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Journal articles on the topic 'Water-ammonia absorption chillers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Agung, Desy, Gabriel Garcia Genta, Arnas Lubis, M. Idrus Alhamid, and Nasruddin Nasruddin. "Development of Key Components for 5 kW Ammonia–Water Absorption Chiller with Air-Cooled Absorber and Condenser." Energies 17, no. 17 (2024): 4376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17174376.

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An absorption chiller is an alternative cooling system that operates using heat from renewable energy sources and employs environmentally friendly working fluids, such as ammonia–water or lithium bromide–water. Given Indonesia’s high solar energy potential, solar cooling systems using absorption chillers are particularly promising. Solar thermal energy has been demonstrated to effectively power absorption chiller systems through both simulations and experiments. In Indonesia, there is significant potential to utilize small-capacity solar absorption chillers for buildings, particularly those employing air-cooled condensers and absorbers, which can reduce operational and maintenance costs. This research aimed to design a prototype of a 5 kW solar-assisted ammonia–water absorption chiller system specifically for residential applications. The system will be air-cooled to minimize space requirements compared to traditional water-cooled systems. The study addressed the design and specifications of the system’s components, dimensional considerations, and an analysis of the impact of the measurement instrument on the research outcomes. The results provide precise dimensions and specifications for the system components, offering a reference for the development of more advanced systems in the future.

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2

Lima, Alvaro A. S., Gustavo de N. P. Leite, Alvaro A. V. Ochoa, et al. "Absorption Refrigeration Systems Based on Ammonia as Refrigerant Using Different Absorbents: Review and Applications." Energies 14, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010048.

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The interest in employing absorption refrigeration systems is usually related to electricity’s precariousness since these systems generally use thermal rejects for their activation. The application of these systems is closely linked to the concept of energy polygeneration, in which the energy demand to operate them is reduced, which represents their main advantage over the conventional vapor compression system. Currently, the solution pairs used in commercial absorption chillers are lithium bromide/water and ammonia/water. The latter pair has been used in air conditioning and industrial processes due to the ammonia operation’s low temperature. Few review papers on absorption chillers have been published, discussing the use of solar energy as the input source of the systems, the evolution of the absorption refrigeration cycles over the last decades, and promising alternatives to increase the performance of absorption refrigeration systems. There is a lack of consistent studies about designing requirements for absorption chillers, so an updated review covering recent advances and suggested solutions to improve the use and operation of those absorption refrigeration systems using different working fluids is relevant. Hence, this presents a review of the state-of-the-art of ammonia/absorbent based absorption refrigeration systems, considering the most relevant studies, describing the development of this equipment over the years. The most relevant studies in the open literature were collected to describe this equipment’s development over the years, including thermodynamic properties, commercial manufacturers, experimental and numerical studies, and the prototypes designed and tested in this area. The manuscript focuses on reviewing studies in absorption refrigeration systems that use ammonia and absorbents, such as water, lithium nitrate, and lithium nitrate plus water. As a horizon to the future, the uses of absorption systems should be rising due to the increasing values of the electricity, and the environmental impact of the synthetic refrigerant fluids used in mechanical refrigeration equipment. In this context, the idea for a new configuration absorption chiller is to be more efficient, pollutant free to the environment, activated by a heat substantiable source, such as solar, with low cost and compactness structure to attend the thermal needs (comfort thermal) for residences, private and public buildings, and even the industrial and health building sector (thermal processes). To conclude, future recommendations are presented to deal with the improvement of the refrigeration absorption chiller by using solar energy, alternative fluids, multiple-effects, and advanced and hybrid configurations to reach the best absorption chiller to attend to the thermal needs of the residential and industrial sector around the world.

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3

Enoki, Koji, Fumi Watanabe, Atsushi Akisawa, and Toshitaka Takei. "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Generator Temperature on the Performance of Solution Transportation Absorption Chiller." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 25, no. 03 (2017): 1750028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132517500286.

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It is effective to recover waste heat to reduce primary energy consumption. From this point of view, we proposed and examined a new idea of heat transportation using ammonia–water as the working fluid in the system named the Solution Transportation Absorption chiller (STA). As waste heat sources are not necessarily located close to areas of heat demand, conventionally, absorption chillers are located on heat source side and produce chilled water that is transported to heat demand side through pipelines with an insulation. In contrast, the proposed system STA divides an absorption chiller into two parts. The generator and the condenser are located on heat source side while the evaporator and the absorber are on heat demand side. Both the conventional system and STA system satisfy the same boundary condition of heat recovery and heat supply to the demand side, STA can work for transferring thermal energy as the conventional system does even though the temperature of the media is ambient without an insulation. Our previous studies of the STA were based on the experimental investigation with the STA facility where the cooling power was 90[Formula: see text]kW (25.6 refrigeration ton) at the generator temperature 120[Formula: see text]C from 0[Formula: see text]m (normal absorption chiller) to 1000[Formula: see text]m. Thus, the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of STA was found to have almost the same value of 0.65 with conventional absorption chillers without depending on the transportation distances. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of generator temperature from 100[Formula: see text]C to 120[Formula: see text]C on the performance of solution transportation of ammonia–water solution, because the generator temperature is directly linked to the waste heat temperature, so its effect needs to be investigated. The experimental facility tested the performance with 0[Formula: see text]m (normal absorption chiller), 200[Formula: see text]m and 500[Formula: see text]m distance. The results indicate that the effect of the generator temperature and solution transportation distances showed no significant on the COP.

