Academic literature on the topic 'Wastewaters treatment phytoremediation'

Wastewater treatment and removal of pollutants by phytoremediation, remain a major concern of the 21th century. This study is focused on the phytoremediation study in Philippine setting, specifically in one of the tributaries of Pasig river-the Estero de San Miguel. It determined the pH, Ammonia and Phosphorous before, 7th and 14th day of phytoremediation with the use of A. pinnata and E. crassipes. Twelve improvised water ponds/troughs, 3 ponds per treatment were used for 14 days. T- control (only wastewater), T1 for A. pinnata + wastewater, T2 for E. crassipes + wastewater and T3 for A. pinnata E. crassipes + wastewater. Potential hydrogen, Ammonia-N mg/L, phosphorous mg/L were analyzed before, on the 7th and 14th day of the study. Data gathered was analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher Least Significant Difference test as post hoc test. Result revealed that T1 (A. pinnata) lowered the pH and ammonia-N (mg/L) of wastewaters from Estero de San Miguel. T3 (combination of A. pinnata + E. crassipes) has significantly lowered the Phosphorous level of the wastewaters. Thus both aquatic macrophytes can be used as phytoremediation agents in the said Estero.

Abstract The physico-chemical and bacteriological quality was evaluated in wastewater samples before and after treatment by microalgae enrichment. Three types of wastewater samples – raw water, inlet water and outlet water – were taken directly from the wastewater treatment plant and subjected to microalgae enrichment culture during two months. The main objective of this work was to apply a phytoremediation process based on the use of compulsory microalgae treatment of wastewater from treatment plants compared to other secondary treatments. The biomass of microalgae was extracted to determine the concentrations of phenolic compounds, sugars and especially lipids, which can be subsequently transformed into biodiesel. As a result, the pH showed a significant increase after microalgae proliferation, with values ranging from 9.94 to 10.36. Bacterial community analysis before and after microalgae culture showed a clear shift in biomass content. The total coliform (TC) and the fecal coliform (FC) contents decreased after microalgae enrichment. In addition, the fecal streptococci (FS) and Pseudomonas present in the different wastewater samples completely disappeared after treatment. The applied phytoremediation process showed a drop until the disappearance of the contagious microbes – which present a very serious health risk – due to the release of the quinic acid. The quinic acid observed in the treated waters exceeded the content of 464.328 mg/L. This phenolic compound naturally produced during the process demonstrated a very effective antimicrobial power. However, a significant increment of 100% of phenol compound removal was observed after microalgae enrichment. The lipid content in the various studied samples appeared after microalgae culture. In addition, the heavy metals, namely cadmium and chromium, were completely eliminated after the treatment. Several socioeconomic advantages can be achieved by the use of this process, notably the environmental advantages of bioenergetics and economic and social benefits of the non-expensive valorization of wastewaters for irrigation.

Plant macrophytes in wastewater treatment systems are important for providing various ecological and environmental benefits, e.g. detoxification and removal of toxic heavy metals. In this study, phytoremediation of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) by water hyacinth (E. crassipes) in sewage wastewater stabilization ponds under humid lowland tropical climatic conditions in Papua New Guinea was studied using a purposive design and grab sampling technique. The wastewater and plant samples collected were analysed for the heavy metals. In almost all cases, an increasing concentration of heavy metals exceeding the standard (FAO and WHO) minimum permissible levels was measured in both the wastewater and the leaves. The general trend in concentration of the effluent pond was such that Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd in the wastewater and Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd in the leaves, respectively. The high variability in heavy metal concentration ranged from between 57-99% in the wastewaters and 61-63% in the leaves, respectively. The availability in the effluent wastewater probably results from decomposition of plant matters and release of the heavy metals bioaccumulated back into the wastewater. A management option to address high availability and mobility in the wastewater is to remove the plant macrophytes well before senescence and turnover of plant matters.

Organic matter, nutrients, and chemicals are some of the waste materials found in most domestic wastewaters. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potentials of Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, and Eichhornia crassipes aquatic weed plants in the tertiary treatment of secondary domestic wastewater using hydroponic systems. Physicochemical analysis that considered turbidity, phosphate, ammoniacal nitrogen, and nitrate was conducted on the wastewater samples at different retention times of 6, 12, and 24 h for 14 days. The best performance was observed for a 24 h retention treatment system, with up to 91% (P. stratiotes), 94% (S. molesta), and 89.3% (E. crassipes) reduction for turbidity; 81.2% (P. stratiotes), 82.7% (S. molesta), and 88.5% (E. crassipes) for phosphate reduction; 88.66% (P. stratiotes), 90.47% (S. molesta), and 89.11% (E. crassipes) for ammoniacal nitrogen reduction; 83.6% (P. stratiotes), 92.1% (S. molesta) and 93% (E. crassipes) for nitrate reduction. Hence, the application of hydroponic systems in cultivation of the macrophytes proved to be effective in the phytoremediation process by removing the residual nutrients present in the treated secondary domestic wastewater. Additionally, this method can be used for the cultivation of plant-based biomass and other non-edible useful crops using the free nutrients content of the wastewater before its discharge into the natural environment.

