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1
Juhna, Talis. "Aspects of drinking water supply in areas of humic water." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/27/index.html.
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Stults, Erica Suzanne. "Minimizing Water Requirements for Electricity Generation in Water Scarce Areas." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/265.
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Renewable energy technologies are infrequently evaluated with regard to water use for electricity generation; however traditional thermoelectric power generation uses approximately 50% of the water withdrawn in the US. To address problems of this water-energy nexus, we explore the replacement of existing electricity generation plants by renewable technologies, and the effect of this replacement on water use. Using a binary mixed integer linear programing model, we explore how the replacement of traditional thermoelectric generation with renewable solar and wind technologies can reduce future water demands for power generation. Three case study scenarios focusing on the replacement of the J.T. Deely station, a retiring coal thermoelectric generation plant in Texas, demonstrate a significant decrease in water requirements. In each case study, we replace the generation capacity of the retiring thermoelectric plant with three potential alternative technologies: solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, concentrated solar power (CSP), and horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). The first case study, which was performed with no limits on the land area available for new renewable energy installations, demonstrated the water savings potential of a range of different technology portfolios. Our second case study examined the replacement while constrained by finite available land area for new installations. This demonstrated the trade-off between land-use efficient technologies with water-use efficiency. Results from our third case study, which explored the replacement of a gas-fired plant with a capacity equivalent to the J. T. Deely station, demonstrated that more water efficient thermoelectric generation technologies produce lower percentages of water savings, and in two scenarios the proposed portfolios require more water than the replaced plant. Comparison of multiple aspects of our model results with those from existing models shows comparable values for land-use per unit of electricity generation and proposed plant size. An evaluation of the estimated hourly generation of our model’s proposed solution suggests the need for a trade-off between the intermittency of a technology and the required water use. As we estimate the “costs� of alternative energy, our results suggest the need to include in the expression the resulting water savings.
3
Samoilenko, N., I. Yermakovych, and L. Mårtensson. "Water contamination of urban areas by pharmaceuticals." Thesis, Белорусский государственный технологический университет; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25401.
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The occurrence and fate data of pharmaceuticals in the environment were described in the article. The main list of pharmaceuticals groups identified in surface and sewage waters was shown according to studies of laboratories in the U.S. and Europe. The main approaches for reduction of pharmaceuticals releasing into environment and monitoring of surface water were considered.
4
Alsaeedi, Abdullah Hassan. "Utilizing ground water contributions to resolve irrigation water shortage in Al-Hassa." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262511.
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Koura, Mbadinga Pauline Joella. "A solar water purification system for rural areas." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2612.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.<br>Access to adequate quantities of clean drinking water has become a serious issue on the
worldwide level. This is particularly true in arid and rural areas where for the majority of
people water is a limited and a vulnerable resource. These water sources which are often
highly contaminated are potentially the cause for several diseases (waterborne diseases) and
ultimately death especially in infants. Due to poverty and sometimes to the remote conditions
of their regions, the population is unable to afford adequate water purification technologies,
since they are relatively expensive and energy intensive. It is therefore vital to investigate
appropriate water purification technology that people can afford or construct, operate and
maintain themselves.
A promising technology is solar distillation for the supply of drinking water on a small-scale
level. It has proved to be a unique purification method as it can purify almost any type of
water by using the high solar energy potential of the affected regions. The most basic form of
solar distillation is the use of a single basin single slope solar still. However the downside of
this technology is that it presents a low efficiency and productivity. To try to tackle this
problem, many studies have been carried out to enhance productivity, effectiveness and
efficiency of single-basin solar stills.
In this present study, a solar distillation unit was designed, fabricated and experimentally
tested. Its performance in terms of distillate output and energy efficiency was analysed under
Cape Town conditions and compared to similar stills that have been reported in the literature.
The main configuration of the solar still is a double glazed single basin solar still coupled to
an external condenser.
The study indicated that the performance of the solar still unit can be enhanced by increasing
the evaporation rate which is a combined effect of solar radiation, ambient temperature, and
the system components temperature. It was concluded that the applied techniques such as the
external condenser, double glazing, good insulation and low level of water are effective. The
unit was found to have an efficiency ranging between 21 and 29% over the test period and a
mean distillate yield of about 2.5 litres per square meter was achieved per day.
6
Refsgaard, Jens Christian. "Hydrological modelling and river basin management." København : GEUS, 2007. http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/water/denmark/rapporter/geus_special_rap_1_2007.pdf.
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Koitsiwe, Monicah. "The economics of water in Botswana : water use and affordability in urban areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5751.
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Bibliography: leaves 61-62.<br>This study discusses urban water use and affordability by different consumers in Botswana. It outlines the potential urban water requirements that are expected to accompany the continuing economic developments in the country.
8
Pranschke, Stephanie Theresa Anne Marie, and Stephanie Theresa Anne Marie Pranschke. "Investigations into the availability of additional water supplies and water storage areas for the Santa Cruz active management area, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626817.