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4

Lazzarin, R. M., A. Gasparella, and P. Romagnoni. "Experimental report on the reliability of ammonia-water absorption chillers." International Journal of Refrigeration 19, no. 4 (1996): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(96)00017-5.

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5

Tao, Xuan, Dhinesh Thanganadar, and Kumar Patchigolla. "Compact Ammonia/Water Absorption Chiller of Different Cycle Configurations: Parametric Analysis Based on Heat Transfer Performance." Energies 15, no. 18 (2022): 6511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186511.

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Ammonia/water absorption chillers are driven by low-grade heat and cover wide refrigeration temperatures. This paper analyses single-stage ammonia/water absorption chillers. A numerical model was developed based on the heat exchanger performance. The model captures variational heat exchanger performances and describes the actual cycle with varying boundary conditions. The detrimental effects of refrigerant impurity were analysed quantitatively under different operating conditions. The model was validated with experimental data. A basic cycle and three advanced cycles were analysed for sub-zero refrigeration by comparing the thermodynamic performances. A compression-assisted cycle extended the activation temperature from 80 to 60 °C. At the heat source of 120 °C, when a counter-current desorber or bypassed rich solution was used, the COP increased from 0.51 to 0.58 or 0.57, respectively. The operating parameters included the heat source temperatures, heat sink temperatures, the mass flow rates and mass concentrations of rich solutions. Higher heat source temperatures increase cooling capacity. The increase was around 20 kW for the basic cycle of sub-zero refrigeration. There is an optimum heat source temperature maximising the COP. Higher heat source temperatures increased the refrigerant mass flow rate and reduced the mass concentration. The mass concentration can decrease from 0.999 to 0.960.

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6

Steiu, Simona, Daniel Salavera, Joan Carles Bruno, and Alberto Coronas. "A basis for the development of new ammonia–water–sodium hydroxide absorption chillers." International Journal of Refrigeration 32, no. 4 (2009): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.02.017.

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7

Weber, Christine, Michael Berger, Florian Mehling, Alexander Heinrich, and Tomas Núñez. "Solar cooling with water–ammonia absorption chillers and concentrating solar collector – Operational experience." International Journal of Refrigeration 39 (March 2014): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.08.022.

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8

Zacarias, Alejandro, J. A. Quiroz, Geydy Luz Gutiérrez-Urueta, M. Venegas, Ignacio Carvajal, and J. Rubio. "COMPARISON BETWEEN ADIABATIC AND NONADIABATIC ABSORPTION CHILLERS USING AMMONIA-LITHIUM NITRATE AND WATER-LITHIUM BROMIDE SOLUTIONS." Heat Transfer Research 51, no. 7 (2020): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.2019026621.

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9

Steiu, Simona, Joan Carles Bruno, Alberto Coronas, Ma Fresnedo San Roman, and Inmaculada Ortiz. "Separation of Ammonia/Water/Sodium Hydroxide Mixtures Using Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Low Temperature Driven Absorption Chillers." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 24 (2008): 10020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie8004012.

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10

Boudéhenn, François, Sylvain Bonnot, Hélène Demasles, Florent Lefrançois, Maxime Perier-Muzet, and Delphine Triché. "Development and Performances Overview of Ammonia-water Absorption Chillers with Cooling Capacities from 5 to 100 kW." Energy Procedia 91 (June 2016): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.234.

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11

Steiu, Simona, David Martínez-Maradiaga, Daniel Salavera, Joan Carles Bruno, and Alberto Coronas. "Effect of Alkaline Hydroxides on the Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium of Ammonia/Water and the Performance of Absorption Chillers." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 23 (2011): 13037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie200183n.

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12

Zamora, Miguel, Mahmoud Bourouis, Alberto Coronas, and Manel Vallès. "Pre-industrial development and experimental characterization of new air-cooled and water-cooled ammonia/lithium nitrate absorption chillers." International Journal of Refrigeration 45 (September 2014): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.06.005.

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13

Souza, G. D. G., D. L. Sousa, F. J. S. Silva, W. Balmant, and A. B. Mariano. "EXERGETIC OPTIMIZATION OF AN ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 21, no. 1 (2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v21i1.86691.

