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1
Al-Ali, Mahmoud. "Soil water conservation and water balance model for micro-catchment water harvesting system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10941.
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A simple water balance model was applied to a micro-catchment water harvesting system for a semi-arid area in the North-Eastern part of Jordan. Two Negarim micro-catchment water harvesting systems were built at Al-Khanasri research station. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial combination was used with six treatments and three replicates. Each plot was divided into two parts; a runoff area, and a run-on area. Two different treatments were used for the catchment area, these were: compacted (T1) and Natural treatments (T2). Three treatments were used for the run-on area, these were: disturbed (S1), stones (S2), and crop residue mulch (S3). Soil water content was measured over a depth of 0-1 m during the seasons 96-97 in these micro-catchments. In this model; daily rainfall, runoff, and evaporation were used. Runoff was calculated by the curve number method; evaporation was calculated by the Penman equation, the Priestley and Taylor method and the Class A pan approach. The least squares method was used for optimizing model parameters. The performance of the model was assessed by different criteria, such as root mean square error, relative root mean square error, coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency method. The performance of the micro-catchments system was also evaluated. Results showed that with limited but reliable hydrological data good agreement between predicted and observed values could be obtained. The ratio of water storage in a one meter soil depth to the rainfall falling on each catchment indicated that T1S2 and T1S3 have the highest values in size1 plots while T2S1 and T2S2 have the highest values in size 2 plots. Modelling results showed that for all the size 1 plots, the required ratio of the cultivated to catchment area, (C/CA), required to ensure sufficient harvested water, was less than the actual ratio used in the experimental design. For the size 2 plots this was only true for the T1 treatments. Consequently for the majority of plot sizes and treatments, the results showed that a smaller catchment area is capable of providing sufficient harvested water to meet crop growth requirements. The experimental ratio was based on a typical yearly design rainfall for the region having either a 50% or 67% probability of occurrence. Results also indicated that using stones and crop residue as mulch on the soil surface in the cultivated area was effective in decreasing the evaporation rate. S3 was more efficient than S2 as it stored more water due to the higher infiltration rate (12.4 cm/hr) when compared to S2 (4.1 cm/hr).
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Hellin, Jonathan. "Soil and water conservation in Honduras : a land husbandry approach." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325265.
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Cooper, Sophie E. "The role of conservation soil management on soil and water protection at different spatial scales." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1775.
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Agriculture has a direct impact on the soil environment, altering soil properties, surface characteristics and erosion risk. This has led to a move away from conventional tillage
to the adoption of conservation practices, aiming to minimise soil disturbance and
reduce erosion. The effectiveness of this has been shown in studies from the USA, but
equivalent research in Europe is limited.
The present study investigated losses of soil, water, nutrients and carbon from different tillage regimes. Two UK sites were used – Loddington (Leicestershire, on heavy clay) and Tivington (Somerset on sandy clay loam). Three cultivations were applied -
conventional (deep, inversion ploughing), and two forms of conservation tillage -
SOWAP (non-inversion, shallow tillage), and Farmer Preference (non-inversion, deep
tillage). Treatment effects were investigated at three spatial scales, ranging from field based erosion plots (0.05 ha), to micro-plots (1.5 m2), to soil aggregate tests.
Results from 2004 to 2006 showed that adoption of conservation tillage did not
consistently reduce losses of soil, water, nutrient and carbon, due to high temporal
variability. Notable differences were found between sites. Runoff coefficients ranged
from 0.39-0.46% at Loddington, and 2.43-3.82% at Tivington. Soil losses at Loddington
were below 2 t ha-1 y-1, but higher at Tivington (3.47 t ha-1 y-1). Conservation tillage led to notable changes in soil properties and surface characteristics, including a decrease in bulk density and increases in organic matter, micro-topography and residue cover.
Absolute values of erosion from small scale investigations could not be extrapolated
directly to field scale results. Relative treatment ranks gave better comparisons,
although results were not consistent for all small scale methods, due to high levels of
variability. Caution should be used when extrapolating between spatial scales.
Further work is required to understand the links between temporal and spatial
fluctuations in soil, surface and rainfall characteristics and erosion processes.
4
Ahiale, Evelyn Dalali. "Economic valuation of soil and water conservation technologies in northern Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578024.
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Land degradation resulting largely from the environmentally unsustainable agricultural practices of smallholder farmers is a serious problem in Ghana. It is most serious in northern Ghana, where in spite of past efforts to solve it, persists because farmers' adoption of soil and water conservation technologies has not been encouraging. Farmers' inability to adopt soil and water conservation measures is mainly as a result of constraints resulting from market failures which lead to externalities like degradation. In the presence of externalities, government intervention is justified, and payment for environmental services, whereby incentive payments are made to resource managers, is one such intervention. The current study uses the choice experiment and contingent valuation methods to estimate farmers' WTA for soil and water conservation technologies, specifically soil and stone bunds, and examine the effect of collective action and other factors on farm households' willingness-to-accept. Based on data collected from 305 smallholder farm households in northern Ghana, and using the Bayesian approach, the mixed logit and interval-data probit models were employed to analyze choice experiment and contingent valuation data respectively. Results from both the choice experiment and the contingent valuation methods revealed that farmers like collective action and are prepared to receive less when they act collectively. From the choice experiment, farmers were willing to accept ¢49.40/acre (or ¢125.30/hectare) less in order to act collectively under a compensation scheme for the adoption of SWC technologies. Farmers were willing to accept ¢182.00/acre (¢455.00/hectare) to adopt a SWC technology in order to maintain landscape quality and ¢66.20/acre (¢165.50/hectare) to improve landscape quality. Results from the contingent valuation revealed that farm households would accept from ¢913.46 - 922.08/hectare for stone bund and ¢705.34-714.92/hectare for soil bund. Farmers belonging to farmers' groups were willing to accept from ¢23.55 - 62.54/hectare less than non-group members depending on the technology and type of participation. Willingness of farm households to accept compensation were positively correlated with education, wealth status, farm households with adequate labour supply, the severity of erosion of their farms, and whether the household has already adopted either stone or soil bunds. Age, farm size, and previous participation in soil and water conservation projects are some variables found to be negatively correlated to willingness-to-accept. It is recommended that collective action/contracting be designed into payment schemes to reduce their transaction costs to make them more successful.
5
Zaikin, Andrey. "Economics of soil and water conservation in irrigated and dry lands agriculture." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2006/a%5Fzaikin%5F072606.pdf.
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Krois, Joachim [Verfasser]. "Soil and Water Conservation in the Northern Andes of Peru / Joachim Krois." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1115722476/34.
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Dzuda, Lorraine Nyaradzo. "Analysis of soil and water conservation techniques in Zimbabwe, a duration analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60424.pdf.
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White, Angela Paige. "An Examination of Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District Employee Job Satisfaction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26752.
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The studyâ s purpose was to determine the job satisfaction level of Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) employees during fiscal year 2007-2008. Employee characteristics were identified; three measures of job satisfaction were attained (intrinsic, extrinsic, general satisfaction); and satisfaction levels on 12 specific job aspects were determined. The relationship between job satisfaction and four independent variables (age, gender, education level, primary job responsibility) was assessed. The instrument consisted of an employee characteristics survey, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) 1977 Short-Form, derived from the MSQ 1967 Long-Form (Weiss, Dawis, England, & Lofquist, 1967), and a modified 2002 Virginia Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts (VASWCD) survey. Descriptive research statistics were utilized. A total of 185 employees participated, which was an 80% response rate.