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This study exammes a variety of sources of water with the potential for
augmenting the water supply in the Santa Cruz Active Management Area. Capturing
tributary flash flows or surface reservoir overflows, importing groundwater or Central
Arizona Project water, and purchasing eflluent were all considered as possible sources of
water and examined. Preliminary designs for two recharge and recovery facilities were
presented and recommendations for further work were included. A prioritization matrix
was created to rank the projects. They were ranked according to the amount and
reliability of water generated, cost, as well as legal and environmental factors associated
with each project.
9
Pranschke, Stephanie, and Nish Robert D. Mac. "Investigations into the availability of additional water supplies and water storage areas for the Santa Cruz active management area, Arizona." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615799.
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The desert climate of Southern Arizona coupled with the overdraft of its
groundwater resources, led to the passing of the 1980, Groundwater Management Act.
The Act mandates the creation of management plans in designated areas of heavy
overdraft. Of the four initial Active Management Areas (AMAs, three had management
plans that were designed to secure sustainable yield of the aquifer by 2025. In 1994, the
Arizona legislature created a fifth AMA by designating the southern part of the Tucson
AMA as the Santa Cruz AMA (SCAMA). The purpose for this subdivision was to
facilitate the bi- national negotiations for coordinated water resource management in this
internationally shared basin. Additionally, the SCAMA is to coordinate the management
of surface water and groundwater rights for public health, safety and welfare. A.R.S. §
45-411.04. The legislature also assigned the SCAMA the management goals of
maintaining safe -yield conditions and preventing long -term declines in local water table
levels. A.R.S. § 45- 562(C) (ADWR, 1999).
This study is a result of a grant award from the 1999 Augmentation and
Conservation Assistance Program in an attempt to investigate the availability of
additional water supplies and water storage areas within the SCAMA.
10
PIVETTA, TOMMASO FERRUCCIO MARIA. "Gravimetry for monitoring water mass movements in karstic areas." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2988158.
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Karst aquifers represent a significant source of water for about 1/4 of the world’s population. The water circulation in karst occurs mostly underground and it is mainly controlled by alternation of small conduits and large voids present in the rock massif. Such intricate void distribution combined with an irregular recharge provided by the rain results in fast and complex water flows with temporary accumulation of huge water volumes in the voids. The knowledge of the dynamics of such system is usually limited to the areas where a direct access to the vadose zone through speleological exploration is possible. Given the importance of such aquifers and their vulnerability it is important to have a detailed picture of the water dynamics and of the underground water paths.
Gravimetry offers a valid complement to classical hydrologic measurements in order to monitor the recharge process.
In this thesis, I show an innovative integration of gravimetric and hydrologic observations to constrain a hydrodynamic model of the Škocjan cave system (Slovenia). The Škocjan caves hydrology is mostly governed by the allogenic contribution of the Reka River, which during flood event causes the accumulation of several millions of m3 of water in the cave system for few hours. In 2018 I installed a continuous recording gravimeter nearby Škocjan which allowed the detection of several gravity transients related to the local hydrologic contribution.
Gravity observations are sensitive to several other contributions apart the hydrology, such as Earth and marine tides, atmospheric mass redistribution, water mass variations in oceans. All these phenomena superpose their effects and should be carefully evaluated and removed before unveiling the local hydrology contribution. Before discussing the hydrologic gravity signals, the thesis illustrates the efforts in modelling and removing all the non-hydrologic related gravity contributions. The study area is close to the Adriatic Sea, hence global models of tidal and non-tidal ocean (NTO) gravity effects could be inadequate for the correction. I prove that while tidal models are sufficiently accurate to remove the marine tidal influence a dedicated correction of the NTO is required. This was fulfilled by modelling the gravity variations due to a 4D mass model of the NTO constrained by tide gauge observations. The gravity residuals, obtained after reducing the observations for all the non-hydrologic effects, revealed anomalies correlated to the Reka flooding; the transients lasted for 12-24 hours with amplitudes in the range 10-450 nm/s2. I focused my analysis on a large flood event in February 2019 that caused water level variations >90 m inside the caves and gravity variations >400 nm/s2. The gravity and the hydrologic data were used to constrain a hydraulic model of the cave system which approximated the cavity through a series of interconnected conduits with rectangular cross-section. I fitted hydrologic and gravity observations obtaining a 4D model of the water mass variations in the cave system; the model revealed that >3 106 m3 of water were temporary accumulated during the peak’s flood. The inclusion of gravity observations improves water mass budget of the caves, which previously were based relying only on hydrological observations.
