. The biotoxic effects of pollutants on microorganisms are one of the main constraints on efficient wastewater degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate biotoxic effects and try to screen toxic substances from dye wastewater. The toxic effects of wastewaters collected at different treatment stages from a wastewater treatment plant in a dye industrial park were determined using bioluminescent bacteria (Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67). Toxic substances from both influent and effluents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients indicated significant positive correlations between the toxicity values, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, and total nitrogen (TN). After identifying the toxic levels, phenol, pyridine, and esters were confirmed as the principal organic pollutants in dye wastewater, and increase its toxicity.
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Wehbe, Stan, Feleke Zewge, Yoshihiko Inagaki, Wolfram Sievert, Tirumala Uday Kumar Nutakki, and Akshay Deshpande. "Unsaturated Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland for Chlorothalonil Remediation with Target Application in Ethiopian Floriculture Industry." Water 15, no. 18 (2023): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15183282.
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The Ethiopian floriculture industry produces large amounts of wastewater, which requires treatment systems with lower retention times, higher hydraulic flow, and higher hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). Unsaturated vertical flow constructed wetlands (UVF-CWs), which represent these characteristics, have not been studied in depth for chlorothalonil remediation from wastewater. In this study, six UVF-CWs and nine pumping stations were organized into three experimental groups as three independent two-stage CW systems. The influent was pumped into the first vertical-flow stage, after which the effluent was collected and pumped into the second vertical-flow stage. The stage A and stage B effluents were tested for chlorothalonil removal at three different HLR of 50, 200, and 400 L d−1 m−2 and two influent chlorothalonil concentrations of 100 and 500 µg L−1. The chlorothalonil levels for the stage A effluent at an HLR of 50 L d−1 m−2 for both influent chlorothalonil concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.08 µg L−1. A maximum chlorothalonil concentration of 7.9 and 196 µg L−1 was observed in the stage A effluent for influent concentrations of 100 and 500 µg L−1, respectively. The chlorothalonil levels for the stage B effluent were all below the detection limit of 0.08 µg L−1. A final chlorothalonil removal efficiency of at least 99.9% was observed for both influent chlorothalonil concentrations at the three HLRs used. These results demonstrated that UVF-CWs represent a viable solution for chlorothalonil remediation in the Ethiopian floriculture industry.
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Guan, Xiu Qiong, Jun Li, Jian Rong Liu, and Chun Liu. "Investigation on the Effluent Chroma of the Aerobic Treatment for Pulping Midcourse Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 716–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.716.
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This paper focused on the effluent chroma which is a long-term puzzle about the aerobic treatment for pulping midcourse wastewater. The organic in the influent and effluent was tested by GC-MS. The analysis indicates that the macromolecular lignin-type substances are partly degraded using aerobic technique. Some micromolecular substances are produced accordingly, which leads to the auxochrome groups and chromophore groups increasing. There are two organic coloration compositions in influent but three in effluent, which account for 22.98% of the organic substances in influent but 33.12% of the organic substances in effluent.
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Yasir, Muhammad. "Analysis of Microbial Communities and Pathogen Detection in Domestic Sewage Using Metagenomic Sequencing." Diversity 13, no. 1 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010006.
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Wastewater contains diverse microbes, and regular microbiological screening at wastewater treatment plants is essential for monitoring the wastewater treatment and protecting environmental health. In this study, a metagenomic approach was used to characterize the microbial communities in the influent and effluent of a conventional domestic sewage treatment plant in the metropolitan city of Jeddah. Bacteria were the prevalent type of microbe in both the influent and effluent, whereas archaea and viruses were each detected at <1% abundance. Greater diversity was observed in effluent bacterial populations compared with influent, despite containing similar major taxa. These taxa consisted primarily of Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Metagenomic analysis provided broad profiles of 87 pathogenic/opportunistic bacteria belonging to 47 distinct genera in the domestic sewage samples, with most having <1% abundance. The archaea community included 20 methanogenic genera. The virus-associated sequences were classified mainly into the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae. Genes related to resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds, gram-negative cell wall components, and flagellar motility in prokaryotes identified in metagenomes from both types of samples. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of microbial communities in influent and effluent samples of a conventional domestic sewage treatment plant and suggests that metagenomic analysis is a feasible approach for microbiological monitoring of wastewater treatment.