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Nowadays, several scientific studies aim to improve the refrigeration systems commonly used to reduce the consumption of electric energy as well as the environmental impact caused by this equipment. However, it is desired that this be done together with increased efficiency and reduced production cost of the system. Absorption refrigeration systems offer this opportunity to save energy, as they can use thermal energy to produce, residual heat and geothermal energy as primary energy. In addition, they use very ecological working fluids, drawing the attention of the scientific academic world in recent decades. Currently, thermodynamic analyzes based on exergy are increasingly being implemented to calculate the performance of thermodynamic systems, where just considering COP as an efficiency parameter is no longer sufficient. The exergetic analysis takes into account the irreversibility of the system and can indicate which components need to be improved to have a better system performance. Taking this into account, this paper presents the modeling and exergetic optimization of an absorption refrigeration system that uses ammonia and water as working fluids. The thermodynamic model of the refrigerator was developed based on the principles of mass and energy conservation under the steady-state, and was implemented using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. Regarding the performance of the modeled refrigerator, a value of COP = 0.4571. A parametric analysis of the system was carried out with the results obtained numerically from the proposed model, where the relevance of some operating parameters for the performance coefficient and the exergetic efficiency of the system was evaluated. An exergetic analysis of the system was also carried out, where it was shown that the generator and the absorber are responsible for 56.4% and 29.2%, respectively of the total destroyed exergy. Moreover, based on the proposed thermodynamic model, an exergetic optimization of the cooling system was performed based on parameters such as generator temperature and absorber pressure. Thus, it can be concluded that the model developed can be used as a useful tool in the study of absorption chillers possible to predict the impact on the system performance, taking into account various operating conditions.

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14

Alexander, Titlov, Vasyliv Oleg, Abdelkader Alnamer, and Morozov Alexey. "ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSORPTION WATER-AMMONIA REFRIGERATION MACHINES IN THE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS OF GAS TURBINE INSTALLATIONS ON GAS MAIN PIPELINES." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 1 (49) (2019): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2019.183853.

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<em>One of the promising ways to reduce operating losses in main gas pipelines is pre-cooling of compressed gas using heat-using absorption water-ammonia refrigeration machines (AWRM), which utilize the waste heat of the exhaust products of the combustion of gas pumping units. The object of research is the energy characteristics of the AWRM in a wide range of operating parameters (outdoor temperatures), which are currently not studied. A methodology for modeling AWRM modes is developed, analytical studies are conducted and the results are obtained in a wide range of outdoor temperatures.</em> <em>The study is conducted using theoretical analysis of AWRM cycles in a wide range of outdoor temperatures and temperatures of the cooling object. The analysis of the calculation results showed that in the range of design parameters there is a maximum energy efficiency AWRM. The most obvious is the presence of a maximum for operating conditions at cooling medium temperatures of 20…32 °С and low temperatures of the cooling object (minus 25 °С). As the temperature of the cooling object decreases, the maximum energy efficiency shifts to the region of high temperatures of the heating medium, and its numerical values decrease. At heating source temperatures from 90 °С to 130 °С, the electric power of the circulation pump has a maximum value. Subsequently, with an increase in the temperature of the heating source, its asymptotic decrease and slow decrease are observed. In this case, the greatest changes occur at elevated temperatures of the cooling medium (32 °С).</em> <em>The simulation results allow to determine the most energy-efficient operating modes of the AWRM with various sources of thermal energy (temperatures from 90 to 160 °С) and to develop cooling systems for a wide temperature range (minus 30…15 °С). To achieve such optimal conditions, an appropriate combination of the composition of the working fluid and the temperature of the heating source is necessary</em>

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15

Ahmad Ansari, Ezaz, and Sohail Bux. "Study of Ammonia Water Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Chiller Run by Solar Thermal Energy." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research 5, no. 7 (2017): 385–88. https://doi.org/10.70729/22071701.

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16

Le Lostec, Brice, Nicolas Galanis, and Jocelyn Millette. "Simulation of an ammonia–water absorption chiller." Renewable Energy 60 (December 2013): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.05.027.

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17

Erickson, Donald C., Gopalakrishnan Anand, and Ellen Makar. "Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 01 (2015): 1550003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500030.

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Ambient temperature markedly impacts combustion turbine performance. A typical aeroderivative turbine loses 25% of ISO capacity at 38°C ambient. There are two traditional options to mitigate that degradation: evaporative cooling and mechanical chilling. They boost turbine performance, but consume significant water and/or electric load. Also, the turbine requires separate anti-icing equipment for low ambient temperature operation (less than 4.4°C). This paper describes the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning (ARCTIC) system that chills or heats the inlet air of a combustion turbine to maintain maximum turbine performance at all ambient temperatures. The ARCTIC unit is an ammonia–water absorption cycle that is powered by turbine exhaust heat. The design and performance of a 7034 kW (2000-ton) ARCTIC unit is presented. This ARCTIC achieved a new record for net power and heat rate from this model aeroderivative gas turbine in hot weather. It provides reliable and dispatchable hot day power at about half the cost of new plant. On a typical summer day (38°C dry bulb, 26°C wet bulb), ammonia refrigerant from the ARCTIC chills the inlet air to 8.9°C. The gas turbine power is increased from 40 to 51 MW. After allowing for the 230 kW electric parasitic load, the resulting net power is 2 MW more than the output of a comparable mechanically chilled gas turbine. As a result, the heat rate is also improved. On cold days the ARCTIC automatically switches to heating mode. The inlet air is heated by 11°C to eliminate inlet icing potential. Additional benefits include a lower exhaust temperature which is better for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst. The condensate recovered from the inlet-air chilling (up to 25 gallons per minute) can also be a valuable by-product. The ARCTIC system has a small cost premium relative to a mechanical chiller. However, when all the auxiliary functions are credited (anti-icing, tempering air, less switchgear, no 4160 volt service), the overall installed cost is comparable. The standout advantages are the increased hot weather power output, improved operating efficiency, and reduced maintenance, all obtained at minimal additional cost. Combined cycle and cogeneration configurations (both frame and aeroderivative) benefit even more from the ARCTIC due to the increased value of improved heat rate.