Finally, the gravity data allowed to draw some general conclusions on the detectability of water storage variations in karst through gravimetry. I assessed the noise level of the Škocjan gravimeter which is about 10 nm/s2 in the diurnal spectral band and which can be taken as representative of the noise level of a typical spring based gravimeter. Relying on realistic water level variations I estimated the expected gravity signals on surface due to temporary water accumulation in other
caves of the Classical Karst. For all the considered caves the gravity signal is above the noise threshold, suggesting that a remote monitoring of the storage variations is feasible.<br>Karst aquifers represent a significant source of water for about 1/4 of the world’s population. The water circulation in karst occurs mostly underground and it is mainly controlled by alternation of small conduits and large voids present in the rock massif. Such intricate void distribution combined with an irregular recharge provided by the rain results in fast and complex water flows with temporary accumulation of huge water volumes in the voids. The knowledge of the dynamics of such system is usually limited to the areas where a direct access to the vadose zone through speleological exploration is possible. Given the importance of such aquifers and their vulnerability it is important to have a detailed picture of the water dynamics and of the underground water paths.
Gravimetry offers a valid complement to classical hydrologic measurements in order to monitor the recharge process.
In this thesis, I show an innovative integration of gravimetric and hydrologic observations to constrain a hydrodynamic model of the Škocjan cave system (Slovenia). The Škocjan caves hydrology is mostly governed by the allogenic contribution of the Reka River, which during flood event causes the accumulation of several millions of m3 of water in the cave system for few hours. In 2018 I installed a continuous recording gravimeter nearby Škocjan which allowed the detection of several gravity transients related to the local hydrologic contribution.
Gravity observations are sensitive to several other contributions apart the hydrology, such as Earth and marine tides, atmospheric mass redistribution, water mass variations in oceans. All these phenomena superpose their effects and should be carefully evaluated and removed before unveiling the local hydrology contribution. Before discussing the hydrologic gravity signals, the thesis illustrates the efforts in modelling and removing all the non-hydrologic related gravity contributions. The study area is close to the Adriatic Sea, hence global models of tidal and non-tidal ocean (NTO) gravity effects could be inadequate for the correction. I prove that while tidal models are sufficiently accurate to remove the marine tidal influence a dedicated correction of the NTO is required. This was fulfilled by modelling the gravity variations due to a 4D mass model of the NTO constrained by tide gauge observations. The gravity residuals, obtained after reducing the observations for all the non-hydrologic effects, revealed anomalies correlated to the Reka flooding; the transients lasted for 12-24 hours with amplitudes in the range 10-450 nm/s2. I focused my analysis on a large flood event in February 2019 that caused water level variations >90 m inside the caves and gravity variations >400 nm/s2. The gravity and the hydrologic data were used to constrain a hydraulic model of the cave system which approximated the cavity through a series of interconnected conduits with rectangular cross-section. I fitted hydrologic and gravity observations obtaining a 4D model of the water mass variations in the cave system; the model revealed that >3 106 m3 of water were temporary accumulated during the peak’s flood. The inclusion of gravity observations improves water mass budget of the caves, which previously were based relying only on hydrological observations.
Finally, the gravity data allowed to draw some general conclusions on the detectability of water storage variations in karst through gravimetry. I assessed the noise level of the Škocjan gravimeter which is about 10 nm/s2 in the diurnal spectral band and which can be taken as representative of the noise level of a typical spring based gravimeter. Relying on realistic water level variations I estimated the expected gravity signals on surface due to temporary water accumulation in other
caves of the Classical Karst. For all the considered caves the gravity signal is above the noise threshold, suggesting that a remote monitoring of the storage variations is feasible.
11
Shrestha, Manish M. "Feasibility of Satellite Water Tanks for Urban Areas in Developing Countries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342510.
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Checchio, Elizabeth 1957. "Water transfers in Arizona: Measuring effects on areas of origin." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292010.
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Thousands of acres of irrigated farmland in rural Arizona have been purchased recently with the hope of transporting the associated water to cities. Many Arizonans believe that this "water farming" can solve Arizona's water supply problems. Others, however, fear that water transfers will have serious adverse effects on the areas of origin. To evaluate the effects of transfers, their path must be traced through the regional economy and environment. This requires sophisticated modeling and detailed data. It is possible, however, to make interregional comparisons with much less data, contrasting regional sensitivity to particular categories of effects. The most important are economic, fiscal, environmental, and limitations on future development potential. In this research, indices of relative sensitivity to economic and fiscal effects of water farming are constructed based on readily available secondary data. The values for these indices are calculated for four Arizona counties: Paz, Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal.
13
Mrittika, Basu. "DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK TO ATTAIN WATER SECURITY IN INDIAN RURAL AREAS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215361.
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Västberg, Erika. "Hållbar vattenförsörjning i områden med vattenbrist : Sustainable water supply solutions for areas affected by water shortage." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-224957.