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Wang, Juan, Ling Fei Fan, and Di Fan. "Experimental Research on the Advanced Treatment of Coking Wastewater by Patented Wastewater Treatment Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.313.
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In this study, we presented an approach to coking wastewater advanced treatment process with a patented wastewater treatment equipment. The samples were collected from the effluents of the biological treatment tank in a coking wastewater treatment plant. With the experiments of four static single factors and the continuing dynamic process, the discussions about the effects of pH value, influent loading, reaction time, and volume ratio on chromaticity, COD and NH3-N respectively were conducted. The experimental results identified that the optimum process parameters were pH of 3, influent load of 1m3/m2•h, reaction time of 4h and volume ratio of 2:1 respectively. When influents of chromaticity, COD and NH3-N were 210 times, 249.4mg/L, and 31.7mg/L respectively , the effluent of chromaticity, COD and NH3-N were 16 times, 49.7mg/L, and 9.5mg/L respectively, these values could meet the National standard of Recycling and Miscellaneous usages of Municipal Sewage on chromaticity, COD and NH3-N requirements.
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Bistan, Mirjana, Romana Logar, and Tatjana Tišler. "Detection of estrogenic activity in Slovenian wastewaters by bioassay." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 5 (2011): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0064-2.
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AbstractEstrogenic activity has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the world. However, there is a lack of such data for Slovenian wastewaters and surface waters. The Slovenian monitoring program of effluents discharged into surface waters does not require that emissions of natural and synthetic estrogens into aquatic environments be assessed and controlled. In our study, we assessed the potential estrogenicity of wastewater samples from three wastewater treatment plants using a yeast estrogen screen assay (YES assay). Due to the high inhibition of yeast growth in samples obtained during our first sampling period, it was impossible to detect any estrogenic activity. An additional silica gel clean-up step reduced the toxicity of samples collected during our second sampling period; as a result, we were able to record up to 95% relative estrogenic activity inhibition. Deconjugation of the estrogens did not significantly influence our results. We detected estrogenic activity using a YES assay in almost all influent and effluent samples tested, which suggests that the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) examined do not effectively remove (xeno)estrogens from wastewaters. Our results suggest that a YES assay is an appropriate screening method for monitoring estrogenic activity in effluents. However, prediction of the potential impacts of wastewater (xeno)estrogens on aquatic organisms require additional in vitro and in vivo assays.
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RADULESCU, CRISTIANA, MIHAI NARCIS TANASE, ANDREI CHILIAN, et al. "ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS FROM HEAVY METAL-LADEN INFLUENT/EFFLUENT FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT." Journal of Science and Arts 22, no. 3 (2022): 693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-22.3-b01.
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The wastewater treatment process significantly decreases the negative impact of the effluent on human health compared to the influent. This probabilistic study, based on mathematical formulas, which does not involve clinical studies, investigates the impact of polluting chemical elements on health, which may be higher or lower, depending on other direct or indirect factors. The conclusions from this study were (1) wastewater (the effluent, which falls within legal limits) cannot be used for domestic consumption, much less as drinking water; (2) regarding dermal absorption, this can only be possible if people use the wastewater (influent/effluent) for recreational purposes (bathing, fishing, etc.). If this were theoretically possible, the risks related to the respective water matrices can be much higher because in this study only five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn) found in the international legislation in the categories of substances with carcinogenic risk, were investigated in the wastewater, and it may also contain other substances with different risk degrees. In the future studies will be investigated the health risk assessment gradient related to the effluent from the point of discharge of the wastewater on the flow of the natural receiver.
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Xiang, Liancheng, Junqi Wu, Yonghui Song, et al. "Variation in water density related to pollutants removal in wastewater treatment processes and its use in explaining the working principles of the Unifed SBR." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 9 (2016): 2010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.294.
