Academic literature on the topic 'Waten'

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Journal articles on the topic "Waten"

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Wilding, Michael, David Carter, and Leigh Dale. "A Career in Writing: Judah Waten and the Cultural Politics of a Literary Career." Labour History, no. 76 (1999): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516655.

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Wagenknecht, Terence. "Three-dimensional reconstruction of ryanodine receptors." Frontiers in Bioscience 7, no. 1-3 (2002): d1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/wagen.

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Pépin, Denise. "Editorial." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601007.

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Canellas, J., C. Courtes, C. Toussaint, C. Nguyen Ba, and M. H. Dubeau. "Au sujet des interactions pharmacologiques entre les médiateurs chimiques et l'eau minérale de Barbotan." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601009.

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Picard, J. D., F. Outters, J. B. Chareyras, and M. Gualino. "A propos d'une technique thermale de Châtel-Guyon : mise en évidence radiographique de la remontée colique du goutte-à-goutte intestinal." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601023.

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Courtes, C., C. Nguyen Ba, and J. Canellas. "Suivi analytique de la préparation des eaux-mères de Salies de Bearn Conséquences pratiques." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601033.

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Elmire, H., P. Y. Communal, D. Pepin, and J. L. Irigaray. "Etude de la pénétration de l'arsenic des eaux de la Bourboule en fonction de leur mode d'administration." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601045.

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Berthier, Fernand. "Processus souterrains régissant une circulation hydrominérale et implications en regard des exploitations." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601053.

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Guichard, J. C., and P. Drutel. "La pénétration des aérosols médicamenteux dans les voies respiratoires, exemples d'application en station thermale." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 1 (1985): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851601069.

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Montiel, A. "Effets des réserves d'eau en amont des usines de traitement d'eau potable." Journal français d’hydrologie 16, no. 2 (1985): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19851602103.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Waten"

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Daniels, Kelly L. "Deep water, open water." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04022009-163550.

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Refsgaard, Jens Christian. "Hydrological modelling and river basin management." København : GEUS, 2007. http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/water/denmark/rapporter/geus_special_rap_1_2007.pdf.

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Alves, Carlos Frederico de Castro. "Geoquímica das águas subterrâneas de um aterro de resíduos sólidos em Araras, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44138/tde-28022013-100554/.