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In some coastal areas in Sweden water shortage sometimes appears because the withdrawal of groundwater is greater than the groundwater recharge. It creates a situation where the available groundwater is insufficient to support residents and businesses with drinking water. The high withdrawal of groundwater also creates a risk for saltwater intrusion to drinking water wells. The problem most commonly occurs during the summer when the groundwater recharge is low, but the population is high, due to tourism and summer residents. The purpose of this study was to investigate how local water supply in areas affected by water shortage can be solved as sustainable as possible. The work was divided into three parts where the first part comprised of a literature review on water systems in which four different options were investigated: artificial groundwater recharge, rainwater harvesting, desalination and water reuse. The second part of the work consisted of developing a method for choosing the best water supply solution based on nature-given and social conditions. The method evaluated the quality of the supplied water and disease control, technical robustness, environmental impacts and resource use, liability and user aspects, the possibility for rebuilding and costs. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was used as a decision tool. The last part of the thesis was to test the method on a case study area, Grisslehamn in Norrtälje. Four systems alternatives were compared: desalination of sea water, building a surface water treatment plant supplied by water from two nearby fresh water ponds, rainwater harvesting at household level and collection and central treatment of greywater in combination with the construction of a surface water treatment plant. The results from the MCA showed that seawater desalination as a complement to the existing water plant was the best option for Grisslehamn followed by the surface water plant, collection of greywater and finally rainwater harvesting. Costs and possibility for rebuilding was shown to have a large impact on whether desalination or building of a surface water treatment plant was the best option. Therefore it is important in any future studies that detailed investigations of water quality and costs are done before decision is made on which one of the two alternatives that is the best solution for Grisslehamn.
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Macholl, Jacob A. "Identifying potential runoff contributing areas in a glaciated landscape using a GIS-based model /." Link to full text, 2009. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2009/Macholl.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point, 2009.<br>Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Natural Resources (Water Resources), College of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 28-29).
16
Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Economic aspects of agricultural areas mangement and land/water ecotones conservation." Universität Potsdam, 1995. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1586/.
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Part of the intorduction:
The task of writing a reliable and convincing paper on this topic is a very uneasy one because it is threefold: one has to know at least a bit about the agricultural sector, biology (or more precisely ecology), and about the sometimes beneficial but often distorting consequences of human activities. And all that has to be judged from the perspective of an economist who is aware of the steadily increasing uncertainties which are closely connected with post-modem sciences. Especially with regard to global, but also regional environmental issues, neither the conventional applied sciences nor the traditional professional consultancy deliver promising results. Today
scientists have to tackle problems which are created by political necessities overwhelmingly caused by short-term human behavior, due in part to a serious lack of information on the longterm behavioral consequences. In these issues, typically, information stacks are high, scientific facts uncertain, individual as well as collective values disputed, and political decisions very urgent. "In general, the post-normal situation is one where the traditional opposition of 'hard'facts and 'soft' values is inverted. Here we find decisions that are 'hard' in every sense, for which the scientific inputs are irremediably 'soft'" (FUNTOWICZ/RAVETZ, 1991, p. 138).
17
Nid, Nora. "Water quality in southwest rural areas of Morocco : A field-study." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27540.
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Former studies of water quality in southwest Morocco shows that some water sources in the rural region of Agadir are affected by intrusion bringing chemical values above normal in drinking water of the villagers. In this study, I want to investigate if the intrusion also creates increasing exposure of microorganisms and water borne diseases among the villagers. In a field- study, face to face interviews following a questionnaire were used to gather socioeconomic, clinical and water use information about the subjects living in the study area. Water sampling was made in 10 rural areas around Agadir. PH, conductivity and temperature were measured directly at the water locations. These parameters were re-measured at the chemical laboratory of Ibn Zohr University using traditional analytical methods. Additional chemical analysis (Bicarbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfate, Nitrate, and Chlorine) were also made at the university. The bacterial analysis (microorganisms at 22 ºC and 37 ºC, Coliform bacteria, Echerichia coli, Intestinal enterococci and Clostridium perfingens) was made with the same water sampling approach as the chemical analysis adding 1 random urban district for comparison. Water samples for bacterial analysis were analyzed within 24 hours at Veto lab using ISO methods according to NM 7899-2, 6461-2, 9308-1, and 6222. The results show that all rural water samples according to the guidelines for drinking water are classified as non- drinkable and the urban water sample is classified as drinkable. The rural respondents state that they do not collect their drinking water from the sample sources but this does not exclude increased exposure to contaminated water and the increased risk of getting infected by microorganisms through the use of contaminated sources for bathing, washing, swimming, cleaning, and cleaning feeding utensils. My conclusion is that further investigation must be made on different sources of contamination and existing factors that generates the growth of microorganisms in the rural wells along with recommendations for policy makers, surveillance managers, clinicians and laboratory staff to prevent any potential waterborne outbreaks among rural villagers in southwest Morocco.
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Sunny, Sebin. "Digital Water Quality Monitoring Services: : Opportunities and Challenges in Rural Areas." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44618.