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The wastewater quality of several municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) in Beijing was studied, and the water densities of different processing units were also measured during the wastewater treatment process. The results clearly showed that the water density declined from influent to effluent of the wastewater treatment process. Meanwhile, the variation in water density had good statistical correlation with the concentrations of total organic carbon, total phosphorus, suspended solids and total solids. Furthermore, the variation in water density could be used to explain the working principles of the Unifed sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Tracer tests were conducted in the Unifed SBR to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the reactor. The experimental results showed that the variable values of water density from influent to effluent in the Fangzhuang MWTPs were greater than those caused by the temperature difference of &gt;3 °C between the influent and the liquid in the reactor at 13 °C. Moreover, the flow regime of wastewater in the Unifed SBR was affected by the variation in water density, which may lead to stratification or a density current. Ascribed to the appearance of stratification in the Unifed SBR reactor, the water quality of the effluent could not be affected by that of the influent.
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Gomes de Sousa, J. M. "Wastewater Stabilization Lagoon Design Criteria for Portugal." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0120.
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Although there are only a few wastewater stabilization lagoon plants in Portugal, this treatment system is particularly attractive because of the low energy requirements and because its operation is simple and the operating costs are small. Furthermore, the climatic factors are also favourable. In this context, the main objective of the study, which was undertaken in the Frielas experimental complex, on the outskirts of Lisbon, was the development of an appropriate stabilization lagoon design procedure for application in Portugal, regarding the raw wastewater characteristics and the climatic factors. The results obtained include the physical, chemical and biological characteristics and the flow rates of the influent and effluent wastewaters from the lagoons. The following main conclusions were reached:–the lagoons are normally over-designed, in particular the anaerobic and the facultative lagoons;–the soluble BOD concentration in the effluent, in general, meets the discharge requirements;–due to the presence of algae in the effluent, the TSS concentration is higher than the corresponding concentration in a secondary effluent.
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Sherchan, Samendra P., Shalina Shahin, Jeenal Patel, et al. "Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (2021): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070798.
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In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in primary influent (n = 42), secondary effluent (n = 24) and tertiary treated effluent (n = 34) collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A–F) in Virginia (WWTP A), Florida (WWTPs B, C, and D), and Georgia (WWTPs E and F) in the United States during April–July 2020. Of the 100 wastewater samples analyzed, eight (19%) untreated wastewater samples collected from the primary influents contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA as measured by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected in influent wastewater samples collected from WWTP A (Virginia), WWTPs E and F (Georgia) and WWTP D (Florida). Secondary and tertiary effluent samples were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA indicating the treatment processes in these WWTPs potentially removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the secondary and tertiary treatment processes. However, further studies are needed to understand the log removal values (LRVs) and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through analyzing wastewater samples from a wider range of WWTPs.
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Son, Dong-Jin, Chang-Soo Kim, Jae-Ho Lee, Jeong-Ki Yoon, Soo-Hyung Lee, and Dong-Hwan Jeong. "Occurrence Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Various Sewage Treatment Plants and Effluent-Receiving Streams in Korea." Water 15, no. 22 (2023): 3897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15223897.
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The occurrence of micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and hormones in various aquatic ecosystems is a matter of grave concern due to their possible repercussions on human and wildlife endocrine systems. The wastewater containing pharmaceuticals from various sites is usually introduced to sewage treatment plants (STPs); therefore, monitoring of pharmaceuticals in STPs is crucial. In this study, we determined the occurrence of 58 pharmaceuticals in the influent and effluent of 13 STPs based on regional and linked wastewater differences and investigated their removal rates. Furthermore, we assessed the contribution rates of some STP effluents on pharmaceutical concentration in the upstream and downstream areas of the discharge source. Different kinds of pharmaceuticals were measured in the STPs. The top five pharmaceuticals with high concentrations in the influent of each STP were similar due to the dominance of domestic sewage in the influent. The average concentration of acetaminophen, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, naproxen, and ibuprofen in the influent of the STPs was higher than that of other pharmaceuticals, and their removal was 94–100%. In contrast, iopamidol, cimetidine, diphenhydramine, and carbamazepine showed a high average concentration in the effluent. The monitoring results of nine streams near STPs indicated that the effluent could contribute to the increase in the types of pharmaceuticals in the receiving streams. The detected pharmaceuticals’ types were 9–29 and 17–33 in the upstream and downstream areas, respectively, of STP discharge channels. Based on flowrate data, the contribution rate of the STP effluent on the stream was −69–326%.