The majority of employees were characterized as: non-Hispanic, white, female, average age 41 years, married with no children 18 and under living in the home, bachelorâ s degree, average tenure of 6.52 years, full-time, permanent position, average hourly wage of $14.45 and annual salary of $36,373.54, primary job responsibility â technical.â
The MSQ found respondents generally and intrinsically satisfied. Greater satisfaction was expressed for variety and social services. Overall respondents were undecided about extrinsic job aspects. Advancement was an area of dissatisfaction.
The modified VASWCD survey found respondents satisfied overall. Respondents were â very satisfiedâ with work schedule, type of work, and board relationships. Employees were less satisfied with health insurance benefits, new employee orientation, and compensation. They were â dissatisfiedâ with career advancement opportunities and life insurance.
Differences in total intrinsic, extrinsic, and general job satisfaction, as measured by the MSQ, based on the independent variables were determined. A one-way ANOVA and Tukeyâ s post-hoc test were utilized. Since the population of this study violated Leveneâ s Test of Homogeneity, the ANOVA could not be performed for age and intrinsic and general job satisfaction. The ANOVA was performed for all other variables. There was not a significant difference in extrinsic satisfaction among respondents of the various age groups. There were no significant differences in intrinsic, extrinsic, or general job satisfaction for the variables of gender, education level, or primary job responsibility.<br>Ph. D.
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Botschner, Caitlin Jean. "Soil and Water Conservation with an Emphasis on Stormwater Management, Public Involvement, Erosion and Sediment Control, and Geographic Information Systems: An Internship with Warren County Soil and Water Conservation District." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1220562386.
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Musoke, Elizabeth. "Understanding the adoption of soil and water conservation practices: the role of social capital." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38221.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Environmental Design and Planning<br>Timothy D. Keane<br>Kenya has been adversely affected by soil erosion due to population growth, changes in land use and land cover, and unsustainable agricultural practices. Issues related to land degradation cost the Kenyan government approximately $390 million or 3 percent of the country’s GDP yearly (Government of Kenya, 2013). Despite extensive land degradation, many attempts to encourage the use of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been unsuccessful. The study focuses on Merigi Ward, Kenya. Merigi Ward lies within the Mara River Basin (MRB), an ecologically and economically important river basin that has experienced extensive erosion problems. Increased agricultural activities driven by population growth in the area and changes in land use and land cover have degraded the landscape. SWC practices are greatly needed to mitigate the effects of erosion and conserve the natural resources within the MRB.
Past studies suggest that social capital may increase the adoption of SWC practices (Knowler & Bradshaw, 2007; Nyangena, 2008). This study defines social capital as the groups and networks, trust and reciprocity, formal and informal rules, and information that informs the interactions among persons that lead to collective action. Twenty-five smallholder farmers within Merigi Ward were interviewed and the relationship between the adoption of SWC practices and social capital was explored through a qualitative analysis. Additionally, the MRB is home to the Mau Mara Serengeti Sustainable Water Initiative (MaMaSe). The MaMaSe initiative is a public private partnership (P3) with the goal to promote sustainable water use, economic growth, and environmental conservation within the basin. The effect the MaMaSe initiative had on the level of social capital amongst the study participants was also investigated.
Findings suggest that social capital is an important aspect of SWC adoption in Merigi Ward. Groups and networks provide farmers with implementation support and information. Particularly, the local farmers’ cooperative provides farmers with implementation assistance and links (bridging capital) to experts at the MaMaSe initiative and the Ministry of Agriculture. Strong bonding capital works in the favor of this community allowing for high levels of trust. Thus, farmers collaborate to help one another implement practices and exchange information, materials, and experiences. In general, social capital has helped facilitate better environmental conservation awareness and the use of SWC practices. The largest impact the MaMaSe initiative had on the community’s social capital was expanding networks (particularly bridging and linking capital) and providing in depth information and guidelines for SWC practice use. The P3 has also helped the farmers integrate environmental conservation into their daily lives and has helped promote a shared understanding of the importance of conservation. The findings of this study will help environmental conservation professionals understand how to use social capital to strengthen natural resource management.
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Bekele, Wagayehu. "Economics of soil and water conservation : theory and empirical application to subsistence farming in the Eastern Ethiopian highlands /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a411.pdf.
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Kiome, Romano Mungiiria. "Soil and water conservation for improved soil moisture and crop production : an empirical and modelling study in semi-arid Kenya." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317585.
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Serman, Nikolaus. "Factors which influence the farmer's adoption of soil and water conservation practices in southwestern Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40441.pdf.
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China, Samuel Soita. "Land use planning using geographic information systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239501.
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Smith, Craig Matthew. "An analysis of alternative soil, nutrient, and water management strategies." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/10723.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Jeffery R. Williams<br>The two topics addressed in this dissertation are both related to surface water quality. Reservoir sedimentation and water quality trading are examined from economic and environmental perspectives. Each topic and the resulting policy implications are relevant to stakeholders at the local, state, and federal levels.
Reservoir sedimentation has been recognized as a major environmental, social, and economic issue in much of the Midwestern US. There is an effort to focus public and private funds to achieve the greatest return on the investment from soil erosion and sediment reduction strategies. How can physiographical and economic relationships within the watershed be quantified in such a way to provide insights into the selection of alternative management strategies? This study focuses on answering that question by integrating a physically-based watershed model with an economic analysis of alternative sedimentation reduction strategies for the case of Tuttle Creek Lake located in northeastern Kansas.
Several key finding of this study are that both physiographical and economic factors must be considered for cost-effective conservation to occur. Considering these factors and targeting BMP implementation from 8 to 23 times more cost-effective than random implementation. If targeting cannot be done effectively or if “intangible” costs of BMP implementation are too large, dredging is likely to be more cost-effective. While this research compares the cost-effectiveness of various BMP implementation approaches in Kansas with dredging, the benefits associated with each of these strategies is not addressed.
While there is substantial evidence that nonpoint sources have lower nutrient reduction costs than point sources, experience with water quality trading (WQT) reveals a common theme: little or no trading activity. These outcomes suggest the presence of obstacles to trading that were not recognized in the design of existing programs.
To examine the ways that various market imperfections may impact the performance of a WQT market, an agent-based model is constructed, which simulates a hypothetical point-nonpoint market. This study first presents an overview of the concepts and simulation modeling technique used and then analyzes the effects of two prominent market impediments identified in the WQT literature: information levels and trading ratios.
The results imply that if market designers feel that only a limited number of trades will be consummated, creating an institution that provides accessible information about buyers’ prices is preferred to providing information about sellers’ prices. Overall, more information is always better, but it becomes less important with higher trading ratios.
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Mupambwa, Hupenyu Allan. "Winter rotational cover crops effects on soil strength, aggregate stability and water conservation of a hardsetting cambisol in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/453.
