Academic literature on the topic 'Wastewater treatment. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wastewater treatment. eng"
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Liu, Tingzhi, Kaiyang Zheng, Defa Wang, Shuai Li, and Haoyu Wang. "Bentonite Adsorption & Coagulation Treatment of Recycled Fiber Pulping Wastewater." Engineering 05, no. 10 (2013): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.510b064.
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Niine, R., E. Loigu, and W. Z. Tang. "Development of Estonian nutrient discharge standards for wastewater treatment plants." Estonian Journal of Engineering 19, no. 2 (2013): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/eng.2013.2.05.
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Hani, Falah Bani, Mohammad Abdallah Qasaimeh, and Ahmad Qasaimeh. "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Inorganic Materials Changes with Time in the Stages of the Wastewater Treatment Plant." Engineering 04, no. 08 (2012): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2012.48054.
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Silva, Flora, António Albuquerque, Victor Cavaleiro, and Paulo Scalize. "Removal of Cr, Cu and Zn from liquid effluents using the fine component of granitic residual soils." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 24, 2018): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0051.
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Abstract The practice of reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) is seen as a strategy for water conservation in regions where water scarcity is a natural reality and in those where population growth and/or climate change foresee this scarcity. In situations of lower water scarcity, reuse is practiced by imperatives of environmental protection of the receiving media, reducing the discharge of effiuents from wastewater treatment plants. The artificial recharge of aquifers (RAQ) with TWW is a very common practice at the international level, but little considered in Portugal. However, residual waste from TWW (e.g heavy metals), when deposited in soil or water, can cause significant environmental impacts on its uses, and cause serious health problems in several animal species due to their bioaccumulation in food chains. The present study intends to show that the granitic residual soils of the Quinta de Gonçalo Martins (Guarda), in the Beira Interior region of Portugal, present physical-chemical and mineralogical characteristics favorable to the infiltration of TWW into RAQ. The results of the batch sorption tests indicate that the soil has a reactive capacity to remove the Cu and Zn residual load at TWW at high efficiencies by adsorption and ion exchange mechanisms. The pseudo-first order model explained the reaction kinetics for the three heavy metals removal and when the sorption equilibrium state was reached, the removal of these metals was explained by the Freundlich isotherm.
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Pan, Jinming, Huawei Sun, Andre Nduwimana, Yuanyuan Wang, Gendi Zhou, Yibin Ying, and Ruihong Zhang. "Erratum to “Hydroponic plate/fabric/grass system for treatment of aquacultural wastewater” [Aquacult. Eng. 37 (2007) 266–273]." Aquacultural Engineering 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.11.002.
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Kummer, Ana Carolina Barbosa, Helio Grassi Filho, Thomaz Figueiredo Lobo, and Rodollpho Artur de Souza Lima. "FERTILIZANTE ORGÂNICO COMPOSTO E ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TRIGO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO." IRRIGA 22, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2017v22n2p275-287.
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FERTILIZANTE ORGÂNICO COMPOSTO E ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TRIGO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO ANA CAROLINA BARBOSA1 KUMMER; HELIO GRASSI FILHO2; THOMAZ FIGUEIREDO LOBO3 E RODOLLPHO ARTUR DE SOUZA LIMA4 1 Enga. Agrícola, Doutora, Profa. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa – UEPG. Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti,4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa/ PR; ackummer@hotmail.com.2 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Prof. Departamento de Solos e Recursos Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – FCA/UNESP. Rua José Barbosa de Barros, n.º 1780, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu/SP; heliograssi@fca.unesp.br.3 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Prof. Departamento de Ciência Extas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Sagrado Coração – USC. R. Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Bauru/SP; thomaz.lobo@superig.com.4 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutorando, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense – UENF. Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 – Horto, CEP 28013-602, Campus do Goytacazes/RJ; rodollphoartur@hotmail.com. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do uso de fertilizante orgânico composto (lodo de esgoto compostado - LEC) em plantas de trigo irrigadas com água residuária proveniente da saída de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida, adotando-se nas parcelas dois tipos de água para a irrigação (água potável – AP e água residuária – AR) e nas subparcelas 7 níveis de adubação nitrogenada, assim descritos: T1, sem adubação nitrogenada; T2, 80 kg ha-1 de N via ureia; T3, 40 kg ha-1 de N via ureia + 40 kg ha-1 de N via LEC; T4, T5, T6 e T7 corresponderam à 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg ha-1 de N via LEC, respectivamente. A irrigação com água residuária na ausência de adubação nitrogenada promoveu incrementos de 36, 100, 48 e 77% na massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), número de perfilhos (NP), número de espigas por planta (NE) e no rendimento de grãos (RG), respectivamente. O uso conjunto de AR e doses de N acima de 80 kg ha-1 via LEC no solo, promoveu decréscimos no comprimento de espiga (CE), MSPA e RG. Os resultados apontam para a substituição de 100% da adubação nitrogenada química (dose de 80 ka ha-1 de N), pelo equivalente em N via LEC (100% lodo), sem prejuízos à cultura do trigo. Palavras-chave: efluente, lodo, compostado, nitrogênio, irrigação. KUMMER, A. C. B.; GRASSI FILHO, H.; LOBO, T. F.; LIMA, R. A. S.ORGANIC COMPOUND FERTILZER AND WASTEWATER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT IRRIGATED BY DRIPPING 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic compound fertilizer use (composted sewage sludge - CSS) in wheat plants irrigated with wastewater from the output of a sewage treatment plant. Completely randomized design was used in a split plot, adopting in the plots two types of water for irrigation (drinking water - DA and wastewater - WW) and in subplots seven nitrogen fertilization levels, described as follows: T1 without nitrogen fertilization; T2, 80 kg ha-1 of N of urea; T3, 40 kg ha-1 N of urea + 40 kg ha-1 N of CSS; T4, T5, T6 and T7 corresponded to 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg ha-1 N of CSS, respectively. Irrigation with WW promoted increments of 36, 100, 48 e 77% of dry matter (DM), number of tillers (NT), number of spikes per plant (NS) and grain yield per plant (GY), respectively. The use of wastewater with doses of nitrogen above 80 kg ha-1 from composed sewage sludge, promoted decreases in spike length, dry mass and grain yield. The results point to the substitution of 100% of the chemical nitrogen fertilization (dose of 80 ka ha-1 of N), by the equivalent in N from CSS (100% sludge), without damages to the wheat crop. Keywords: wastewater, sludge, compound, nitrogen, irrigation.
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Dogan, Bugce, Merih Kerestecioglu, and Ulku Yetis. "Assessment of the best available wastewater management techniques for a textile mill: cost and benefit analysis." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 4 (February 1, 2010): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.006.
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In the present study, several water recovery and end-of-pipe wastewater treatment alternatives were evaluated towards the evaluation of Best Available Techniques (BATs) for the management of wastewaters from a denim textile mill in accordance with the European Union's Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive. For this purpose, an assessment that translates the key environmental aspects into a quantitative measure of environmental performance and also financial analysis was performed for each of the alternatives. The alternatives considered for water recovery from dyeing wastewaters were nanofiltration (NF) with coagulation and/or microfiltration (MF) pre-treatment, ozonation or peroxone and Fenton oxidation. On the other hand, for the end-of-pipe treatment of the mill's mixed wastewater, ozonation, Fenton oxidation, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and activated sludge (AS) process followed by membrane filtration technologies were evaluated. The results have indicated that membrane filtration process with the least environmental impacts is the BAT for water recovery. On the other side, MBR technology has appeared as the BAT for the end-of-pipe treatment of the mill's mixed wastewater. A technical and financial comparison of these two BAT alternatives revealed that water recovery via membrane filtration from dyeing wastewaters is selected as the BAT for the water and wastewater management in the mill.
