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1
Lau, S. L., E. Khan, and M. K. Stenstrom. "Catch basin inserts to reduce pollution from stormwater." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (2001): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0381.
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Stormwater contamination represents the largest source of contaminants to many receiving waters in the United States, such as Santa Monica Bay in Los Angeles, California. Point sources to these same waters generally receive secondary or better treatment before they are released, and they are usually discharged through outfalls that diffuse the wastewater plume to prevent it from contacting the shoreline. Stormwaters receive no treatment and reach the receiving waters through a variety of ways, but most enter through catch basins or inserts to storm drains that terminate at the beach or in shallow coastal areas. Under these conditions, the stormwater discharge may have greater impact on the quality and utility of the receiving water than the treated wastewater discharges. One method of reducing pollution is to equip catch basins with an insert that can capture pollutants. A number of commercially available devices exist but few have been evaluated by independent parties in full-scale applications. A series of tests using bench and full-scale devices under both laboratory and field conditions were conducted to evaluate their ability to remove trash and debris, suspended solids and oil and grease in stormwaters. The results presented in the paper should provide a basis for future insert development and application.
2
Tredoux, Gideon, Peter King, and Lisa Cavé. "Managing urban wastewater for maximising water resource utilization." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (1999): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0681.
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The Atlantis Water Resource Management Scheme uses artificial recharge of urban stormwater and treated wastewater to augment the natural groundwater resource. The key to the success of the scheme is the fractionation of the stormwater into components of distinctly different quality, and the separate treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater for different end-uses. The groundwater exploitation strategy is largely controlled by water quality requirements. Reuse of domestic and industrial wastewater depends on quality parameters. Tertiary treated domestic effluent is destined for indirect reuse via the aquifer, while treated industrial wastewater is used together with spent regenerant brine and stormwater from the noxious trade area for preventing seawater intrusion. Both residential and industrial stormwater is separated into the base flow and storm flow components and utilised for various purposes. The sustainable operation of the water resource scheme serves as a prototype for the optimal use of water and protection of the environment.
3
Ozaki, Noriatsu, Takahiro Yamauchi, Tomonori Kindaichi, and Akiyoshi Ohashi. "Stormwater inflow loading of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into urban domestic wastewater treatment plant for separate sewer system." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 7 (2019): 1426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.143.
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Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants present in wastewater, and determination of their sources is important for their management in the environment. In this study, stormwater loading of PAHs during rainfall periods was evaluated for sewage inflow into a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for a separate sewer system. To accomplish this, sewage inflow volumes, suspended solid concentrations, and PAH concentrations were measured during eight rainfall events and on two no-rainfall days at the inlet of the plant. Based on a comparison between the rainfall and no-rainfall loading quantified by the measurements, excess PAH loadings with stormwater were evaluated for the rainfall events. The relationship between rainfall intensity and stormwater loading was then used to evaluate long-term stormwater loadings of water and PAHs. Their contributions to the sewage inflow were 0.7% and 1.0% for 1 year for water and the sum of 16 measured PAHs, respectively. Our measurements and estimates demonstrate that direct stormwater inflow is not a primary source of PAHs to the plant for this separate sewer system.
4
Durchschlag, A., L. Härtel, P. Hartwig, et al. "Joint Consideration of Combined Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 5-6 (1992): 1125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0554.
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Wastewater treatment plants, combined sewerage, catchment areas, storage tanks and overflows have to be regarded together. Stormwater runoff results in discharges at combined sewer overflows and higher pollutant loads in the effluent of the treatment plants. Characteristics of catchment areas and sewerage, number and capacity of storage tanks and overflows determine the characteristics of the combined water influent of the treatment plant. The plant has to cope with a higher hydraulic load and often with higher pollutant loads at the beginning of combined water flows. Some of the effects are displacement of sludge to the secondary clarifier, higher solids concentrations in the effluent and high loads of ammonia nitrogen for the nitrifying reactor. To decide on bigger stormwater storages or improvement of the treatment plant all effects in the whole system have to be considered. This can only be done with dynamic models, although simulation of combined water flows still have to be improved.
5
Chambers, P. A., M. Allard, S. L. Walker, et al. "Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Effluents on Canadian Waters: a Review." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (1997): 659–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.038.
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Abstract Domestic sewage is a major threat to receiving waters throughout the world. In Canada, a high proportion of the population (81%) is served by municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Nevertheless, discharges from wastewater treatment plants, stormwater sewers and combined sewers have caused adverse impacts on some lakes, rivers and coastal waters. The most publicly recognized impacts are shellfish harvesting restrictions and beach closures resulting from microbial contamination. Habitat degradation and contamination also occur and these, in turn, have altered the abundance and diversity of aquatic organisms. Our findings on the effects of municipal wastewater discharge suggest that there is a need to review sewage treatment requirements in Canada. Further research is also required on the interactive and cumulative responses to habitat degradation and to long-term exposure to persistent and bioaccumula-tive pollutants. Finally, an integrated approach to wastewater management is needed that addresses loadings from treatment plants, stormwater sewers, combined sewer overflows and other wastewater sources.
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Dormoy, T., B. Tisserand, and L. Herremans. "Impact of the volume of rain water on the operating constraints for a treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (1999): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0108.
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The new regulations require an increased amount of treatment of stormwater and a reduction of pollution loads discharged into the natural surroundings to be considered. Drainage systems therefore and particularly wastewater treatment plants should be sized correctly to cope with these peaks. Using a simulation software of wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge, such as SIMBAD, enables us to check that planned structures are appropriate in relation to the effluent quality requirements laid down, and to fix the most appropriate operating procedures. Operating constraints on a plant for treating stormwater are not negligible. It is advisable to allow for increased sludge production, O2 requirements and also sludge quality (fermentability).
7
Malmur, Robert. "Methods of drainage and transfer of rainwater." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600049.
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With frequent heavy rainfalls in summer in Poland and fast-melting snow in spring leading to flooding of sewage systems (due to excessive filling levels in water receivers or difficulties with temporary retention of the excess stormwater), a variety of systems are being developed to facilitate transfer of the stormwater to water receivers. Outflow of the excess stormwater is usually ensured by the use of gravitational outflow collectors that connect stormwater drains with waterways. The transfer occurs during intensive precipitation, when the excess wastewater overflows through stormwater drains and is transferred directly to water receivers in order to relieve wastewater treatment plants or to minimize diameters of sewers. These systems are useful wherever the filling levels in waterways are not very high or the sewerage system is located relatively high with respect to the water receiver i.e. outflow collector is located on a steep slope. In such cases, the stormwater that flows through a waterway cannot be returned to the outflow collector. If the gravitational flow is impossible due to e.g. the excessive filling level of water receiver, stormwater can be transferred by means of a variety of modern solutions, such as retention and transfer reservoirs. These reservoirs are supposed to ensure partial retention of the excess stormwater and transfer of this water to water receivers, either gravitationally or forced mechanically, depending on the filling level in the waterway. The transfer reservoirs for the stormwater presented in this paper might be successfully used in modernization of current sewage systems, ensuring the reliability of operation and a more effective wastewater transfer than the systems used to date. All the reservoirs of this type are characterized by similar design and function and guarantee that the wastewater might be transferred regardless of the conditions in the water receiver.