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18

Anand, Gopalakrishnan, Donald C. Erickson, and Ellen Makar. "Characterization of Ammonia–Water Absorption Chiller and Application." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 04 (2018): 1850035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518500359.

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Ammonia-absorption refrigeration units (AARUS) can supply subfreezing refrigeration for many industrial applications. Such units are usually driven by waste heat or renewable energy at relatively low temperatures. The performance of the chiller is highly dependent on the temperatures of the driving heat, the chilling load, and the cooling water. In this paper, the performance of an advanced industrial-scale ammonia-absorption unit is modeled over a representative operating range. The performance is then characterized by a set of simple equations incorporating the three external temperatures. This simple model helps to evaluate potential applications, predict performance, and perform initial optimization. Case studies are presented highlighting the application of the model.

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19

Chua, H. T., H. K. Toh, and K. C. Ng. "Thermodynamic modeling of an ammonia–water absorption chiller." International Journal of Refrigeration 25, no. 7 (2002): 896–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(01)00101-3.

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20

Le Lostec, Brice, Nicolas Galanis, and Jocelyn Millette. "Experimental study of an ammonia-water absorption chiller." International Journal of Refrigeration 35, no. 8 (2012): 2275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.05.012.

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21

Ullah, Ahmed, Asim Mushtaq, Rizwan Ahmed Qamar, and Uddin Ali. "Designing of advanced solar absorption chilling unit." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 2 (2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i2.30410.

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In emerging nations, access to electricity is inconsistent is a widespread issue. This research aimed to design an absorption chiller based on utilising heat from a solar tracker system to power a chiller. For this purpose, a solar-driven ammonia absorption chilling system is designed. The solar-powered absorption chiller is a chilling system designed to offer refrigeration to developing areas. It is an intermittent system in which ammonia and water are used as absorbent and refrigerant respectively. A small-capacity vapor ab-sorption system was first simulated and its parameters were compared with the calculated ones. The main constituents like condenser, evaporator and generator are designed based on capacity. The basic heat and mass transfer equations relating the working properties are specified. The coefficient of performance (COP) obtained from experiments is in the range of 0.3-0.4.

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22

Kong, Dingfeng, Jianhua Liu, Liang Zhang, Hang He, and Zhiyun Fang. "Thermodynamic and Experimental Analysis of an Ammonia-Water Absorption Chiller." Energy and Power Engineering 02, no. 04 (2010): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2010.24042.

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23

Viswanathan, Vinodh K., Alexander S. Rattner, Matthew D. Determan, and Srinivas Garimella. "Dynamic model for a small-capacity ammonia–water absorption chiller." HVAC&R Research 19, no. 7 (2013): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2013.833974.

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24

Goyal, Anurag, Alexander S. Rattner, and Srinivas Garimella. "Model-based feedback control of an ammonia-water absorption chiller." Science and Technology for the Built Environment 21, no. 3 (2015): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2014.982412.

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25

Kim, Byongjoo, and Jongil Park. "Dynamic simulation of a single-effect ammonia–water absorption chiller." International Journal of Refrigeration 30, no. 3 (2007): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.07.004.

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26

Chekir, Nihel, Ali Snoussi, and Ammar Ben Brahim. "Alternative Refrigerants for Solar Absorption Air-Conditioning." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 01 (2019): 2050001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520500017.

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Three hydrocarbons are considered as refrigerants for solar absorption air-conditioner. The cooling plant is composed essentially of the absorption chiller and the solar system is simulated with three working pairs: propane/octane, butane/octane and iso-butane/octane. Results are compared to those of ammonia/water mixture at the same fixed operating conditions and assumptions. The main advantages of the investigated refrigerants are their similar cooling effect compared to ammonia with a coefficient of performance reaching 0.63 and their relatively low working pressures. Nevertheless, the circulation ratio for hydrocarbon mixture is higher compared to ammonia. Propane/octane working mixture seems to be suitable for solar absorption air-conditioners with some particular precautions. The heat required to drive the absorption system is provided by evacuated tubes solar collectors of 90[Formula: see text]m2, a value in agreement with commercialized solar absorption air-conditioner operating with ammonia.