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Water is an essential part of human life. According to the sustainable development goal (SDG), monitoring water quality is a fundamental goal of the international community. Therefore, there has been research on how the quality of water can be monitored and improved. Data related to water quality can provide service opportunities such as to inform if the water is suitable for drinking by monitoring the quality of water resources. However, there has been limited research exploring opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services to fulfill requirements in rural areas, such as clean and safe water for drinking. Some challenges can be due to the geographical location of the area or avoiding certain regions for implementing a service due to political agenda or infrastructure, especially in less developed countries or areas. The lack of exploration of opportunities points to the need to further investigate service opportunities like to inform if the water is suitable for drinking in rural areas. It is crucial to monitor water quality and offer services because bad water quality can lead to health issues or poor yield in agriculture, some of the few consequences. Therefore, in my paper, using the Design Science Research (DSR) approach, I have explored various opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services in Indian rural areas. The result demonstrates opportunities related to the exploration of digital water quality monitoring services in rural areas and the challenges that need to be overcome in order to realize the opportunities. This overview can inform researchers, designers, and stakeholders to understand new service opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services in rural areas.
19
Williams, Chavon R. "A National survey of Mercury levels in South Africa's water management areas." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8674_1298356510.
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<p>This study forms part of a broader project co-funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC), and CSIR Parliamentary Grant (PG) and Strategic Research Panel (SRP) research grants, aimed at surveying selected water resources within the 19 Water Management Areas in South Africa. Furthermore, it aims at determining the concentrations of Hg and MeHg in various environmental compartments collected from priority water resources, to identify the potential Hg hotspots, and to assess the degree of compliance with national and international guidelines. Mercury concentrations in the environment have increased globally and this has caused much anxiety in terms of the adverse effects it has on aquatic ecosystems, their organisms, and the communities they sustain. Human health risks associated with the consumption of fish elevated containing Hg concentrations have received minimal attention particularly in South Africa. It is imperative that any potential adverse impacts of Hg on aquatic ecosystems, and the subsequent impacts on human health, be investigated.</p>
20
Kellogg, Dorothy Q. N. "The influence of geomorphic setting on ground water denitrification in forested riparian wetlands /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3206252.
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Chaibi, M. Thameur. "Greenhouse systems with integrated water desalination for arid areas based on solar energy /." Alnarp : Dept. of Agricultural Biosystems and Technology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a389.pdf.
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Pannila, Lankajith C. "Application of solar energy at Ohio highway rest areas." Ohio : Ohio University, 1993. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175718933.
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Watson, Tara Kimberly. "Groundwater nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones in urbanizing watersheds /." Online version in PDF format, 2006. http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/whl/Publications/Thesis/Watson_Thesis.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Rhode Island, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-112). Also available online via the University of Rhode Island Watershed Hydrology Laboratory publications home page.
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Orgill, Kelly M. "Conservative conservationists : water rights, wilderness, and Idahoan political identity /." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/34/.
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Johansson, Per-Erik. "Solar powered water treatment : Examining solar evaporation as a sustainable water treatment method in rural areas in Ghana." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30012.
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Since the currently used method of supplying clean drinking water to the Ghanaian population consists of selling water sachets of 0.5 liter, there is a major ecological problem due to plastic contamination of the environment. The relatively high water price of buying these sachets also causes economic problems for a large portion of the population.To reduce the consumption of plastic as well as the resulting environmental contamination and the financial burden on low-income citizens, which represents a greater portion of the population, a new method for solar-powered water was evaluated as a sustainable water treatment method in rural areas in Ghana.To test this method a prototype was constructed, based on a combination of the principles of solar desalination plants and common solar collectors, and was tested on site in Ghana.This thesis consists of a field study and a computer simulation. The field study in turn consists of an investigative and experimental study in which the investigative portion sought to find the possibilities and costs of constructing more plants in on site. This is of great importance for getting a clear picture of what economic impact the plant has on the sustainable development.In the experimental study the prototypes treatment capacity was examined, regarding Coliform bacteria, arsenic, iron, and chloride as well as its effect on the pH level of the water. The study also examined how much water the prototype can produce in a day and, in conjunction with the investigative study, to what extent this could reduce the use of plastic bags.The simulation part of the thesis examined possible improvement of the prototype and evaluated the influence of various factors on its overall effectiveness.The study showed that the prototype, which measures 92x68x18cm, where able to produce about 3 liters of drinking water per day (equivalent to 6 sachets of water) and managed to remove all measured contaminants from the treated water, without any change in the pH value.<br>Då den i nuläget vanligaste metoden att distribuera rent dricksvatten i Ghana består av försäljningen av vattenpåsar á 0,5 liter, finns det stora ekologiska problem till följd av plastkontaminering av miljön. Det relativt höga vattenpriset som tillkommer av att köpa vatten på påse orsakar även ekonomiska problem för en stor del av befolkningen.För att minska konsumtionen av plast såväl som den resulterande föroreningen av miljön och den ekonomiska belastningen på befolkningen, undersöktes en ny solvärmedriven metod för vattenrening som en möjlig hållbar vattenreningsmetod i landsbygdsområden i Ghana.För att utvärdera denna metod konstruerades en prototyp, baserad på en kombination av principerna bakom soldrivna avsaltningsanläggningar och vanliga solfångare, som testades på plats i Ghana.Examensarbetet består av en fältstudie och simuleringsdel. Fältstudien består i sin tur av en undersökande och en experimentell studie, där den undersökande delen såg över möjligheterna och kostnaderna av att konstruera fler anläggningar på plats. Detta är av stor vikt för att få en klar bild över vilka ekonomiska effekter anläggningen har på den hållbara utvecklingen.I den experimentella studien testades prototypens reningsförmåga med avseende på koliforma bakterier, arsenik, klorid och järn samt dess effekt på vattnets pH värde. Det undersöktes även hur mycket vatten prototypen kan producera under en dag, och i samband med den undersökande studien, hur mycket detta skulle kunna minska användandet av plastpåsar.Simuleringsdelen av arbetet genomfördes för att undersöka möjliga förbättringsåtgärder av prototypen samt utvärderat olika faktorers inverkan på prototypens effektivitet.Studien visade att prototypen, som mäter 92x68x18cm, kunde producera ca 3 liter dricksvatten per dag (motsvarande förbrukningen av 6 påsar vatten) och klarade att rena vattnet från alla undersökta föroreningar, utan någon förändring av vattnets pH värde.