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Heinzmann, Bernd, and Ferdinand Sarfert. "An integrated water management concept to ensure a safe water supply and high drinking water quality on an ecologically sound basis." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 8 (1995): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0321.
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For the city of Berlin and the surrounding areas a growth of the number of inhabitants is expected, resulting in a considerable increase in the water consumption. However, a sufficient quantity and an excellent quality of drinking water in the future can only be guaranteed through more integrated management of water resources. Artificial recharge of groundwater plays a key role in this approach. It includes the infiltration of treated surface water in a direct coordination to water catchment facilities. Investigations show, that other possibilities are: i) the reuse of sewage water, although there are still unsolved judicial issues, and ii) the use of stormwater. For both, an advanced treatment is necessary to meet the stringent quality requirements. Thus, the treatment is shifted more towards the sources of pollution, that means from the treatment of surface water to wastewater and stormwater to obtain an optimum water resource protection. Furthermore, the water is partly returned to the water cycle in order for it to remain within the region. Treated surface water, advanced treated wastewater, purified stormwater and treated weakly polluted combined wastewater from the combined system constitute favourable sources, in combination, for the replenishment of groundwater. Former wastewater irrigation fields in the area could be used. This also prevents re-dissolution of heavy metals in the polluted soil of the wastewater irrigation fields into the groundwater.
9
Abdelwahed, Marwa Mohamed Mohamed. "A Review of Wastewater Treatment Techniques." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (2020): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug163.
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With the rapid population growth, economic progress in addition to the global climate change (global warming), the demand for saving the limited natural resources become a huge challenge facing the world. Water is one of the natural resources that has become increasingly scarce and many of them are polluted by various human activities. Moreover, discharge untreated wastewater into surface waters such as river and lakes can causes human health problems and harm huge on the environmental through the negative impact on the wildlife, marine life and plants, as well as groundwater and surface runoff (stormwater, meltwater, rainwater) which can become polluted and can be lead also to negative economic impacts. Therefore, technologies of wastewater treatment have received global attention. The main objective of this paper is presents a literature review of some of the popular wastewater treatment techniques.
10
Michelbach, S. "Planning Stormwater Treatment of a Mountainous Urban Area." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 12 (1993): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0308.
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Within the urban drainage system the sewer system, the wastewater treatment plant and the receiving waters form a functional unit The interactions between these three systems are of importance during the whole planning cycle. In particular, the sensitivity of the receiving waters should be more taken into account than has been done up to now. The extension of stormwater treatment for a small town in a mountainous area should be planned. A first study done by a different company working only with guidelines recommended specific volumes for stormwater tanks between 30 m3 and 70 m3 per ha impervious area Six new stormwater tanks with a total volume of 5000-6000 m3 were to be installed. For the community these values seemed to be unrealistically high. In discussion with the water management, they wanted to undertake a more realistic planning. The company Umwelt- und Fluid-Technik (UFT) was commissioned to work out a new study taking the specific conditions of the urban catchment into account
11
Hussein, A. O., Shamsuddin Shahid, K. N. Basim, and Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan. "Modelling Stormwater Quality of an Arid Urban Catchment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.215.
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Understanding quality of stormwater is important for effective urban rainwater treatment planning and management. In this study, the quality of stormwater runoff from an arid urban residential catchment located in the Karbala city of Iraq, draining through stormwater sewers was investigated. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to estimate the concentrations of pollutants in stormwater and wastewater in the sewer networks. The results showed that the concentrations of the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) increased significantly after rain in the study area. The increase of TSS was very high compared to the BOD5. It is expected that the long-term simulations of stormwater pollution loading will help to compare the benefits of different scenarios of the sewage treatment plan for the reduction of the pollution in the storm discharge area.
12
Bode, H., and M. Weyand. "The influence of stormwater treatment on the hydraulic and pollution load – balance for an entire river basin." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (2002): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0076.
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The installation of about 500 stormwater detention facilities (SDFs) led to a significant drop of the pollution originating from stormwater runoff in the river basin of the Ruhr which covers 4,488 km2. The German technical directives on the design of SDFs are briefly outlined and the specific costs for such plants are given. The average costs for one kilogram COD held back by SDFs in combined systems amount to € 3.73 (calculated without consideration of the subsequent removal in the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)). The tank volume for stormwater storage can be minimised by application of real-time management systems which allow a dynamic operation of all SDFs in a catchment area.
13
Massimi, Rebecca, and Andrea E. Kirkwood. "Screening microalgae isolated from urban storm- and wastewater systems as feedstock for biofuel." PeerJ 4 (September 1, 2016): e2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2396.
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Exploiting microalgae as feedstock for biofuel production is a growing field of research and application, but there remain challenges related to industrial viability and economic sustainability. A solution to the water requirements of industrial-scale production is the use of wastewater as a growth medium. Considering the variable quality and contaminant loads of wastewater, algal feedstock would need to have broad tolerance and resilience to fluctuating wastewater conditions during growth. As a first step in targeting strains for growth in wastewater, our study isolated microalgae from wastewater habitats, including urban stormwater-ponds and a municipal wastewater-treatment system, to assess growth, fatty acids and metal tolerance under standardized conditions. Stormwater ponds in particular have widely fluctuating conditions and metal loads, so microalgae from this type of environment may have desirable traits for growth in wastewater. Forty-three algal strains were isolated in total, including several strains from natural habitats. All strains, with the exception of one cyanobacterial strain, are members of the Chlorophyta, including several taxa commonly targeted for biofuel production. Isolates were identified using taxonomic and 18S rRNA sequence methods, and the fastest growing strains with ideal fatty acid profiles for biodiesel production includedScenedesmusandDesmodesmusspecies (Growth rate (d−1) > 1). All isolates in a small, but diverse taxonomic group of test-strains were tolerant of copper at wastewater-relevant concentrations. Overall, more than half of the isolated strains, particularly those from stormwater ponds, show promise as candidates for biofuel feedstock.
14
Murray, Audrey, and Banu Örmeci. "Removal Effectiveness of Nanoplastics (<400 nm) with Separation Processes Used for Water and Wastewater Treatment." Water 12, no. 3 (2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030635.
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Microplastics and nanoplastics are abundant in the environment, and the fate and impact of nanoplastics are of particular interest because of their small size. Wastewater treatment plants are a sink for nanoplastics, and large quantities of nanoplastics are discharged into surface waters through wastewater as well as stormwater effluents. There is a need to understand the fate and removal of nanoplastics during water, wastewater, and stormwater treatment, and this study investigated their removal on a bench-scale using synthesized nanoplastics (<400 nm) to allow controlled experiments. Plastic particles were created in the lab to control their size, and bench-scale dewatering devices were tested for their ability to remove these particles. Filtration with a 0.22 μm filter removed 92 ± 3% of the particles, centrifugation at 10,000 rpm (670,800 g) for 10 min removed 99 ± 1% of the particles, and ballasted flocculation removed 88 ± 3%. These results provide a general idea of the magnitude of the removal of nanoplastics with separation processes, and more work is recommended to determine the degree of removal with full-scale unit processes. Even though the removal was good using all three treatments, smaller particles escaping treatment may increase the nanoplastics concentration of receiving water bodies and impact aquatic ecosystems.