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Winter rotational cover crops (WRCC) are often used to boost soil fertility and plant nutrition. However, selection and use of WRCC for soil physical improvement is usually overlooked. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of WRCC on soil strength, aggregate stability and water conservation of a hardsetting soil. The soil physical properties were determined after four rotations of growing monocultures of vetch (Vicia dasycarpa cv. Max), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Tanjil) and oats (Avena sativa cv. Sederberg) and after two rotations of growing bicultures of oats (Avena sativa cv. Pallinup) and vetch (Vicia dasycarpa cv. Max) across two soil layers, 0 to 15 cm and 15 to 30 cm. The individual WRCC and a weedy fallow constituted the treatments in the monoculture study whilst in the biculture study the various combinations of WRCC namely; 90% oat plus 10% vetch (O90V10); 70% oat plus 30% vetch (O70V30) and 50% oat plus 50% vetch (O50V50) and a weedy fallow constituted the treatments. After four rotations with cover crop monocultures, oats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced penetration resistance (PR) whilst vetch increased PR in both soil layers compared to the weedy fallow control. The effect of the biculture treatments was only experienced within the 15 to 30 cm depth. The treatments O50V50 and O70V30 increased the PR compared to the control. The WRCC in monoculture significantly increased the soil aggregate stability relative to the control in both soil layers. Vetch, lupin and oats resulted in a 41.7%; 20.4% and 15.7% increase in MWD in the 0 to 15 cm soil layer and 47.2%; 44.2% and 39.7% in the 15 to 30 cm depth, respectively. An increase in aggregate stability was associated with increased macro-aggregation. Under the biculture, WRCC slightly increased, non- significantly, the aggregate stability. Both hot water and dilute acid extractable polysaccharides showed no significant correlation with aggregate stability in the two studies. Oats monoculture resulted in a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) on cumulative infiltration compared to the control. However, after 2 h vetch and lupin showed no significant difference from the control on cumulative infiltration. Oats resulted in a 7.8% increase in final infiltration rate (FIR) whilst vetch and lupin reduced FIR by 9% and 16.7% respectively, compared to the control. Bicultures of oats and vetch significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased cumulative infiltration compared to the weedy fallow control. A similar significant increase in FIR was also observed under bicultures. The treatments O50V50; O90V10 and O70V30 resulted in a 163.3%; 113.3% and 105.4% increase in FIR respectively, compared to the control. Cover crop monocultures significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased plant available water (PAW) compared to the weedy fallow, with vetch, oats and lupin resulting in a 28.3%; 22% and 23.9% increase respectively, in PAW. However, no significant differences were observed on PAW after two rotations with bicultures. Compared with winter weedy fallow, WRCC improved most of the soil physical properties under study, with the most suitable results expected under bicultures compared to monocultures. Under CA, selection of WRCC like oats, vetch and lupin, one should therefore take into consideration their effects on soil physical properties as a selection criterion and not biomass and fertility alone.
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Carpenter, Stephen G. "Agricultural non-point source (AGNPS) water quality modeling in a GIS environment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1566.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 38 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-28).
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Ouattara, Korodjouma. "Improved soil and water conservatory managements for cotton-maize rotation system in the western cotton area of Burkina Faso /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200754.pdf.
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Mohammad, Abdul KADER. "Effectiveness of various types of mulching on soil moisture and temperature regimes under rainfed soybean cultivation." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259050.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第22782号<br>農博第2425号<br>新制||農||1081(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||R2||N5302(農学部図書室)<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 中村 公人, 教授 星野 敏, 教授 藤原 正幸<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Johnson, Peter G. "The swap model : policy and theory applications for agent-based modelling of soil and water conservation adoption." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807166/.
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As the use of agent-based models (ABMs) in policy making continues to expand, it is increasingly clear what a variety of uses ABMs can be put to. Using the development of the SWAP model of soil and water conservation (SWC) adoption in developing countries, this thesis explores how a non-predictive policy-focused ABM can be useful in policy and theoretical contexts. Policies designed to increase adoption of SWC have generally been unsuccessful due to poor calibration to farmers’ needs. This is understood to be a result of poor interaction between the various stakeholders working on SWC. The SWAP model is developed: (i) as an ‘interested amateur’ to be used as a discussion tool to improve the quality of interaction between policy stakeholders; and (ii) as an exploration of the theory on farmer behaviour in the SWC literature. This approach was underpinned by a set of semi-structured interviews with policy practitioners on their understanding, use, and evaluation of models used in policy. The model’s use as an ‘interested amateur’ was explored during a workshop with stakeholders in Ethiopia. Participants recognised the value of the model and it was successful in aiding discussion. However, participants described an inability to innovate in their work, and viewed stakeholders ‘lower-down’ the policy spectrum as being in more need of discussion tools. A pattern-oriented modelling approach showed that the theory used in the model is successful in recreating broad patterns of adoption, but is too generic to represent a variety of different contexts. This thesis develops and presents the first use of the ‘interested amateur’ approach for ABMs. The findings suggest it has value and could be applied in other policy domains. The performance of the SWC theory is also encouraging, suggesting it can be used as a basis for other ABMs exploring farmers’ SWC behaviour.
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Oliveira, Paulo Tarso Sanches de. "Water balance and soil erosion in the Brazilian Cerrado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16012015-170452/.
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Deforestation of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) region has caused major changes in hydrological processes. These changes in water balance and soil erosion are still poorly understood, but are important for making land management decisions in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the magnitudes of hydrological processes and soil erosion changes on local, regional and continental scales, and the consequences that are generated. The main objective of the study presented in this doctoral thesis was to better understand the mechanism of hydrological processes and soil erosion in the Cerrado. To achieve that, I worked with different scales (hillslope, watershed and continental) and using data from experimental field, laboratory, and remote sensing. The literature review reveals that the annual rainfall erosivity in Brazil ranges from 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. The smallest values are found in the northeastern region, and the largest in the north and the southeastern region. I found that the canopy interception may range from 4 to 20% of gross precipitation and stemflow around 1% of gross precipitation in the cerrado. The average runoff coefficient was less than 1% in the plots under cerrado and that the deforestation has the potential to increase up to 20 fold the runoff coefficient value. The results indicate that the Curve Number method was not suitable to estimate runoff under undisturbed Cerrado, bare soil (hydrologic soil group A), pasture, and millet. Therefore, in these cases the curve number is inappropriate and the runoff is more aptly modeled by the equation Q = CP, where C is the runoff coefficient. The water balance from the remote sensing data across the Brazilian Cerrado indicates that the main source of uncertainty in the estimated runoff arises from errors in the TRMM precipitation data. The water storage change computed as a residual of the water budget equation using remote sensing data (TRMM and MOD16) and measured discharge data shows a significant correlation with terrestrial water storage change obtained from the GRACE data. The results show that the GRACE data may provide a satisfactory representation of water storage change for large areas in the Cerrado. The average annual soil loss in the plots under bare soil and cerrado were 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The Universal Soil Loss Equation cover and management factor (C-factor) for the plots under native cerrado vegetation was 0.013. The results showed that the surface runoff, soil erosion and C-factor for the undisturbed Cerrado changes between seasons. The greatest C-factor values were found in the summer and fall. The results found in this doctoral thesis provide benchmark values of the water balance components and soil erosion in the Brazilian Cerrado that will be useful to evaluate past and future land cover and land use changes for this region. In addition, I conclude that the remote sensing data are useful to evaluate the water balance components over Cerrado regions, identify dry periods, and assess changes in water balance due to land cover and land use change.<br>O desmatamento nas regiões de Cerrado tem causado intensas mudanças nos processos hidrológicos. Essas mudanças no balanço hídrico e erosão do solo são ainda pouco entendidas, apesar de fundamentais na tomada de decisão de uso e manejo do solo nesta região. Portanto, torna-se necessário compreender a magnitude das mudanças nos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo, em escalas locais, regionais e continentais, e as consequências dessas mudanças. O principal objetivo do estudo apresentado nesta tese de doutorado foi de melhor entender os mecanismos dos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo no Cerrado Brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizou-se diferentes escalas de trabalho (vertentes, bacias hidrográficas e continental) e usando dados experimentais in situ, de laboratório e a partir de sensoriamento remoto. O estudo de revisão de literatura indica que a erosividade da chuva no Brasil varia de 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Os menores valores encontram-se na região nordeste e os maiores nas regiões norte e sudeste do Brasil. Verificou-se que os valores de interceptação da chuva variam de 4 a 20% e o escoamento pelo tronco aproximadamente 1% da precipital total no cerrado. O coeficiente de escoamento superficial foi menor que 1% nas parcelas de cerrado e o desmatamento tem o potencial de aumentar em até 20 vezes esse valor. Os resultados indicam que o método Curve Number não foi adequado para estimar o escoamento superficial nas áreas de cerrado, solo exposto (grupo hidrológico do solo A), pastagem e milheto. Portanto, nesses casos o uso do CN é inadequado e o escoamento superficial é melhor estimado a partir da equação Q = CP, onde C é o coeficiente de escoamento superficial. O balanço hídrico a partir de dados de sensoriamento remoto para todo o Cerrado Brasileiro indica que a principal fonte de incerteza na estimativa do escoamento superficial ocorre nos dados de precipitação do TRMM. A variação de água na superfície terrestre calculada como o residual da equação do balanço hídrico usando dados de sensoriamento remoto (TRMM e MOD16) e valores observados de vazão mostram uma correlação significativa com os valores de variação de água na superfície terrestre provenientes dos dados do GRACE. Os dados do GRACE podem representar satisfatoriamente a variação de água na superfície terrestre para extensas regiões do Cerrado. A média anual de perda de solo nas parcelas de solo exposto e cerrado foram de 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectivamente. O fator uso e manejo do solo (fator C) da Universal Soil Loss Equation para o cerrado foi de 0.013. Os resultados mostraram que o escoamento superficial, erosão do solo e o fator C na área de cerrado variam de acordo com as estações. Os maiores valores do fator C foram encontrados no verão e outono. Os resultados encontrados nesta tese de doutorado fornecem valores de referência sobre os componentes do balanço hídrico e erosão do solo no Cerrado, que podem ser úteis para avaliar o uso e cobertura do solo atual e futuro. Além disso, conclui-se que os dados de sensoriamento remoto apresentam resultados satisfatórios para avaliar os componentes do balanço hídrico no Cerrado, identificar os períodos de seca e avaliar as alterações no balanço hídrico devido à mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo.