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Pauwels, B., and W. Verstraete. "The treatment of hospital wastewater: an appraisal." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0024.
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Hospitals discharge considerable amounts of chemicals and microbial agents in their wastewaters. Problem chemicals present in hospital wastewater belong to different groups, such as antibiotics, X-ray contrast agents, disinfectants and pharmaceuticals. Many of these chemical compounds resist normal wastewater treatment. They end up in surface waters where they can influence the aquatic ecosystem and interfere with the food chain. Humans are particularly exposed by the drinking water, produced from surface water. Microbial agents of special concern are multiresistant microbial strains. The latter are suspected to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. In this paper, we will discuss the different approaches towards hospital wastewater treatment. The principle of uncoupling hospitals from public sewers warrants in-depth evaluation by technologists and ecotoxicologists as well as public health specialists.
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Ahmad, Imran, Norhayati Abdullah, I. Koji, A. Yuzir, and S. E. Mohamad. "Potential of Microalgae in Bioremediation of Wastewater." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10616.413-429.
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The increase in global pollution, industrialization and fast economic progress are considered to inflict serious consequences to the quality and availability of water throughout the world. Wastewater is generated from three major sources, i.e. industrial, agricultural, and municipal which contain pollutants, such as: xenobiotics, microplastics, heavy metals and augmented by high amount of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds. Wastewater treatment is one of the most pressing issues since it cannot be achieved by any specific technology because of the varying nature and concentrations of pollutants and efficiency of the treatment technologies. The degradation capacity of these conventional treatment technologies is limited, especially regarding heavy metals, nutrients, and xenobiotics, steering the researchers to bioremediation using microalgae (Phycoremediation). Bioremediation can be defined as use of microalgae for removal or biotransformation of pollutants and CO2 from wastewater with concomitant biomass production. However, the usage of wastewaters for the bulk cultivation of microalgae is advantageous for reducing carbon, nutrients cost, minimizing the consumption of freshwater, nitrogen, phosphorus recovery, and removal of other pollutants from wastewater and producing sufficient biomass for value addition for either biofuels or other value-added compounds. Several types of microalgae like Chlorella and Dunaliella have proved their applicability in the treatment of wastewaters. The bottlenecks concerning the microalgal wastewater bioremediation need to be identified and elucidated to proceed in bioremediation using microalgae. This objective of this paper is to provide an insight about the treatment of different wastewaters using microalgae and microalgal potential in the treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, with the specialized cultivation systems. This review also summarizes the end use applications of microalgal biomass which makes the bioremediation aspect more environmentally sustainable. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Gulyas, H. "Processes for the removal of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0471.
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Processes that are suitable for the elimination of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters are reviewed. Most advantageous are separation processes which enable not only reuse of the water phase but also the recycling of the wastewater constituents. Besides separation processes many degradative wastewater techniques are available. However, for the removal of recalcitrant organics biological processes (which are economically beneficial) cannot be chosen, but a variety of nonbiological degradative processes exist which can be divided into oxidative and reductive technologies. The latter are in the research and development state. The chemical oxidative treatment technologies comprise wastewater incineration and wet air oxidation for wastewaters with high organic concentrations, the so-called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as e.g. ozone/hydrogen peroxide which generate the nonselective but very powerful oxidant OH radical, and processes with other oxidants as e.g. Fe(VI) compounds or peroxodisulfate. Also electrochemical oxidation of organic wastewater constituents is possible. All degradative processes that do not lead to total mineralization of organic wastewater constituents may form transformation products which sometimes are more toxic than the original organic compounds.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wastewater treatment. eng"
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Santos, Samantha Christine. "Sistema de tratamento anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico para águas residuárias de suinocultura : remoção de matéria orgânica, de nutrientes e de coliformes /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94941.
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Orientador: Roberto Alves de OliveiraBanca: Carlos Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo
Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Resumo: Neste estudo avaliou-se o desempenho de processo anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico, utilizando-se um reator anaeróbio compartimentado (ABR de 360 L), com duas câmaras, um filtro aerado submerso (FAS de 160 L), preenchido com anéis de bambu e anéis de plástico de eletroduto corrugado e um reator de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (USB de 120 L) anóxico, instalados em série, para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) de 10708 a 17048 mg L-1. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) foram de 24 e 12 h no reator ABR; de 7,9 e 3,9 h e de 9,1 e 4,5 h no FAS preenchido com anéis de bambu e anéis de plástico de eletroduto corrugado, respectivamente; e de 7,8 e 3,9 h no reator USB anóxico. O FAS foi submetido a condições de aeração intermitente e contínua. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal foram de 94 a 99% no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico, com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 35,9 a 93,0 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no reator ABR. As maiores eficiências médias de remoção foram de 99,99; 98; 99; 91; 88; 99 e 94% para os coliformes termotolerantes, DQOdiss, SST, NT, P-total, Cu e Zn, respectivamente, no sistema de tratamento anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico, obtendo-se valores mínimos de 1,1 x 103 NMP/100 mL para coliformes termotolerantes e 221 mg L-1 para DQOtotal. A porcentagem de CH4 no biogás do ABR variou de 76 a 84%; de N2 no reator USB anóxico chegou a 74%, com COV de 13,1 g DQOtotal (L d)-1 e TDH de 4 h. Os valores da atividade específica da microbiota do lodo das câmaras do ABR apresentaram diferenças, evidenciado a habilidade de separação das fases hidrolítica, acidogênica e metanogênica. A caracterização morfológica do biofilme do FAS, por meio de microscopia óptica, indicou alta diversidade morfológica, a qual pode estar associada a sistemas de tratamento biológico estáveis
Abstract: In this study it was evaluated the performance of the anaerobic, aerobic and anoxic process in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR of 360 L), with two chambers, a submerged aerated filter (SAF of 160 L), filled with bamboo rings and plastic rings, and an anoxic upflow sludge blanket reactor (USB of 120 L), installed in series, for swine wastewater treatment, with mean total suspended solid (TSS) concentration from 10708 to 17048 mg L-1. The hydraulic detention times (HDT) were 24 and 12 h in the ABR reactor; 7,9 e 3,9 h and 9,1 e 4,5 h in the SAF filled with bamboo rings and plastic rings, respectively; 7,8 and 3,9 h in the anoxic USB reactor. Conditions of intermittent and continuous aeration were applied at the SAF. The mean of CODtotal removal efficiencies ranged from 94 to 99% in the anaerobic, aerobic and anoxic treatment system under organic loading rate (OLR) of 35,9 to 93,0 g total COD (L d)-1 in the ABR reactor. The highest mean removal efficiencies were of 99,99; 98; 99; 91; 88; 99 e 94% for thermotolerant coliforms, dissCOD, TSS, TN, total-P, Cu and Zn, respectively, in the anaerobic, aerobic and anoxic treatment system, obtaining minimum values of 1,1 x 103 MPN/100 mL for thermotolerant coliforms and 221 mg L-1 for CODtotal. The CH4 percentage in the biogas ABR ranged from 76 to 84%; the N2 percentage in the anoxic USB reactor reached 74%, with COV of 13,1 g total COD (L d) -1 and HDT of 4 h. The observed values of microbial specific activity of the sludge in the ABR‟s chambers were significantly different, evidenced the ability to phase separation hydrolytic, acidogenic and methanogenic. The SAF biofilm morphology, through optical microscopy, indicated a high morphological diversity, which may be associated with stable biological treatment systems
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Lopes, Marcelo Domingos Chamma 1971. "Aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura tratada em sistema de alagados construídos, via irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas de milho e de sorgo /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103449.