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms and are considered excellent candidates for a wide range of biotechnological applications, including the removal of nutrients from urban wastewaters, which they can recover and convert into biomass. Microalgae-based systems can be integrated into conventional urban wastewater treatment plants (WW-TP) to improve the water depuration process. However, microalgal strain selection represents a crucial step for effective phytoremediation. In this work, a microalga isolated from the effluent derived from the thickening stage of waste sludge of an urban WW-TP was selected and tested to highlight its potential for nutrient removal. Ammonium and phosphate abatements by microalgae were evaluated using both the effluent and a synthetic medium in a comparative approach. Parallelly, the isolate was characterized in terms of growth capability, morphology, photosynthetic pigment content and photosystem II maximum quantum yield. The isolated microalga showed surprisingly high biomass yield and removal efficiency of both ammonium and phosphate ions from the effluent but not from the synthetic medium. This suggests its clear preference to grow in the effluent, linked to the overall characteristics of this matrix. Moreover, biomass from microalgae cultivated in wastewater was enriched in photosynthetic pigments, polyphosphates, proteins and starch, but not lipids, suggesting its possible use as a biofertilizer.

The present issue embraces a broad spectrum of studies focused on applied or potentially applied aspects of microbiology and biotechnology. The papers reflect current scientific and technological investigations, which were performed in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Sweden. Most of them are interdisciplinary, i.e., the expertises in microbiology, biochemistry, chemistry, veterinary, physics, engineering and other fields were applied. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria were tested for their antagonistic activity against mastitis causing bacteria. Three papers are focused on optimization of fermentation processes, using maize silage and acid whey in anaerobic processes, barley and pea fibers as well as lupine seeds for obtaining biologically active compounds. Wastewater treatment processes are represented by studies on the use of pink bark as a sorbent of nitroaromatic compounds; as well as biodegradation of phenols in pharmaceutical wastewaters and combination of nitrification and phosphorous accumulation processes. Newly developed inorganic carriers for solid state and submerged fermentations were tested, e.g., ceramic and alkali-activated beads. The review paper covers basic processes of phytoremediation with special emphasis on rhizoremediation and plant-microbe interactions in a plant–assisted biodegradation in soils and treatment wetlands. Methodological aspects were discussed, in particular, the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in monitoring the sorption and degradation products in wastewaters. A new yeast based test system for rapid evaluation of the effects of various compounds on eukaryotic cells was suggested. Hopefully, you will find the papers included in this issue, interesting and useful.

The release of inadequately treated urban wastewater is the main cause of environmental pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Among efficient and environmentally friendly technologies to improve the remediation process, those based on microalgae represent an attractive alternative due to the potential of microalgae to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from wastewaters. In this work, microalgae were isolated from the centrate stream of an urban wastewater treatment plant and a native Chlorella-like species was selected for studies on nutrient removal from centrate streams. Comparative experiments were set up using 100% centrate and BG11 synthetic medium, modified with the same N and P as the effluent. Since microalgal growth in 100% effluent was inhibited, cultivation of microalgae was performed by mixing tap-freshwater with centrate at increasing percentages (50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%). While algal biomass and nutrient removal was little affected by the differently diluted effluent, morpho-physiological parameters (FV/FM ratio, carotenoids, chloroplast ultrastructure) showed that cell stress increased with increasing amounts of centrate. However, the production of an algal biomass enriched in carotenoids and P, together with N and P abatement in the effluent, supports promising microalgae applications that combine centrate remediation with the production of compounds of biotechnological interest; for example, for organic agriculture.

Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for treatment of nitrogen-enriched wastewaters. In this study, Ta-khian (Hopea odorata) and Lagos mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), two tropical timber plants, were investigated for their performances in treatment of urea manufacturing factory effluent with high nitrogen (N) content. Plant seedlings received four concentrations of N (190, 240, 290 and 340 mg/L N) in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands every 4 days for a duration of 8 weeks. The solution volumes supplied to each container, amount of N recovered by plants and plant growth characteristics were measured throughout the experiment. Results showed that Ta-khian plants were highly effective at reducing N concentration and volume of water. A maximum of 63.05% N recovery was obtained by Ta-khian plants grown in 290 mg/L N, which was assimilated in the chlorophyll molecule structure and shoot biomass. Significant positive correlations have been shown between N recovery percentages and plant growth parameters. Ta-Khian plants can be applied as suitable phytoremediators for mitigating N pollution in water sources.