15
Bavor, H. J., C. M. Davies, and K. Sakadevan. "Stormwater treatment: do constructed wetlands yield improved pollutant management performance over a detention pond system?" Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (2001): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0881.
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Constructed wetland systems have been proposed as representing an improved ecotechnological option over detention basins, in terms of their abilities to reduce stormwater bacterial and nutrient loads to receiving waters. Concentrations of microbial and pollutants were determined in inflow and outflow samples collected from each type of system. Removal efficiencies for the wetland although higher than for the pond, were lower than some previously reported values for the treatment of municipal wastewater by constructed wetlands. Performance of a number of constructed wetland systems for stormwater treatment is evaluated considering the functional components of the systems.
16
Dauphin, S., C. Joannis, A. Deguin, G. Bridoux, G. Ruban, and M. Aumond. "Influent flow control to increase the pollution load treated during rainy periods." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (1998): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0522.
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The European Directive of May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment points out that sewerage systems must be designed to limit the pollution of receiving watercourses by stormwater discharges. As for the system management, the French Decree of 22 December 1995 states that flows or pollution loads exceeding the reference capacity of the treatment plant may be temporarily admitted. This is especially interesting in the case of separate wastewater sewerage, as inappropriate connections of runoff water and rainfall induced infiltration cause hydraulic overloads in such networks. An automated influent flow control has been implemented on a 8000 population equivalent plant to admit a maximum of twice the dry weather peak flow: the clarifier is then dynamically managed so that neither sludge loss nor degradation through anoxic conditions may occur. A yearly simulation of such a strategy on a smaller treatment plant shows a very significant reduction (90%) of the volume discharged during rainy periods. It can therefore be concluded that a plant with additional hydraulic capacity and good sludge quality can play a significant role in limiting the stormwater discharges from separate sewerage systems. However this operational benefit depends on the inflow composition in the sewerage system (wastewaters, rain and infiltration waters).
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Stentström, T. A., and A. Carlander. "Occurrence and die-off of indicator organisms in the sediment in two constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (2001): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0833.
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The interest in constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater and stormwater treatment has recently increased but data for the reduction efficiency of indicator organisms are often restricted to the water phase. In a full-scale wastewater wetland in Sweden fecal coliforms and enterococci were reduced by 97-99.9% and coliphages by approximately 70%. The factors affecting the reduction are however less well understood. In two full-scale wetlands, for stormwater and wastewater treatment, an assessment has been done of the particle associated fraction of indicator organisms. No significant differences in the particle-associated numbers were seen between the inlet and the outlet of the wetlands, but the amounts of sedimenting particles varied between the two sites. In the stormwater wetland the amount of sedimenting particles at the outlet was 3% of the amount at the inlet, while the wastewater wetland had much lower particle removal efficiency. The reduction of suspended particles seems to be the main factor for bacterial elimination from the water phase, governed by vegetation and design. In the sediment, survival of presumptive E.coli, fecal enterococci, Clostridium and coliphages were long with T90-values of 27, 27, 252 and 370 days, respectively. The organisms can however be reintroduced by resuspension. Viruses in the water phase may be of main concern for a risk assessment of receiving waters.
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Nyberg, Ulf, Bengt Andersson, and Henrik Aspegren. "Real time control for minimizing effluent concentrations during storm water events." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (1996): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0425.
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Increased flow rates due to stormwater at the Klagshamn wastewater treatment plant occasionally cause hydraulic overloading of the activated sludge process resulting in sludge loss from the secondary clarifiers. To minimize these problems different operational strategies have been evaluated at the plant. Practical experiences have shown the benefits of using in-line storage for flow equalization even if the available volumes may seem small in comparison to the total daily flow rate during stormwater occasions. Step feed operation at the treatment plant can be used to further ease the problems with sludge loss. By-pass of primary treated wastewater can finally be used to avoid hydraulic overloading of the biological treatment process. By combining these strategies in a real time control system, the need for erecting off-line storage volumes can be minimized.
19
Bernard, C., P. Herviou, and T. Poujol. "Stormwater treatment by dissolved air flotation: first results from a pilot project." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (1995): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0031.
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A stormwater treatment plant using dissolved air flotation was operated in 1993, at the outlet of the Chelles River catchment area (Seine-et-Marne, France). The process was divided into two different stages. Firstly, a coagulation/flocculation stage, secondly a flotation stage in a flotation tank. The flow rate was set at 13 m3/h. Stormwater was the main part of the effluent but with some urban wastewater as the network is not strictly separate. The process efficiency was tested for suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and hydrocarbons. A total hydrocarbon removal was observed. Finally, constant output concentrations were observed in spite of important input roughwater concentration variations.
20
Heinzmann, Bernd. "Coagulation and flocculation of stormwater from a separate sewer system – a new possibility for enhanced treatment." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (1994): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0624.
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With the upgrading of the wastewater treatment plants in Berlin, the significance of stormwater as a loading factor for receiving waters increases. Therefore it is important to ensure an adequate treatment of the stormwater from a separate sewer system. The preliminary tests have shown that for a coagulation and flocculation of the weakly buffered and very soft stormwater polyaluminium chloride (with a share of cationic flocculant aid), which reacts less acidic, is especially suitable. The optimum dose is 0.06 mmol/l Al3+, whereby the pH value has never fallen below 6. The colloids (as a rule a negative charge) have been destabilized by the mechanism of adsorption coagulation. Sometimes the mechanism of sweep coagulation came into operation. In the pilot plant investigations it was possible to work with a constant dosage of polyaluminium chloride because the pH value and the acid combining capacity during the stormwater flow remained relatively unchanged. The best enhanced stormwater treatment process is coagulation and flocculation in a pipe designed for both microfloc and macrofloc formation and separation by filtration. In this case, in particular phosphate, organic compounds, filterable solids and anthropogenic substances, e.g. lead (a high portion of which comes into receiving waters in Berlin by stormwater) and copper could be removed. These results indicate that, in general, this process works more efficiently than a stormwater tank where only particles can settle. The results were basically used for a draft concept for enhanced treatment of stormwater runoff from the motorway Avus in Berlin. The following treatment process should be implemented: coagulation and flocculation in pipes, sedimentation, filtration and percolation into the underground. Through the storage of stormwater before treatment a smaller treatment plant can be constructed and problems due to flow variations may be avoided. The storage should take place in a stormwater drainage system with a larger than normal volume. The cost for this treatment concept is approximately 10 % to 40 % higher than the cost of the treatment in a stormwater tank.
21
Delporte, C., R. Pujol, and P. Vion. "Optimized lamellae settling for urban stormwater waste." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (1995): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0029.