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o tratamento da água proveniente de suinocultura na fase de reprodução por meio de um sistema de alagados construídos. Aplicou-se a água residuária via irrigação localizada por gotejamento nas culturas do milho safrinha e do sorgo. Realizou-se a caracterização química da água servida e da água residuária em quatro pontos de coletas em três épocas distintos, analisou-se também turbidez; coliformes totais e fecais; sólidos totais, dissolvidos e em suspensão; DBO; DQO; e condutividade elétrica da água. Realizou-se a caracterização química do solo e da solução do solo (extrator de solução) em quatro camadas (0-20; 20-40; 40-60; 60- 80cm) em três épocas distintas para irrigação com água residuária e para irrigação com água potável. Os experimentos foram efetuados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, conjuntamente nos Campus da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas e da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu. Concluiu-se que o sistema de alagados construídos proporcionou redução nos teores de Coliformes totais e fecais, DBO, DQO, N, K, Cu, Zn e que a água tratada no sistema de alagados construídos pode ser utilizada via irrigação sem causar prejuízos à produtividade da cultura do milho safrinha.Abstract: This work had as purpose to evaluate swine wastewater treatment through wetland systems. Treated wastewater was applied through drip irrigation system on sorghum and corn crops. Wastewater was analyzed at four sampling points and three different times; it was analyzed turbidity, total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, total soluble solid content, dissolved solids, suspended solids, BOD, COD, and electrical conductivity. It was carried out the chemical characterization of soil and soil solution (porous ceramic cup extractors) in four layers (0-20; 20-40; 40-60; 60-80 cm) at three distinct times for wastewater irrigation and drinkable water irrigation. Experiments were carried out at Experimental Farm Lageado, jointly in the Campuses of the College of Agronômicas Sciences and the College of Medicine Veterinária and Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu. It was concluded that the Wetland systems decreased total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, BOD, COD, N, K, Cu, Zn. Wastewater treated on wetland systems can be used through irrigation without causing damage to corn yield.
Orientador: Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira
Coorientador: Ana Beatriz Rocha de Castro Lopes
Banca: Antônio de Pádua Sousa
Banca: Leandro José Grava de Godoy
Banca: Luiza Helena Duenhas
Banca: Elza Alves
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Giafferis, Giselda Passos 1965. "Avaliação do potencial de reuso agrícola do efluente de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto com alagados construídos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101958.
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Orientador: Zacarias Xavier de BarrosCoorientador: Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira
Banca: Jorge Hamada
Banca: Jandira Liria B. Talamoni
Banca: Marco Antinio M.Biaggioni
Banca: Luis Fernando Rossi Léo
Resumo : Os sistemas de alagados construídos (SACs) são projetados como passivos de depuração, constituídos por lagoas ou canais, compostos por plantas aquáticas livres ou fixas em substratos como areia, solo ou cascalho, onde ocorre a proliferação de biofilmes que agregam populações variadas de micro-organismos presentes nas águas residuárias. O uso combinado de tecnologias simples e de baixo custo como os reatores anaeróbios seguidos de alagados construídos como pós-tratamento, tem sido de interesse para o saneamento em pequenas comunidades. A pesquisa ocorreu em uma planta de tratamento de esgoto real do Departamento de Água e Esgoto de Bauru, localizada no Distrito de Tibiriçá, com vazão média de 4,8L/s, composta por processo de filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, seguido de sistemas de alagados construídos em paralelo. Como objetivo deste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar a eficiência dos três sistemas de alagados construídos, com tipos de plantas diferentes e analisar quantitativa e qualitativamente os efluentes nas várias etapas do processo de tratamento, para verificar suas eficiências e a possibilidade de reúso do efluente final na agricultura. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que houve satisfatória remoção de matéria orgânica, com concentração média de 36 e 39 mg/L, nas fases 1 e 2 de operação,respectivamente, atendendo os valores exigidos pela legislação para padrões de emissão, mesmo recebendo concentrações afluentes elevadas, de efluentes não doméstico por batelada, o qual não foi previsto em projeto. Constatou-se que as concentrações de nutrientes, como nitrogênio e fosfato foram altas em todo o sistema e a eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal esteve muito abaixo do esperado, não atendendo a legislação que exige lançamentos... (Resumo completo, clicar aesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The constructed wetland systems are designed as passive purification, consisting of ponds or channels, composed of aquatic plants free or fixed on substrates such as sand, soil or gravel, where the proliferation of biofilms is that aggregate diverse populations of micro- organisms present in wastewater. The combined use of simple and inexpensive as the anaerobic reactors followed by constructed wetlands as post-treatment has been of interest for sanitation in small communities. The research took place in a sewage treatment plant's actual Department of Water & Sewer Bauru, located in the District of Tibiriçá with average flow of 4.8 L/s made by a process of upflow anaerobic filter, followed by systems constructed wetlands in parallel. As objective of this study we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of three constructed wetland systems, with different types of plants and analyze quantitative and qualitative effluent at various stages of treatment to monitor their effectiveness and the possibility of reuse in the final effluent agriculture. Considering the results obtained, it was observed that there was satisfactory removal of organic matter, with a mean concentration of 36 and 39 mg/L, phases 1 and 2 operations, respectively, given the values required by law for emission standards, even with affluent high concentrations of non-domestic waste per batch, which was not foreseen in the project. It was found that concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate were high throughout the system and the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was much lower than expected, does not meet the law requires that releases up to 20 mg/L. The results obtained for nitrogen and phosphate in effluent from constructed wetland systems, it is concluded that the system is also functioning as a secondary... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Villar, Luciene Dias. "Estudo da lixiviação bacteriana de metais presentes em lodo de esgoto sanitário /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100756.
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Orientador: Oswaldo Garcia JuniorBanca: Íria Fernandes Vendrame
Banca: João Sérgio Cordeiro
Banca: Rosana Filomena Vazoller
Banca: Maria Lucia Gonsales da Costa Araujo
Resumo: A geração de lodo como resultado do tratamento do esgoto sanitário, embora possa ser minimizada, é inevitável, qualquer que seja o sistema empregado nas estações de tratamento. Sua disposição final tem sido motivo de diversos estudos, os quais apontam, como alternativa mais favorável, sua utilização em áreas agrícolas ou de produção florestal. A presença de metais no lodo, entretanto, pode inviabilizar seu uso como fertilizante ou como condicionador de solos dado ao risco de contaminação ambiental e de acumulação na cadeia trófica. A solubilização de metais presentes no lodo por meio do processo de lixiviação bacteriana tem mostrado resultados promissores, encorajando seu desenvolvimento. A lixiviação bacteriana de metais pode ocorrer diretamente, pela oxidação de sulfetos metálicos ou, indiretamente, pela oxidação de compostos reduzidos de enxofre a sulfato, com a conseqüente solubilização ácida dos metais. As principais bactérias envolvidas nesse processo pertencem ao gênero Thiobacillus, recentemente reclassificado. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se lodo de esgoto, gerado pela Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Franca-SP (ETE-Franca), que opera um sistema de lodos ativados convencional, com tratamento dos lodos primário e secundário por digestão anaeróbia. Amostras de lodo foram caracterizadas quanto à presença dos metais cromo, cobre, chumbo, níquel e zinco. Em um ensaio preliminar, utilizando a linhagem Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans FG01, foi verificado que a utilização de lodo digerido ou lodo não-digerido proporcionou eficiências de solubilização similares para os metais investigados. Desta forma, amostras de lodo digerido anaeróbio foram utilizadas para estudo do efeito dos parâmetros temperatura, pH inicial e concentração de sólidos totais sobre a eficiência e a cinética da lixiviação bacteriana. Nesses ensaios,...(Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Although sewage sludge generation from sanitary wastewater treatment can be minimized, its production cannot be avoided at any system employed in the wastewater treatment facilities. Sludge final disposal has motivated several research studies, which have pointed out as the most suitable alternative the application of sludge in agricultural and forestry production. However, the presence of metals in sewage sludge may jeopardize its application as fertilizer or soil amendment due to the risk of environmental contamination or accumulation through the trophic chain. Solubilization of metals from sewage sludge by bacterial leaching has showed promising results, encouraging its process development. Bacterial leaching of metals occurs directly by metal sulphide oxidation or, indirectly by oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds to sulphate, with the consequent sludge acidification and metal solubilization. Bacteria from Thiobacillus genus, recently reclassified, are the most important species involved in bacterial leaching. In this work, sludge samples were obtained at the municipal wastewater treatment facility in the city of Franca, state of São Paulo, Brazil, which operates a conventional activated sludge system with treatment of the primary and secondary sewage sludges by anaerobic digestion. Samples were characterized for concentration of the metals chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. A preliminary assay was conducted by using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans FG01, which resulted in similar solubilization efficiencies for digested or not-digested sludges. Effects of temperature, initial pH and total solids concentration were investigated in leaching experiments using anaerobically digested sludge inoculated...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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Breda, Carlos Cesar. "Utilização de lodo de efluente doméstico : efeitos na produtividade agrícola e em alguns aspectos ambientais /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101745.