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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Linking sanitation and wastewater treatment: from evaluation on the basis of effluent pollutant concentrations to evaluation on the basis of pollutant removal efficiencies." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 2 (2012): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.862.
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The evaluation of centralised wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in planning and management is sometimes based solely on effluent pollutant concentrations or pollutant loads. For sanitation purposes, the effluent pollutant concentrations/loads of WWTPs are important; of course, but from the point of view of wastewater treatment, the pollutant removal performance should also be evaluated. Focussing on low- and middle-income countries, especially those in tropical regions, published kinetics studies on biological WWTPs (such as oxidation ditches and aerated lagoons) are summarised in this paper. In most studies, effluent pollutant concentrations/loads are described as first-order linear functions of influent pollutant concentrations/loads. Therefore, pollutant removal efficiencies can be expressed as first-order linear functions of the reciprocal of influent pollutant concentrations/loads with negative coefficients. This implies that pollutant removal efficiencies increase with influent pollutant concentration/load increases. Based on pollutant removal efficiency functions, biological or ecological WWTPs when operating with small influent pollutant concentrations/loads should change their management to increase influent pollutant concentrations/loads in order to increase pollutant removal efficiencies. It may, however, be possible for technological development in wastewater treatment to overcome this problem.
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Wang, Xuege, Yanhong Dong, Shuang Yu, et al. "Analysis of the Electricity Consumption in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Northeast China in Terms of Wastewater Characteristics." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (2022): 14398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114398.
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A municipal wastewater treatment plant plays an important role in treating urban sewage and reducing the quantity of pollutants discharged into rivers. However, the energy consumption of the municipal wastewater treatment industry is large. High energy consumption indirectly produces ecological damage, accelerates the energy crisis, and increases carbon emissions. For energy conservation and emission reduction in wastewater treatment plants, it is first necessary to identify the main factors influencing energy consumption. Electricity consumption accounts for more than 80% of the energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants. Wastewater quantity and wastewater quality have become the key influencing factors of energy conservation and consumption reduction in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Northeast China was selected as the research object, and the measured data, such as air temperature, wastewater quantity, wastewater quality, and electricity consumption of the plant from 2017 to 2020 were statistically analyzed to explore the influences of temperature and wastewater quantity and wastewater quality indicators of influent and effluent on energy consumption. Firstly, the range of influent quantity in the wastewater treatment plant was large. The influent quantity in summer was high because some rainwater entered the sewage treatment plant. In winter, average daily electricity consumption (ADEC) was higher than that in summer. The relationship between ADEC and the wastewater quantity showed a positive correlation, and ADEC slowly increased with the increase in wastewater quantity. Electricity consumption per unit of wastewater (UEC) was negatively correlated with the wastewater quantity, but the correction coefficient in winter was larger than that in summer. Secondly, the ranges of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) and ammonia nitrogen in influent were large, and the ranges of CODCr and ammonia nitrogen in effluent were small. Influent CODCr concentration was negatively correlated with influent ammonia nitrogen concentration. ADEC increased slightly with the increase in influent CODCr concentration. In winter, the increasing trend of ADEC with the influent CODCr concentration was higher than that in the summer. The increasing trend of UEC with the increase in influent COD concentration in summer was more significant than that in winter. Thirdly, influent CODCr in 11.6% of the samples exceeded the corresponding designed value, and influent ammonia nitrogen concentration in 41.4% of the samples exceeded the corresponding designed value. Effluent CODCr in 10.6% of the samples exceeded the First Level Class B standard in “Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (GB18918-2002)”, and unqualified CODCr in 94% of the effluent samples was ascribed to the unqualified ammonia nitrogen concentration in the influent samples. The electricity consumption level under abnormal conditions was higher than that under normal conditions. Fourthly, ADEC was positively correlated with the average daily CODCr reduction. The correction coefficient of ADEC with average daily CODCr reduction was greater in winter than that in summer. Fifthly, the average electricity consumption per unit of wastewater was close to the national average energy consumption, displaying the characteristics of high energy consumption in winter and low energy consumption in summer. The correlation analysis results of unit electricity consumption and temperature showed that when it was below 0 °C, the lower the temperature, the higher the electricity consumption. In Northeast China, the influences of seasons and temperatures on the electricity consumption of sewage plants were obvious. Accordingly, it is necessary to implement the diversion of rainwater and sewage, reduce the discharge of unqualified wastewater from enterprises, and take thermal insulation measures in winter. In addition, activated sludge microorganisms suitable for a low temperature area and the optimal scheduling of sewage pipe networks can also improve the operation and management of sewage treatment plants.