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27

May, S. El, I. Boukholda, and A. Bellagi. "Energetic and exergetic analysis of a commercial ammonia water absorption chiller." International Journal of Exergy 8, no. 1 (2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2011.037213.

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28

Garimella, Srinivas, Mikko J. Ponkala, Anurag Goyal, and Marcel A. Staedter. "Waste-heat driven ammonia-water absorption chiller for severe ambient operation." Applied Thermal Engineering 154 (May 2019): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.098.

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29

Goyal, Anurag, Marcel A. Staedter, Dhruv C. Hoysall, Mikko J. Ponkala, and Srinivas Garimella. "Experimental evaluation of a small-capacity, waste-heat driven ammonia-water absorption chiller." International Journal of Refrigeration 79 (July 2017): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.04.006.

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Priedeman, Douglas K., Michael A. Garrabrant, James A. Mathias, Roger E. Stout, and Richard N. Christensen. "Performance of a Residential-Sized GAX Absorption Chiller." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 123, no. 3 (2001): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1385519.

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This research effort involved experimentally testing an advanced-cycle, ammonia-water absorption chiller with a cooling capacity of 17.6 kW (5 refrigeration tons (RT)). The system was a generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle and was sized for residential and light commercial use, where very little absorption equipment is currently used. The components of the cycle were assembled with instrumentation, including flow meters, pressure transducers, and thermocouples. The findings of the research were cycle cooling load and coefficient of performance (COP), as well as many component heat duties and working fluid state points throughout the cycle. The COP of the chiller at essentially full load was measured at 0.68. A simulation of the GAX cycle was performed with a computer program that predicted the heat duties of each component and the cooling load of the cycle. The simulation of the GAX cycle and experimental testing compared closely. Existing market research shows that significant business opportunities exist for a GAX heat pump or chiller with a cooling COP of 0.70 or greater. The work performed in this study consisted of testing a GAX cycle with a COP that approached the target value of 0.70 and identified improvements that must be made to reach the target COP value.

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31

Moreira, José Luciano Batista, Adriano da Silva Marques, Taynara Geysa Silva do Lago, Victor Carlos de Lima Arruda, and Monica Carvalho. "Thermoeconomic Evaluation of a High-Performance Solar Biogas Polygeneration System." Energies 17, no. 16 (2024): 4172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17164172.

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Because of the higher efficiencies achieved by polygeneration systems compared with conventional generation systems, they have been increasingly adopted to reduce the consumption of resources and consequent environmental damage. Heat dissipated by equipment can be harnessed and reused in a cascade manner. This study applies the Theory of Exergetic Cost (TEC), a thermoeconomic approach, to a high-performance polygeneration system. The system includes a biogas-fueled internal combustion engine, a water–ammonia absorption refrigeration system driven by the engine’s exhaust gases, and a set of photovoltaic panels with a cooling system coupled to solar panels and a hot water storage tank. The pieces of equipment are dimensioned and selected according to the energy demands of a hotel. Then, the temperature, pressure, and energy flows are established for each point of the system. Mass, energy, and exergy balances are developed to determine exergy flows and efficiencies. The main component in terms of exergy and operation costs is the engine, which consumes 0.0613 kg/s of biogas, produces 376.80 kW of electricity, and provides thermal energy for the refrigeration system (101.57 kW) and the hot water tank (232.55 kW), considering the average operating regime throughout the day. The levelized costs are 2.69 USD/h for electricity, 1.70 USD/h for hot water (thermal energy tank), and 1.73 USD/h for chilled water (absorption chiller). The thermoeconomic diagnosis indicated that the hot water tank and the engine are the most sensitive to changes in the maintenance factor. Reducing operating expenses by 20% for the tank and engine lowers energy costs by 10.75% for the tank and 9.81% for the engine.

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32

Kabalu, Wamunyima, and Luwaya Edwin. "Utilization of Geothermal Fluid as a Heat Source for Absorption Refrigeration System for Food Preservation – A Case of Bwanda and Gwisho Hotsprings." Engineering and Technology Journal 9, no. 05 (2024): 3988–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11234612.

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Zambia has significant geothermal resources with over 86 hotsprings identified. Installation of a 250kW off-grid pilot binary-cycle power plant is currently underway at the Bwanda and Gwisho goethermal site. It is estimated that there is 90,000 herd of cattle in the villages around the pilot power plant. Little milk from these herds of cattle reaches the market due to scarce collection points with cooling facilities. This study assesses the applicability of utilizing exhaust geothermal fluid from a binary-cycle geothermal power plant for powering an absorption refrigeration system (ARS) for storing food, specifically milk. Two absorption systems; Lithium Bromide-water and the ammonia-water ARS are compared. The COPs, energy input and mass flowrates required to produce various cooling loads (40kW – 160kW) are compared. The results show that the exhaust geothermal fluid energy (504kW) is sufficient for powering both ARSs for storing milk to its suitable storage temperature of 4<sup>o</sup>C. The results also show that the Lithium Bromide-water system is more suitable for this application, because it produces a higher maximum COP (0.76) compared to the ammonia-water system’s maximum COP (0.64), it produces a higher maximum cooling capacity (380kW) compared to the ammonia-water systems maximum capacity (216kW). It requires lower input mass flowrate and pump work at all cooling capacities (40kW – 160kW). Therefore, a Lithium Bromide-water absorption chiller for storing the amounts of milk currently collected in the study area is designed. Optimized design specifications are provided.