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Orientador: Iraê Amaral GuerriniBanca: Wanderley da Silva Paganini
Banca: Simone Damasceno
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Boas
Banca: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do lodo de esgoto proveniente de uma pequena estação de tratamento, localizada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, na produtividade agrícola e características de plantas de milho, bem como seus impactos nas características do solo e na qualidade da água drenada para o freático. O delineamento experimental foi constituído por blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (Ensaios), num total de 6 tratamentos, 4 blocos e 4 ensaios, sendo T1 (testemunha, sem fertilização); T2 (10t ha-1 de lodo seco); T3 (20t ha-1 de lodo seco); T4 (30t ha-1 de lodo seco); T5 (40t ha-1 de lodo seco) e T6 (adubação mineral). Os ensaios foram assim definidos: E1 (cultivo de verão instalado em 11/2000); E2 (cultivo de inverno instalado em 06/2001); E3 (segundo cultivo de verão instalado em 11/2001) e E4 (segundo cultivo de inverno instalado em 05/2002). Foi utilizado o milho como cultura teste. Os parâmetros avaliados no campo foram altura das plantas, diâmetro do colmo e número de folhas em três épocas diferentes, além da análise foliar. Após a colheita das espigas foram avaliados os componentes de produção: massa sem palha, comprimento, diâmetro e número de fileiras das espigas; massa da palha; diâmetro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of sewage sludge, coming from a small treatment station, located in Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomic Sciences College - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, on productivity and characteristics of corn plants, as well as its impact on soil characteristics and quality of drained water. The experimental design constituted of randomized blocks, with split plots in time (Assays), with 6 treatments, 4 blocks and 4 assays. The treatments were T1 (control, without fertilization); T2 (10t ha-1 of dry sludge); T3 (20t ha-1 of dry sludge); T4 (30t ha-1 of dry sludge); T5 (40t ha-1 of dry sludge) and T6 (mineral fertilizer). The assays were defined as: E1 (first summer plantation, installed in 11/2000); E2 (first winter plantation, installed in 06/2001); E3 (second summer plantation, installed in 11/2001), and E4 (second winter plantation, installed in 05/2002). The parameters evaluated were height of plants, stem diameter and number of leaves, besides leaves chemical analysis. After harvesting of corn spikes, the production components were evaluated: spikes without straw; spike length, diameter and line number; straw weight; corncob diameter; number of spikes; weight of 1000 grains and grains for spike). Moreover, the corn productivity at 13% of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Rufato, Fernando Henrique. "Efeito da redução do diâmetro interno sobre o desempenho de um reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado no tratamento de esgoto sanitário /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90737.
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Orientador: Milton Dall'Aglio SobrinhoBanca: Tsunao Matsumoto
Banca: Pedro Alem Sobrinho
Resumo: Os reatores de leito fluidizado com circulação em tubos concêntricos têm apresentado bons resultados no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, conforme uma série de relatos da bibliografia. Entretanto, o estado atual da modelagem não oferece ferramentas consolidadas para o projeto dos reatores deste tipo, devido à complexidade do funcionamento do leito trifásico e sua interdependência com os parâmetros biológicos envolvidos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo caracterizar experimentalmente os efeitos da redução do diâmetro interno sobre o funcionamento de um reator de 6 metros de altura, por meio de estudos hidrodinâmicos e análises laboratoriais do esgoto afluente e efluente. O reator tem diâmetro externo de 0,25m e foi operado anteriormente com um tubo interno de 0,20m de diâmetro, o qual foi reduzido para 0,10m neste trabalho. Antes de iniciar o tratamento foram medidas as velocidades de circulação por meio de injeção de traçadores e foram determinados os coeficientes de transferência de oxigênio. O tratamento do esgoto sanitário, submetido a gradeamento prévio, foi realizado com TDH de 3 horas e concentração de meio suporte de 100g/L de areia com diâmetro médio de 0,26mm. Os resultados indicaram que a redução do diâmetro interno provocou aumento expressivo da velocidade do líquido no tubo de subida. Com isso foi possível utilizar vazões de ar tão baixas quanto 1500L/h sem risco de instabilizar o leito, enquanto que na situação anterior eram necessários cerca de 3700L/h. O processo de tratamento foi o fator limitante da vazão de ar, requerendo cerca de 2100L/h. As remoções médias de DQO, DBO e NTK situaram-se em 91,1%, 88,5% e 88,8%, respectivamente. Com o diâmetro interno de 0,20m foram obtidas, em condições de operação semelhantes, remoções de 81,7%, 88,6% e 87,0%, com uma vazão de ar de 3700L/h. Com o tubo interno de 0,10m o reator apresentou bom desempenho hidrodinâmico, ...
Abstract: The circulating fluidized bed reactors with concentric tubes have been presented good results in the treatment of domestic wastewater, as shown by several reports in the literature. However, the current state of the art of modeling does not offer consolidated design tools to this kind of reactors, due to the complexities of the three-phase bed behavior and their interdependence with the biological parameters involved. In this context, the objective of this research is to experimentally characterize the effect of the internal diameter reduction on the functioning of a reactor with 6 meters of height, by means of hydrodynamic studies and laboratorial analyses of the reactor's affluent and effluent. The reactor has an external diameter of 0,25m and an internal tube with a previous diameter of 0,25m, reduced to 0,10m in this work. Before initiating the treatment the circulation velocities were measured by injecting tracers and the oxygen transfer coefficients were determined. The treatment of the previously screened wastewater was carried out with Hydraulic Detention Times (HDT) of 3 hours The solid phase (carrier particles) used was 100g/L of sand with 0,26mm of average diameter. The results indicated that the reduction of the internal diameter greatly increased the liquid's velocity in the riser. Thus it was possible to use air injection taxes as low as 1500L/h without risk of bed settlement, while in previous situations it was necessary about 3700L/h. The air flux of about 2100L/h required by the treatment process was the restraining factor to the diminution of the air injection flux. The averaged removals of DQO, DBO, and TKN were respectively 91,1%, 88.5% and 88.8%. With the internal diameter of 0,20m in similar conditions there were obtained removals of 81,7%, 88.6% and 87.0%, with an air injection flux of 3700L/h. With the internal tube of 0,10m the reactor presented good hydrodynamic performance, also improving the settling ...