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Mohammed, Fareed H. A. N. "Water and solute transport : modeling and application to water conservation in layered soil." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36742.
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Sandy soils are among the least productive soils because of their inability to
store adequate water for plant growth. Their high percolation rate not only allows
water to move quickly beyond the root zone, but also washes nutrients below the reach
of plant roots. High evaporation occurs from the soil surface. Many acres of these
soils around the world are left out of crop production. This study is a contribution to
bring these soils into production by increasing their ability to hold more water in the
root zone. Several promising methods of enhancing these soils were simulated,
surface mulch, buried barrier layer, and a combination of both. The effects of varying
texture and thickness of these layers and varying evaporative demand were
investigated. The impact of such modifications on solute distribution in the soil was
also simulated. A simulation model of water and solute transport in layered soils was
developed for this purpose.
The Richards equation for one-dimensional water transport in unsaturated soils
was modified to account for the water jump between the layers. The solute transport
equation was also modified by implementing the same theory of water infiltration in
layered soil to the solute convective transport. The Crank-Nicolson scheme was used
to solve the transport equations with the help of the Newton-Raphson iteration method.
The results of the simulation show that the proposed methods increase water
content in the sandy soil by up to 45%. The combination of barriers, which decreases
leaching and evaporation was the most effective in conserving water. Most of the
contribution came from the influence of the mulch layer in suppressing water losses by
evaporation. The combination method traps solute in the root zone, and this decreased
solute leaching from the soil may limit plant growth in saline soils.<br>Graduation date: 1993
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Shen, Hung-An, and 沈泓安. "Establishment of Soil and Water Conservation Smart Farm -A Case Study of Longtan-Sanshui Soil and Water Conservation Classroom." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/945p42.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>106<br>There are many types of soil and water conservation outdoor classrooms with their unique local characteristics and natural landscape in Taiwan. Smart agriculture and crop adoption mechanisms introduced in an agricultural farmland can reach the goals of resources conservation and industrial revival. Longtan-Sanshui Soil and Water Conservation Outdoor Classroom was selected as study area. First, inventory of facilities and environment were carried out, then the related issues and strategies were proposed by SWOT analysis, and the benefits of outdoor classroom combined with smart agriculture were fully discussed in this study.
For labor cost, the introduction of smart agriculture can save about 200,000 NT dollars per hectare, and the B/C ratio is 1.61(non-introduced) and 3.07(introduced) respectively; some 14,000 NT dollars per hectare for the other cost can be saved by intelligent control; without and with imported of the smart agriculture, the B/C ratio of the total cost is 1.10 and 1.28, and about 16.4% growth can be expected according to the agricultural statistics. The results show that smart agriculture has potential development. If combined with the Internet of Things big data platform, it can add value to establish a tea tree adoption mechanism and promote food and agriculture education.
Introducing smart agriculture, farm adoption, and promotion of food and agriculture education, not only can maintain the function of soil and water conservation outdoor classrooms, but also become a smart agriculture promotion park with multi-function of improving the output value and yield of crops and the public''s recognition of smart agriculture, enhancing the efficiency use of soil and water conservation outdoor classroom, strengthening the industrial structure chain, and increasing agricultural competitiveness.
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Li, Ji-Feng, and 李奇峰. "The Study of Conservation Shortcomings in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23455329243223393936.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>土木工程所<br>98<br>In this study, concrete bore compressive strength quality for construction structures, concrete absenence state analysis and assessment.
To 2003-2008(6 year ) of soil and water conservation projects over 2647 random testing works as a case for the completion of concrete structure surface intensity and study the works, completed in 2647 for concrete
testing project facilities include those structures Zuanxin 2419; other 228 General testing only, in which the compressive strength of concrete
structures below the design strength criteria are as unqualified ones, we have 86. The reasons are concrete admixture such as fly ash, slag ratio
imbalance, mixing time is too long aggregate separation, the volatility of mountain weather and sunlight, the placement of concrete without vibration tamping real, concrete field of material sources of instability,
unauthorized water, jerry-built housing impact strength of concrete structures. Another common deficiency of concrete to complete construction of a cell surface an average of 52% empty; followed by
fracture of 35%; the third for the cold joint 34%. The reasons for poor construction sites, the staff did not do vibration tamping, use of natural terrain barriers hide in the mountains of Activities to the construction of
concrete slump Pianli small, often early completion of works such as short duration, it can not take into account project quality.
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Shiu, Guei-Duan, and 許桂端. "The Review of Soil and Water Conservation Plan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44321685080587287970.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>95<br>“Soil and water conservation plan” is the important papers that applied to develop and utilize the slopeland. The purpose of the review of the soil and water conservation plan lies in passing the review mechanism in advance, and combining the professional technician''s design idea and experience to promote the rational and proper use of land and safety of development.
From 40 cases of the review of soil and water conservation plan, this study collected the comments, generalized and analysed the common problems of the review. According to the result, the problems of the review take place the overwhelming majority in the facilities of soil and water conservation, and take second places in the investigation of the essential information. Moreover, this study collated the comments and treated the process of the review to offer the reference for the relevant professional engineer and staff member. The purpose is to improve the effect of the review of the soil and water conservation plan, guarantee the quality of the soil and water conservation plan and shorten review time effectively.
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Chen, Lee-Huang, and 陳立晃. "Construction Inspection of Soil and Water Conservation Plan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67130809184111700811.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>96<br>Soil and water conservation plans are projects framed to effectively conserve the soil and water of slopland. After the plans being fully investigated and reviewed by investigators, standard procedures and regulations of both construction management and supervision must be put into practice in every stage of constructions. Soil and Water Conservation Plans are the important defence line for administering soil and water conservation. Any conduct concerning such construction plans should be performed under the imperatives of Soil and Water Conservation Act, Soil and Water Conservation Plan Review, Approval and Supervision Regulations, Technical Regulations for Soil and Water Conservation and all other related laws and regulations. And all the authorities and professional engineers involved should take legal responsibilities for every decision made.