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Lamellae sedimentation is an efficient and compact solution for handling high stormwater influx at wastewater treatment plants during rainy periods. This paper presents and comments on the results obtained at several different sites using specially adapted lamellae settlers. Surface hydraulic loads above 100 m3/m2.h have been reached using optimized doses of chemical reagents. One key advantage of the reactor is that start-up is practically instantaneous; this means that efficient treatment is obtained right from the start of the high flow period.
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Weiss, Gebhard. "Innovative use of lamella clarifiers for central stormwater treatment in separate sewer systems." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 8 (2013): 1606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.791.
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Lamella settlers have been used in the past few years for the sedimentation of particles in wastewater and stormwater applications. A new and very innovative approach for the treatment of stormwater flows is proposed which extends the portfolio of solutions beyond traditional settling tanks. Surface runoff is stored in a sewer or a basin and finally treated in a small but continuously operated lamella clarifier. The low throughput flow will yield good treatment efficiency at a small footprint. The possibilities of using existing storage volume in a storm sewer, as well as the structural flexibility of the arrangement are decisive benefits. As a large operational advantage, the lamellae may be cleaned mechanically, e.g. by pivoting under water. Finally, the flow and the sludge which will be sent to the downstream treatment plant will be minimized. A new comparative simulation method is proposed in order to assess an equivalent degree of stormwater treatment, either by achieving an equal annual volume of treated stormwater or, more directly, an equal amount of spilled pollutant load. The new solution is compared with a traditional settling tank according to current German design rules. Additionally, a case study from a real installation will be presented.
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Kok, Sandra, J. Shaw, P. Seto, and D. Weatherbe. "The Urban Drainage Program of Canada’s Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund." Water Quality Research Journal 35, no. 3 (2000): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2000.022.
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Abstract Since 1990, Canada’s Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund, which is administered by Environment Canada, has been supporting the development and implementation of cleanup technologies to control municipal pollution sources, to clean up contaminated sediments, and to rehabilitate fish and wildlife habitats. These efforts are focused on Canada’s 16 Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) identified by the International Joint Commission for priority cleanup action and restoration of beneficial uses. Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) developed by federal/provincial teams and the public provide the strategy for restoring the beneficial uses of the AOCs. Impairments in beneficial uses in the AOCs have been, in part, caused by discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs), Stormwater and sewage treatment plants (STPs). To assist municipalities in addressing the problems posed by urban drainage (CSOs and Stormwater), the Cleanup Fund’s Urban Drainage Program has been supporting the development and demonstration of innovative, cost-effective technologies and approaches. These projects include high-rate treatment of CSOs, real-time control of CSOs, performance assessment of Stormwater treatment technologies, pollution prevention and control plans, and development of Stormwater management planning tools for urban areas. These projects are carried out in collaboration with the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, municipalities, professional groups, universities and conservation authorities and other Environment Canada’s facilities (National Water Research Institute and Wastewater Technology Centre). The Urban Drainage Program has been instrumental in advancing the state of the art in CSO and Stormwater management in Ontario. Projects supported under the program have quantified pollutant loadings from municipal wastewater sources in several Ontario Areas of Concern, provided hard data on the performance of best management practices for Stormwater treatment, identified and evaluated new cost-effective technologies for CSO reduction and Stormwater treatment, and developed strategies and decision-making tools for Stormwater management The work done through the Urban Drainage Program is making it possible for Great Lakes communities to achieve important environmental objectives at significantly lower cost As a result, the communities should be able to achieve many of these objectives much earlier than they would have if their choices had been limited to more conventional and capital-intensive solutions. Although the program has focused on the needs of Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes basin, the lessons learned there can easily be applied to communities in other parts of the country and around the world.
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Heijs, J., D. Wilkinson, and E. Couriel. "Project CARE: reducing wet weather overflows to improve beach water quality." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0660.
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The people who live in North Shore City (New Zealand) consider the beaches as their greatest asset. Following public outcry on frequent beach pollution caused by wet weather sewer overflows, Project CARE commenced in 1998 to plan the improvements to the city's separated wastewater and stormwater systems to protect the streams and beaches, particularly from a public health perspective. The investigation included building hydrological and hydraulic models to represent the wastewater and stormwater systems and a receiving waters model to simulate the impacts on the beaches. These models were later used to explore options for improvement. It was found that North Shore City has a very leaky wastewater system that is under capacity. The resulting wet weather overflows (12 per year on average) are the most important contributor to the problem although stormwater pollution alone is big enough to cause problems (at a smaller magnitude). A cost optimisation model (iterative process using performance/cost relationships) was then used to assist in identifying the optimal set of improvement works (storage, repair and increased capacity, wastewater treatment plant) to meet different performance targets and to cater for growth up to the year 2050. Cost Benefit analyses, looking at improvements in system performance and water quality, show diminishing returns for performance levels better than 2 overflows per year. The total costs that meet this target are estimated at almost NZ$300M (US$135M).
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McIntyre, Hannah M., and Megan L. Hart. "Immobilization of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Cement for Improved Photocatalytic Reactivity and Treatment of Organic Pollutants." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (2021): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080938.
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Non-point organic pollutants in stormwater are a growing problem in the urban environment which lack effective and efficient treatment technologies. Incorporation of conventional wastewater techniques within stormwater management practices could fundamentally change how stormwater quality is managed because contaminants can be degraded during stormwater transport or storage. This study investigated the photocatalytic reactivity of titanium dioxide functionalized with maleic anhydride (Ti-MAH) within cement pastes when compared to ordinary Portland cement. Preparation of Ti-MAH was performed by permanently bonding maleic anhydride to titanium in methanol, drying and powdering the residual material, and then inter-grinding the preparation with cement during mixing. When compared with OPC, the Ti-MAH cured cement paste is more reactive under a wider range of light wavelengths, possesses a higher band gap, sustains this heightened reactivity over multiple testing iterations, and treats organics effectively (>95% methylene blue removal). Amorphous silica within calcium-silica-hydrate, C-S-H, is theorized to bond to the powdered Ti-MAH during curing. Verification of silicon bonding to the titanium by way of MAH was demonstrated by FTIR spectra, SEM imagery, and XRD. Creating a sustainable and passive photocatalytic cement that precisely bonds silica to Ti-MAH is useful for organic contaminants in urban stormwater, but use can translate to other applications because Ti-MAH bonds readily with any amorphous silica such as glass materials, paints and coatings, optics, and LEDS, among many others.
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Tuttolomondo, Teresa, Giuseppe Virga, Mario Licata, Claudio Leto, and Salvatore La Bella. "Constructed Wetlands as Sustainable Technology for the Treatment and Reuse of the First-Flush Stormwater in Agriculture—A Case Study in Sicily (Italy)." Water 12, no. 9 (2020): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092542.