The continuous expansion in the textile industry results in high loads of coloured wastewaters that heavily pollute the limited freshwater sources. Therefore, a wide array of treatment methods has been used to remediate water/wastewater from dyes. One common practice is the use of plants to degrade, absorb, metabolise, and detoxify different types of pollutants, including dyes. This study employs sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) as a phytoremediation model herb to remove different concentrations (5–25 mg/L) of methylene blue (MB) dye from synthetic water, taking into account the effects of the MB dye concentration (5–25 mg/L) and contact time (up to 10 days). The results showed that the ability of Ocimum basilicum to absorb MB dye decreased with the increase of the MB dye concentration and increased with the increase of the contact time. The best removal of the MB dye was 93% when the concentration of the MB dye was 25 mg/L and the contact time was 10 days. Additionally, it was noticed that the relative growth rate (RGR) of the herbs was adversely influenced by increasing MB dye concentrations and that the best RGR value was 2.2 g/day when the MB dye concentration was 5 mg/L.

The purpose of the study was to review the most recent findings related to lead toxicity for plants, animals and humans. It is stated that the highest potential belongs to biological techniques and the most up-to-date lead phytoremediation technologies. Results and discussion. Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals which frequently occurs in the environment. Various quantitative indices are used to assess lead toxicity at trophic levels of a food chain, including the levels of lead absorption by plants. Hyperaccumulating plants can accumulate more than 1000 mg/kg of the metal. Higher lead concentrations are connected with fruit plants. Lead transport in animals is done through the blood circulatory system, whereby bones are the main lead absorbers (~ 90%), where lead replace calcium and reduces the bone mineral density. Lead poisoning in humans most frequently results from peroral intake and absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. The main process of lead transport from the gastrointestinal tract to various body tissues is conducted via erythrocytes, where lead binds to hemoglobin. The half-life of lead in blood and soft tissues has been estimated as 35 and 40 days, respectively. Lead may stay in the bones up to 30 years; its concentration rate in the teeth and bones increases with age. Over 95% of lead deposit in the skeleton represent an insoluble phosphate. The biological half-life of lead in children is significantly larger than in adults. The total lead load on skeleton makes 80-95% in adults and around 73% in children. Lead toxicity primarily targets the human central nervous system, and child exposure to high amounts of lead from the environment, particularly in the case of anemia, entails low intelligence and movement disorders. Mothers can transmit lead to fetus or infants during breast-feeding. There are various processes that seek to reduce the overall lead concentration and accumulation in the food chain. Out of those, the most effective are biological techniques of lead remediation from contaminated resources. They include phytoremediation and microbiological treatment. The first option reduces lead mobility in the root zone of plants through complex formation. The second option reduces lead availability in the environment via employing local microorganisms. Both options are a natural, safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly technology which implies cost-effective operation and represents no threat to the environment and health. However, a high potential is detected in biotechnological and genetic approaches, such as genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, nanoparticles, and isotope probing. These are the most up-to-date technologies for lead phytoremediation. The use of omics approaches implies identifying candidate genes for an efficient lead removal, diverse phylogenetic research into the sequence of genes and proteins that control lead bioremediation and genetically modified plants cultivation via transgenesis, which are able to restore various wastewaters, contaminated lands, and can be beneficial for practical application in bioremediation. Conclusion. The most recent research and development in the field of nanosciences provide access to even more efficient and stable approaches to remediation that are being successfully applied in cleaning soils, deposits, solid waste, and wastewaters