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A contaminação de aquíferos é um dos principais impactos ambientais causados pelos lixiviados de aterros de resíduos sólidos. Uma vez impactada, a água subterrânea sofre, ao longo do tempo e espaço,diversos processos biogeoquímicos que são responsáveis pela formação de diferentes zonas redox nesse ambiente. Essas zonas redox condicionam o comportamento das diversas substâncias oriundas do próprio lixiviado e outras que resultam da interação entre a água subterrânea, lixiviado e meio geológico. Algumas dessas substâncias podem causar riscos à saúde humana e a receptores ecológicos. Assim, o entendimento dos processos que controlam essas substâncias é fundamental para o estabelecimento de medidas de intervenção ambientalque visem a recuperação de áreas degradadas por resíduos sólidos. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivos apresentar: (a) uma revisão de trabalhos existentes sobre o tema proposto e (b) os resultados de um estudo hidrogeológico e geoquímico que procure explicar, por meio de um modelo conceitual, os principais processos decorrentes do impacto de líquidos lixiviados nas águas subterrâneas e solos associados a um antigo lixão. Os trabalhos de campo, realizados em um aterro de resíduos sólidos situado no município de Araras que operou entre 1992 e 2008, consistiram de mapeamento geológico de superfície, levantamento geofísico porcaminhamento elétrico, execução de 34 sondagens de reconhecimento do subsolo, instalação de 16 poços de monitoramento e coleta e análises laboratoriais de amostras de solo, lixiviado e águas subterrâneas. Os resultados das análises efetuadas indicaram que o aterro avaliado está em fase metanogênica e promove a alteração da qualidade das águas subterrâneas locais. Os principais parâmetros de interesse ambiental identificados no lixiviado foram sólidos totais dissolvidos, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, nitrogênio amoniacal, metano, Na, Cl, Fe(II), Mn(II), Ba, B, Co, Cd. A geometria da pluma que abrange as zonas redox identificadas possui importante controle imposto pelo arcabouço geológico e pelos fluxos superficias e subterrâneos. Com base em critérios desenvolvidos especificamente para este aterro, foram identificadas as seguintes zonas redox: (a) aeróbia a montante do aterro e no setor não impactado do aluvião; (b) metanogênica sob o aterro; e (c) ferro e/ou manganês-redutora entre a zona metanogênica e o rio das Araras. Contornandoa zona ferro e/ou manganês redutora, foi inferida a existência de uma zona de desnitrificação. Além das reações redox características destas zonas, outros processos contribuem para a atenuação das concentrações dos contaminantes detectados. Para o lixiviado que escoa sobre a planície de inundação ocorrem: (a) diluição em águas superficiais que sazonalmente atingem a planície inundação; (b) evapotranspiração dos lixiviados que atingem as águas superficiais; (c) oxidação porcontato com a atmosfera; (d) possível degradação pela ação de microorganismos em superfície. Em subsuperfície ocorrem os seguintes processos: (a) diluição por águas subterrâneas provenientes de montante; (b) dispersão; (c) troca iônica do Fe(II) e Al(III) por K e Na; (d) formação de complexos orgânicos e inorgânicos; (e) dissolução e (f) precipitação. O modelo hidrogeológico e geoquímico obtido deve servir de base para a realização de estudos futuros e implementação de medidas de intervenção para a recuperação da área.
Aquifer contamination is one of the main environmental impacts caused by the inadequate disposal of solid wastes. This contamination occurs when the solid waste leachate reaches this environment. Groundwater affected by leachates presents several biogeochemical processes in time and space, which vary according to the characteristics of leachate and local hydrogeology. These processes induce the formation of different redox zones in the subsurface environment which, in turn, determine the behavior of several substances which come from the leachate itself and others formed by the interaction between groundwater, leachate and the geological medium. Some of these substances may produce risks for both human and ecological receptors. Therefore, the understanding of the behavior of these substances in the subsurface is the key to establish environmental measures for rehabilitation of the waste disposal facilities. In this context, this work aims at presenting: (a) a technical and scientific literature review about the proposed issue and (b) the results of a hydrogeological and geochemical study which attempts to explain, with a conceptual model, the main processes resulting from the impact of liquid leachates on the groundwaters and soil associated to a former landfill. The fieldwork was done at a landfill which was active from 1992 to 2008, located in the municipality of Araras. This work consisted of a surface geological mapping, geophysical survey with electric tomography, 34 subsoil boreholes, 16 monitoring wells and soil, leachate and groundwater samples collection and lab analysis. The results show that the Araras landfill is in themethanogenic phase and it promotes alterations on local groundwater quality. The main contaminants identified in the leachate were Ba, B, Co, Cd, Fe(II), Mn(II),Na, Cl, DBO and CH4. The plume geometry which comprises the redox zones resulting from the leachate impact presents important control imposed by the geological framework and by the surface and underground flows. According to some criteria specifically developed for this landfill, the following redox zones were identified: (a) aerobic, located upstream the landfill and in the non-impacted alluvium sector; (b) methanogenic, below the landfill; (c) iron and/or manganese reduction, located between the methanogenic zone and the Araras river; and (d) denitrification, around the edge of the plume. Besides the redox reactions in these zones, other processes were found to contribute for the attenuation of theconcentration of the detected contaminants. For the leachate which flows over the flood plain the identified processesare: (a) dilution in surface waters which seasonally reach the flood plain; (b) evapotranspiration of the leachate which reach the surface waters; (c) oxidation through atmosphere contact; and (d) degradation by the action of surface microorganisms. In the subsurface, the following processes are found: (a) dilution by underground waters from upstream, (b) dispersion; (c) ionic changing of \'Fe POT.2+\' and \'Al POT.3+\' for \'K POT.+\' and \'Na POT.+\'; (d) formation of organic and inorganic complexes; (e) dissolution; and (f) precipitation. The developed hydrogeological and geochemical model should guide future studies and activities in the area.
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Artiola, Janick. "Water Facts: Home Water Treatment Options." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146297.