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Staedter, Marcel A., and Srinivas Garimella. "Development of a micro-scale heat exchanger based, residential capacity ammonia–water absorption chiller." International Journal of Refrigeration 89 (May 2018): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.02.016.

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Lima, Lucas, and Carlos Keutenedjian Mady. "Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Absorption and Mechanical System for a Dehumidification Unit in a Gelatin Factory." Entropy 23, no. 4 (2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23040415.

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In this paper, an energy and exergy analysis is applied to the air dehumidification unit of a liquid desiccant system in an industrial gelatin conveyor dryer. The working fluid is a binary solution of lithium chloride (LiCl) in water. Dry air is used in order to decrease the amount of liquid in the gelatin. Therefore, the environmental air must have its absolute humidity reduced from about 12 g/kg to the project target, which is 5 g/kg. The process is a cycle using an absorption desiccant unit (LiCl in water), where the weak solution absorbs water vapor from the air. In the regenerator, condensation of the solution (desorption) from the moist air occurs. As a result, the steam consumption of the desorber and electrical power used for the vapor compression chiller (with ammonia, NH3, as working fluid) are the primary sources of cost for the factory. To improve the plant’s energy and exergy behaviors, the process is evaluated using a mathematical model of the system processes. In addition, we evaluate the substitution of the vapor compression chiller by an absorption unit (lithium bromide (LiBr) in water). The performance indicators of the compression vapor systems showed the best results. Even when using the condenser’s energy to pre-heat the solution, the installed system proved to be more effective.

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HIRAYAMA, Kaoru, Atsushi AKISAWA, Yuki UEDA, Kazumichi ARAKI, and Toshitaka TAKEI. "418 Heat storage by solution concentration difference based on absorption chiller cycle with ammonia/water." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2013.23 (2013): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2013.23.324.

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Boudéhenn, François, Hélène Demasles, Joël Wyttenbach, Xavier Jobard, David Chèze, and Philippe Papillon. "Development of a 5 kW Cooling Capacity Ammonia-water Absorption Chiller for Solar Cooling Applications." Energy Procedia 30 (2012): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.006.

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Triché, Delphine, Sylvain Bonnot, Maxime Perier-Muzet, François Boudéhenn, Hélène Demasles, and Nadia Caney. "Experimental and numerical study of a falling film absorber in an ammonia-water absorption chiller." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 111 (August 2017): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.04.008.

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38

Ezzine, N. Ben, M. Barhoumi, Kh Mejbri, S. Chemkhi, and A. Bellagi. "Solar cooling with the absorption principle: first and Second Law analysis of an ammonia—water double-generator absorption chiller." Desalination 168 (August 2004): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.179.

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Soto-Herranz, María, Mercedes Sánchez-Báscones, Juan Manuel Antolín-Rodríguez, Matías B. Vanotti, and Pablo Martín-Ramos. "Effect of Acid Flow Rate, Membrane Surface Area, and Capture Solution on the Effectiveness of Suspended GPM Systems to Recover Ammonia." Membranes 11, no. 7 (2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070538.

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Ammonia losses from manure pose serious problems for ecosystems and human and animal health. Gas-permeable membranes (GPMs) constitute a promising approach to address the challenge of reducing farm ammonia emissions and to attain the EU’s Clean Air Package goals. In this study, the effect of NH3-N concentration, membrane surface area, acid flux, and type of capture solution on ammonia recovery was investigated for a suspended GPM system through three experiments, in which ammonia was released from a synthetic solution (NH4Cl + NaHCO3 + allylthiourea). The effect of two surface areas (81.7 and 163.4 cm2) was first evaluated using three different synthetic N emitting concentrations (3000, 6000, and 12,000 mg NH3-N∙L−1) and keeping the flow of acidic solution (1N H2SO4) constant (0.8 L·h−1). A direct relationship was found between the amount of NH3 captured and the NH3-N concentration in the N-emitting solution, and between the amount of NH3 captured and the membrane surface area at the two lowest concentrations. Nonetheless, the use of a larger membrane surface barely improved ammonia capture at the highest concentration, pointing to the existence of other limiting factors. Hence, ammonia capture was then studied using different acid flow rates (0.8, 1.3, 1.6, and 2.1 L∙h−1) at a fixed N emitting concentration of 6000 mg NH3-N∙L−1 and a surface area of 122.5 cm2. A higher acid flow rate (0.8–2.1 L∙h−1) resulted in a substantial increase in ammonia absorption, from 165 to 262 mg of NH3∙d−1 over a 14-day period. Taking the parameters that led to the best results in experiments 1 and 2, different types of ammonia capture solutions (H2SO4, water and carbonated water) were finally compared under refrigeration conditions (at 2 °C). A high NH3 recovery (81% in 7 days), comparable to that obtained with the H2SO4 solution (88%), was attained when chilled water was used as the capture solution. The presented results point to the need to carefully optimize the emitter concentration, flow rate, and type of capture solution to maximize the effectiveness of suspended GPM systems, and suggest that chilled water may be used as an alternative to conventional acidic solutions, with associated savings.