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This paper describes a case study that was carried out on a Sicilian company (Italy) dealing with separate waste collection and recycling of glass. The aims of this study were to evaluate the overall efficiency of a vertical subsurface flow system (VSSFs) constructed wetland (CW) operating for the treatment of first-flush stormwater and the effects of treated wastewater on the morphological and aesthetic characteristics of ornamental pepper and rosemary plants. The system had a total surface area of 46.80 m2 and was planted with common reed and giant reed. Wastewater samples were taken from October 2018 to July 2019 at the CW inlet and outlet for chemical-physical and microbiological characterization of the wastewater. Two separate experimental fields of rosemary and ornamental pepper were set up in another Sicilian location. Three sources of irrigation water, two accessions of rosemary and two varieties of ornamental pepper were tested in a split-plot design for a two-factor experiment. The results showed very high organic pollutant removal (BOD5 75–83%, COD 65–69%) and a good efficiency of nutrients (TN 60–66%) and trace metals (especially for Cu and Zn) removal. Escherichia coli concentration levels were always lower than 100 CFU 100 mL−1 during the test period. Irrigation water and plant habitus had significant effects on all the morphological and aesthetic characteristics of the plants. For both the crops, plants irrigated with freshwater and treated wastewater had greater growth and showed a better general appearance in comparison with plants irrigated with wastewater. The higher trace metal levels in the wastewater produced adverse effects on plant growth and reduced the visual quality of the plants. Our results suggest the suitability of a VSSFs constructed wetland for the treatment of first-flush stormwater and the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes, in accordance with legislation requirements concerning wastewater quality.
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Smith, B. R. "Re-thinking wastewater landscapes: combining innovative strategies to address tomorrow's urban wastewater treatment challenges." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (2009): 1465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.473.
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Most major cities worldwide face urban water management challenges relating to drinking supply, stormwater and wastewater treatment, and ecological preservation. In light of climate change and finite natural resources, addressing these challenges in sustainable ways will require innovative solutions arising from interdisciplinary collaboration. This article summarizes five major urban water management strategies that bridge the fields of engineering, ecology, landscape architecture, and urban planning. A conceptual implementation of these strategies is demonstrated through a design for a small constructed wetland treatment system in San Francisco, California. The proposed decentralized system described in this article consists of a detention basin, vegetated and open free water surface wetlands, and ultraviolet disinfection. In wet weather, the system would detain and treat combined sewer discharges (CSD), and in dry weather it would treat residential greywater for toilet flushing and irrigation in a nearby neighborhood. It is designed to adapt over time to changing climatic conditions and treatment demands. Importantly, this proposal demonstrates how constructed wetland engineers can incorporate multiple benefits into their systems, offering a vision of how wastewater infrastructure can be an attractive community, educational, recreational, and habitat amenity through the integration of engineering, ecology, and landscape design.
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Peters, C., S. Keller, H. Sieker, and M. Jekel. "Potentials of real time control, stormwater infiltration and urine separation to minimize river impacts: dynamic long term simulation of sewer network, pumping stations, pressure pipes and waste water treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 10 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.739.
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River Panke (Berlin, Germany) suffers from hydraulic peak loads and pollutant loads from separate sewers and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Pumping the wastewater through long pressure pipes causes extreme peak loads to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) during stormwater events. In order to find a good solution, it is essential not to decide on one approach at the beginning, but to evaluate a number of different approaches. For this reason, an integrated simulation study is carried out, assessing the potentials of real time control (RTC), stormwater infiltration, storage and urine separation. Criteria for the assessment are derived and multi-criteria analysis is applied. Despite spatial limitations, infiltration has the highest potential and is very effective with respect to both overflows and the WWTP. Due to a high percentage of separate systems, urine separation has a similar potential and causes the strongest benefits at the WWTP. Unconventional control strategies can lead to significant improvement (comparable to infiltrating the water from ∼10% of the sealed area).
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Liu, Xiaofeng, Jie Zhang, Kevin D. Nielsen, and Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera. "Challenges and Opportunities of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Treatment." Journal of Environmental Engineering 146, no. 11 (2020): 02520002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001815.
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Morse, Natalie R., Michal Lieberman, and M. Todd Walter. "Comparing Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Passive Urban Stormwater Management to Conventional Wastewater Treatment." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 5, no. 1 (2019): 04018017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000874.
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Reda, A. L. L., and M. B. Beck. "Ranking strategies for stormwater management under uncertainty: sensitivity analysis." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 5 (1997): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0234.
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The disadvantageous consequences of stormwater perturbations of receiving water quality in urban environments can be attenuated by exercising control at various locations across the sewer network, wastewater treatment plant, and the stream itself. As part of a long-standing programme of research on developing an integrated approach to the management and real-time control of water quality in river basins, the paper examines the sensitivity of the associated strategies to model uncertainty. Specifically, results are presented for a case study based on a 10km stretch of the River Cam as it passes through the city of Cambridge in eastern England. The options for control are restricted to design and operational features of the wastewater treatment facility. Assessment is according to maximum and cumulative values of mass flows of ammonium-N and biochemical oxygen demand, together with the duration of dissolved oxygen concentration below 4.0 gm−3, at the downstream boundary of the system. A straightforward analysis of the sensitivity of these criteria to changes in the parameterisation of a model for receiving water quality shows that the ranking of strategies is robust in the face of model uncertainty. Minor differences in ranking occur as a function of whether judgement is based on ammonium-N or the other two attributes of water quality and whether attention is focused on the treatment plant in isolation or performance across the system as a whole. However, such conclusions must be qualified by noting that our analysis has been limited in its scope and elementary in its treatment of uncertainty.
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Lee, Junho, and Myungjin Lee. "Stormwater runoff treatment filtration system and backwashing system." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 4 (2019): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.097.
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Abstract This study has been carried out to evaluate the applicability of the pilot scale hybrid type of stormwater runoff treatment system for treatment of combined sewer overflow. Also, to determine the optimum operation parameter such as coagulation dosage concentration, effectiveness of coagulant usage, surface loading rate and backwashing conditions. The pilot scale stormwater filtration system (SFS) was installed at the municipal wastewater plant serving the city of Cheongju (CWTP), Korea. CWTP has a capacity of 280,000 m3/day. The SFS consists of a hydrocyclone coagulation/flocculation with polyaluminium chloride silicate (PACS) and an upflow filter to treat combined sewer overflows. There are two modes (without PACS use and with PACS use) of operation for the SFS. In case of no coagulant use, the range of suspended solids (SS) and turbidity removal efficiency were 72.0–86.6% (mean 80.0%) and 30.9–71.1% (mean 49.3%), respectively. And, the recovery rate of filter was 79.2–83.6% (mean 81.2%); the rate of remaining solid loading in filter media was 16.4–20.8% (mean 18.8%) after backwashing. The influent turbidity, SS concentrations were 59.0–90.7 NTU (mean 72.0 NTU), 194.0–320.0mg/L (mean 246.7mg/L), respectively. The range of PACS dosage concentration was 6.0–7.1mg/L (mean 6.7mg/L). The range of SS and turbidity removal efficiency was 84.9–98.2 (mean 91.4%) and 70.7–96.3 (mean 84.0%), respectively. It was found that removal efficiency was enhanced with PACS dosage. The recovery rate of filter was 92.0–92.5% (mean 92.3%) the rate of remaining solid loading in filter media was 6.1–8.2% (mean 7.2%) after backwashing. In the case of coagulant use, the particle size of the effluent is bigger than influent particle size. The results showed that SFS with PACS use more effective than without PACS use in SS and turbidity removal efficiency and recovery rate of filter.