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Tsai, Y. P., C. F. Ouyang, M. Y. Wu, and W. L. Chiang. "Fuzzy Control of a Dynamic Activated Sludge Process for the Forecast and Control of Effluent Suspended Solid Concentration." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 11-12 (1993): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0676.
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The effluent total BOD (or COD) concentration of the activated sludge process (A.S.P.) usually increases with suspended solid concentration. How to reduce effluent S.S. concentration, therefore, is the key issue of treatment efficiency for A.S.P. The varied return sludge and influent flow rate are two major operational factors of those affecting effluent S.S. concentration. However, the wastewater flow rate and substrate concentration in municipal wastewater treatment plant, due to the differences of city scale and life style, are significantly time-varied every day. Based on the above, the purpose of this study is to control in timely fashion return sludge flow rate with the variation of influent flow rate to minimize effluent S.S. concentration and meanwhile decrease the effluent total BOD (or COD) concentration. The fuzzy control theory is utilized in this study to forecast and control effluent S.S. concentration and further predict the MLSS concentration in aeration tank. It reveals that the inferred control strategies not only enable one to decrease effluent S.S.
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Hasan, Amrul, and Suryani Catur Suprapti. "Pengolahan Limbah Cair Rumah Sakit dengan Metode Lahan Basah Buatan (Constructed Wetland) dan Tanaman Air Typha latifolia." Jurnal Kesehatan 12, no. 3 (2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/jk.v12i3.2697.
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<p>Utilization of the aquatic plant Typha latifolia, in the treatment of hospital wastewater with the method of an artificial wetland system (constructed wetland), is expected to be able to treat the liquid waste of health care facilities. This study aims to determine the ability of the aquatic plant Typha latifolia in degrading the parameters contained in the wastewater of health facilities using the Artificial Wetland Method. Quasi-experimental research design. The measurement of liquid waste parameters (BOD, COD, TSS, Fatty Oil, and Ammonia) is carried out by taking samples at the inlet and outlet of each pot, then analyzed in the laboratory. The study reported an average influent BOD level of 66.2mg/L, an average effluent in a circular cross-sectional pot increased by 99.6mg/L, an influent COD level of 190.8mg/L, an effluent in a rectangular pot four decreased by an average of 31.6mg/L, the influent TSS parameter was 106mg/L, the average effluent in a circular cross-sectional pot was 283.6mg/L, the influent Oil &amp; Fat parameter averaged 1.2mg/L, average effluent 1.2mg/L, ammonia influent parameter 12mg/L, effluent 2.62mg/L. The rectangular cross-section has a good ability compared to other cross-sections in reducing hospital waste, namely; BOD=64%, COD=40%, TSS=48%, Ammonia=67%, Oil and Fat parameters did not decrease because the influent parameter levels were already below the Liquid Waste quality standard. The researcher concluded that the rectangular cross-sectional pot planted with Typha latifolia could reduce the wastewater parameters better than other cross-sectional types. </p>
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Zoric, Jelena, V. Simic, and Ana Petrovic. "On the possibility of using biological toxicity tests to monitor the work of wastewater treatment plants." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 3 (2008): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0803431z.
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The aim of this study was to ascertain the possibility of using biological toxicity tests to monitor influent and effluent wastewaters of wastewater treatment plants. The information obtained through these tests is used to prevent toxic pollutants from entering wastewater treatment plants and discharge of toxic pollutants into the recipient. Samples of wastewaters from the wastewater treatment plants of Kragujevac and Gornji Milanovac, as well as from the Lepenica and Despotovica Rivers immediately before and after the influx of wastewaters from the plants, were collected between October 2004 and June 2005. Used as the test organism in these tests was the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio Hamilton - Buchanon (Cyprinidae). The acute toxicity test of 96/h duration showed that the tested samples had a slight acutely toxic effect on B. rerio, except for the sample of influent wastewater into the Cvetojevac wastewater treatment plant, which had moderately acute toxicity, indicating that such water should be prevented from entering the system in order to eliminate its detrimental effect on the purification process.