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Arizona Know Your Water.
Today, homeowners have access to several water treatment systems to help control minerals and contaminants and to disinfect their water. Nearly half of the homes in the U.S. have some type of water treatment device. Mistrust of public water utilities, uncertainty over water quality standards, concerns about general health issues and limited understanding about home water treatment systems have all played a role in this increasing demand for home water treatment systems. Private well owners also need to provide safe drinking water for their families and have to make decisions as to how to treat their own water sources to meet this need. However, choosing a water treatment system is no easy task. Depending of the volume of water and degree of contamination, the homeowner should consider professional assistance in selecting and installing well water treatment systems. The process of selection is often confounded by incomplete or misleading information about water quality, treatment options, and costs. The following paragraphs outline the major well water treatment options. Further details on types, uses (point of use) and costs of these home water treatment systems are provided in the Arizona Know Your Water booklet. Additional information about Arizonas water sources that can help private well owners make decisions about home water treatment options, can be found in Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Supply booklet (see references section).
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Goeft, Ute. "Water centrality for water and society." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2008.0016.html.

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Wang, Yuxin. "Source Water Quality Assessment and Source Water Characterization for Drinking Water Protection." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/416.

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Source water quality plays a critical role in maintaining the quality and supply of drinking water, yet it can be negatively affected by human activities. In Pennsylvania, coal mining and treatment of conventional oil and gas drilling produced wastewaters have affected source water quality for over 100 years. The recent unconventional natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale formation produces significant volumes of wastewater containing bromide and has the potential to affect source water quality and downstream drinking water quality. Wastewater from coal-fired power plants also contains bromide that may be released into source water. Increasing source water bromide presents a challenge as even small amounts of bromide in source water can lead to carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlorinated finished drinking water. However, bromide is not regulated in source water and is not removed by conventional drinking water treatment processes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the safe bromide concentration in source water to minimize the cancer risk of trihalomethanes - a group of DBPs - in treated drinking water. By evaluating three years of water sampling data from the Monongahela River in Southwestern Pennsylvania, the present analysis reached three conclusions. First, bromide monitoring for source water quality should be taken at drinking water intake points. Water sample types (river water samples vs drinking water intake samples) can lead to different water quality conclusions and thus affect regulatory compliance decision-making. Second, bromide monitoring at drinking water intake points can serve as a predictor for changes in heavily brominated trihalomethanes concentrations in finished water. Increasing bromide in source water can serve as an early warning sign of increasing formation of heavily brominated trihalomethanes and their associated cancer risks in drinking water. Finally, this work developed a statistical simulation model to evaluate the effect of source water bromide on trihalomethane formation and speciation and to analyze the changing cancer risks in water associated with these changing bromide concentrations in the Monongahela River. The statistical simulation method proposed in this work leads to the conclusion that the bromide concentration in source water must be very low to prevent the adverse health effects associated with brominated trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water. This method can be used by water utilities to determine the bromide concentration in their source water that might indicate a need for process changes or by regulatory agencies to evaluate source water bromide issues.
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Fadali, Elizabeth. "Water Use, Virtual Water and Water Footprints| Economic Modeling and Policy Analyses." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3608707.

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The theme that binds together the four papers in this dissertation is the tracking of physical quantities of water used by industries in the economy, and an exploration of whether and how this tracking could be helpful in informing water policies, as applied to the state of Nevada or sub-regions of Nevada. The concept of water footprints has been wildly popular in disciplines outside of economics and has been used to help make policy decisions normally considered to lie within the economist's realm. Yet many economists shun 'footprints' in general and water footprints in particular, seeing them as descriptive methods that have little or nothing to add to policy analysis. This thesis attempts to bridge a gap between economists, engineers and planners and the popular imagination about what economic concepts footprints are related to and how they can best be used in policy analysis.