Mestre
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Chand, Rashmi. "Advanced oxidative wastewater treatment using cavitational reactors." Thesis, Abertay University, 2008. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/fdce9629-7b22-43c6-9162-d03848e5df3b.
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This thesis explores various novel ways of treatment of wastewater contaminated by toxic organic pollutants using single and combined advanced oxidative wastewater treatment technologies in conjunction with a variety of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitational reactors. There have been many reports in the literature on the use of hydroxyl radicals as the core part of AOPs and hence, as the first objective, the amount of hydroxyl radical generation from different acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitational reactors was studied using the potassium iodide dosimeter. The results reveal that optimum concentrations of less toxic chloroalkanes (chloroform and dichloromethane) could be efficient alternatives to carbon tetrachloride for enhancement of hydroxyl radical generation in cavitational reactors. Increasing ultrasonic amplitudes and operating hydrodynamic cavitational pressures lead to higher rates of hydroxyl radical production. Having explored the efficiency of generation of hydroxyl radicals the capacity of the reactors to degrade the model pollutant phenol, via a modified classic Fenton reaction which uses zero valent iron catalysts (instead of iron salts) and hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions was studied. This process, named the advanced Fenton process (AFP), is the main foundation of the phenolic wastewater treatment reported in this thesis. Phenol degradation was assessed using different frequencies of ultrasound where a comparison between 20, 300 and 520 kHz ultrasonic reactors showed that 300 kHz was by far the most efficient US reactor resulting in 100% phenol removal and 37% total organic carbon (TOC) mineralization in 25 min. The concept of Latent Remediation (LR) was discovered during investigations into innovative approaches towards development of cost/energy-effective methods to treat phenolic wastewater. LR consists of inputting only 15 min of either ultrasound or stirring to the reaction medium, which contains optimised amounts of hydrogen peroxide and iron catalyst, and then the silent-dark AFP phenol degradation was studied over 24 h. The excellent results revealed that >80% TOC mineralization was achieved after this time. It was also found that zero valent copper catalysts were effective for phenol degradation and offered an excellent alternative to iron in the AFP, however toxicity analysis on the 24, 48 and 72 h samples showed that zero valent iron exhibited decreased toxicity when compared to zero valent copper. Conventional granular/powdered activated carbons were replaced with activated carbon cloth and investigations on the potential use of this material for phenol removal/decomposition was studied in detail at different operating pHs (3, 5.5 and 9), temperatures (20, 40 and 80 °C), oxidants (H2O2/O3) in various reactors (pump, shaker and US bath). Another aspect of the AOP application, disinfection of natural waters, was studied employing hydrodynamic cavitation and ozonation in a novel Liquid Whistle Reactor system. Model markers of faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, were chosen for the study and the combined technologies of hydrodynamic cavitation and stepwise ozonation proved be highly beneficial, resulting in ~ 6 log bacterial reduction revealing 99.9999% disinfection efficiency of the process.
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Wong, Tak Ian. "Numerical flow simulations of an egg-shaped anaerobic sludge digester in wastewater treatment /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202005%20WONG.
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Abubakar, Umar Alfa. "A technological model for low energy domestic wastewater treatment." Thesis, Abertay University, 2015. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/51ee0b9e-808f-441e-8420-c2276cccbf48.
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This study evaluated the potential for efficient treatment of domestic wastewater, while satisfying energy efficiency requirements. Various treatment systems and the influences of their physical configurations and operational characteristics on wastewater treatment and energy efficiency were initially considered and evaluated. Review of literature identified high rate anaerobic systems as viable low energy systems for domestic wastewater treatment, with reported high removal of influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and high net energy balance for the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Low energy recovery is reported in literature as a limitation of anaerobic domestic wastewater treatment, and anaerobic domestic wastewater treatment systems have failed to meet effluent discharge standards, and post-treatment using aerobic processes have been recommended in order to ensure high effluent quality. Therefore, the ABR was selected as a feasible option that can be developed as the first stage of an anaerobic-aerobic low energy domestic wastewater treatment system. The literature review also identified the net energy consumption per cubic metre (m3) of treated wastewater during the treatment process as an energy efficiency evaluation criterion. Energy efficiency for domestic wastewater treatment facilities should be achieved if efficient treatment performance can be sustained at ambient temperature, instead of the fixed mesophilic temperature that is commonly adopted in anaerobic treatment processes. To identify an energy efficient design of the ABR in terms of hydraulic retention time and operational temperature, the performance efficiencies of ABR bench models were monitored at ambient temperature and 37oC at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 48, 36, 24, 12 and 6 hours, which corresponded to organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.25, 1.67, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 kg COD/m3 day. 88.43, 90.00, 84.03, 77.01 and 59.35% of the influent COD (mean = 2479.50 mg/L) were removed at 48, 36, 24, 12 and 6 hour HRTs, respectively, in the 37oC bench reactor, while 70.16, 70.36 and 74.99% of the influent COD were removed at 48, 36 and 24 hour HRTs, respectively, in the ambient temperature bench reactor. Steady state performance, in the form of stable pH values, was not observed in the ambient temperature reactor at 12 hours HRT before the end of the bench experiments. Retention of influent total solids was observed to correlate to hydraulic retention time, with increase retention of total solids corresponding to increase in hydraulic retention time. Furthermore, observed total solids retention in the ambient temperature reactor were less than the total solids retention in the 37oC reactor. Anaerobic reduction of domestic wastewater sludge and the corresponding methane production were also evaluated using bio-chemical methane potential (BMP) batch assays at ambient temperature and compared to a fixed mesophilic temperature of 37oC. Low reduction of volatile solids was observed in the BMP assays, with 40% at ambient temperature compared to 56% at 37oC for primary sludge, and 22% at ambient temperature compared to 38% at 37oC for secondary sludge. Critical limitations of the anaerobic stage at ambient temperature were determined to be the biological reduction and conversion of the organic contaminants to soluble COD and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Also, achieving and maintaining steady state performance required a longer time period at ambient temperature than at 37oC, potentially due to the slow growth of the anaerobic microorganisms at ambient temperature. These limitations indicate the need for long (≥ 24 hours) retention periods for efficient operation at ambient temperature. The ABR bench models were evaluated for energy efficiency with the identified energy efficiency criteria, and the operational condition with the highest energy efficiency was determined to be 12 hours HRT at 37oC. Finally, design criteria for the anaerobic stage of the anaerobic-aerobic system were proproposed, along with a process model as a preliminary step for future process research.
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Ng, Chi Po. "Treatment of textile wastewater by combined photo-fenton and biological process /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202005%20NG.
Full textBooks on the topic "Wastewater treatment. eng"
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Kauss, P. B. Impact of Sault Ste. Marie East end wastewater treatment plant discharge on Lake George Channel (St. Marys River) waters. Toronto, ON: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2000.
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water. and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Wastewater treatment plant operator on-site technical assistance training program, 104(g)(1): End of fiscal year 1998 accoumplishment report. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Wastewater treatment. eng"
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"Wastewater treatment." In Environment at a Glance 2013, 38–39. OECD, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264185715-11-en.
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"Enhancing wastewater collection and treatment." In The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017, 119–23. UN, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/1355a41a-en.
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"Solar powered wastewater treatment plant in Mexico." In The United Nations World Water Development Report, 166–67. UN, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2df5184b-en.