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Trudell, M., L. van den Berg, and N. Kosaric. "Anaerobic Treatment of High Strength Acidic Organic Wastewaters Utilizing the Upflow Sludge Blanket Treatment Process." Water Quality Research Journal 20, no. 1 (1985): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1985.003.
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Abstract A laboratory bench-scale study was undertaken in order to investigate the anaerobic biological treatment of high-strength acidic organic wastewaters utilizing the Upflow Sludge Blanket (USB) treatment process. A synthetic wastewater was utilized having a pH of 4.2 and consisting primarily of acetic and propionic acids. While operating at substrate loading rates of 1.1 and 2.4 kg COD/kg VSS/d (i.e., 10 and 30 kg COD/m3/d, respectively), the USB treatment process removed in excess of 90 per cent of the total COD present in the raw wastewater, for waste strengths of 2 to 32g COD/L and hydraulic retention times varying between 3.2 and 76.8 hours. The process demonstrated the ability to polish the effluent waste stream to effluent COD concentrations of less than 300 mg/L. The process was able to tolerate hydraulic and waste strength shockloads. No observable deterioration in pH or effluent quality was identified following sudden increases in wastewater concentration (e.g., 4 to 32g COD/L) or decreases in hydraulic retention time (e.g., 25.6 to 3.2 hours). The use of effluent recirculation did not influence treatment efficiency but was necessary in order to partially neutralize the influent low pH wastewater. The results of this research also demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the USB reactor as the methane forming reactor in a two-stage anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Recommendations are provided concerning the design of such a system.
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Tutor, László, András Béres, András Barczi, Márk Kálmán Horváth, and Gábor Géczi. "Monitoring of Potassium Content in Wastewater Treatment Plants." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 12, no. 3 (2024): 38–48. https://doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.6439.
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Partially treated wastewater can potentially provide a reliable and constant source of water and nutrients for hydroponic crop production. It is essential to determine the macronutrient content of the effluent, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), to maximize the yield. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) measurements are essential daily tasks to be fulfilled, measurements were applied for multiple sources of K content only in this study, determining the exact daily content and concentration pattern. Influent and effluent K levels were measured separately. According to measurements, it was observed that the concentration of K decreased significantly during treatment, with varying values as the wastewater passed through different treatment stages. Two locations with dissimilar technologies were sampled: Etyek, Hungary, semi-continuous batch system with suspended sludge, and South-Pest, Hungary, a continuous activated sludge system. The results were 39,7 mg/l in the influent and 7,5 mg/l in the effluent in Etyek, while South-Pest contained 28,9 mg/l in the influent and 24,5 mg/l K in the effluent respectively. Furthermore, the potassium content was measured in the Return Activated Sludge (RAS) line of South-Pest and found 50,8 mg/l concentration, however, it is being removed from wastewater with the Wasted Activated Sludge (WAS) in activated sludge systems.
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Töws, I., G. Albers, H. Gulyas, H. P. Eickhoff, M. Reich, and I. Sekoulov. "Identification of Trace Organics in a Treated Lubricating Oil Refinery Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (1994): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0476.
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Organic substances in the influent and in the effluent of a fixed bed biology located at a lubricating oil refinery were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Totals of hydrocarbons were 0.8 mg/l (influent) and 0.1 mg/l (effluent) indicating a biological removal of nearly 90% of the hydrocarbons. High temperature gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry of 1,1,2-trichloro-trifluoro-ethane extracts revealed that monocycloalkanes were the major group of hydrocarbons in the influent (590 µg/l) as well as in the effluent (65 µg/l) of the biological stage. A small amount of the hydrocarbons in the influent were aromatic compounds (mainly alkyl benzenes and benzocycloalkanes) which were degraded in the bioreactor to a lower extent than the aliphatic compounds. In dichloromethane extracts of the 60-fold concentrated effluent of the biological stage only few organics were identified gas chromatographically. Besides 1-methyl-2-propyl-cyclohexane a couple of ethers and nitrogen-containing heterocycles were the main components detected in the dichloromethane extracts. The data presented here confirm that aerobic fixed bed biology is an efficient final treatment step for refinery wastewaters.