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Ogilvie, Andrew Sean Gellett. "Upscaling water availability and water use assessments in hydro-social systems : the small reservoirs of the Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia)." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/upscaling-water-availability-and-water-use-assessments-in-hydrosocial-systems(c5fa4a5b-23de-4776-8227-304c1b86721b).html.

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Small reservoirs have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transport of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. The scale and geographical dispersion of these multiple hydro-social systems restrict their investigation, leading to difficulties in assessing their agricultural potential, their cumulative influence on runoff, and in identifying strategies to support riparian farmers. This research sought to develop a multi-scalar interdisciplinary approach to assess water availability across multiple small reservoirs and understand hydrological and wider drivers’ influence on associated agricultural practices. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was developed to combine 30 m Landsat flooded surface area observations with a daily hydrological (GR4J + water balance) model on 7 gauged reservoirs. Data assimilation, providing near-real time corrections, reduced runoff uncertainties generated by highly variable and localised rainfall intensities and lowered daily volume root mean square errors (RMSE) by 50% compared to the initial rainfall-runoff model forecast. Compensating for Landsat’s reduced temporal resolution and correcting outliers, the method correctly reproduced flood dynamics of 5 ha lakes (R²=0.9). Validated against extensive field data over 1999-2014, the method notably establishes Landsat imagery’s ability to assess annual water availability on ungauged reservoirs as small as 1 ha (RMSE circa 25%). Applied to 48 small reservoirs and 546 Landsat 5-8 images, the treatment chain identified the significant water scarcity and unreliability that impedes agricultural development on 80% of lakes in the Merguellil upper catchment (Central Tunisia). In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi-directed interviews confirmed minimal withdrawals, yet highlighted the diversification of practices and the peripheral benefits accompanying small reservoir development. Many farmers lack the capabilities to increase their withdrawals and suffer physical and economic water access difficulties, mismanagement, compounded through limited and short-term government assistance. Individual successes resulted from farmers’ economic resilience and means to secure alternate water supplies during dry spells. Faced with limited storage capacities and prolonged droughts, small reservoirs must in this climatic context retain their supplementary irrigation focus and not strive to support widespread intensification of irrigated practices.
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Madigele, Patricia, Jen Snowball, and Gavin Fraser. "Water, water everywhere: is Integrated Water Resource Management the right institutional prescription for South Africa's water management challenges?" Economic Society of South Africa (ESSA), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68555.

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Ostrom (2007) and Ostrom and Cox (2010) argue that natural resource management has been plagued by the “panacea problem": that one-size-fits-all solutions to allocation and management problems have been applied without due consideration of the specific context. The outcome has been the disappointing results of many development and management programs. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) has been recognised as a potentially effective way of allocating water where there are multiple, sometimes competing, users (Saravanan et al. 2009). It has been used successfully in a number of other developing country contexts, including Mexico, Brazil, India and Thailand (Orne-Giliemann 2008; Meinzen-Dick 2007). The principles of IWRM were also adopted in South Africa under the National Water Act (1998). Water User Associations (WUA) are seen as one of the key institutions driving IWRM, since they are designed to allow stake-holders at local level a say in the allocation and management of this important public good (Aoki 2001). However, WUAs in South Africa have mostly not been a success and are currently being reviewed at national level. For the most part, emerging black farmers and rural communities still do not have equal access to water, or a meaningful role in decision-making, and there are significant security of supply and allocation issues with regard to municipal users as well. Using the AID (Institutional Analysis and Development) framework (Ostrom 2007), with particular reference to economic theory relating to incentives and transactions costs, this paper asks if IWRM is a panacea treatment that does not fit the diagnosis of South Africa's water management problems. A case study approach is used, focusing on one of the few established WUAs in the Sundays River Valley Municipality in a rural area of South Africa.
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Sun, Gwo-Shing 1959. "Water quality of gray water for reuse." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191907.