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Mimi, Ziad A. "Water resources and water demand management for arid and semi-arid areas : West Bank as a case study." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7169.
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A water resources and water demand management model has been developed applicable to locations which experience specific constraints such as rapid population growth, limited water resources and political disputes over water resources. The West Bank was chosen as a case study. The Research has suggested a paradigm for a comprehensive management framework for large-scale water management problems in and and semi-arid areas. This management framework can help to achieve sustainable water resources for meeting water demand and preventing the gridlock and excessive legal expense of uncoordinated and conflict-filled decision processes. The attributes of management frameworks (some well known and others not so familiar) begin with inclusion; that is, the framework should be comprehensive, with extensive stakeholder involvement and collaboration. The decision processes should be clear, action oriented, and adaptive. Other desirable qualities of the framework include a focus on environmental integrity, technical aspects, financial aspects, social implications, institutional aspects, political implications and use of proven management practices. Today's international legislative structure is incapable of solving complex water disputes. The Research has introduced one such multi-criteria decision tool for quantification of water resources rights. For illustrative purposes, it was presented in terms of the water-sharing problem facing Israel and the Palestinians. The methodology is based upon the several factors identified by the International Law Commission in its draft articles on the non-navigational uses of water.
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Lundgren, Erika. "A method for water disinfection with solar pasteurisation for rural areas of Bangladesh." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-218902.
Full textAbstract:
In order to improve the water situation in rural areas of Bangladesh, a research group at the University of Dhaka has been developing low cost domestic methods to remove pathogens from surface water through pasteurisation using free solar energy. Pasteurisation is a process in which water is heated to approximately 60 °C and maintained for about 30 minutes to destroy pathogens. In these methods, the water is also exposed to UV-light from the sunshine, which causes destruction of diarrhoeal pathogens at temperatures somewhat lower than required in normal pasteurisation. However, despite many advantages these devices need to be installed for each time of use. Recently, a semi-permanent device has been developed which is expected to be more user friendly. The objective of this Master thesis has been to study and optimize the low cost semi-permanent device that can deliver safe drinking water to people in rural areas. Two test devices were constructed to determine the most effective treatment e.g. temperature, time, solar radiation, user-friendliness and cost. To replicate the results from the solar heating tests a model, based on the solar radiation and convective heat loss from the device, was used. The model was also able to determine the time duration at a certain solar radiation level to estimate when the water is safe to drink. The results revealed that the performance of the device depends on thickness of the insulation and thickness of the air gap. This is because the most important factors to achieve safe drinking water are solar radiation and time. The modelling indicated that the measured water temperature corresponds well with the calculated water temperature and also showed that the lowest required solar radiation is 390 W/m2 to reach drinking water criteria, at an air temperature of 25 °C. A study of microbiology showed that the semi-permanent low cost device could purify surface water to a safe level.
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Ridolfi, Elena. "Exploring new approaches in urban water governance: case studies in mediterranean areas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283954.
Full textAbstract:
Muchas de las ciudades costeras del mundo se están volviendo cada vez más urbana y muchas de ellas están cambiando hacia el turismo, uno de los sectores de mayor crecimiento de la economía mundial. El agua es un elemento clave para el desarrollo y las funciones urbanas y de sostenimiento para las nuevas instalaciones turísticas. Sin embargo, los cambios y las rápidas transformaciones urbanas están estimulando una creciente preocupación con respecto a los recursos hídricos.
En particular, los nuevos desarrollos urbanos crecen en complejidad, mientras que las densas redes de flujos de agua se intensifican dentro del tejido urbano y plantea un gran desafío para la gobernabilidad de este recurso.
Considerando que el siglo pasado ha definido y representado el fenómeno del agua como una sustancia material (H2O), la investigación del siglo 21 ha puesto en duda esa perspectiva.