In this thesis, I generalized and analyzed, from questionnaires and some cases author experienced, some difficulties and problems one may be confronted with during the reviews and enforcements of soil and water conservation plans to serve as references for professional engineers and all other people involved, so that same mistakes will not be made again. As in my research, the seven most-often confronted problems I classified from questionnaires are mostly the same as what I witnessed when accompanying my adviser to inspect construction sites. Among them, problems concerning the sedimentation and flood detention pond are the first on the list, while those concerning modification of soil and water conservation plans are ranked the second. These two most-often-confronted problems are what all personnel should strive to solve in order to assure high construction quality.
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CHEN, Chung-Kuang, and 陳重光. "Management Practices of Soil and Water Conservation Legislation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25058195459773423412.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>96<br>Abstract
From a “microscopic” point of view, every landed property has its own geographical features, such as altitude, gradient, aspect, length, soil, geology, etc. But after the authority announced a landed property as a “hillside”, the various kinds of exploitation and development on such land will become related, whether directly or indirectly, to “soil and water conservation”. In the earlier times, we often called it “management of hillsides”, but as “hillsides” involve in too many laws, now it is called “management of soil and water conservation”, which seems to be more realistic. Management of soil and water conservation has the Law of Soil and Water Conservation as its backbone, and works on handling and preserving the conservation of soil and water to promote reasonable exploitation of the land, lower the possibility of disaster, and enrich our people’s benefit. In recent years, the term “management of soil and water conservation” has become more and more accepted in industry, government, and academia. Whether applied to a single case or general cases, this term is always being the target of broad discussion.
In this article, we will discuss the topics derived from “management of soil and water conservation” in both the aspect of law and the aspect of application. The article is divided into 6 sections, including: 1. Preface, 2. Laws on the conservation of soil and water, 3. Administration of soil and water conservation, 4. Examination system for Soil and Water Conservation Plan, 5. Substitution of a Simple Declaration of Soil and Water Conservation, 6. Conclusions and suggestions.
To overview the beginning of the “management of soil and water conservation”, although the starting time seems to be somewhat late considering the administrative work it needs, today it already has fair contribution to the safety of development on the hillsides. On the other hand, with the economy growth and the society change, we are faced with many more cases of challenge, and there are still many problems to solve. This article will specially bring up related problems for discussion, and hope to be reference for the participants of related works. We wish that once we have thrown the rock, there will be jades flying back, and we will be able to hear more voices and have better discussions, to make the “conservation of soil and water” and “continual development” better in our country.
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Lin, Lieh-Hui, and 林烈輝. "Beauty Perception Evaluation of Soil and Water Conservation Structures." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55055944858721536337.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系<br>92<br>In later part of 21 century, Taiwan has become a developed country with high per capital income and living qualities. In the mean time the general public also show increased concern over ecological and landscape conservation. As a result ecological concerns gradually have become important to soil and water conservation engineering.
Ecological engineering measures usually also help create a beautiful nature surrounding. Nevertheless, there are many different opinions about the “beauty”. In this study, the questionnaires are used to determine people’s differences in sense of sight and touch of shape, color and quality. In order to understand the people’s different opinions for the esthetics judgments of ecological engineering, answers to the questionnaires were collected from students, government employees, private enterprises and professors individually. The perceptions of respondents regarding the shape, material, color, line, embodiment beauty and artistic conception beauty of structure and the divergences of harmony, balance, unity and contrast were evaluated and discussed.
There are 308 responses to the questionnaires. The results were analyzed and concluded as follows. (1) Most respondents thought that the sense of beauty for soil and water conservation should be combination of quality that give the senses a satisfactory pleasure and harmony. (2) Most people recognized harmony between engineering facilities and neighboring surrounding are the most major concern. (3) All persons felt the views of ecological engineering are more beautiful and harmonious than that of traditional engineering. (4) For traditional facilities, government employee did not disagree greatly but professors and experts don’t agree at all. (5) For ecological engineering structures, professors gave higher emphasis to esthetical assessment then private enterprises. (6) From the analysis of the results, sixteen questions in the questionnaires could be characterized as five factors, which contribute 62.67% variance. The major variance of the respondents dominates in these five factors.
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郭耀章. "Applications of Geosynthetics in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22609767818896714630.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>土木工程系碩士班<br>91<br>ABSTRACT
The importance of Soil and Water Conservation has received great attention from the society recently. The objective of this study is to investigate the advantage and benefit of the applications of geosynthetics in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering for improving the effective of land remediation projects.
The engineering properties, application functions, material specifications, and test methods of geosynthetics were reviewed. The mechanisms and typical treatments using in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering for the applications of slope stability and drainage, land excavation and grading, and creek remediation were also reviewed. The disadvantage of 34 types conventional treatments wad discussed. Among of them, 29 types treatments can be significantly improved by using geosynthetics, and the rest treatments could be moderately improved. At the end, the cost comparison, workability, safety, durability, aesthetic and ecologic consideration, and cost effectiveness for 6 case studies were investigated. The results of this study indicated that geosynthetics are useful and effective materials in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.
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Chen, Jui-ching, and 陳瑞卿. "The Study of Soil Water Conservation Volunteers'' Training Achievement." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43879284203088703345.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>95<br>The prevention and mitigation disaster on slopeland has been an important issue of soil and water conservation in Taiwan. Plans to prevent and manage the disaster are made by specialists of different fields such as: soil and water conservation, hydraulics, and geology. Constructions are carried out to prevent the disasters caused by landslide or soil erosion. In addition, it is also important to raise the public awareness the limitation of man-made constructions against natural disasters, so as to train volunteers step by step in order to enhance the efficiency of works for soil and water conservation. Thus it is possible to sustain the soil and water resources. Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB) of Council of Agriculture (COA) has funded for volunteers’ training for many years, so that lots of enthusiastic volunteers are all over Taiwan.. This study is to investigate the result of the volunteer training in central Taiwan area and to give opinions to improve the future training courses. It is shown that, in central Taiwan, a successful recruitment involves establishing a reputation and using the internet. The diligent operation of the trainer has satisfied the trainees and also attracts many volunteers to advanced courses. All of the trainees are willing to join the soil and water conservation work. The volunteers tend to choose the work which is more challenge and gains more sense achievement. Some of the volunteer workers doubt whether their position covered by Volunteer Service Act or not. A volunteer worker has been properly trained, with required professional courses, and certified. It is clear that the volunteer workers’ position is covered by the Volunteer Service Act. It is suggested to utilize the convenience of internet during the training process, to better promote volunteers’ knowledge, as well as to better educate the ordinary people to understand the importance of soil and water conservation.
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CHEN, CHENG-HSIANG, and 陳正湘. "Selection and Evaluation of Soil and Water Conservation Structures." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25106214969988922428.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班<br>93<br>This study intended to incorporate both considerations of biological conservation and sedimentation reduction into the selection of stream soil conservation structures. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to evaluate and prioritize the structure options. Four kinds of structures, namely, Sabo Dam, Check Dam, Slit Dam and Groyne were considered and evaluated. Based on the AHP questionnaire survey the results of preference, shown as the order of priority weightings, are Check Dam (0.273), Groyne (0.265), Sabo Dam (0.257) and Slit Dam (0.205) for main stream, as well as Groyne (0.269), Sabo Dam (0.262), Check Dam (0.246) and Slit Dam (0.222) for sub-streams. Some conclusions can be summarized as follows:
●Sabo Dams can only take effects under circumstance of normal flows. Their reductions of sedimentation transport during floods are limited. However, Sabo dams may cause relatively great damages to biological systems due to the characteristic of blocking stream flows. It is suggested that Sabo Dams should be avoided as far as possible.