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This study was designed to evaluate the safety of gray water for reuse purposes. The physical and chemical quality of treated gray water met water reuse standards set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation purposes. The number of microorganisms in gray water significantly decreased after biological treatment and sand filtration. However, the number of fecal coliform bacteria in treated gray water was still higher than the standard for reuse as set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation. This is also true for rain water which was stored in a tank. No indigenous Salmonella were isolated from gray water. It was found that both Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, seeded into gray water, can persist for at least several days. This implied that there may be some risk associated with gray water reuse when the gray water contains these pathogenic bacteria.
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Books on the topic "Waten"

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Kroeber, Wolfgang, Thomas Kreuzer, and Holger Tremel. Wo Elefanten schwimmen und Lämmer waten: Von Tiefen und Untiefen der Kommunikation : Festgabe für Wolfgang Kroeber. Berlin: Lit, 2010.

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Cartlidge, Cherese. Wate r from air: Water harvesting machines. Chicago, IL: Norwood House Press, 2008.

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Cartlidge, Cherese. Wate r from air: Water harvesting machines. Chicago, IL: Norwood House Press, 2008.

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Water, Wessex. Wate r & waste management: The world of wessex water. Bristol: Wessex Water, 1992.

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Pierce, Gaylord. Water, water, water. Phoenix: Southwestern Sash & Door Co., 2005.

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Johnston, Tom. Water, water! Milwaukee: G. Stevens Pub., 1988.

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Cowley, Joy. Water! Water! Bothell, WA: Wright Group, 1995.

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Spivey, Gilchrist Jan, ed. Water, water. [New York?]: HarperFestival, 1999.

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Wiebe, Arthur J., Judith Hillen, Maureen Allen, Dave Youngs, and Max Cantu. Water precious water. Edited by Wiebe Arthur J, Hillen Judith, Youngs Dave, Cantu Max, and AIMS Education Foundation. Fresno, Calif: AIMS Education Foundation, 1988.

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Barkan, Joanne. Water, water everywhere. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Press, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Waten"

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Rietzschel, Antonie. "Drei: Warten, warten, warten." In Dreamland Deutschland?, 53–66. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446448193.003.

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Hans Tromp, R. "Water–Water Interfaces." In Soft Matter at Aqueous Interfaces, 159–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24502-7_6.

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Foster, Vincent S. "Water, Water Everywhere." In Astronomers' Universe, 137–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22120-5_5.

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Friedman, Raymond. "Water, Water Everywhere." In Problem Solving For Engineers and Scientists, 1–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3906-3_1.

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Eliot, George. "Chapter III: Mr Riley Gives His Advice Concerning a School for Tom." In The Mill on the Floss. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198707530.003.0005.

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The gentleman in the ample white cravat and shirt-frill, taking his brandy-and-water so pleasantly with his good friend Tulliver, is Mr Riley, a gentleman with a waxen complexion and fat hands, rather highly educated for an auctioneer and appraiser, but large-hearted enough to show...
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Herrera, Juan Felipe. "Water Water Water Wind Water." In Environmental and Nature Writing. Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350007543.ch-034.

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"Water, Water." In Atoms Under the Floorboards. Bloomsbury Sigma, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472994950.0019.

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"17. On Being Natural." In Water, Snow, Water, 81–82. University of Hawaii Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824839178-019.

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"Preface." In Water, Snow, Water, vii—viii. University of Hawaii Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824839178-001.

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"Introduction." In Water, Snow, Water, ix—xii. University of Hawaii Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824839178-002.

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Conference papers on the topic "Waten"

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Edwards, Simon P. G. "Four Fs of anti-malware testing: A practical approach to testing endpoint security products." In 2013 Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2013.6707875.

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"Preface." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015751.

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"Table of contents." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015752.

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Bot, Paul, Cristina Vatamanu, Dragos Gavrilut, and Razvan-Mihai Benchea. "Performance testing framework: Evaluating the impact on the system speed." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015753.

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Ford, Richard, and Marco Carvalho. "A significant improvement for anti-malware tests." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015754.

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Balazs, Zoltan, Sveta Miladinov, and Chris Pickard. "Breach detection system testing methodology." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015756.

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Markel, Zane, and Michael Bilzor. "Building a machine learning classifier for malware detection." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015757.

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"Author index." In 2014 Second Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2014.7015758.