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Pazda, Magdalena, Magda Rybicka, Stefan Stolte, et al. "Identification of Selected Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Two Different Wastewater Treatment Plant Systems in Poland: A Preliminary Study." Molecules 25, no. 12 (2020): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122851.
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Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance determinants have led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health endangering. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in this phenomenon since antibacterial drugs introduced into wastewater can exert a selection pressure on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Therefore, WWTPs are perceived as the main sources of antibiotics, ARB and ARG spread in various environmental components. Furthermore, technological processes used in WWTPs and its exploitation conditions may influence the effectiveness of antibiotic resistance determinants’ elimination. The main aim of the present study was to compare the occurrence of selected tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes in raw influent and final effluent samples from two WWTPs different in terms of size and applied biological wastewater treatment processes (conventional activated sludge (AS)-based and combining a conventional AS-based method with constructed wetlands (CWs)). All 13 selected ARGs were detected in raw influent and final effluent samples from both WWTPs. Significant ARG enrichment, especially for tet(B, K, L, O) and sulIII genes, was observed in conventional WWTP. The obtained data did not show a clear trend in seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of selected resistance genes in wastewaters.
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Cheng, Hui-Wen A., Frances E. Lucy, Michael A. Broaders, Sergey E. Mastitsky, Chien-Hsien Chen, and Amanda Murray. "Municipal wastewater treatment plants as pathogen removal systems and as a contamination source of noroviruses and Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (2012): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.138.
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Municipal wastewater treatment plants play a crucial role in reducing the microbial and pathogen load of human wastes before the end-products are discharged to surface waters (final effluent) or land spread (biosolids). This study investigated the occurrence frequency of noroviruses, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in influent, final effluent and biosolids from four secondary wastewater treatment plants in northwestern Ireland (plants A–D) and observed the seasonal and spatial variation of the plant treatment efficiencies in the pathogen removals. It was noted that norovirus genogroup II was more resistant to the treatment processes than the norovirus genogroup I and other active viral particles, especially those in the discharge effluents. The percolating biofilm system at plant D resulted in better effluent quality than in the extended aerated activated sludge systems (plants A and B); primary biosolids produced at plant D may pose a higher health risk to the locals. The spread of norovirus genogroup II into the environment, irrespective of the wastewater treatment process, coincides with its national clinical predominance over norovirus genogroup I. This study provides important evidence that municipal wastewater treatment plants not only achieve pathogen removal but can also be the source of environmental pathogen contamination.
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Stott, R., T. Jenkins, M. Bahgat, and I. Shalaby. "Capacity of Constructed Wetlands to Remove Parasite Eggs from Wastewaters in Egypt." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (1999): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0150.
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The use of Gravel Bed Hydroponic (GBH) constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in semi-arid climates has been evaluated in Egypt with respect to the removal of parasite eggs from domestic wastewaters. Influent and effluent from established 100m GBH reed beds receiving partially treated wastewater, were analysed to establish daily parasite loading rates and removal performance of the system under normal operating conditions (201/min; intermittent 12h on/off flow regime.) The system was then challenged with high numbers of parasite eggs (Ascaris sp., Hymenolepis sp. and Toxocara sp.) equivalent to an influent of 100-500 eggs/1 and a daily loading rate of 1.0-7.2 × 106, representing up to a 110-fold increase over typical mean daily loading rates. Wastewater samples were collected from the inlet, at varying distances along the 100m bed profile, and the outlet. Sampling was also carried out at varying time intervals during the flow regime to determine the spatial and temporal removal of eggs along the bed. In 100m long planted beds, there was significant removal of all selected parasite eggs with the majority being removed within the first 25m. No eggs were detected in the final effluent. These studies demonstrate that GBH wetlands have a capacity for efficient removal of parasite eggs and thus provide a reliable, low cost technology for treating effluent compliant with health related objectives for the treatment of wastewater intended for agricultural reuse.
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Carvallo, M. J., I. Vargas, A. Vega, G. Pizarr, and P. Pastén. "Evaluation of rapid methods for in-situ characterization of organic contaminant load and biodegradation rates in winery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (2007): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.481.