●Groyne is a structure that can reduce sedimentation transport without completely cutting off the continuity of flow. Its impacts to the ecosystems can also be minor. We thus recommend the construction of such structure.
Conclusively, we also suggested four kinds of design schemes for further consideration. Hopefully, these schemes can provide the engineers with some new innovative ideas for designing new works in the future.
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HUANG, GUO-FENG, and 黃國鋒. "Influence of soil water conservation practices on properties of the soil on slopeland." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14647161029962261505.
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Tu, Shan-Tai, and 涂展台. "The measurement of Soil Water Characteristic Curves on Tea Plantation under Different Soil and Water Conservation Practices." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19773406815934378817.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系<br>87<br>Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the soil water characteristic curves under different treatment of the tea plantation. The model suggested by Haverkamp et al.(1977) and Van Genuchten(1980) were used. The parameters of these models were determined with the experimental data by curve fitting technology. The result indicated that the following equations were the best to describe the water characteristics curve of different soil conservation treatment.
(Keywords:Soil and Water Conervation Treatment, Cover, Mulch, Water Characteristic Curve)
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Yao, Zi-Hui, and 姚字徽. "Sustainable Evaluation Index System for Soil and Water Conservation Engineering." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32611655982971616685.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>生物環境系統工程學研究所<br>100<br>To implement the policy of energy saving and carbon reduction for sustainable public constructions, this study, referring to domestic and international literature and the checklist of energy saving and carbon reduction developed by Soil and Water Conservation Bureau as well as the four visions of sustainable public constructions and the four development visions formulated by Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, establish the model of sustainable soil and water conservation engineering index system. This index contains eight indicators, including security, effectiveness, ecology, energy saving, waste reduction, durability, humanities and creation. And, seventy items are listed for usage of evaluation, too. Moreover, the evaluation indicators and their own items are presented for four stages of feasible evaluation, planning design, construction, as well as operation and maintenance.
In order to establish the evaluation framework, this study use qualitative description of checklist method to set up the weight of each evaluation indicators and their own grading datum by description of types,treatments,planning principles and precautions of constructions of landslide treatment, torrent regulation, farm-road facility and torrent dredging respectively. Moreover, this study tries to comment and verify this evaluation system to establish a sustainable soil and water conservation index system objectively feasible in Taiwan and reference of operation for sustainable soil and water conservation engineering.
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謝秉蓁. "Establishment of Inspection Model for Soil and Water Conservation Facilities." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37992775193122610666.
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Huang, Chun-Cheng, and 黃俊誠. "Investigation on Engineering Working Method of Soil and Water Conservation." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83whvb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>106<br>This study explores the soil and water conservation method in different environments and different needs and evaluates the design patterns and applicability of various engineering working methods. The methods include torrent control, gully erosion control and landslide remediation. This study aims at exploring and integrating engineering working methods which are commonly used in practice and also taking the safety, ecology and economy aspects into account in design stage.
Using the evaluation table proposed by this study, one can classify the applicability and the suitability of various engineering working methods in design stage and assist the designer to achieve an effective utilization of natural resources.
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Huang, Chen-Kang, and 黃振綱. "Establishment of Analytic Mechanism of Soil and Water Conservation Projects." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s24ts6.
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Chuang, Kai-Hsiang, and 莊凱翔. "The Inspection of The Completed Soil and Water Conservation Structures." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94441537970304215372.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>100<br>The safety of slopeland development is being concerned because of the extreme change of weather in recent years. The construction inspection of soil and water conservation plan are used to make sure that the engineering structures are contructed with the original design and that can reduce the natural hazard. In addition the follow-up maintenance of engineering structure is important because of its own service period. According to the of the Soil and Water Conservation Act, it is necessary to practice the soil and water conservation treatment and maintenance for the engineering structures to ensure the structures have no malfunction.So we need a good inspection system.
In this study, we integrated and analyzed the common problems by the aid of questionnaires and the collection of actual cases. This study classified the inspection projects into three levels to express the seriousness and generalized a completed engineering structures inspection table from the questionnaires. Thus we hope through this process to make the soil and water conservation treatment and maintenance more faultless and also to increase its service period.
From the questionnaires and actual cases, we found that the issues of follow-up maintenance were most appearing on the detention and deposit pond. The problem of deposition and obstruction are the most important ones. It is necessary to do more supervision and advocacies.
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Lin, chen-xiong, and 林辰雄. "Applications of Waste Tire in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59365965321504191387.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>自然資源管理研究所<br>91<br>The problem caused by the increasing number of waste tires is hard to be solved by mono-method. It needs integrated technologies and overall treatments so as to get to the bottom of the serious waste-tire situation. The utilization of waste tires for engineering works on water and soil conservation is also among the available ways to ease the burden of waste tires.
The subject of my research is focus on the applications of waste tires to water and soil conservation engineering. Throughout the Hualien county, I surveyed and compared the differences between traditional and waste-tire engineering works, examined the possible causes that made waste-tire engineering works’ damage happen, studied the waste-tire measures of engineering to replace or improve the existing systematic construction ways, and finally developed better waste-tire engineering patterns that were friendly to the ecology and practically applied them to protect the water and land of the mountain slope areas in Hualien county. I hope my research and practical observation can provide useful reference for the field of engineering.
Through researching I found that most of the water and soil engineering works could be replaced by waste-tire engineering methods, which possessed both economical and ecological benefits and won high acceptance by 84% of people in Hualien. In addition, my study discovered that the causes behind the damages of waste-tire engineering applied on slope protection constructions mainly lain in the misused building of putting sand and stone into the hole of waste tires in surface water regions, lacking the concrete reinforcement on the construction bases, poor foundations, and etc. If only we keep away from the negative conditions mentioned above, waste-tire engineering works can be more effective in the operation of gully constructions, slope stabilization, road protection and so on than the traditional engineering works. In fact, the result turned out that waste-tire engineering ways got the upper hand in the aspects of material properties, use period, economy, ecology when compared to traditional engineering treatments.
There are nine prototypes of waste-tire engineering works described in my research and they are combined to develop various engineering models for water and soil protection in the mountain slope areas. After long-term observation of the experiment on waste-tire appliances, I selected 14 ways of waste-tires engineering to protect mountain slope areas and construct gully works. I am sure those improved waste-tire engineering methods are ideal for preserving water and land and friendly to our environment.
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Ko, Yung-Chuan, and 柯勇全. "Policy Implementation Analysis of the Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20666641439948190767.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>95<br>Policy of “Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area, (DSWC Area)” Management has been carried out over 10 years since 1996. Today the authority has approved 2 “DSWC Area” for reservoir, 44 sites for debris flow, and 22 sites for landslide. However, due to the strict regulation on development activities in the “DSWC Area”, there are tremendous obstacles to the policy implementation. According to the experiences of other countries, the mitigation project along with the land-use regulation is the trend of the natural hazard mitigation. Coincidently policy of “DSWC Area” management is one of the very few policies which have the concept of the risk management.
This paper reviewed the policy of “DSWC Area” management via viewpoint of policy implementation. Firstly, based on the analytic approach of first generation policy implementation, we developed the analytic model for policy of “DSWC Area” management. We found 8 variables might affect the implementation of policy including the “policy target or activities can be categorized”, “clear goal”, “adequate causal theory”, “Hierarchical integration within and among implementating institutions”, ‘’social-economic conditions”, “public support”, “target group attitude and resources”, and “commitment and skills of the implementing officials”.