De hecho, estudiosos sociales han demostrado recientemente que el enfoque físico ya no es suficiente para hacer frente a los desafíos presentes y futuros del agua urbana, la incertidumbre y la gobernabilidad. Por lo tanto, los geógrafos y ecologistas políticos, en particular, han desarrollado el concepto de "ciclo hidro-social" que integra tanto la natura física como sociopolítica del agua. Mediante el empleo de este concepto, y a través de la lente de Ecología Política Urbana, han mostrado cómo los sistemas sociales, políticos, culturales y económicos gobiernan los flujos de agua a través de las sociedades, dando forma a la formación de los entornos urbanos. La gestión del agua urbana y la gobernanza han sido investigados sobre todo desde una perspectiva funcional y física, y más recientemente, desde una perspectiva social y crítica con respecto a quién en la sociedad se beneficia de los recursos hídricos, la controla y la gobierna. Por otra parte, como el agua fluye, circula y interactúa con los sistemas urbanos dominados por nuevos modelos de turismo (por ejemplo, el turismo de masas), ha sido poco investigado en términos conceptuales y metodológicos, desde la disciplina de la Ecología Política Urbana y través del concepto de ciclo hidro-social. Ambas perspectivas se ha sido analizada en esta Tesis Doctoral y sobretodo en zonas urbanas costeras mediterráneas donde el agua es un recurso fundamental para sostener el turismo que ya es el primer sector económico de estos países. Después de una introducción general al tema de investigación, en el capítulo 3 se presenta el marco teórico y metodológico utilizado para elaborar este estudio y un marco para analizar la gobernabilidad del ciclo hidro-social en entornos urbanos turísticos. En el capítulo 4 se analizan los procesos de transformación de las ciudades turísticas costeras del Mediterráneo, y su complejidad urbana, a través de la perspectiva de la Ecología Política Urbana. El capítulo también selecciona Venecia, Benidorm y Mykonos como casos de ciudades turísticas y como sistemas de análisis donde los ciclos hidro-social y su gobierno pueden asumir y revelar configuraciones particulares. En el capítulo 5 se aplica el análisis de la gobernanza del ciclo hidro-social al caso de Venecia revelando su configuración pasada y presente del ciclo hidro-social y de su gobernanza. Los resultados de este estudio indican cómo el análisis del ciclo de hidro-social es útil para pensar y mejorar las políticas de agua relacionadas con el sector del turismo y los problemas de gobernabilidad. La tesis sostiene que nuevos discursos dialécticos y las representaciones de este ciclo pueda abrir nuevas ventanas para escrutar la política de agua y la gobernabilidad. La tesis apunta a la noción de "ciclo hidro-social" para fomentar mas investigación de estas cuestiones a través de la ecología política urbana y la geografía, analizar y evaluar los flujos físicos y sociales del agua y su gestión en las ciudades costeras turísticas.<br>Many of the world's coastal cities are becoming increasingly urban and many of them are shifting towards tourism, one of the fastest growing global economic sectors. Water is a key element for development and sustaining urban functions and new tourism facilities. However, rapid urban changes and transformations are stimulating a growing concern with regard to water resources. In particular, as new urban developments grow in complexity, dense networks of water flows intensify within the urban tissue and pose a major challenge for urban water governance.
Whereas the last century defined and represented the phenomenon of water as a material substance (H2O), 21st century research has thrown into doubt such a perspective.
Social scholars have recently demonstrated the physical approach is no longer sufficient to deal with present and future urban water challenges, uncertainty and governance. New evidence has called for new discourses and representations of water cycle in urban environments and its governance model. Geographers and political ecologists, in particular, have put forward the concept of the "hydro-social cycle" which integrates both the physical and socio-political nature of water. By employing this concept, through the lens of Urban Political Ecology, they have showed how social, political, cultural, and economic systems govern the flows of water through societies, shaping the formation of urban environments.
Research in urban water management and governance has mostly been from a functional and physical perspective, and more recently from a social and critical perspective concerning who in society benefits from water resources and who controls and governs it. Moreover, the way by which water flows, circulates, interacts and interweaves in urban systems dominated by tourism models (for example, mass tourism), has been little investigated in conceptual and methodological terms from Urban Political Ecology discipline and through the hydrosocial cycle concept.
Both perspectives are analyzed, integrated and pursued here and investigated in Mediterranean urban coastal areas where water is a critical resource to sustain the tourism leading economic sector. After a general introduction to the research topic, chapter 3 presents the theoretical and methodological background used to develop this study and a framework to analyze the hydrosocial cycle governance in urban tourist environments. Chapter 4 analyses the processes of transformation of tourist coastal cities in the Mediterranean, and their urban complexity, through Urban Political Ecology perspective. The chapter also selects Venice, Benidorm and Mykonos as tourist city-cases and systems of analysis where hydrosocial cycles and their governance might assume and reveal particular configurations.
