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Journal articles on the topic 'Wasting syndrome'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 February 2023

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1

John, Cynthia (Cindi) A., and Michael W. Day. "Central Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus, Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone, and Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome in Traumatic Brain Injury." Critical Care Nurse 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): e1-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2012904.

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Central neurogenic diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and cerebral salt-wasting syndrome are secondary events that affect patients with traumatic brain injury. All 3 syndromes affect both sodium and water balance; however, they have differences in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Differentiating between hypernatremia (central neurogenic diabetes insipidus) and the 2 hyponatremia syndromes (syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and cerebral salt-wasting syndrome) is critical for preventing worsening neurological outcomes in patients with head injuries.

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2

Sevdi, Mehmet Salih, Kerem Erkalp, Eyüp Sabri Akagündüz, Aydın Fırıncıoğlu, and Ayşin Selcan. "Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome." Türk Yoğun Bakım Derneği Dergisi 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tybdd.91300.

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3

Dholke, Harshal, Ann Campos, C. Reddy, and Manas Panigrahi. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome." Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care 03, no. 03 (August 2016): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2348-0548.190065.

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AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is on the rise, especially in today’s fast-paced world. TBI requires not only neurosurgical expertise but also neurointensivist involvement for a better outcome. Disturbances of sodium balance are common in patients with brain injury, as the central nervous system plays a major role in sodium regulation. Hyponatraemia, defined as serum sodium <135 meq/L is commonly seen and is especially deleterious as it can contribute to cerebral oedema in these patients. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), is the most well-known cause of hyponatraemia in this subset of patients. Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome (CSWS), leading to renal sodium loss is an important cause of hyponatraemia in patients with TBI. Although incompletely studied, decreased renal sympathetic responses and cerebral natriuretic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of CSWS. Maintaining a positive sodium balance and adequate hydration can help in the treatment. It is important to differentiate between SIADH and CSWS when trying to ascertain a case for patients with acute brain injury, as the treatment of the two are diametrically opposite.

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4

VACCA, VINCENT M. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome." Nursing 35, no. 10 (October 2005): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200510000-00055.

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5

Mulleners, W. M., W. I. Verhagen, and R. H. Bartels. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 60, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.60.2.234-a.

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6

Harrigan, Mark R. "Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome." Critical Care Clinics 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70155-x.

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7

Ali Uygun, M., Ertu? �zkal, Osman Acar, and U?ur Erongun. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome." Neurosurgical Review 19, no. 3 (1996): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00512052.

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8

Oh, Man S., and Hugh J. Carroll. "Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome." Nephron 82, no. 2 (1999): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000045385.

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9

Beal, Scott. "Sea Star Wasting Syndrome." Pleiades: Literature in Context 37, no. 1 (2017): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2017.0045.