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Shikuku, Victor Odhiambo, and George O. Achieng'. "Occurrence and Fate of Selected Heavy Metals in a Conventional Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Kisumu City, Kenya." In Advanced Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastewater, 211–24. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5754-8.ch012.
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The objective of this work was to investigate the occurrence and fate of five heavy metals in water, sludge, and sediments from a conventional municipal wastewater treatment facility in Kisumu City, Kenya. The effluent quality was compared with the effluent quality parameters stipulated by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) to assess the efficiency of the plant and potential effect of the discharged effluent on the recipient river. The levels of the heavy metals recorded in the sludge samples were significantly higher than those in the corresponding water samples. The order of the metal percentage removal efficiency (%R) from the treatment plant was Mg>Cu>Mn>Fe>Zn. It is concluded that the plant is a point source for Zn loading into the recipient waters which poses potential risk to end users downstream. The heavy metal-laden sludge was within permissible limits for utilization in agricultural lands.
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Ho, Yeek-Chia, Siong-Chin Chua, and Fai-Kait Chong. "Coagulation-Flocculation Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment." In Handbook of Research on Resource Management for Pollution and Waste Treatment, 432–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0369-0.ch018.
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Coagulation and flocculation processes are widely used in potable water treatment due to its high efficiency in turbidity removal. Egyptians discovered this method in 1500 BC by using alum to settle the suspended solids in the water. Today, the coagulation and flocculation processes are implemented with the purpose of agglomerate colloids and fine particles in water into larger particles, which is also known as floc. Therefore, reduction of turbidity and pollutants e.g. organic matter, inorganic matter, suspended solid, etc. can be achieved. This chapter covers the principle of coagulation and flocculation process which includes the charge neutralization and various binding mechanisms e.g. interparticle bridging, sweeping coagulation, and absorption. Besides, various types of coagulants and flocculants that have been discovered and their respective effectiveness in potable water treatment are discussed as well in this chapter. Polymer modifications to synthesize new coagulant/flocculant i.e. grafting and crosslinking are also included.
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"Investing downstream in wastewater treatment and safe disposal." In OECD Studies on Water, 59–77. OECD, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264100817-8-en.
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Banerjee, Priya, and Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay. "Microalgal Photobioreactors as an Integrated Approach for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment, Carbon Sequestration, and Recovery of Valuable Resources." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 174–95. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch008.
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Unplanned and unmonitored growth of civilization and industries recorded in the previous decades have resulted in the introduction of several pollutants of emerging concern like pharmaceuticals and antibiotic drugs, endocrine disrupters, personal care products, etc. in adjacent aquatic environments. Moreover, the primary considerations of recent wastewater treatment strategies include energy neutrality and efficient recovery of valuable products as end/byproducts of the concerned process. The present study reviews such recent advances in designs, development, and implementation of algae based photobioreactors for simultaneous CO2 capture and treatment of effluents containing various types of emerging contaminants with negligible energy input. It also discusses the subsequent usage of algal biomass for production of value-added products like bioethanol, alginate, etc. This study has primarily addressed the potential and limitations of such photobioreactors for simultaneous achievement of wastewater remediation, CO2 sequestration, and bioenergy production with a zero-discharge concept.
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"Membrane Characterizations." In Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment in Rural Regions, 93–108. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2645-3.ch004.
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Membrane characterization is a critical necessity throughout the membrane's lifecycle. It mainly provides the connection between the fabrication and performance of the membrane. At the fabrication stage, membrane characterization allows us to study the membrane's characteristics in terms of its structure, morphology, chemical and physical properties, transport properties, etc. Membrane operation allows the determination of whether membrane cleaning is required or replacement is necessary. Finally, characterization at the end stage of membrane usability provides the causes of membrane failure which are significant data for future references. In that essence, this chapter discusses several methods that are used in membrane characterization processes, which are mainly categorized into the transport/flow, electron microscopy, scattering, and spectroscopy characterization methods.
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"Evidence on blended finance in small-scale off-grid sanitation, wastewater collection and treatment." In OECD Studies on Water. OECD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/29b59548-en.
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Gallo-Cordova, Alvaro, Daniela Almeida Streitwieser, María del Puerto Morales, and Jesús G. Ovejero. "Magnetic Iron Oxide Colloids for Environmental Applications." In Colloids - Types, Preparation and Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95351.
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This chapter deals with magnetic colloids with catalytic properties for the treatment of polluted waters and the efficient production of fuel alternatives. This kind of materials presents great advantages such as high surface/volume ratio, reproducibility, selectivity, ability to be magnetic harvested, functionalizable surfaces (e.g. with tunable pores and selective chelators deposited on them), high efficiencies and reusability. In particular, this chapter will consider the case of magnetic iron oxide colloids, which can be easily synthesized at low cost, are biocompatible and presents a well-developed surface chemistry. The most common techniques for the synthesis and functionalization of these magnetic nanoparticles will be reviewed and summarized. The iron oxide nanoparticles present outstanding properties that can be exploited in different aspect of the wastewater treatment such as heavy metals and organic pollutants removal by ionic exchange or adsorption, and degradation of the contaminants by advanced oxidation processes, among others. In the field of alternative energies, they have also been used as catalysts for biofuels production from oil crops, in Fischer-Tropsch reactions for liquid hydrocarbons and many other processes with potential environmental impact.
Conference papers on the topic "Wastewater treatment. eng"
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Waller, Michael G., and Thomas A. Trabold. "Review of Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment: Large-Scale Applications, Future Needs and Current Research Gaps." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18185.
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There is growing interest in innovative waste water treatment technologies that can utilize the inherent energy-producing potential of organic waste. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a type of bioreactor that produces electricity by converting energy in the chemical bonds of organic material, through a catalytic reaction of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. MFCs provide a promising low cost, highly efficient, and renewable energy-producing alternative to conventional wastewater treatments. MFC technology at the laboratory scale has advanced to the point where chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (RE) over 90% are commonly achieved; however, low coulombic efficiencies (CE) and power densities often result when treating actual industrial and domestic wastewaters. In spite of their low energy recovery and power production, MFCs have been shown to be economically viable when factoring in costs savings from the sale of produced chemical byproducts and reduction of solid waste removal costs. However, further research of large-scale MFC wastewater treatment applications must be performed to determine the extent of their feasibility. This paper reviews several pilot-test MFC systems, addresses promising future industrial applications, and discusses current research gaps in MFC technology for wastewater treatment. Of particular interest in our research program is the use of MFCs to treat liquid-phase organic waste generated at food processing plants. Because of the general scalability of fuel cell systems, there is reason to believe that an MFC treatment system would be better suited to relatively small waste flow rates, unlike other treatment methods (e.g., anaerobic digestion) which typically require large volume to achieve economic viability.
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Miletta, Bryan A., R. S. Amano, Ammar A. T. Alkhalidi, and Jin Li. "Study of Air Bubble Formation for Wastewater Treatment." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47065.
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Aeration, a unit process in which air and water are brought into intimate contact, is an extremely important step in the process of wastewater treatment. The two most common systems of aeration are subsurface and mechanical. A mechanical system agitates the wastewater by various means (e.g. paddles, blades, or propellers) to introduce air from the atmosphere. Subsurface aeration is the release of air, in the form of bubbles, within the tank of wastewater to supply the microorganisms with the required amount of oxygen they need to metabolize and break down the organic material suspended in the wastewater. The bubbles of Air are released from the bottom of the wastewater tank through diffusers. These diffusers have a surface membrane, usually made of punched rubber, to create the fine bubbles with high oxygen transfer efficiency from supplied air to the diffusers. Since the energy crisis in the early 1970’s, there has been increased interest in these systems due to its high oxygen transfer efficiency. This paper covers experimentation of different air diffuser membranes, varying in material, used in the aeration process of wastewater treatment. Rubber, EPDM rubber (ethylene-propylene-diene Monomer) and PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene membranes coated membranes were tested. Experimental results showed that the rubber membrane produced the smallest bubble size against expectation. This could be a result of the coating being on the top surface only and the bubble starts from inside the punch.