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Beccali, Marco, Maurizio Cellura, Sonia Longo, Bettina Nocke, and Pietro Finocchiaro. "LCA of a solar heating and cooling system equipped with a small water–ammonia absorption chiller." Solar Energy 86, no. 5 (2012): 1491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.02.010.

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Mansouri, Rami, Ismail Boukholda, Mahmoud Bourouis, and Ahmed Bellagi. "Modelling and testing the performance of a commercial ammonia/water absorption chiller using Aspen-Plus platform." Energy 93 (December 2015): 2374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.10.081.

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Синцов and A. Sintsov. "Improving the Efficiency of Cold Production." Safety in Technosphere 3, no. 4 (2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5303.

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The paper is dedicated to the use of renewable energy in cold production, particularly to recycling low temperature heat (below 160 °C) by the absorption chiller (AС). In most, it is a secondary energy resource, which eliminates carbon emissions and thermal pollution. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of cold production for different consumers (including air conditioning) is considered. The result is achieved by using a seasonal cold accumulator, which is also a renewable source. Structural diagram and description of the workflow are proposed. The example of a single-stage water-ammonia AС illustrates the effect of external temperatures on the workflow. Results of thermodynamic calculations prove efficiency of combined AС and seasonal cold accumulator.

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Nguyen, Phu Minh. "Energy and exergy estimation for a combined cycle of solid CO2 production and NH3-H2O single effect absorption chiller." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 1 (2016): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.611.

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In order to reduce the compression power, to use an integrated thermal-driven cycle, and to mitigate the CO2 content in the air, a new combined cycle of absorption chiller and vaporcompression refrigeration cycle to produce carbon dioxide dry ice was devised and analyzed. In this study, the energy and the exergy analyses of the combined cycle were presented. The combined cycle simulation was carried out by using EES (Engineering Equation Solver) program. The CO2 condensation pressure and the generator temperature were considered as key parameters. Results show that the total compression and pumping power using the present combined cycle can be reduced remarkably, amounting to 44.4 %, in comparison with that in the conventional ammonia cooling system. Most of the irreversibility occur in the absorption system and the irreversibility of the absorber has the largest portion. The temperature reduction of the solution or increase in the cooling water temperature can improve the irreversibility of the absorber. However, the latter decreases the irreversibility more than the former.

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Palacios-Lorenzo, María Esther, and José Daniel Marcos. "Downsizing strategy for an air-cooled indirect-fired single-effect ammonia-water absorption chiller in part-load operation in hot climates." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 53 (January 2024): 103911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103911.

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Sutter, Daniel, Matteo Gazzani, and Marco Mazzotti. "A low-energy chilled ammonia process exploiting controlled solid formation for post-combustion CO2capture." Faraday Discussions 192 (2016): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00044d.

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A new ammonia-based process for CO<sub>2</sub>capture from flue gas has been developed, which utilizes the formation of solid ammonium bicarbonate to increase the CO<sub>2</sub>concentration in the regeneration section of the process. Precipitation, separation, and dissolution of the solid phase are realized in a dedicated process section, while the packed absorption and desorption columns remain free of solids. Additionally, the CO<sub>2</sub>wash section applies solid formation to enable a reduction of the wash water consumption. A rigorous performance assessment employing the SPECCA index (Specific Primary Energy Consumption for CO<sub>2</sub>Avoided) has been implemented to allow for a comparison of the overall energy penalty between the new process and a standard ammonia-based capture process without solid formation. A thorough understanding of the relevant solid–solid–liquid–vapor phase equilibria and an accurate modeling of them have enabled the synthesis of the process, and have inspired the development of the optimization algorithm used to screen a wide range of operating conditions in equilibrium-based process simulations. Under the assumptions on which the analysis is based, the new process with controlled solid formation achieved a SPECCA of 2.43 MJ kg<sub>CO2</sub><sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to a reduction of 17% compared to the process without solid formation (with a SPECCA of 2.93 MJ kg<sub>CO2</sub><sup>−1</sup>). Ways forward to confirm this significant improvement, and to increase the accuracy of the optimization are also discussed.

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Garimella, S., and V. S. Garimella. "Commercial Boiler Waste-Heat Utilization for Air Conditioning in Developing Countries." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 3 (1999): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795983.