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10

Balog, Denise L., Marcia E. Epstein, and Maria I. Amodio-Groton. "HIV Wasting Syndrome: Treatment Update." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 32, no. 4 (April 1998): 446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.17072.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the pathophysiology and treatment of HIV wasting syndrome. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: MEDLINE searches (January 1987–September 1997) of the English-language medical literature were conducted. Bibliographies were also selected during a manual review. DATA SYNTHESIS: HIV-related weight loss, often referred to as HIV wasting syndrome, is a common manifestation of advanced HIV infection. Wasting in HIV involves the preferential loss of lean body mass with a paradoxical preservation of body fat. The etiology of wasting appears to be the result of many factors, which may include decreased caloric intake, malabsorption, alterations in energy expenditure and metabolism, cytokine effects, and endocrine dysfunction. Pharmacologic treatment options include appetite stimulants (e.g., dronabinol, megestrol acetate), cytokine inhibitors (e.g., thalidomide, cyproheptadine, ketotifen, pentoxifylline, fish oil, N-acetylcysteine), and anabolic agents (e.g., testosterone, nandrolone, oxandrolone, recombinant human growth hormone). CONCLUSIONS: Wasting associated with HIV has a high morbidity and mortality rate if not adequately managed. Therapeutic strategies include appetite stimulants, cytokine inhibitors, and growth-promoting agents. Selection of the appropriate agent(s) depends on the underlying cause for weight loss, adverse effects, and cost of therapy. OBJETIVO: Revisar la patofisiología y tratamiento del síndrome de desgaste causado por el VIH. FUENTES DE DATOS: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura médica en el idioma inglés utilizando la base de datos del MEDLINE. SÍNTESIS: La pérdida de peso asociado al VIH, también conocido como el síndrome de desgaste, es una manifestación común de la infección avanzada causada por el virus. El desgaste envuelve principalmente la pérdida de masa magra, y paradójicamente la preservación de grasa corporal. La etiología del síndrome de desgaste aparenta ser el resultado de varios factores que pueden incluir la disminución de ingesta calórica, malabsorción, alteración en la utilización de energía, alteración del metabolismo, efectos de las citoquinas, y disfunción endocrina. Las opciones para el tratamiento farmacológico incluyen estimuladores del apetito (dronabinol y acetato de megestrol), inhibidores de citoquinas (talidomida, ciproheptadina, ketotifen, pentoxyfilina, accite de pescado, y N-acetil cisteína), y agentes anabólicos (testosterona, nandrolona, oxandrolona, y la hormona de crecimiento). CONCLUSIONES: La etiología del desgaste asociado a la infección con el VIH es multifactorial. La condición conlieva una alta morbilidad y mortalidad si no es manejada adecuadamente. Las estrategías terapéuticas incluyen la estimulación de apetito, inhibidores de citoquinas y agentes que promueven el crecimiento. La selección de los agentes apropiados dependerá de la causa de la pérdida de peso, los efectos adversos, y el costo de la terapia. Aunque se necesita estudiar la condición más a fondo, la terapia combinada puede ser que resulte ser la modalidad de mayor beneficio para el paciente con el síndrome de desgaste por el VIH. OBJECTIF: Réviser la pathophysiologie et le traitement du syndrome d'émaciation associé au VIH. REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE ET SÉLECTION DES ÉTUDES: Une recherche de la documentation médicale de langue anglaise a été effectuée à l'aide de MEDLINE. Des bibliographies ont aussi été choisies grâce à une révision manuelle. RÉSUMÉ: La perte de poids associée au VIH, souvent appelée le syndrome d'émaciation, est une manifestation fréquente d'une infection avancée au VIH. l'émaciation chez les patients infectés par le VIH entraîne une perte préférentielle du tissu maigre et une conservation du tissu adipeux. l'étiologie du syndrome semble être le résultat de plusieurs facteurs dont l'ingestion calorique, la malabsorption, les modifications au niveau de la dépense énergétique et du métabolisme, les effets des cytokines, et les anormalités endocriniennes. Les options du traitement pharmacologique incluent les stimulants de l'appétit (le dronabinol et l'acétate de mégestrol), les inhibiteurs des cytokines (le thalidomide, la cyproheptadine, le kétotifène, la pentoxifylline, l'huile de poisson, et le N-acétylcystéine), et des agents anabolisants (la testostérone, le nandrolone, l'oxandrolone, et l'hormone de croissance humaine recombinée). CONCLUSIONS: Le syndrome d'émaciation associé au VIH a un taux de morbidité et de mortalité élevé s'il n'est pas adéquatement traité. Les stratégies thérapeutiques incluent les stimulants de l'appétit, les inhibiteurs des cytokines, et les agents stimulant la croissance. La sélection du ou des agents appropriés dépendra de la cause sous-jacente de la perte de poids, des effets indésirables, et du coût de la thérapie.

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11

Kotler, Donald, and Christine Wanke. "Management of HIV Wasting Syndrome." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 37, Supplement 1 (December 2004): S261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000144380.01727.6f.

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12

Schwartz-Pottick, Eliane, Joseph Schwartz, and Barbara Sheehan. "Nutrition Intervention in Wasting Syndrome." Topics in Clinical Nutrition 12, no. 2 (March 1997): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008486-199712020-00010.