The sources of renewable energy acquire considerable interest, if accompanied by a more rational use of energy, to facilitate the transaction by a high use of fossil fuels to a sustainable use of renewable energy. There are many alternative energy source such as wind, solar, geothermal and biomass that fulfil the criteria of sustainability and economic feasibility. Biomass refers to all the vegetable matter that can be obtained from photosynthesis. Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of feedstock; they are renewable, sustainable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems are designed to operate at small scale; they not only reduce the effects on the environment and public health but also increase the ultimate reuse of wastewater depending on the community type, technical options and local settings. Used effectively, it promote the return of treated wastewater within the watershed of origin. Aquanova is a flexible system of decentralized processing in which every single supply in term of water resources, organic substance and energy and its subsequent disposal, once it has finished its function (wastewater sewerage, solid waste) is considered as a part of the close loop of the sustainable management. Aquanova provides for the source separation of municipal wastewater in three separate streams (brown waters, yellow waters and grey water) through the use of special toilet. The yellow and grey waters are treated in a wetland system, considered a low energy demand and limited environmental impact technology; these phytotreated waters can be reused for toilet flushing. Landfill leachate can be defined as the liquid produced from the decomposition of waste and infiltration of rainwater in a landfill; it contains heavy metals, salts, nitrogen compounds and various types of organic matter. Generation of leachate occurs when moisture enters the refuse in a landfill, dissolves the contaminants into liquid phase and produces moisture content sufficient to initiate liquid flow. Leachate varies from one landfill to another, and over space and time in a particular landfill with fluctuations that depend on short and long-term periods due to variations in climate, hydrogeology and waste composition. Phytoremediation is characterised by biological type treatments, in which the plants growing in water-saturated soil develop a key role for direct action of the bacteria that colonize the root system and rootstock. Practically, it consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water or air with plants able to contain, degrade or eliminate contaminants. It has the advantage to be an in situ technology, but on the other hand it is a quite slow process as it is dependent on a plant's ability to grow in a stressed environment that is not ideal for the normal plant growth. The use of phytoremediation is one possibility to develop an economically and environmentally sustainable management of waste and polluted sites, which is raising interest in recent years. The present research tested different wastewater streams, by the use of the decentralized Aquanova systems for the domestic wastewaters and landfill leachate. The wastewaters were treated through phytoremediation facilities; for each case of study it has been proposed oleaginous plants- known as energy crops- as species for the phytotreatment; subsequently the cultivated seeds were considered as suitable biomass for the production of biodiesel in a short time. All these aims were developed in four experimental phases; a greenhouse was used to control the temperature and the light exposition of the plants. The first phase proceed with the phytotreatment using six 300 liters tanks filled with 10 cm coarse gravel and 30 cm of mixture soil, chosen the following crops: Helianthus annus (H), Glycine max (G) and Brassica napus (B). The wastewater components (grey and yellow waters) have been separated through the toilet facilities of the Aquanova project implementation at the LISA laboratory, as mentioned before. Half of the tanks were irrigated with increasing percentage of grey and yellow waters (0.1-3.5% YW and 99.9- 96.5% GW), and the other half with tap water as control units. In the second phase, old landfill leachate was used as irrigation water. Coarse gravel was arranged in 10 cm drainage layer on the bottom of each pot; pure sand in half pots and a mixture of sand and clayey soil in the other half pots were used to build up a 30 cm deep growing layer. Half of the pots were irrigated with increasing leachate concentrations (2-30 % Leachate; 90 – 70% tap water), and the other half with tap water as control units. Brassica napus grew slowly compared to the other vegetal essences and it did not produce any flower and it was favoured by sand, rather than soil substrate; their response ca be attributed at the captivity inside the greenhouse. According to the results obtained in the two previous phases, in the third phase Brassica napus was not used anymore. Here, the seeds (H & G) were germinated in LISA laboratory under controlled conditions, using different kinds of substrate and different leachate dilution in order to test the maximum leachate percentage to be used in the irrigation. Glycine max seeds presented better germination at 5% of diluted leachate and in sand substrate, while Helianthus annus seeds had a better germination on soil mixed with concentrated solutions at 10% to 20% of leachate. The irrigation water was decided as a mixture of 20% leachate and 80% grey water. The same greenhouse and the same pots were used, half of those irrigated only with tap water as control. Last experimental phase was performed in the same (eight) tanks used in phase 1 (four for each species, Helianthus annus and Glycine max) inside the greenhouse. Six tanks were irrigated with the leachate mixture (10 - 60% leachate and 90 - 40% tap water) and the other two with tap water as control. The results of the whole research can be summarized as removal efficiencies of each tested analytical parameter. Analysis was performed in double. Mass balance of the two representative parameters as nitrogen and phosphorus was performed. The phytotreatment did not inhibit the growth of the species: in fact the energy crops produced bigger biomass and roots length with wastewater feeding rather than with tap water in each experimental phase, in similar way with the production of seeds. Nutrient removal by the plants was fully effective until the flowering point and after that, removal rates started decreasing. As grey water revealed lacking in nutrients, the increasing percentage of urine until 3.5 % in the feeding (phase 1), was crucial for the growth of the plants. The percentage of 20% leachate in the mixture has showed the best results in terms of growth of the plants and Nitrogen & Phosphorus removal efficiencies. The sand was not a good substrate for the growth of the plants, even if the irrigation water was leachate, rich in nutrients, except for Brassica napus. With mixed soil, better performances in removal rates were obtained