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Granata, Francesco, Stefano Papirio, Giovanni Esposito, Rudy Gargano, and Giovanni De Marinis. "Machine Learning Algorithms for the Forecasting of Wastewater Quality Indicators." Water 9, no. 2 (2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9020105.
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Stormwater runoff is often contaminated by human activities. Stormwater discharge into water bodies significantly contributes to environmental pollution. The choice of suitable treatment technologies is dependent on the pollutant concentrations. Wastewater quality indicators such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) give a measure of the main pollutants. The aim of this study is to provide an indirect methodology for the estimation of the main wastewater quality indicators, based on some characteristics of the drainage basin. The catchment is seen as a black box: the physical processes of accumulation, washing, and transport of pollutants are not mathematically described. Two models deriving from studies on artificial intelligence have been used in this research: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Regression Trees (RT). Both the models showed robustness, reliability, and high generalization capability. However, with reference to coefficient of determination R2 and root‐mean square error, Support Vector Regression showed a better performance than Regression Tree in predicting TSS, TDS, and COD. As regards BOD5, the two models showed a comparable performance. Therefore, the considered machine learning algorithms may be useful for providing an estimation of the values to be considered for the sizing of the treatment units in absence of direct measures.
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Grünebaum, T., G. Morgenschweis, E. A. Nusch, H. Schweder, and M. Weyand. "Measures for structural improvement with regard to the good status of water bodies - estimation of expenditure for a river basin in Germany." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 10 (2003): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0533.
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To achieve the objective of “good chemical and ecological status” in water bodies as stipulated by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in particular, a package of measures geared to improving the water bodies’ hydromorphology will be required. These upgrading measures can, to some extent, also be seen as an alternative to still more advanced measures in the field of wastewater treatment and stormwater treatment in the context of status improvement in water bodies. On account of the very high level of wastewater and stormwater treatment already achieved, additional efforts in this specific area would, as experience has shown, not only be extremely costly, but produce just moderate if not minor results. In an estimate of the funding required to achieve “good status” by hydromorphological change, undertaken for the Ruhr River Basin (German state of North Rhine-Westphalia), it was found that costs would be in the range of €200 million to €1 billion. This translates into inhabitant-specific costs of €100 to €500 per capita. All measures are to be put into practice within the scope of an integrated water body development concept, optimised with regard to space and time.
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Trowsdale, S., J. Gabe, and R. Vale. "Integrated urban water management in commercial buildings." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 5 (2011): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.261.
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Monitoring results are presented as an annual water balance from the pioneering Landcare Research green building containing commercial laboratory and office space. The building makes use of harvested roof runoff to flush toilets and urinals and irrigate glasshouse experiments, reducing the demand for city-supplied water and stormwater runoff. Stormwater treatment devices also manage the runoff from the carpark, helping curb stream degradation. Composting toilets and low-flow tap fittings further reduce the water demand. Despite research activities requiring the use of large volumes of water, the demand for city-supplied water is less than has been measured in many other green buildings. In line with the principles of sustainability, the composting toilets produce a useable product from wastes and internalise the wastewater treatment process.
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Brown, R. R., and M. A. Farrelly. "Challenges ahead: social and institutional factors influencing sustainable urban stormwater management in Australia." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 4 (2009): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.022.
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In a time of climate uncertainty and drought in Australia, improved urban stormwater quality management practices are required not only for protecting waterway health, but also as a fit-for-purpose supply source. To conceive of urban stormwater as an environmental threat as well as a water supply source requires a substantial shift in our traditional linear supply and wastewater structures towards more hybrid and complex infrastructure systems. To understand what drives and limits treatment technology adoption for stormwater management, over 800 urban water professionals in three Australian capital cities completed an online questionnaire survey in November 2006. Using the conceptual framework of receptivity assessment, the results revealed the professional community to be highly associated with the importance of improving stormwater quality for receiving waterway health, yet they do not consider that politicians share this perspective by placing a substantially lower level of importance on stormwater quality management. Significant acquisition barriers within each city, including institutional arrangements, costs, responsibilities, and regulations and approvals processes were all identified as constraining more sustainable practices. Capacity building programs, fostering greater socio-political capital and developing key demonstration projects with training events are recommended as useful policy interventions for addressing current institutional impediments.
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Sundaravadivel, M., and S. Vigneswaran. "Wastewater collection and treatment technologies for semi-urban areas of India: a case study." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 11 (2001): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0699.
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Sanitation and wastewater management problems in small and medium towns in India (referred to as “semi-urban areas” - SUAs) are distinctly different from those of large cities or rural villages. There is an apparent lack of choices of appropriate sanitation options for these semi-urban areas, leading them to adopt on-site sanitation technologies. A field study of four such small towns in India was conducted to evaluate the suitability of available low-cost wastewater collection and treatment technologies, in light of their current practice. Based on the field study, this paper suggests a system comprising “combined surface sewers” and “reed-bed channel” for collection and treatment of wastewater for semi-urban areas, that can utilize all the existing infrastructure to effect better sanitation at lower costs. The suggested system involves converting the existing open wastewater collection drains on the road sides, as “decentralized” networks of covered drains with simple structural modifications to collect both wastewater and stormwater; and, converting the large open drains on the outskirts of SUAs that carry wastewater to agricultural fields, as gravel media filled beds planted with local reeds. Cost estimates for the towns studied indicate this system to be over 70% cheaper compared to conventional collection and treatment systems.
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Nadzirah, Z., H. Nor Haslina, and H. Rafidah. "Removal of Important Parameter from Car Wash Wastewater - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1153.
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Abstract. Huge quantity of water consumed per car and the various chemical agents used in car wash activities discharged the untreated effluents into stormwater system and eventually ending up in our lakes, rivers and oceans [1]. The accumulated sediments from vehicle wash contain contaminants that reach concentrations where the sludge is considered as a controlled or hazardous waste including of metals, elevated levels of oil and grease, and the unacceptable levels of acidity or alkalinity [2]. This paper provides a comprehensive review of car wash wastewater data analyzes regarding the wastewater discharges, as well as contaminant levels of car wash activities. Besides, the further extensive research on treatments used for the car wash industry for pollutant removal routes including the removal effeciency of pollutants has also been highlighted. The expansion of the review on the influence of the treatment indicates that, the effeciency on removal pollutants depends on the treatment used. Overall, the review illustrates the necessity of a profound knowledge on the car wash wastewater with an extensive lists of common treatment of car wash wastewater in providing the alternative way for on-site treatment for car wash outlet in treating the effluent before discharging into water bodies. Hence, decreases the pollution governing environmental, operational parameters, and the treatment performances of low cost system in treating the car wash wastewater.
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White, Sarah A. "Wetland Technologies for Nursery and Greenhouse Compliance with Nutrient Regulations." HortScience 48, no. 9 (2013): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1103.