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13

Cerdà-Esteve, M., E. Cuadrado-Godia, J. J. Chillaron, C. Pont-Sunyer, G. Cucurella, M. Fernández, A. Goday, J. F. Cano-Pérez, A. Rodríguez-Campello, and J. Roquer. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome: Review." European Journal of Internal Medicine 19, no. 4 (June 2008): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2007.06.019.

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14

Ogoina, Dimie, Reginald O. Obiako, and Haruna M. Muktar. "HIV Wasting Syndrome in a Nigerian Failing Antiretroviral Therapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Medicine 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/192060.

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The HIV wasting syndrome represented the face of HIV/AIDS before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Although the incidence of wasting has declined since the introduction of HAART, weight loss remains common in patients receiving HAART, especially in the setting of a failing HAART regimen. As we are not aware of any previous reports from Nigeria, we report a case of the classical wasting syndrome in a Nigerian female who had both virological and immunological HAART failure due to poor adherence. The influence of a failing HAART regimen, socioeconomic status, and other clinical variables in the wasting syndrome are discussed.

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15

Emerole, K. Ch, A. V. Рokrovskaya, and V. I. Pilipenko. "Wasting syndrome in HIV-infected patients." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 88, no. 5 (2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh2016885125-129.

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16

Santra, Sankari, Jayanta Chakraborty, and Bibhukalyani Das. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in craniopharyngioma." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 57, no. 4 (2013): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.118533.

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17

Grunfeld, Carl, and Donald Kotler. "Wasting in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome." Seminars in Liver Disease 12, no. 02 (May 1992): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1007389.

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18

Scoble, J. E., G. R. Screaton, and C. W. H. Havard. "Renal Magnesium Wasting in Bartter's Syndrome." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 5, no. 5 (January 1, 1990): 388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/5.5.388.

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19

Hamdi, Tamim, Shadi Latta, Bassel Jallad, Fayez Kheir, Mohamad N. Alhosaini, and Ashok Patel. "Cisplatin-Induced Renal Salt Wasting Syndrome." Southern Medical Journal 103, no. 8 (August 2010): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3181e63682.

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20

Ruiz, A., C. Gutierrez, E. Ramirez, M. Quezada, C. Lecocq, and J. Segales. "Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Chile." Veterinary Record 161, no. 14 (October 6, 2007): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.14.496-a.

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21

Harrigan, Mark R. "Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome: A Review." Neurosurgery 38, no. 1 (January 1996): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199601000-00035.

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22

Wise, Burton L. "Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome: A Review." Neurosurgery 39, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199608000-00056.

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23

Núñez, Alejandra, Carolina Núñez, Oscar Corsi, and Gabriel Rada. "Are cannabinoids effective for HIV wasting syndrome?" Medwave 17, no. 09 (December 28, 2017): e7107-e7107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2017.09.7107.

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24

&NA;. "Thalidomide effective in HIV-related wasting syndrome." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1065 (November 1996): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199610650-00013.

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25

Kelly, Mark D., Andrew R. Lloyd, and Richard J. Kemp. "5.17 HIV, weight loss and wasting syndrome." Medical Journal of Australia 164, no. 9 (May 1996): 549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb122170.x.

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26

&NA;. "Testosterone improves QOL in AIDS wasting syndrome." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1146 (July 1998): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811460-00010.

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27

KOTLER, DONALD P. "Wasting Syndrome: Nutritional Support in HIV Infection." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 10, no. 8 (August 1994): 931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.1994.10.931.

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28

ALBINSSON, A. R. M., and G. K. A. ANDERSSON. "Subclinical characteristics of the wasting pig syndrome." Research in Veterinary Science 49, no. 1 (July 1990): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31049-x.

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29

Maesaka, John K., Sandeep Gupta, and Steven Fishbane. "Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome: Does It Exist?" Nephron 82, no. 2 (1999): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000045384.

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30

Kakuda, Thomas N. "Somatropin for treating AIDS-related wasting syndrome." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 54, no. 22 (November 15, 1997): 2618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/54.22.2618.