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Twomey, Kelly M., and Michael E. Webber. "Evaluating the Energy Intensity of the US Public Water System." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54165.
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Previous analyses have concluded that the United State’s water sector uses over 3% of national electricity consumption for the production, conveyance, and treatment of water and wastewater and as much as 10% when considering the energy required for on-site heating, cooling, pumping, and softening of water for end-use. The energy intensity of water is influenced by factors such as source water quality, its proximity to a water treatment facility and end-use, its intended end-use and sanitation level, as well as its conveyance to and treatment at a wastewater treatment facility. Since these requirements differ by geographic location, climate, season, and local water quality standards, the energy consumption of regional water systems vary significantly. While national studies have aggregated averages for the energy use and energy intensity of various stages of the of the US water system, these estimates do not capture the wide disparity between regional water systems. For instance, 19 percent of California’s total electricity generation is used to withdraw, collect, convey, treat, distribute, and prepare water for end-use, nearly doubling the national average. Much of this electricity is used to move water over high elevations and across long distances from water-rich to water-stressed regions of the state. Potable water received by users in Southern California has typically been pumped as far as 450 miles, and lifted nearly 2000ft over the system’s highest point in the Tehachapi Mountains. Consequently, the energy intensity of San Diego County’s water is approximately 11,000 kWh per million gallons for pumping treatment and distribution, as compared to the US average which is estimated to be in the vicinity of 1,500–2,000 kWh per million gallons. With added pressures on the state’s long-haul transfer systems from population growth and growing interest in energy-intensive desalination, this margin will likely increase. This manuscript consists of a first-order analysis to quantify the energy embedded in the US public water supply, which is the primary water source to residential, commercial, and municipal users. Our analysis finds that energy use associated with the public water supply is 4.7% of the nation’s annual primary energy and 6.1% of national electricity consumption, respectively. Public water and wastewater pumping, treatment, and distribution, as well as commercial and residential water-heating were considered in this preliminary work. End-use energy requirements associated with water for municipal, industrial, and self-supplied sectors (i.e. agriculture, thermoelectric, mining, etc.) were not included in this analysis.
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Ho, Clifford K., M. Michael Hightower, Ronald C. Pate, Wayne Einfeld, Christopher P. Cameron, Jacquelynne Hernandez, Marilyn C. O’Leary, James E. McMahon, and Conrad Mulligan. "Development of a Technology Roadmap for the Energy and Water Nexus." In 1st Water Quality, Drought, Human Health and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/water2006-20008.
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Energy and water are critical resources that are inextricably and reciprocally linked. The production of energy requires large volumes of water, and the treatment and distribution of water depends upon readily available, low-cost energy. For example, electricity production from thermoelectric power plants can use ∼140,000 million gallons of water per day for cooling—accounting for 39% of all freshwater withdrawals in the nation, second only to agriculture in the United States (Figure 1). Significant amounts of water are also needed for hydropower, extraction/refining of minerals for energy, and bio-fuel production. Electrical energy, on the other hand, is needed for water treatment (e.g., desalination, wastewater), pumping, and distribution. The amount of electricity used in water and wastewater industries is equivalent to the amount used in chemical, petroleum refining, and paper industries. These interdependencies, coupled with increasing demands for energy and diminishing availability of freshwater supplies, pose significant challenges to ensure the sustainability of these two critical resources. Examples of the interrelationships between energy and water use are shown in Figure 2.
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Horikoshi, Satoshi. "IN-LIQUID PLASMA USING MICROWAVE POWER FOR APPLICATIONS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9815.
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More than 30 years have passed since Clements, et. al. succeeded in generating plasma in liquid (in-Liquid plasma: LP). Meanwhile, then plasma generation experiments using AC and DC power sources have been performed in electrolyte solutions. On the other hand, in 2000, by Nomura, et. al., they succeeded in generating plasma in aqueous solution by using microwave as a power source. When the microwave is used as a power source, there is a problem that the electrode is deteriorated and melted by the heat of plasma, and there is a problem that the device cannot be used continuously. We solved this problem using a semiconductor (solid-state) microwave generator. In order to investigate the possibility of using this new plasma, we have applied to wastewater treatment (e.g. degradation of 1,4-dioxane, rhodamine B dye and hypochlorous) and gel synthesis (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) gel and silicone hydrogel gel). The photograph of the LP apparatus is illustrated in Figures 1. The MW generator was constructed using an Ampleon M2A-R semiconductor generator (2.45-GHz; maximal power, 1300 W) coupled to an isolator (air cooling device), a power monitor, a three-stub tuner and a short-circuit plunger. Microwaves continuously irradiated the liquid through the tungsten antenna (dia.: 10 mm; length: 200 mm). The tungsten antenna was isolated from the reactor and the waveguide using a ceramic spacer to irradiate MW in the solution. In the application of LP for wastewater treatment, the model wastewater of rhodamine B dye (RhB) were decomposed by LP irradiation, and degradation efficency of LP method was compared with conventional methods (UV photodegradation, NaClO chemical treatment, UV/NaClO chemical/photodegradation and the UV/TiO2 photocatalytic degradation method). The degradationon rate of LP method was remarkably fastest to conventional methods (Figure 2). In the application of LP for gel-synthesis, synthesizing the polymer-gel (PVP-gel and HySi-gel) was tried by the LP method. This feature of the method can significantly reduce (or eliminate) the initiator and crosslinking agent needed for conventional synthesis. Because these chemicals are very toxic, the LP approach is effective in green chemistry. In addition, it will further extend the application of these gels to the medical field.More than 30 years have passed since Clements, et. al. succeeded in generating plasma in liquid (in-Liquid plasma: LP) [1]. Meanwhile, then plasma generation experiments using AC and DC power sources have been performed in electrolyte solutions. On the other hand, in 2000, by Nomura, et. al., [1], they succeeded in generating plasma in aqueous solution by using microwave as a power source. When the microwave is used as a power source, there is a problem that the electrode is deteriorated and melted by the heat of plasma, and there is a problem that the device cannot be used continuously. We solved this problem using a semiconductor (solid-state) microwave generator [2]. In order to investigate the possibility of using this new plasma, we have applied to wastewater treatment (e.g. degradation of 1,4-dioxane, rhodamine B dye and hypochlorous) and gel synthesis (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) gel and silicone hydrogel gel).More than 30 years have passed since Clements, et. al. succeeded in generating plasma in liquid (in-Liquid plasma: LP) [1]. Meanwhile, then plasma generation experiments using AC and DC power sources have been performed in electrolyte solutions. On the other hand, in 2000, by Nomura, et. al., [1], they succeeded in generating plasma in aqueous solution by using microwave as a power source. When the microwave is used as a power source, there is a problem that the electrode is deteriorated and melted by the heat of plasma, and there is a problem that the device cannot be used continuously. We solved this problem using a semiconductor (solid-state) microwave generator [2]. In order to investigate the possibility of using this new plasma, we have applied to wastewater treatment (e.g. degradation of 1,4-dioxane, rhodamine B dye and hypochlorous) and gel synthesis (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) gel and silicone hydrogel gel).