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This study investigates the utilization of waste heat from commercial process steam boilers for air conditioning using absorption cooling systems. An ammonia-water generator absorber heat exchange system was developed and modeled to use waste heat from the boiler flue gases and deliver chilled water. Based on approximately 1000 process steam boilers at an average throughput of 2000 kg/h in one metropolitan area in India, the study estimates that installation of these systems could result in annual operating cost savings of $10,200,000 in this region alone. These 1000 systems would also reduce the installed electric capacity needs by 16 MW. Annual coal consumption would decrease by 87,000 tonnes, while ash production would decrease by 39,000 tonnes. Carbon-based emissions are estimated to decrease by 176,000 tonnes. Therefore, installation of these systems on a countrywide basis and also in other developing countries with high year-round cooling loads and coal-based power generation would significantly alleviate installed power capacity shortages, conserve energy resources, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Altun, Ayşe Fidan. "A Conceptual Design and Analysis of a Novel Trigeneration System Consisting of a Gas Turbine Power Cycle with Intercooling, Ammonia–Water Absorption Refrigeration, and Hot Water Production." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (2022): 11820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911820.

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In this study, the performance of a novel trigeneration system with a gas turbine prime mover, an ammonia–water refrigeration system, and a hot water generation system is investigated from thermodynamic and economic standpoints. The effects of various operating conditions on energy efficiency and the levelized cost of energy are investigated. The proposed system has a production capacity of 45.4 kW power, 14.07 kW cooling rate, and 16.32 kW heat rate. The efficiency of the gas turbine cycle is 49.7%, and it becomes 83.0% after the implementation of the trigeneration system. Through combined heating, cooling, and power generation, primary energy input and the CO2 emissions will be 49% lower compared to separate production. According to the exergy analysis, the combustion chamber is the main component where the greatest exergy destruction occurs. Sensitivity analysis revealed that an increase in the ambient temperature results in a decrease in the energy utilization factor and the net power output. The LCOE of the system is around 0.02 $/kWh, whereas the unit price of the local electricity from the grid is 0.09 $/kWh. The payback period of the absorption sub-cycle is between 4 months and 4 years, depending on the annual operation time of the chiller.

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Moya, M., J. C. Bruno, P. Eguia, E. Torres, I. Zamora, and A. Coronas. "Performance analysis of a trigeneration system based on a micro gas turbine and an air-cooled, indirect fired, ammonia–water absorption chiller." Applied Energy 88, no. 12 (2011): 4424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.021.

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49

Marques, Adriano da S., Monica Carvalho, Álvaro A. V. Ochoa, Ronelly J. Souza, and Carlos A. C. dos Santos. "Exergoeconomic Assessment of a Compact Electricity-Cooling Cogeneration Unit." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205417.

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This study applies the SPecific Exergy COsting (SPECO) methodology for the exergoeconomic assessment of a compact electricity-cooling cogeneration system. The system utilizes the exhaust gases from a 126 hp Otto-cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) to drive a 5 RT ammonia–water absorption refrigeration unit. Exergy destruction is higher in the ICE (67.88%), followed by the steam generator (14.46%). Considering the cost of destroyed exergy plus total cost rate of equipment, the highest values are found in the ICE, followed by the steam generator. Analysis of relative cost differences and exergoeconomic factors indicate that improvements should focus on the steam generator, evaporator, and absorber. The cost rate of the fuel consumed by the combustion engine is 12.84 USD/h, at a specific exergy cost of 25.76 USD/GJ. The engine produces power at a cost rate of 10.52 USD/h and specific exergy cost of 64.14 USD/GJ. Cooling refers to the chilled water from the evaporator at a cost rate of 0.85 USD/h and specific exergy cost of 84.74 USD/GJ. This study expands the knowledge base regarding the exergoeconomic assessment of compact combined cooling and power systems.

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Marques, Adriano, Yipsy Benito, Alvaro Ochoa, and Monica Carvalho. "Thermoeconomic analysis of a microcogeneration system using the theory of exergetic cost." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220806023m.

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Cogeneration and trigeneration systems have been broadly employed as part of the strategies oriented toward rational energy use. The assessment of these systems must include simultaneous considerations of costs, irreversibility, energy losses, and their causes. This work presents a step-by-step thermoeconomic analysis of a microcogeneration unit, composed of an internal combustion engine and an ammonia-water single-effect absorption refrigeration chiller. The research employed the Theory of Exergetic Cost method to determine monetary and energy costs and the exergy efficiency of equipment. It is therefore possible to identify which pieces of equipment present the highest impact and focus on these to improve the overall performance of the energy system. Although not part of the Theory of Exergetic Cost, exergoeconomic parameters can be calculated to expand the assessment further. The highest specific exergy cost is associated with the endothermic reaction inside the absorber (282 $/GJ), while the lowest specific exergy cost is due to electricity consumed by the pump of the refrigeration system (2.16 $/GJ). The highest exergy efficiency was identified at the condenser (almost 90%, while values under 40% were obtained for the engine, pump, and absorber. The combined analysis of exergoeconomic results indicates that the lowest performances are related to the generator, the absorber, the evaporator, and the regenerator.

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