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31

Nahlen, Bernard L., Susan Y. Chu, Okey C. Nwanyanwu, Ruth L. Berkelman, Samuel A. Martinez, and John V. Rullan. "HIV wasting syndrome in the United States." AIDS 7, no. 2 (February 1993): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199302000-00005.

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32

Coodley, Gregg O., Marcia K. Coodley, Heidi D. Nelson, and Mark O. Loveless. "Micronutrient concentrations in the HIV wasting syndrome." AIDS 7, no. 12 (December 1993): 1595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199312000-00008.

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33

Kumar, Mritunjai, Jayantee Kalita, and Usha Kant Misra. "Renal salt wasting in Guillain-Barré syndrome." Postgraduate Medical Journal 95, no. 1129 (August 2, 2019): 628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136870.

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34

Seeliger, F. A., M. L. Brügmann, L. Kruger, I. Greiser-Wilke, J. Verspohl, J. Segalés, and W. Baumgärtner. "Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Associated Cerebellar Vasculitis in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)-Affected Pigs." Veterinary Pathology 44, no. 5 (September 2007): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.44-5-621.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with several syndromes in growing pigs, including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. In the present study, a previously undescribed neurovascular disorder associated with a PCV2 infection is described. Sixteen pigs showed clinical signs of wasting and neurologic deficits. Acute hemorrhages and edema of cerebellar meninges and parenchyma due to a necrotizing vasculitis resulted in degeneration and necrosis of the gray and white matter. Few to numerous PCV2 DNA and antigen-bearing endothelial cells were detected in affected areas of the brain using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Conventional histochemical stains, as well as the detection of caspase 3 activity and DNA strand breaks by the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, showed numerous apoptotic endothelial cells in the vascular lesions observed. Sequencing of various brain-derived PCV2-specific amplicons revealed a strong identity between different isolates and an 89 to 100% identity to previous isolates. The phylogenetic tree showed that there was no clustering of isolates correlating to clinical signs or geographic distribution. This previously undescribed PCV2-associated neurologic disease has features of both postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and, to a lesser extent, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. The available evidence suggests that direct virus-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of this unusual PCV2-associated cerebellar vasculitis.

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35

Fairfield, Wesley P., Joel S. Finkelstein, Anne Klibanski, and Steven K. Grinspoon. "Osteopenia in Eugonadal Men with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Wasting Syndrome1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.5.7515.

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36

Fairfield, W. P. "Osteopenia in Eugonadal Men with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Wasting Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.5.2020.

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37

Abdel-Latif, M. E. A., P. W.-K. Chan, A. Y. T. Goh, and L. C. S. Lum. "Cerebral salt wasting syndrome following atlantoaxial fracture dislocation in Down syndrome." Case Reports 2009, feb19 1 (February 20, 2009): bcr0620080135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0135.

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38

Lenhard, Thorsten, Sonja Külkens, and Stefan Schwab. "Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome in a Patient With Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome." Archives of Neurology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.1.122.

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39

Atkin, Stephen L., Anne Marie Coady, Michael C. White, and Bruce Mathew. "Hyponatraemia secondary to cerebral salt wasting syndrome following routine pituitary surgery." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 2 (August 1996): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350245.

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Atkin SL, Coady AM. White MC, Mathew B. Hyponatraemia secondary to cerebral salt wasting syndrome following routine pituitary surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:245–7. ISSN 0804–4643 A female aged 53 years was found to have a suprasellar lesion, which was shown to be a Rathke's cyst after removal by transsphenoidal surgery. She presented 16 days postoperatively, and following two grand mal seizures was found to be profoundly hyponatraemic (sodium 101 mmol/l). She was initially thought to have the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and was treated accordingly, but central venous pressure measurement revealed the hypovolaemia of cerebral salt wasting syndrome. The patient subsequently developed severe neurological sequelae after the correction of her hyponatraemia, following the development of extrapontine myelinolysis. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome is a rare cause of hyponatraemia following pituitary transsphenoidal surgery, which may mimic the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. This case emphasizes the poor prognosis that may result from the rapid correction of profound hyponatraemia. SL Atkin, Michael White Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Hull Hospitals, 220-236 Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UK

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40

Nanda, Subrat Kumar, Sita Jayalakshmi, Devashish Ruikar, and Mohandas Surath. "Twelfth cranial nerve involvement in Guillian Barre syndrome." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 04, no. 03 (July 2013): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.118804.