We also referred the experience of the hazard zone management in Austria and Japan, together with the theory of the natural hazard risk management, and developed the concept model of land-use management for natural hazard. The results showed the boundary of “DSWC Area” simultaneously covers the “natural hazard sensitive area” and “hazard zone” in spatial aspect. This would lead to the confusion in policy goal, risk responsibility and share. We suggested the authority should modify the spatial misuse via delimiting approach in short-term and amendment in long-term.
We also illustrated that the lack of the inducement and sanctions in the implementing process couldn’t diminish the zero-action and incomplete action. Therefore, the policy output might differ from the policy purpose. However, our survey showed agencies outside the implementing institutions demand the boundary of “DSWC Area” than the institutions which carried out the policy.
The field survey illustrated the general public believe that land-use regulation for natural hazard mitigation, but the target group who were regulated by policy showed the lower support on the same topic. This result was similar to the current social conditions. Moreover, public opinion believed that government should manage all the natural hazard mitigation issues.
We also carried out the field investigation in 41 “DSWC Area” which were not approved. According to the investigation, we developed the method for checking the protected targets, possibility of hazard, and tractability of control measures.
Finally, we believed that the proper definition of “DSWC Area” management is “the area may cause the hazard due to human or nature factors and harm to the public safety; and need mitigation project urgently” which is the concept similar to the natural hazard sensitive area. Because of the regulatory taking of the private property, the policy has to compensate to the loss of the property. However, we suggested amendment to “Soil and Water Conservation Act” should focus on a clear goal of “DSWC Area”. Nevertheless, we also indicated that the policy must request certain mitigation responsibility from beneficiary via the way of insurance or sharing the cost of mitigation project to avoid the “moral risk” in hazard zone.
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Chen, Shang-Wei, and 陳尚偉. "Common Issues and Solution on the Soil and Water Conservation Plans." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63904693059806469638.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>98<br>Soil and water conservation plans are the crucial reports one must submit when applying to develop and utilize slopland. Through the review mechanism in advance of the development and utilization of slopland and revision under the suggestions and design ideas provided by experienced professional engineers, safe and proper use of land can be promoted. From the reviews of 217 soil and water conservation plans for Various Construction Enterprises, all comments were generalized and analyzed. Subsequently, from the aspects of laws and regulations, and actual practice, the discussions were focused on problems generated by comments on soil and water conservation plans, such as the selection of the soil and water conservation treatment factor, whether the total area of plans should be covered in the silt productivity estimation, and whether to balance the volume of soil being excavated and filled when conducting activities of excavation and soil preparation. The discussions and analyses in this thesis were targeted to serve as a great reference for investigators and designers of plans, so that conflicts and disagreements may be reduced and the time invested in reviews may be shortened. Consequently, administrative efficiency can be enhanced with the high quality of soil and water conservation plans assured.
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Shan, Jia-Ching, and 沈佳慶. "Hillside soil and water conservation action information management system established research." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zg2gfq.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中華大學<br>營建管理學系碩士班<br>101<br>The Soil and Water Conservation Law was legislated and announced on July 25, 1994. This is the final accomplishment for 20years from industry, government and academic teams. The formulating of this law can be regarded as the most important source of soil and water conservation for hillside project. The objectives of the legislation is to protect Taiwan's water conservation, water and land resources, and relief water and soil disaster. It is an important law to assure the safe living environment and enjoy life for Taiwan citizens.
With the popularization of the smart phone and wireless network, the APP software was used world-wide. Variety of application software makes much convenit than old generation in human life. The smart phone does change user's habits. In the past, user needed to use the computer connected to the internet to obtain information such as weather forecasts, and traffic route planning. After the available of smart phones, it can be used to fetch life information and make a convinient life.
ER Model, SQL Server, Super Pad and Smart Phone are used in this study to develop "Mobile Water and Soil Conservation Information System for Hill side". The system integrates Hillside data, Land Usage, Ownership division, Land Ownership, and Engineering Inspection Operations. Soil and water conservation staffs can use smart-phones in the outdoor survey through wireless network to update geology, soil, major road systems, land usage, engineering distribution, location, and hillside related data at the first time. This can significantly reduce human error, improve the timeliness and accuracy of the information, provide a powerful management tool for soil and water conservation projects.
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Huang, Po-Hsian, and 黃鉑翔. "Consolidation of Slopeland Rural Community Under Soil and Water Conservation Consideration." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2prcxr.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>99<br>Slopelands occupied about 73%, and the remains of 27% which belongs to plain areas have already been well development in Taiwan. Government has paid more attention recently in the construction and development for building a rich and beautiful homeland by the consolidation of rural community. Due to locating at the slopelands, most of rural communities should focus on both infrastructure placement and the concepts of soil and water conservation for the purpose of rural development and disaster mitigation after a sound land consolidation.
This study explores the concepts of land consolidation in a rual community at the slopeland. The Nei-au-tz rural community at Yuchih Township in Nantou County is selected as study area. The project has passed the process of environmental impact assessment, already got the permission of development, and been checked and ratified the soil and water conservation plan. Currently, public facilities in the study area are under construction, and the infrastructure is about to be completed in May 2012. The basic concepts which should be focused in executing land sonsolidation are discussed in this study by using the aspects of land use suitability, subregion placement, and conservation facilities for the reference of planning and design in the same category of community classification.
With beautiful scenery, pleasant climate, and nearby the Sun-moon Lake scenic spot, Nei-au-tz rural community is suitable for developing agricultural and/or sightseeing in leasure and recreation. The characteristics of ecology and landscape should be considered in the planning. The public facilities should be placed at the western sites of the community for the consideration of terrain.
A creek runs through the community from south to the northwest, and there is no creek with potential debris flow in the watershed. The community could be susceptible to the debris disaster due to 921 quake induced landslide in the watershed. The sedimentation pond and vegetated buffer strips are recommended to place at the suitable sites near the inlet of the creek for establishing a disaster prevention park.
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Lin, Jyun-fan, and 林俊帆. "Soil and Water Conservation Facilities Inspection and Maintenance Knowledge Base System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93631379717849484274.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>營建與物業管理研究所<br>99<br>Taiwan in recent years by the hurricane and floods occurred in many soil and water conservation facilities suffered varying degrees of damage, and if these damaged facilities maintenance and repair, will the security people threatened with the loss of property caused by difficult to estimate, however, facilities repair and maintenance of construction method is relatively diverse and complex ways, related to staff on how to damage by water conservation facilities to select the appropriate way of protecting state can be dealt with by previous similar cases, and judged by professionals.
In this study, exploration is to collect information on cases of water conservation facilities, water and soil conservation facilities through visual inspection of DER & U Assessment Method for detection, classification after finishing in a total of 46 pens to obtain complete information of the components of water conservation facilities Case. Then a two-stage Delphi questionnaire expert interviews and discussions with experts and scholars, after agreement by the expert opinion tends to capture the common types of damage to the eight, two phenomena eight kinds of way of protecting the river, and recreational facilities for the performance of state and destruction-like state under the appropriate way of protecting such knowledge. And establish a case for storage and maintenance facilities, water conservation and other related information of the case database, test case data and to inspect the site and water conservation facilities, maintenance of knowledge and other information stored in case database. Finally, the research programs out of the soil and water conservation facilities maintenance knowledge-based systems will be carried out by this case, the database component acquisition case of water conservation facilities, and by test cases for system validation, expert analysis has been accepted, so to prove its usefulness can provide personnel in the maintenance mode selection reference.