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"Title page." In 2013 Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2013.6707871.

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"Copyright page." In 2013 Workshop on Anti-malware Testing Research (WATeR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/water.2013.6707872.

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Reports on the topic "Waten"

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Oden, Rikki. Effectiveness of Focused Water Conservation Messaging in the Clackamas River, OR. Portland State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.67.

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The Clackamas River in Oregon is a drinking water source for upwards of 300,000 people living in the Portland metro region. This river experiences seasonal low flow during the annual dry season throughout summer and early fall when endangered salmon species return to the river to spawn. This dry season also coincides with the highest period of urban water use. Since precipitation is minimal at this time, water users choose to water their lawns to make up for the lack of rain which contributes to water use tripling during the driest part of the year. To promote local water conservation, the Clackamas River Water Providers (CRWP)—who manage source water protection and public outreach and education around watershed issues, drinking water, and water conservation for the eight water providers on the river—have created a water conservation campaign that they intend to promote each dry season for the next several years. First promoted during the dry season of 2019, the messaging focuses on the flow needs of endangered salmon and asks water users to cease outdoor watering altogether. Through focus group discussion and a survey of water users, this research investigates public perception and opinion of the CRWP’s summer water conservation messaging campaign with the goal of improving the effectiveness of the messaging in future dry seasons.
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2

Bolton, Laura. Attitudes to Water Usage in Jordan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.105.

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The author undertakes a literature review of attitudes to water usage in Jordan. One survey was identified which assessed attitudes towards water conservation, sampling 2000 residents in three regions in Jordan (Irbid, Amman, and Zarqa) in 2017. According to the survey, only 61% of respondents believed there was a water shortage in Jordan. 23% believed the water shortage was due to population pressures. The survey focussed more on water conservation than water use. Most of the respondents felt the government were not doing enough on water shortage issues. They were not asked how they feel about the role of the government versus their individual responsibility. Older respondents perceived the shortages to be more critical. A lack of interest in participating in water saving activities was identified among the youth. Water quality was perceived as poor in the USAID survey and noted in other sources. The survey found that most residents had management strategies in place for the day that the water was delivered. Views about politics of regional cooperation and refugee pressure on water use potentially affect attitudes to water but this was not identified specifically within the scope of this report.
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Shillito, Rose, Markus Berli, and Teamrat Ghezzehei. Quantifying the effect of subcritical water repellency on sorptivity : a physically based model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41054.

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Soil water wettability or water repellency is a phenomenon that can affect infiltration and, ultimately, runoff. Thus, there is a need to develop a model that can quantitatively capture the influence of water repellency on infiltration in a physically meaningful way and within the framework of existing infiltration theory. The analytical model developed in this study relates soil sorptivity (an infiltration parameter) with contact angle (a direct measure of water repellency) for variably saturated media. The model was validated with laboratory experiments using a silica sand of known properties treated to produce controlled degrees of water repellency. The measured contact angle and sorptivity values closely matched the model‐predicted values. Further, the relationship between the frequently used water drop penetration time test (used to assess water repellency) and sorptivity was illustrated. Finally, the direct impact of water repellency on saturated hydraulic conductivity was investigated due to its role in infiltration equations and to shed light on inconsistent field observations. It was found that water repellency had minimal effect on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of structureless sand. A quantitative model for infiltration incorporating the effect of water repellency is particularly important for post‐fire hydrologic modeling of burned areas exhibiting water repellent soils.
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4

Marinshaw, Richard J., and Hazem Qawasmeh. Characterizing Water Use at Mosques in Abu Dhabi. RTI Press, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.mr.0042.2004.

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In areas where Muslims constitute much of the population, mosques can account for a significant portion of overall water consumption. Among the various uses of water at mosques, ablution (i.e., ritual cleansing) is generally assumed to be the largest, by far. As part of an initiative to reduce water consumption at mosques in Abu Dhabi, we collected data on ablution and other end uses for water from hundreds of mosques in and around Abu Dhabi City. This paper takes a closer look at how water is used at mosques in Abu Dhabi and presents a set of water use profiles that provide a breakdown of mosque water consumption by end use. The results of this research indicate that cleaning the mosque (primarily the floors) and some of the other non-ablution end uses at mosques can account for a significant portion of the total water consumption and significantly more than was anticipated or has been found in other countries.
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5

Cooper, Rachel. Water in Sustainable Agriculture Standards. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.037.