Per far fronte alla crescente necessità di sostituire i combustibili fossili come risorsa energetica si sta ponendo sempre più attenzione all’utilizzo delle sorgenti rinnovabili soprattutto se accompagnato da un uso razionale dell’energia stessa. Tra le sorgenti di energia alternative ormai note come il vento, il sole e la geotermia, anche le biomasse soddisfano i principali criteri di sostenibilità ed di fattibilità economica. Per biomasse si intende tutta quella materia di origine organica che può essere ottenute dalla fotosintesi. I sistemi di trattamento delle acque decentralizzati sono progettati per lavorare su piccola scala; essi non solo riducono l’impatto sull’ambiente e sulla salute pubblica, ma massimizzano anche il riuso dell’acqua di rifiuto per diversi scopi che dipendono dal tipo di comunità fruitrice del servizio, da opzioni progettuali o dalle località in cui vengono costruiti. Questo riuso delle acque reflue, se utilizzato in modo efficace, favorisce il ritorno delle acque trattate all'interno del bacino di origine. Il Sistema Aquanova è un sistema di trattamento delle acque decentralizzato e flessibile nel quale ogni singolo flusso in termini di risorsa d’acqua, sostanza organica ed energia ed il suo smaltimento finale è considerato come parte di un ciclo chiuso di un sistema di gestione sostenibile. Il Sistema Aquanova prevede la separazione delle acque di rifiuto civili in tre flussi: acque grigie, acque brune e acque gialle (separate tra loro attraverso l’uso di una speciale toilette). Le acque grigie e quelle gialle sono trattate in un sistema assimilabile ad un’area umida; questo fitotrattamento delle acque permette il riutilizzo delle acque reflue negli sciacquoni delle toilette. E’ sistema che si avvale di una tecnologia a basso consumo energetico e con un impatto ambientale limitato. Il percolato di discarica, può essere definito come il liquido prodotto dalla decomposizione dei rifiuti e infiltrazioni di acqua piovana in una discarica, contiene metalli pesanti, sali, composti azotati e vari tipi di materia organica. La generazione del percolato avviene quando l'umidità entra i rifiuti in una discarica, dissolve i contaminanti in fase liquida e produce umidità sufficiente per avviare il flusso del liquido. Il percolato varia da una discarica all'altra e nello spazio e nel tempo in un particolare discarica con oscillazioni che dipendono da periodi di breve e lungo termine, a causa di variazioni climatiche, idrogeologia e dei rifiuti composizione. La tecnica della fitodepurazione consiste nell’abbassare le concentrazioni di inquinanti in suoli, acqua o aria contaminati con piante in grado di assorbire, degradare o eliminare i contaminanti stessi. E’ una tecnica caratterizzata da trattamenti di tipo biologico, nei quali le piante, che crescono su un suolo saturo d’acqua, sviluppano un ruolo chiave per l’azione diretta dei batteri che colonizzano il sistema radicale. Oltre ad essere un trattamento in situ, è caratterizzato da un processo lento che dipende dall’abilità delle piante di crescere in un ambiente stressato e non ideale per la loro crescita. Negli ultimi anni si sta guardando all’utilizzo di questa tecnica come alla possibilità di sviluppare un sistema di gestione delle bonifiche dei siti contaminati e delle discariche sostenibile sia dal punto di vista economico che ambientale. Questo lavoro di ricerca ha voluto testare, con l’ausilio del Sistema Aquanova, la tecnica della fitodepurazione, utilizzando piante oleaginose (note come energy crops) irrigate con diversi reflui e fatte crescere in serra per poter controllare la temperatura e l’esposizione luminosa delle piante. Sui semi ottenuti dalle varie essenze sono state effettuate alcune analisi per testare la loro come materia prima per la produzione di biodiesel. Il lavoro è stato sviluppato in quattro fasi sperimentali. Nella prima fase sono state usate sei vasche da 300 litri contenenti 10 cm di ghiaia grossolana, posti sul fondo come strato drenante, e 30 cm di suolo misto, su cui sono state fatte crescere le seguenti piante: Helianthus annus, Glycine max and Brassica napus. Le componenti del refluo usato per l’irrigazione (acqua grigia e acqua gialla) sono state separate attraverso la toilette utilizzata nel Sistema Aquanova che si trova presso il laboratorio LISA del Dipartimento ICEA. La metà delle vasche è stata irrigata con percentuali crescenti di acqua grigia (99.9-96.5%) e acqua gialla (0.1-3.5%), mentre l’altra metà è stata irrigata con acqua di rete ed usata come controllo. Nella seconda fase sono stati usati dei vasi contenenti tutti 10 cm di ghiaia grossolana, posti sul fondo come strato drenante, e 30 cm di suolo diverso: metà dei vasi sono stati riempiti con solo sabbia, l’altra metà con una miscela di sabbia e terreno argilloso. Metà dei vasi è stata irrigata con acqua di rete miscelata a percentuali crescenti di percolato di una vecchia discarica (2-30 %), mentre l’altra metà è stata irrigata con acqua di rete ed usata come controllo. Le essenze piantate sono state le stesse della prima fase. Alcune di esse, come la Brassica napus, piantate sulla sabbia sono cresciute più lentamente delle altre e senza produrre fiori: questo comportamento può essere attribuito alla crescita in cattività all’interno della serra. A causa del suo comportamento nelle precedenti fasi l’essenza Brassica napus è stata eliminata dalla terza fase. In questa fase i semi delle essenze Helianthus annus e Glycine max sono stati fatti germinare in laboratorio in condizioni controllate, utilizzando diversi tipi di terreni e diverse percentuali di percolato in acqua di rete, allo scopo di testare la massima percentuale di percolato da usare per l’irrigazione. I semi di Glycine max hanno presentato una migliore germinazione su sabbia irrigata con una percentuale di percolato in acqua pari al 5%, mentre i semi di Helianthus annus hanno germinato meglio sul terreno argilloso irrigato con una percentuale di percolato in acqua pari al 10 e al 20%. Si è quindi deciso di irrigare gli stessi vasi della seconda fase con una miscela contenente il 20% di percolato e l’80% di acqua grigia. La metà dei vasi è stata irrigata con acqua di rete ed usata come controllo. Nell’ultima fase sperimentale sono state usate le stesse vasche (otto) della prima fase, quattro per ogni essenza (Helianthus annus e Glycine max), all’interno della serra. Sei vasche sono state irrigate con una miscela di percolato (10-60%) e acqua di rete (90-40%), le altre due solo con acqua di rete ed usate come controllo. I risultati dell’intero lavoro si possono riassumere in termini di efficienza di rimozione di ogni parametro analitico misurato. Le analisi sono state effettuate in doppio ed è stato calcolato il bilancio di massa per i parametri più significativi (fosforo e azoto). Il fitotrattamento non ha inibito la crescita delle essenze, anzi le piante irrigate con acque di rifiuto, in tutte le fasi, possedevano più biomassa e un apparato radicale più lungo di quelle irrigate con acqua di rete. Le stesse considerazioni si possono fare per la produzione dei semi. La rimozione dei nutrienti dalle acque di rifiuto ad opera delle piante è stata molto buona fino alla fase di fioritura quando ha cominciato a decrescere. Nella prima fase è stato fondamentale per la crescita delle piante l’apporto di nutrienti dovuto all’introduzione di percentuali sempre maggiori di acque gialle (fino al 3.5%) all’acqua di rete, che di per sé ne è sprovvista. Per quanto riguarda l’irrigazione con miscele di percolato, la migliore efficienza di rimozione di azoto e fosforo in aggiunta ad una buona crescita delle piante, si è avuta con la miscela al 20%. La sabbia, tranne nel caso del Brassica napus, non si è rivelata un buon substrato di crescita nemmeno quando l’acqua di irrigazione era il percolato, ricco di nutrienti. I migliori risultati per quanto riguarda le velocità di rimozione dei nutrienti dall’acqua di irrigazione si sono ottenuti quando il substrato di crescita era il suolo misto