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LIN, SHU-LING, and 林淑玲. "A Case Study of Resources Conservation Promotion Farm at Da-Hu Soil and Water Conservation Classroom." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6w2fmb.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>106<br>To propaganda and establish the principle and correct concept of soil and water conservation for the development of slope land, conservation of soil and water resources, and disaster reduction, there are several soil and water conservation outdoor classrooms established with their own characteristics and nature scenes in Taiwan. These outdoor classrooms can help participants understanding environment and cherishing soil and water resources. This study inventoried and reviewed the soil and water conservation facilities, agriculture environment and management in the site of outdoor classroom. In the aspect of soil and water conservation facilities, farm pond, hillside ditch and diversion ditch were inventoried, and the feasible improvement facilities were also proposed. For the agriculture environment, a friendly farm will be planned with the concepts of soil and water conservation and edible landscaping. As for the management, not only the development potential of outdoor classroom was analyzed by SWOT, but also the contents of interpretation education such as teaching materials of safety drainage, vegetated buffer strips, fertilizer management and editable landscaping were proposed, and the operation principles would be advised with improving strategies.
Keywords: Soil and water conservation outdoor classroom, SWOT analysis, Edible landscaping
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Chen, Jyun-ming, and 陳俊銘. "A Study of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Facilities Durability Evaluation Model." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55230145552935225738.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>營建工程系碩士班<br>100<br>Taiwan region of the hillside about two-thirds of the total land area, coupled with long-term by the typhoon, earthquake and rainfall and other natural factors, both water and soil interaction with each other arising from disaster occur, and severe the direct impact will be in the region of people''s lives and property. For this reason, the above-mentioned areas, the Council of Agriculture to build a lot of water and soil conservation projects and facilities, and the main emphasis on safety, durability and construction convenience, the majority of the materials used are still concrete.
However, the domestic current of its maintenance and management operations, there is no unified standard durability testing evaluation and to follow the implementation of maintenance and management strategies, resulting in the face of disaster impact, the facility can effectively play the standard of service, it is reflection. Therefore, this study, soil and water conservation projects and facilities for the use of concrete materials to investigate the durability of elements of the development of an objective and quantitative soil and water conservation engineering facilities durability assessment model, and maintenance management strategy and the establishment of testing records form to collection of case and to assess its durability. First, the Delphi method, through interviews with experts, to determine the best evaluation of durability factor of 17 soil and water conservation engineering facilities, respectively, elements of design, materials, construction, environment and the status of the top five. Immediately through the Analytic Network Process to strike their relative weights obtained potential debris flow streams, the design drawings for soil and water conservation engineering facilities durability before the three main cause of landslide.
Finally, dividing a durability rating, and through interviews with experts, to determine the best management strategy to be adopted in the different grades of durability, maintenance, and includes testing cycle and grade. Hope that the development of the Institute of Soil and Water Conservation engineering facilities for durability assessment model can be developed as a future participation in the maintenance and management strategies test basis, and can re-operation during the period of service, can effectively play its normal function of the original design to enhance the service performance standards and extend service life.
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Lin, Chin-Tsai, and 林進財. "A Preliminary Study of Soil and Water Conservation View With Organic Farm." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66262973880535599343.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>98<br>After nearly half decade of practicing the traditional cultivation methods, the soil of Taiwan farmland has become highly acidic in nature. As a result, the number of beneficial microorganisms has rapidly decreased, which in turn caused the serious ecological imbalance. Moreover, an excessive amount of pesticide residue has contributed to the increasing number of cancer-related illness. Thus, the concept of organic farming or “pesticide-free farming” has been valued by the consumers. Asking for the pesticide-free food has also become the essential to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Another way to increase the yield of the agricultural products is to expand the cultivated land. As a result, the farmland has extended into previous forested areas, and more and more forests have become farmland. Unfortunately, the over- cultivated and neglect of the proper soil and water conservation gradually exhaust and erode Taiwan beautiful terrain. Furthermore, inappropriate high-mountain agriculture development has posed a strong threat to the homeland security and many recurrent major nature disasters caused by overuse of available land and insufficient land conservation. All of above palpable consequences have called upon an action of the national land restoration.
Such historical background of land utilization further reveals the importance of soil and water conservation. Unfortunately, the traditional soil and water conservation tillage systems by the farming practitioners from the early days may not be enough to meet the current double needs of “food safety” and “homeland conservation.” The traditional soil and water conservation program focuses on the prevention of soil erosion. The main techniques are to control and limit the terrain change and to increase the soil surface cover. However, such techniques do not specify how to work in tandem with the organic farming and don’t mention whether to alter the agronomic techniques could benefit the ecological or environmental restoration, either. Thus, a new farming approach not only needs to sustain the amount of soil and water, but also aims to further improve the quality of soil and water. The ultimate goal is to restore the ecology of all and yield the safe crop products. Based on the analyses of the present study, the primary aim is to plot a new agronomic method that not only is able to meet the needs of soil and water conservation, but also enables the recovery of environmental ecology as well as the production of healthy crops.
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Maiga, Eugenie W. H. "Determinants of adoption of soil and water conservation techniques in Burkina Faso." 2005. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1362.pdf.
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Jhao, Fu-Hui, and 趙福輝. "Legal Procedure and Public Participation of Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f3x9s9.
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碩士<br>靜宜大學<br>法律學系<br>107<br>This master dissertation study is about the legal procedure and public participation of Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area. Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area refers to the area which is specially designated by the central or municipal administrative authority to enforce the process and maintenance of soil and water conservation. Public Participation refers to an administrative action that is conducted by the publics and affects their rights and interests. In other words, the publics would attempt to express their opinions and appeals, and actually participate in the decision-making process by taken various formal or informal methods.
In order to analyze the appropriateness of the regulations for the Designated Soil and Water Conservation Areas, this master’s thesis will be based on risk management, risk assessment and risk communication. Risk management refers to the steps and processes which in order to effectively manage the events that may occur and reduce their adverse impact. Risk assessment refers to undergoing an assessment to the harmful facts that may occur. Risk communication refers to the exchange of risk-conscious with the interested parties.
This master's thesis will focus on Reservoir Watershed. And review the constitutionality of the provisions on Reservoir Watershed which state all Reservoir Watershed areas should be designated as Designated Soil and Water Conservation Areas and development activities are prohibited.
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Wen, Chin-Shun, and 溫津順. "Analyzing Significant Differences of the characteristics of Soil and Water Conservation Projects." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k5fggu.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>土木工程系所<br>108<br>The scales of most soil and water conservation (SWC) construction projects are small compared to general civil engineering projects. With the prevalence of natural disaters in Taiwan, ensuring that SWC construction projects be finished on budget and on time while meeting relevant quality standards is as crucial as large-scale civil engineering projects. When planning a new project, soil and water conservation bureau will refer to Budget Principle for Soil and Water Conservation Construction and Cost Estimate Manual to designate budget and duration. However, the past data show that actual situation does not match the manual’s recommendations.
To solve the problem, this study obtains data about past SWC construction projects from Public Constructiom Management of Information system and classified them to Input, Process or Output. After the classification, we do some statistical analysis to realize the actual situation of soil and water conservation construction projects in Taiwan.
This study also proposes a analytic process for SWC construction based on various project characterics (such as project types, total project budget, project duration, project events, project materials and service provider satisfaction) to analyse their significant differences. The analysis shows that different of SWC construction projects have significant differences under different budgets or durations. We suggest that future researchs can import more characterics for further discussion and use the results to establish regression models to help decision makers to support construction project management.