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The need to protect our water resources and increasing public awareness of the importance of cleaner water for ecological and human health reasons are driving regulations limiting nutrient release from traditionally exempt, non-point source agricultural contributors. Modification of production practices alone may not be adequate to meet regulated nutrient criterion limits for irrigation and stormwater runoff entering surface waters. Three constructed wetland technologies are well suited to help agricultural producers meet current and future regulations. The first two technologies, surface- and subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, have been in use for over 40 years to cleanse various types of wastewater, whereas floating treatment wetlands are an emerging remediation technology with potential for both stormwater and agricultural runoff treatment applications. The mechanisms driving removal of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in constructed wetland systems are discussed. Surface-flow constructed wetlands remediate N contaminants from both container nursery and greenhouse production wastewater, whereas P remediation is variable and tied most closely to active plant growth as the constructed wetland ages. Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands effectively remediate N from production wastewater and can be tailored to increase consistency of P remediation through selection of P-sorbing root-bed substrates. Floating treatment wetlands effectively remediate both N and P with a designed surface area of a pond covered depending on the target effluent concentration or regulated total maximum daily load. The choice of treatment technology applied by growers to meet regulated water quality targets should be based on both economic and site-specific considerations.
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Alkhaledi, Khaled, Allison Arnold, Kenneth Means, In-Ju Kim, and Salaheddine Bendak. "A Novel Multicriteria Decision Making Model for Sustainable Stormwater Management." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (2020): 9508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229508.
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Precipitation not absorbed by the soil or local vegetation and remain on the surface leading to stormwater can cause soil erosion, flooding, property damage, and overflow to wastewater treatment facilities. This paper introduces a novel multicriteria decision-making model to choose among various sustainable solutions that can help in managing stormwater. This model is intended to help decision-makers in handling stormwater through proper utilization of precipitation while ensuring public safety and adhering to runoff regulations. The model also aims to present sustainable technologies that can help in reducing harmful stormwater overflows. As a way of constructing and validating the model, precipitation and other relevant data from the North-Eastern region of the United States were used. The model can be altered though to suit other regions in the world. The model was further validated by seeking the opinion of a group of experts on its constructs. Statistical analysis identified high item-to-total correlations for model constructs and a model Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.84 leading to conclude that the model is valid. Yet, green solutions presented in this study and the developed model should be considered as a first step in determining sustainable stormwater solutions and further research in this area is needed.
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Eroglu, V., H. Z. Sarikaya, and A. F. Aydin. "Planning of wastewater treatment and disposal systems of Istanbul metropolitan area." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (2001): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0750.
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Current and future wastewater treatment and disposal strategies of Istanbul city are presented. Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey and has a population of 10 million that may reach about 20 million in 2032. The city is divided into Asian and European sides by the Bosphorus Strait. The Sea of Marmara is an enclosed sea, connected to the Black Sea and Aegean Sea by the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Therefore, there is very strong and permanent stratification in the Sea of Marmara throughout the year, lower layers carrying Mediterranean and the upper layers carrying Black Sea water. This unique coastal structure of Istanbul necessitated a detailed study to determine the level of wastewater treatment and the location and depth of marine outfalls. A comprehensive three-dimensional water quality modelling study concluded that tertiary treatment including nitrogen and phosphorus removal is required for the effluent discharges into the Marmara Sea. However, enhanced primary or even primary treatment has been found satisfactory for discharges into the lower layers of the Bosphorus and into the Black Sea. Provisions for upgrading to secondary treatment were recommended. The status of existing and planned wastewater treatment plants and sea outfalls of Istanbul city are also presented. Although the amount of treated wastewater was only 63 percent in 1998, a target of 95 percent treatment level by the end of 2000 has been adopted in implementation plans. All treatment plants are located at or close to the coast except Pasakoy WWTP which is in the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir, the major source of drinking water for Istanbul city. The Pasakoy WWTP has been designed to treat wastewaters collected from the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir to tertiary level before ultimate disposal. The implementation programme together with the cost estimates are given. Total investment on water, wastewater and stormwater projects up to year 2032 is estimated at about 10 billion US Dollars. The share of the wastewater projects in this total is increasing with time. The financial analysis concluded that investments for a Higher Demand Scenario can be realised by raising the water tariffs to 1.0 $/m3 for Phase 1 and 0.9 $/m3 for Phase 2.
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Salmi, Pauliina, Kalle Ryymin, Anna K. Karjalainen, Anna Mikola, Emilia Uurasjärvi, and Julia Talvitie. "Particle balance and return loops for microplastics in a tertiary-level wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 1 (2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.209.
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Abstract Microplastics (MPs) from households, stormwater, and various industries are transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where a high proportion of them are captured before discharging their residuals to watersheds. Although recent studies have indicated that the removed MPs are mainly retained in wastewater sludge, sludge treatment processes have gained less attention in MP research than water streams at primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. In this study, we sampled 12 different process steps in a tertiary-level municipal WWTP in central Finland. Our results showed that, compared to the plant influent load, three times more MPs circulated via reject water from the sludge centrifugation back to the beginning of the treatment process. Fibrous MPs were especially abundant in the dewatered sludge, whereas fragment-like MPs were observed in an aqueous stream. We concluded that, compared to the tertiary effluent, sludge treatment is the major exit route for MPs into the environment, but sludge treatment is also a return loop to the beginning of the process. Our sampling campaign also demonstrated that WWTPs with varying hydraulic conditions (such as the one studied here) benefit from disc filter-based tertiary treatments in MP removal.
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Salmore, Alissa K., Erika J. Hollis, and Sandra L. McLellan. "Delineation of a chemical and biological signature for stormwater pollution in an urban river." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 2 (2006): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0021.
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Stormwater is a major source of Escherichia coli in urban waterways. This study assessed the chemical and bacterial contaminant load in stormwater entering an urban river using chemical analyses, E. coli enumeration and antibiotic resistance testing. Inline monitoring of five major stormwater outfalls revealed that E. coli concentrations can range from 100 to >240,000 CFU 100 ml−1 in stormwater; 15% of the samples contained >240,000 CFU 100 ml−1. E. coli levels increased from <200 CFU 100 ml−1 to between 1,500 and >20,000 CFU 100 ml−1 in the receiving waters following storm events. Metals and nutrients were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in inline stormwater samples compared with baseflow river water. Chromium, zinc, lead and total phosphorus were co-ordinately elevated in stormwater, but E. coli levels did not correlate to this chemical signature. E. coli isolates from stormwater and river water samples (n = 2,478) were tested for resistance to 10 antibiotics and compared with over 1,800 isolates from human and non-human sources. The antibiotic resistance frequencies of isolates from human sources were considerably higher than those found in non-human sources. Isolates from human sources were resistant to multiple antibiotics; however, no specific multiple resistance pattern was found. One of five stormwater outfalls tested contained E. coli resistant to antibiotics at frequencies that were not significantly different from those of E. coli isolates from wastewater treatment plant influent (p < 0.05). The results from antibiotic resistance testing suggested that the elevated E. coli levels observed after storm events are a mixture of human and non-human sources. The results of this study demonstrate that there is a considerable E. coli load to receiving waters from stormwater and that sanitary sewage inputs may not be limited to recognized sewer overflows.