Due to several reasons, treatment methods for a certain waste are oftennot available locally in the waste handling and management industry. This is especially true for regions which are not densely populated. This requires transports, the majority of which consumes fossil fuel. To avoid this, local waste treatment methods need to be developed. In this work it is investigated how treatment of one hazardous waste is done; water and sludge containing oil. Based on sustainability criteria three novel methods are presented that can be conducted locally; mycoremediation, phytoremediation and electrocoagulation. The methods are evaluated in a case study of a recycling company. Mycoremediation and electrocoagulation were found to be suitable in the case study, as long as some criteria are fulfilled. In addition it is shown what barriers exist in law, policies and practices that hinder local treatment of water and sludge containing oil.

The climate changes, the natural resources depletion, the population number increase are alarm bells for the future that must push the humanity to turn on more sustainable use of the natural resources, particularly the water. The water management must shift towards solutions acted to protect, safeguard, and sustainably use the available water resources. A new water scheme must be implemented, in which the waste paradigm must be overtaken and substituted with resource-oriented one. The Thesis aims to present the Constructed Wetland (CW) technology, an attractive green solution for wastewater treatment that nowadays is consolidated as a efficient and valid Natural Based alternative to the conventional systems. The different typologies of CWs are exposed as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The removal pollutant processes (biological, physical, and chemical processes) occurred within, are deeply analysed and the choice of the suitable vegetation species depending on the wastewater characteristic discussed. Furthermore, I give a brief overview on the European and Italian regulations before explaining in details the design (preliminary and empirical) methods. The treatment goodness and effectiveness are discussed and commented with helping of working applications. Finally, the future role of the CWs systems in circular economy approach is clarified and an overview on the water management scheme modification (from waste paradigm to resource-oriented concept) is provided. The potential applications of CWs within this new scheme are outlined and an in-depth study on recreative applications of CW (Natural Swimming Pools technology) are presented.