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This review synthesises evidence on water in sustainable agriculture standards. Sustainable agricultural standards, hereafter standards, is a broad term encompassing certification schemes, tools, and programmes. The International Trade Centre’s Sustainability Standards Map includes 166 agricultural standards . However, there is a smaller number of prominent standards that are popularly used by major retailers or for particular commodities. Two studies looking at how water is considered in standards selected smaller numbers: Morgan (2017) benchmarks 25 popular use conventional agricultural standards and organic standards, whilst Vos & Boelens (2014) selected eight prominent standards for their analysis. The evidence base for this request was limited. Whilst water is included in individual standards, there is limited research on the efficacy or impact of standards on water issues. This review identified an extremely small number of studies that either assessed or benchmarked standards’ water related requirements or the impacts of certification and water requirements on water resources.
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6

Schroeder, Jenna, Christopher Harto, and Corrie Clark. Geothermal Water Use: Life Cycle Water Consumption, Water Resource Assessment, and Water Policy Framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171191.

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7

Schroeder, J. N., C. B. Harto, R. M. Horner, and C. E. Clark. Geothermal Water Use: Life Cycle Water Consumption, Water Resource Assessment, and Water Policy Framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1155056.

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8

Lonsdale, Whitney R., Wyatt F. Cross, Charles E. Dalby, Sara E. Meloy, and Ann C. Schwend. Evaluating Irrigation Efficiency: Toward a Sustainable Water Future for Montana. The Montana University System Water Center, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/mwc202011.

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Water is our most valuable natural resource, and is used to support the demands of industry, agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and municipalities. Water also sustains Montana’s booming recreation and tourism economy and maintains the diverse freshwater ecosystems that provide natural goods and services and promote human well-being. As our population continues to grow, and the collective demand for water increases, it is imperative that we carefully assess how our water is used, as well as how changes in water distribution, management, and governance are likely to influence its availability in the future. This is especially important in the context of a changing climate.
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9

Cutler, David, and Grant Miller. Water, Water, Everywhere: Municipal Finance and Water Supply in American Cities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11096.

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10

Tsybekmitova, G. Ts, L. D. Radnaeva, N. A. Tashlykova, V. G. Shiretorova, A. K. Tulokhonov, B. B. Bazarova, and M. O. Matveeva. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATIC SHIFTS ON BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOCENOSIS: LAKE ARAKHLEY (EASTERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA). DOICODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0973-7308-2020-35-3-77-90.

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Lake Arakhley is located within the Lake Baikal basin in Eastern Siberia, Russia. The area is characterized by continental subarctic climate with considerate diurnal temperature range, long cold dry winters and short hot summers with more precipitation occurring during the latter half of the summer. Climatic shifts in high water years and low water years result in morphometric changes in the lake and in the chemical and physical parameters of the ecosystem. During low water years, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen are decreased, whereas nitrate concentration increases. High water years feature average concentrations of ammonium ions 1.5–2 times higher than the values of recent dry years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of abiotic factors and biotic community indicated that the community structure shows the greatest correlation with physical and chemical parameters of water and biogenic elements (nitrites, ammonium, phosphates) along the first axis, and with the lake depth and transparency along the second axis. Changes in abiotic factors induce functioning and formation of characteristic communities of the primary producers in the trophic structure of the ecosystem. During low water years, with increased level of autochthonous organic matter, Lindavia comta dominance is observed, while during high water years, with increased allochthonous organic matter Asterionella formosa appeared as dominant. Currently, during low water years, the hydrophytes community is monodominant and composed of Ceratophyllum demersum. Meanwhile, such species indicating eutrophic conditions as Myriophyllum sibiricum, Potamogeton pectinatus are found in the lake vegetation.
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