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Cicero Fernandez, D., J. A. Expósito Camargo, M. Peña Fernandez, and B. Antizar-Ladislao. "Carex paniculata constructed wetland efficacy for stormwater, sewage and livestock wastewater treatment in rural settlements of mountain areas." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 7 (2019): 1338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.130.
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Abstract Constructed wetlands are one of the most appropriate wastewater treatment systems in mountain areas, where altitude, slope and climate constitute major environmental and economic constraints for infrastructure construction and subsequent management. In order to protect mountain natural wetland habitats that are sensitive to ecological equilibrium disruption, instead of the more commonly used macrophytes, plant species native to upland wetlands should be preferentially implemented as a contribution to biodiversity conservation and for the creation of more efficient, more resilient and better-adapted constructed wetlands. Carex paniculata is a key macrophyte in several European mountain aquatic habitats, and one of the few high-biomass producers that can grow at sea level and at altitudes of up to 2,600 m. In this paper, the results of a 2-year investigation demonstrate the efficacy of Carex paniculata for the treatment of the mixed stormwater, sewage and livestock wastewater effluents from a typical rural settlement at 825 m above sea level in the Cantabrian Mountains. The year-round suitability of Carex paniculata for the treatment of wastewater with seasonally variable flow and composition in mountain areas is demonstrated.
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Bertrand-Krajewski, J. L., M. Lefebvre, B. Lefai, and J. M. Audic. "Flow and pollutant measurements in a combined sewer system to operate a wastewater treatment plant and its storage tank during storm events." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (1995): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0187.
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Urban storm drainage is considered using an integrated approach taking into account all parts of the sewer system: pipes, storage tanks, overflows, treatment plant and receiving waters. This paper presents an experimental research in Boran-sur-Oise (France) where continuous measurements are carried out in the combined sewer system (catchment area 61 ha), in the storage tank (245 m3) and in the treatment plant (3000 p.e.). One of the objectives is a comprehensive knowledge of effects of storm events on treatment plant process and efficiency. Catchment, sewer system, storage tank, treatment plant and measurements are described. Results for an autumn rainfall are given as an example. Many impacts on the treatment plant are observed. Despite the load increase compared with dry weather periods, especially for TSS and ammonia, the plant efficiency remains satisfactory. Short-term and long-term impacts are distinguished. New rules for storage tank operation are proposed to avoid hydraulic plant overloading and to use the stormwater solids-settling properties. These rules will be tested in the future to verify their compatibility with receiving water quality requirements. Measurements in upstream sewer system could also be used in the future to operate stormwater treatment systems during storm events.
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Etnier, C. "Long-Range Planning for Decentralized Wastewater and Stormwater Treatment Research: Workshop Summary and Literature Review." Water Intelligence Online 6 (December 30, 2015): 9781780404523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780404523.
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Müller, J. R., and Kh Krauth. "Wastewater flow management to maximise the capacity of sewage treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 9 (1998): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0339.
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Wastewater treatment plants (WwTP) of combined sewer systems are designed to operate satisfactorily for the design case. Often this is a steady-state operation with high influent flow rates and pollutant loads at disadvantageous operating conditions (e.g. low water temperature and/or high sludge volume index). Consequently all plants maintain reserve capacities for most of the time, even during high storm water inflows. This paper reports of the development of an automatic control strategy to manage the wastewater flow to a WwTP according to its actual treatment capacity. The ammonia concentration in the nitrification zone and the sludge blanket level in the secondary clarifier were taken as key control parameters. The benefits of this novel control strategy were evaluated at a full scale plant (18 000pe) in Germany. The new system allowed the plant to process on average a stormwater flow 27% above the previous capacity. The plant could handle a maximum flow 45% above the design value while the effluent quality stayed within limits at all times. Our results show that combined storm water runoffs can significantly be reduced by enhancing the WwTP capacity by better flow management.
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Martz, Robert J., William J. McCarthy, and John C. Morris. "The Consent Order as Mandated Collaboration: The Case of Hampton Roads Sanitation District." Public Works Management & Policy 23, no. 2 (2017): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x17732584.
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In an age of growing infrastructure needs and increasingly limited resources to meet those needs, governments at all levels must search for ways to close the resources gap, as is the case of wastewater treatment and the requirement to treat stormwater. Recent efforts to address water quality have focused on collaboration as a mechanism to achieve desired outcomes. This article traces the development and implementation of a mandated collaborative effort to address stormwater infiltration into the sanitary sewer system in the Hampton Roads, Virginia, area. We find that, unlike more traditional conceptions of collaboration, the consent order in place served to require the participants to work together to achieve positive outcomes. We conclude with some general thoughts about the use of mandated collaboration as a lens to understand collaborative processes in public works settings.
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Eriksson, E., A. Baun, P. S. Mikkelsen, and A. Ledin. "Chemical hazard identification and assessment tool for evaluation of stormwater priority pollutants." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (2005): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0031.
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Assessment of chemical hazards is a critical issue, which have to be dealt with when evaluating different strategies for sustainable handling of stormwater. In the present study, a methodology for identifying the most critical and representative chemical pollutants was developed. A list of selected stormwater priority pollutants (SSPP-list) is the out-put from the procedure. Two different strategies for handling of stormwater were considered; discharge into a surface water recipient and infiltration. However, the same methodology can be used for other types of wastewater and other strategies for handling and treatment. A literature survey revealed that at least 656 xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) could be present in stormwater. In the next step, 233 XOCs were evaluated with respect to the potential for being hazardous towards either aquatic living organisms or humans, or causing technical or aesthetical problems. 121 XOCs were found have at least one of these negative effects, while 26 XOCs could not be assessed due to the lack of data. The hazard assessment showed that 40 XOCs had a PEC/PNEC ratio above one., e.g. they should be considered as priority pollutants. The final step is the expert judgement, which resulted in a final SSPP-list containing 16 selected priority pollutants.
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Golzar, Farzin, David Nilsson, and Viktoria Martin. "Forecasting Wastewater Temperature Based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Technique and Monte Carlo Sensitivity Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (2020): 6386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166386.
Full textAbstract:
Wastewater contains considerable amounts of thermal energy. Heat recovery from wastewater in buildings could supply cities with an additional source of renewable energy. However, variations in wastewater temperature influence the performance of the wastewater treatment plant. Thus, the treatment is negatively affected by heat recovery upstream of the plant. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more accurate models of the wastewater temperature variations. In this work, a computational model based on artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to calculate wastewater treatment plant influent temperature concerning ambient temperature, building effluent temperature and flowrate, stormwater flowrate, infiltration flowrate, the hour of day, and the day of year. Historical data related to the Stockholm wastewater system are implemented in MATLAB software to drive the model. The comparison of calculated and observed data indicated a negligible error. The main advantage of this ANN model is that it only uses historical data commonly recorded, without any requirements of field measurements for intricate heat transfer models. Moreover, Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis determined the most influential parameters during different seasons of the year. Finally, it was shown that installing heat exchangers in 40% of buildings would reduce 203 GWh year−1 heat loss in the sewage network. However, heat demand in WWTP would be increased by 0.71 GWh year−1, and the district heating company would recover 176 GWh year−1 less heat from treated water.