Orientador: José Teixeira Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O uso de leitos cultivados é uma alternativa no tratamento de águas residuárias, pois atuam na depuração de efluentes. Um aspecto importante deste tema está associado à complexidade ecossistêmica dos leitos. Com base neste enfoque, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a dinâmica da retenção/remoção de fósforo em três sistemas de fluxo subsuperficial, com leitos cultivados por Typha sp. sob suporte de brita, o qual atuou no pós-tratamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico de Reatores Anaeróbios Compartimentados (RAC). Para a determinação de critérios de projetos, houve o monitoramento da quantidade de água (vazão, volume, TDH e evaporação/evapotranspiração), da qualidade de água (concentração, carga e eficiência de retenção/remoção de fósforo), bem como dos levantamentos fisiológicos da vegetação e meteorológicos do local. Os leitos cultivados com a macrófita Typha sp. (leito Typha 1 e leito Typha 2) apresentaram eficiências de retenção de fósforo superiores ao leito no qual continha apenas brita (leito Brita). Em relação aos leitos cultivados com a macrófita, as vazões médias de entrada/saída foram de 55,4 e 51,2 l h-1, respectivamente, com taxa de evapotranspiração média de 8,9 mm. O TDH médio foi de 1,99 dias. As concentrações médias de fósforo de entrada/saída foram de 4,0 e 3,3 mg l-1, respectivamente. A carga média de fósforo de entrada foi de 226,3 mg h-1 e a carga média de saída foi de 175,6 mg h-1. A eficiência média de retenção de fósforo total foi de 22,4% e a eficiência média de remoção pela Typha sp. foi de 10,6%. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da vegetação, foram obtidas médias de 407 plantas e altura de 173,2 cm, sendo que cada planta tinha, em média, 11 folhas e área foliar de, aproximadamente, 0,27 m2. A vegetação apresentou massa de matéria fresca de 35,8 kg e massa de matéria seca de 6,4 kg, totalizando 17,8% de matéria seca. A concentração média de fósforo total na parte aérea das plantas foi de 2,5 g kg-1, que representou uma quantidade de 16,2 g de fósforo. Em relação às variáveis meteorológicas, notou-se grande influência do Déficit de Pressão de Vapor Saturado (DPVS) na demanda de evapotranspiração das plantas. Conclui-se que os sistemas de leitos cultivados com Typha sp. têm potencialidade de aplicação para tratamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico
Abstract: Constructed wetlands are important alternatives for polluted water treatment because they carry the secondary treatment of effluents in the purification process. The characteristic ecosystem complexity of the wetlands is an important issue in this subject matter. Based on that consideration, the objective of this research work was established in evaluating phosphorus retention in three subsurface flow systems in constructed wetlands, using gravel medium (substrate) cultivated with macrophyte Typha sp., which acts as post-treatment domestic effluents of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). In order to establish criteria for projects, wetlands monitoring included flow recording, transpiration, water quantity (flow, evaporation/evapotranspiration and TDH), water quality (concentration, load and phosphorous retention efficiency) as well as surveys of physiological vegetation and meteorological site. Results indicated the constructed wetlands with the macrophyta Typha sp. (Typha be 1 and Typha 2) presented higher phosphorous retention efficiency if compared with gravel bed. Results also showed an average water input flow of 55.4 l h-1 and an output water flow of 51.2 l h-1 yielding a balance of 4.2 l h-1 which represents an average evapotranspiration rate of 8.9 mm. Average TDH was noted to be of 1.99 days. Inlet water showed an average phosphorous concentration of 4.0 mg l-1 meanwhile the outlet water presented of 3.3 mg l-1 holding a difference of 0.7 mg l-1. Average phosphorous concentration of inlet water was recorded as 226.3 mg h-1 meanwhile the average phosphorous concentration at the outlet water was of 175.6 mg h-1, holding a difference of 50.8 mg h-1. Average phosphorous total retention efficiency was of 22.4% and of 10.6% of remotion by Typha sp. Vegetation development indicated na average value of 173.2 cm measured in 407 individuals, observing that an average number of 11 leaves for each plant and a foliar area close to 0.27 m2. Total vegetation presented 35.8 kg of fresh mass and 6.4 kg of dry mass, representing 17.8% of dry matter. Average phosphorous total concentration in the aerial part was of 2.5 g kg-1 corresponding to a total value of 16.2 g. Among the metheorological variables associated to the physiological vegetative development, the variable named DPVS was noted to exhibit major influence on the plant evapotranspiration demand. It can be concluded that constructed wetlands with Typha sp. showed potential application in the wastewater treatment of domestic sewage
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