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Rapid methods for the in-situ evaluation of the organic load have recently been developed and successfully implemented in municipal wastewater treatment systems. Their direct application to winery wastewater treatment is questionable due to substantial differences between municipal and winery wastewater. We critically evaluate the use of UV-VIS spectrometry, buffer capacity testing (BCT), and respirometry as rapid methods to determine organic load and biodegradation rates of winery wastewater. We tested three types of samples: actual and treated winery wastewater, synthetic winery wastewater, and samples from a biological batch reactor. Not surprisingly, respirometry gave a good estimation of biodegradation rates for substrate of different complexities, whereas UV-VIS and BCT did not provide a quantitative measure of the easily degradable sugars and ethanol, typically the main components of the COD in the influent. However, our results strongly suggest that UV-VIS and BCT can be used to identify and estimate the concentration of complex substrates in the influent and soluble microbial products (SMP) in biological reactors and their effluent. Furthermore, the integration of UV-VIS spectrometry, BCT, and mathematical modeling was able to differentiate between the two components of SMPs: substrate utilization associated products (UAP) and biomass associated products (BAP). Since the effluent COD in biologically treated wastewaters is composed primarily by SMPs, the quantitative information given by these techniques may be used for plant control and optimization.
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Oliveira, Márcia, Pilar Truchado, Rebeca Cordero-García, et al. "Surveillance on ESBL-Escherichia coli and Indicator ARG in Wastewater and Reclaimed Water of Four Regions of Spain: Impact of Different Disinfection Treatments." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (2023): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020400.
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In the present study, the occurrence of indicator antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) both in the influent and the effluent of four Spanish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was monitored for 12 months, and the susceptibility profiles of 89 recovered extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates were obtained against a wide range of antimicrobials. The aim of the study was to better understand whether the current wastewater treatment practices allow us to obtain safe reclaimed water mitigating the spread of ARB and ARGs to the environment. Results showed high concentrations of ESBL-producing E. coli as well as a high prevalence of a range of ARGs in the influent samples. The reclamation treatments implemented in the WWTPs were effective in reducing both the occurrence of ESBL E. coli and ARGs, although significant differences were observed among WWTPs. Despite these reductions in occurrence observed upon wastewater treatment, our findings suggest that WWTP effluents may represent an important source of ARGs, which could be transferred among environmental bacteria and disseminate antimicrobial resistance through the food chain. Remarkably, no major differences were observed in the susceptibility profiles of the ESBL E. coli isolated from influent and effluent waters, indicating that water treatments do not give rise to the emergence of new resistance phenotypes.
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Smyth, Shirley Anne, Lori A. Lishman, Edward A. McBean, et al. "Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Canadian Municipal Wastewater: Occurrence and Removal in Wastewater Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (2007): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.018.
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Abstract The removal and/or partitioning (to sludge) of six polycyclic and five nitro musks through the liquid treatment train of a conventional Canadian secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plant is characterized. Raw influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, primary sludge, and waste activated sludge concentrations were correlated to seasonal process temperatures (warm, 22°C; cold, 15°C). Maximum influent concentrations of polycyclic and nitro musks were 7,030 ± 2,120 ng/L for Galaxolide (HHCB) and 158 ± 89 ng/L for musk ketone respectively. Maximum secondary effluent concentrations were 2,000 ± 686 ng/L for HHCB and 51 ± 14 ng/L for musk ketone. Temperature appeared to influence the degree of removal of musks from wastewater during primary clarification (40% median removal at warm temperatures and 9% at cold temperatures) and overall treatment (82% median removal at warm temperatures and 74% at cold temperatures) but not secondary activated sludge treatment (71% median removal at warm temperatures and 70% at cold temperatures). In primary sludge, polycyclic musks were found at concentrations up to 35,000 ng/g for HHCB, and nitro musks were found at concentrations up to 490 ng/g for musk ketone. In waste activated sludge, polycyclic musks were found at concentrations up to 52,000 ng/g (HHCB), and nitro musks were found at concentrations up to 1,100 ng/g (musk ketone). The hydraulic retention time and the suspended solids of the treatment process appeared to influence the degree of partitioning of musks to sludge.