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ABSTRACTGuillian Barre Syndrome (GBS) is associated with cranial nerve involvement. Commonest cranial nerves involved were the facial and bulbar (IXth and Xth). Involvement of twelfth cranial nerve is rare in GBS. We present a case of GBS in a thirteen years old boy who developed severe tongue weakness and wasting at two weeks after the onset of GBS. The wasting and weakness of tongue improved at three months of follow up. Brief review of the literature about XIIth cranial nerve involvement in GBS is discussed.

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41

Ellison, David H. "Divalent cation transport by the distal nephron: insights from Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): F616—F625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.4.f616.

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Elucidation of the gene defects responsible for many disorders of renal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis has provided new insights into normal and abnormal physiology. Identifying the causes of Gitelman's and Bartter's syndromes has greatly enhanced our understanding of ion transport by thick ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule cells. Despite this information, several phenotypic features of these diseases remain confusing, even in the face of molecular insight. Paramount among these are disorders of divalent cation homeostasis. Bartter's syndrome is caused by dysfunction of thick ascending limb cells. It is associated with calcium wasting, but magnesium wasting is usually mild. Loop diuretics, which inhibit ion transport by thick ascending limb cells, markedly increase urinary excretion of both calcium and magnesium. In contrast, Gitelman's syndrome is caused by dysfunction of the distal convoluted tubule. Hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia are universal parts of this disorder. Yet although thiazide diuretics, which inhibit ion transport by distal convoluted tubule cells, reduce urinary calcium excretion, they have minimal effects on urinary magnesium excretion, when given acutely. This review proposes mechanisms that may account for the differences between the effects of diuretic drugs and the phenotypic features of Gitelman's and Bartter's syndromes. These mechanisms are based on recent insights from another inherited disease of ion transport, inherited magnesium wasting, and from a review of the chronic effects of diuretic drugs in animals and people.

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42

Garlemou, K., M. Alexandrak, G. Karras, D. Kyriakou, and T. V. Kourelis. "Myostatin Expression in MDS Patients with Wasting Syndrome." Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2022.1.8.

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43

&NA;. "Growth Hormone May Not Help in Wasting Syndrome." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 1 (January 1997): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199701000-00007.

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44

Regelsberger, Jan, and Hans Dietrich. "57 CEREBRAL SALT WASTING SYNDROME FOLLOWING SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE." Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 11, no. 2 (April 1999): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008506-199904000-00080.

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45

Stidham, Gregory L., Anthony Disclafani, and Robert A. Sanford. "CEREBRAL SALT-WASTING SYNDROME IN PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS." Pediatric Research 21, no. 4 (April 1987): 207A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198704010-00244.

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46

Pérez Cateriano, V., A. M. Lubombo Kinsay, A. C. Caballero Zirena, and A. Álvarez Terrero. "Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome associated with bacterial meningitis." Neurología (English Edition) 26, no. 7 (September 2011): 441–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.01.002.

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47

Tuomisto, Jouni T., Raimo Pohjanvirta, Mikko Unkila, and Jouko Tuomisto. "TCDD-Induced Anorexia and Wasting Syndrome in Rats." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 62, no. 4 (April 1999): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00224-x.

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48

Otovic, Pete, Shanequa Smith, and Eric Hutchinson. "The use of glucocorticoids in marmoset wasting syndrome." Journal of Medical Primatology 44, no. 2 (January 23, 2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12159.

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49

Hicks, D., L. Terry, and S. H. Done. "104. Porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): Immunohistochemical studies." Research in Veterinary Science 72 (April 2002): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(02)90108-6.

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50

SEGALES, J. "Immunosuppression in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected pigs." Veterinary Microbiology 98, no. 2 (February 2004): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.10.007.

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