The presence of mercury in aquatic environments has been cause for concern on the part of the scientific community and public health agencies around the world, due to their persistence and toxicity. Currently, the global demand for animal protein has enhanced aquaculture productivity, increasing the generation of wastewater with high content of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds. The phytoremediation consists of a group of technologies based on naturally occurring plants or use genetically modified to reduce, remove, degrade or immobilize toxins, as an alternative to conventional methods of wastewater treatment, due to its sustainability, low maintenance cost and energy. The present study provides information of an experiment conducted on a pilot scale, designed to evaluate the potential of macrophyte Typha domingensis in subsurface flow constructed wetlands for phytoremediation of fish-farming, wastewater or contaminated with mercury. The rate constant of the system was 7 times greater than the control line, demonstrating a higher performance and reduce 99.6 ± 0.4% of mercury present in contaminated water. When compared to other species, the results showed that the Typha domingensis showed greater accumulation of mercury (273.3515 ± 0.7234 mg kg-1), when the transfer coefficient was 7750.9864 ± 569.5468 L kg-1. After 120 h of exposure time, treatment with 50 shoots/m2 showed a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 217% subscript (free from macrophyte), showing the Typha domingensis, essential for phytoremediation of nitrogen. For total phosphorus, the removal efficiency was 26% more than the line of control, possibly by being present in particulate matter, and this, be retained predominantly by filtration and sedimentation. The efficiency of removal of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were approximately 90%, similar or superior to those obtained in other studies. The results demonstrated the great potential of macrophyte Typha domingensis in subsurface flow constructed wetlands for phytoremediation of wastewater from fish farming, or contaminated with mercury.
A presença de mercúrio em ambientes aquáticos tem sido motivo de preocupação por parte da comunidade científica e órgãos ligados à saúde pública de todo o mundo, devido à sua persistência e toxicidade. Atualmente, a demanda mundial por proteína animal tem intensificado a produtividade aquícola, aumentando a geração de águas residuárias com alto teor de compostos nitrogenados e fosforados. A fitorremediação consiste em um grupo de tecnologias baseadas na utilização de plantas de ocorrência natural ou geneticamente modificadas para reduzir, remover, degradar ou imobilizar toxinas, como alternativa aos métodos convencionais de tratamento de efluentes, devido a sua sustentabilidade, baixo custo de manutenção e energia. O presente estudo fornece informações de um experimento realizado em escala piloto, projetado para avaliar o potencial da macrófita aquática Typha domingensis em sistema de zonas úmidas construídas com fluxo subsuperficial, para a fitorremediação de águas residuárias de piscicultura ou contaminadas com mercúrio. A constante de velocidade do sistema foi 7 vezes maior que a linha de controle, demonstrando um maior desempenho e conseguindo reduzir 99.6 ± 0.4% do mercúrio presente na água contaminada. Quando comparadas a outras espécies, os resultados mostraram que a Typha domingensis demonstrou uma maior acumulação de mercúrio (273.3515 ± 0.7234 mg kg-1), quando o coeficiente de transferência foi de 7750.9864 ± 569.5468 L kg-1. Após 120 h de tempo de exposição, o tratamento com 50 brotos por m2 apresentou uma eficiência na remoção do nitrogênio total de 217 % superior à linha de controle (isento de macrófita), mostrando ser a Typha domingensis essencial à fitorremediação do nitrogênio. Para o fósforo total, a eficiência de remoção foi 26% superior a linha de controle, possivelmente por estar presente no material particulado, e este, ser retido predominantemente por filtração e sedimentação. A eficiência de remoção do nitrogênio total e fósforo total foram de aproximadamente 90%, similar ou superior aos obtidos em outros estudos. Os resultados demonstraram o grande potencial da macrófita aquática Typha domingensis, em sistema de zonas úmidas construídas com fluxo subsuperficial, para a fitorremediação de água residuária de piscicultura ou contaminadas com mercúrio.

Master of Landscape Architecture or Regional and Community Planning
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Timothy Keane
Kansas City is expecting a 25% growth in population by 2050. This design proposal promotes West Bottoms as a potential area to house some of the new population, and more importantly supply a live and work community for these people. West Bottoms is also home to major industry in Kansas City as well as an up and coming art culture. West Bottoms has great potential for a community that allows the existing and new population to be a part of a live-work-play community with the vacancies in the area. The projected population growth is expected to promote sprawl, further increasing the average driving time to the city. West Bottoms currently has few connections to the downtown and offers few reasons to come to the area. These connections are mainly major bridges or highways. Another issue West Bottoms faces is flooding problems from OK Creek and Turkey Creek, which lead into the Kansas and Missouri Rivers. Finally, post and present industrial soil contamination threatens the groundwater. When mixed with flooding concerns, this contamination is potentially harmful for the health of downstream cities. Drawing inspiration from travels, Kansas City charm, plants, art, and water storage, case studies were researched. Themes from each case study were quantified. These themes paired with inventory and analysis of the West Bottoms provided the basis for the design proposed here. The successional design of the area will progress from a contaminated landscape to a landscape that holds floodwater. The final design holds all of the stormwater from the 100 year 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hour rain events. The final design incorporates areas of learning, a variety of paths and seating, a live-work-play community, clean and creative industry, and an art culture that sustains the excitement for the timeline of succession. Overtime this landscape will evolve into a new destination for Kansas City using an integrated solution remediating the soil and holding flood waters as an amenity for the new population.