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Liner, Barry, Steve Tarallo, Lauren Fillmore, and Chris Peot. "Opportunities for Distributed Electricity Generation at Wastewater Facilities." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32190.
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“Wastewater treatment plants are not waste disposal facilities but are water resource recovery facilities that produce clean water, recover nutrients (such as phosphorus and nitrogen), and have the potential to reduce the nation’s dependence on fossil fuels through the production and use of renewable energy and the implementation of energy conservation.” This quote from the 2011 WEF Renewable Energy Position Statement clearly calls attention to the role of wastewater management through Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRF) to address the needs of the Utility of the Future. The water resources utility of the future will integrate these three major concepts of Nutrients, Energy and Water, and many cutting edge utilities are already implementing this management goal of resource recovery. This focus may initially have been internal to the water or wastewater utility, investigating sustainable energy management through energy conservation, increased renewable energy production (where feasible), and focus on overall energy management. The overall societal benefit of the resilience improvement through distributed generation is starting to be realized. The fact that a water resource recovery facility (wastewater plant) that generates its own energy can operate when the power is out is an asset during extreme events. In addition, this capacity can be coordinated with electric utilities to address peak loads and other system needs. Valuable energy products generated on-site at wastewater plants can also supply a portion of energy demand within their respective service areas. On average, the energy content of wastewater (chemical, hydraulic and thermal) is five times greater than the energy required for treatment. The most common opportunity for on-site power generation is through biogas created through anaerobic digestion. However, technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis, and incineration may be used to generate electricity or fuel. District energy systems, facilities to generate renewable diesel or aviation fuel, hydrogen fuel cells, and in-line hydropower are all being installed today. However, becoming net energy positive is not the only goal. Optimizing overall sustainability may actually require using more energy or producing less energy onsite. Treating water to higher standards is often more energy intensive. Similarly, using biogas as a transportation fuel reduces onsite power production and increased energy use is required to further process biosolids to maximize reuse potential and to recover nutrients and minerals (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium). A number of utilities worldwide have already taken the leap and begun this transformation towards resource recovery. While it is not practical for all water resource recovery facilities to become energy positive or neutral, all can take steps towards increasing sustainability while also improving resilience in the energy sector.
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Obradović, Dino, Marija Šperac, and Saša Marenjak. "ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SERVICES." In GEO-EXPO 2020. DRUŠTVO ZA GEOTEHNIKU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/geo-expo_2020_2.
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One of the prerequisites for a healthy human life is access to drinking water through a public water supply service and the drainage of wastewater and polluted water using public drainage services. The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia guarantees the right to a healthy life, and the State should provide conditions for a healthy environment. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution no. 64/292 of 2010 recognizes the right to safe and clean drinking water as a human right of great importance for the full enjoyment of other human rights. The paper will present some of the indicators of access to public water supply and sewerage services, such as: percentage of connection to the public water supply system, residential water consumption, access to flushing toilets, connection to the public sewerage and connection to the wastewater treatment plant. The analysis will be made for the following countries: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. At the end of the paper, a conclusion will be drawn, taking into account the observed indicators for the analyzed countries.
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Lakeh, Reza Baghaei, Daniel Andrade, Kyle Miller, Mohammad Masoud Modabernia, Thuan John Nguyen, Justine Nguyen, Elbon Flanagan, et al. "Design and Testing of a Solar-Driven Wastewater Treatment Unit for Off-Grid Applications." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87090.
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The decline of surface water sources along with periodic droughts has introduced new challenges for the state of California. In order to keep up with the increasing demand for water, the state is heavily relying on imported water from the north to Southern California as well as importing water from the Colorado River. The imported water has a large carbon footprint due to using grid power for water transport. Water reuse (reclaimed) is considered as one of the solutions to reduce the dependency of state on imported water. The research team at Cal Poly Pomona, is developing an off-grid solar-powered greywater treatment system for non-potable use in single households. Greywater is the drained water from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines; not including wastewater from toilets or kitchen sinks. Treating greywater on-site can provide significant water savings, and can reduce the carbon footprint of desalination using solar panels. The developed system is comprised of a three-stage treatment train: micro-filtration, solar-driven reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The end product of the project is capable of reclaiming 90–100 gallons of water per day which is about 60% of residential greywater waste. The system removes large suspended particles (particles of dirt, food, etc.) as well as organic and inorganic dissolved contaminants. It is demonstrated that the system can provide a permeate quality that agrees with recommended guidelines for reclaimed water. The system has a recovery rate of up to 62%.
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Maulbetsch, John S. "Hybrid Cooling for Thermal-Electric Power Generation." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17812.
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Water use by power plant cooling systems has become a critical siting issue for new plants and the object of increasing pressure for modification or retrofit at existing plants. Wet cooling typically costs less and results in more efficient plant performance. Dry cooling, while costing more and imposing heat rate and capacity penalties on the plant, conserves significant amounts of water and eliminates any concerns regarding thermal discharge to or intake losses on local water bodies. Hybrid cooling systems have the potential of combining the advantages of both systems by reducing, although not eliminating, water requirements while incurring performance penalties that are less than those from all-dry systems. The costs, while greater than those for wet cooling, can be less than those for dry. This paper addresses parallel wet/dry systems combining direct dry cooling using a forced-draft air-cooled condenser (ACC) with closed-cycle wet cooling using a surface (shell-and-tube) steam condenser and a mechanical-draft, counterflow wet cooling tower as applied to coal-fired steam plants, gas-fired combined-cycle plants and nuclear plants. A brief summary of criteria used to identify situations where hybrid systems should be considered is given. A methodology for specifying and selecting a hybrid system is described along with the information and data requirements for sizing and estimating the capital costs and water requirements a specified plant at a specified site. The methodology incorporates critical plant and operating parameters into the analysis, such as plant monthly load profile, plant equipment design parameters for equipment related to the cooling system, e.g. steam turbine, condenser, wet or dry cooling system, wastewater treatment system. Site characteristics include a water budget or constraints, e.g. acre feet of water available for cooling on an annual basis as well as any monthly or seasonal “draw rate” constraints and meteorological data. The effect of economic parameters including cost of capital, power, water and chemicals for wastewater treating are reviewed. Finally some examples of selected systems at sites of varying meteorological characteristics are presented.
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Lember, Erki, Karin Pachel, and Enn Loigu. "Adsorption of Diclofenac, Sulfamethoxazole and Levofloxacin with Powdered Activated Carbon." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.082.
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The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the receiving waterbodies of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and in the environment has become a global concern. We can now say for certain that, having metabolised in our bodies, partially modified or unmodified pharmaceuticals will reach WWTP. However, WWTP are not designed for the removal of such com-pounds. Only a small fraction of pharmaceuticals decompose during biological treatment or are adsorbed in sediment. There-fore, it is essential to find a treatment process that is capable of removing pharmaceutical residues. The aim of the present study was to research the removal of three pharmaceuticals found in the environment, namely diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and levofloxacin (LFX), through the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC). To this end, adsorption tests were con-ducted where the adsorption capacity was estimated according to the adsorbent dose and the residence time of the process. LFX had the highest adsorption rate: the removal effectiveness was 77% in a residence time of 5 minutes and in 60 minutes a stable indicator was achieved whereby 94% of LFX had become adsorbed. The worst adsorption property was observed for SMX, as 68% of SMX was adsorbed in a residence time of 60 minutes. According to the conducted tests, the Freundlich adsorption isotherms and constants characterising the adsorption were found where the DCF K was 23.8, the SMX K was 34.3 and the LFX K was 106.1. This test demonstrated that the pharmaceuticals selected for the experiment could easily be subjected to adsorption processes and could be removed by means of PAC.