In Chapter 5 the hydrosocial cycle governance analysis is applied to the Venice case revealing past and present complex hydrosocial cycle governance configuration. Results from this study indicate how the hydrosocial cycle analysis is useful to think about and improve better water policies linked to the tourism sector and the water governance issues.
The thesis argues that new dialectical discourses and representations of the hydrosocial cycle open new windows to scrutinize water politics and governance. The thesis points towards the notion of “hydrosocial cycle” and argues for deeper engagement with the fields of urban political ecology and critical geography, to analyze, trace and assess physical and social water flows and their governance in tourist coastal cities.
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Haffar, Jinan. "Irrigation water quality criteria for wheat in semi-arid areas of Syria." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29705.pdf.
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Howard, Guy. "Effective approaches to water supply surveillance in urban areas of developing countries." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1032/.
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Buthelezi, Lucky. "The management of potable water supply in rural areas of Umhlathuze Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95673.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>This study gives an overview of the sustainability of potable water supply in rural areas of South Africa in general and four rural areas of uMhlathuze in particular. Three key challenges in achieving sustainable rural water supply are discussed in more detail and later on used to evaluate the inadequacy of financial revenues to cover the full operation, maintenance and replacement of infrastructure.
This research study analysed the factors pertaining to the tariff structure used in maintaining and sustaining rendered service. It analysed the current tariff structure that includes the poorest and most marginalised in line with revenue needed to cover recurrence costs.
It was the purpose of this study to examine the adequacy of the management system used to sustain the supply of potable water in rural areas, taking into cognisance the costs of rendering the account and of illegal connections combined with high water losses. The study also attempted to link these points to the challenges faced by the rural areas.
The sustainability of rural water supply was analysed, based on financial factors, affordability and on the willingness to pay for the service. The researcher first compared the water billing (levies) and payment patterns of each customer in rural areas of uMhlathuze Municipality with others; and secondly, compared the primary data against theory and the literature. Differences and similarities between the collected data and theory were at the core of the analysis
The research results determined that the municipality has the capacity to maintain and sustain the potable water supply network in these areas, while dealing with management questions and recommending to management what is needed to ensure that the water reticulation system is run on a sustainable basis. Sustainability of rural water supply seems to be dependent on factors like policy, legal framework and economic factors such as an ability to meet the costs and willingness to pay for rendered service.
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Kanyoka, Phillipa. "Water value and demand for multiple purposes in the rural areas of South Africa: the case of Ga-Sekororo." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02102009-142257/.
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Wells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.
Full textAbstract:
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the institutional framework of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the implementation and enforcement of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control measures in the state's urbanizing areas. The institutional framework is developed primarily around the existing governmental framework. The federal, state and local roles are examined in terms of the relevant legislative and executive NPS control activities already taking place. The judicial function is considered in terms of constitutional guarantees of protection of private property and the potential for liability stemming from the implementation of structural and nonstructural best management practices (BMP's).
Three generic categories of BMP's are evaluated in light of this institutional environment: on-site BMP's, off-site BMP's and nonstructural BMP's. Where they are relevant, various subcategories of the institutional environment are examined: mechanisms and responsibility for financing and maintenance, managing future urban growth and mediating interjurisdictional arrangements. The introduction and first four chapters develop this material and the final chapter is an analysis of the existing state programs (the Erosion and Sediment Control Law and the State Water Control Board's voluntary Urban NPS Control and Abatement Program).
The product of this analysis is the conclusion that both state programs analyzed are weak due to a lack of state oversight. In addition, the Erosion and Sediment Control Program could be strengthened by amending the law to add a viable "stop work" order and by defining violations as being civil rather than criminal (misdemeanors) violations.<br>M.S.
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Mullinax, Rebecca Lynn. "Isolation of enteric viruses from the recreational waters of Oak Creek." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_156_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Waters, Summer, Kitt Farrell-Poe, and Kristen Wagner. "When it Rains it Runs Off: Runoff and Urbanized Areas in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146927.
Full textAbstract:
5 pp.<br>Urban run-off is created by rain, snowmelt, or irrigation water flowing across sidewalks, drive ways, roadways, and other surfaces into storm drains. All storm drains empty into rivers or river beds, lakes, streams, washes, and other storage areas often without treatment. The Urban Run-off (Non-point Source Pollution) Tip Sheet will educate the reader on urban run-off and associated water pollution. The tip sheet explains the causes, effects, and sources of non-point source pollution. It also provides information on what can be done to prevent urban run-off and water pollution. It includes both general information as well as information specific to Maricopa County.
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Mwandu, Siyeni Yvonne. "Expanding Water Service Delivery through Partnership between Water Utility and Small Scale Water Providers in Lusaka, Zambia : A Case of Lusaka's Peri-Urban Areas." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15305.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Zambia is a highly urbanized country with 60% of its urban population residing in low cost areas also called peri-urban, slum or informal settlements. The increase in urban population attributed to rapid migration and urbanization due to political and economic changes has taken a toll on service provision as the infrastructure development and service provision has failed to meet the demand. For the 33 peri-urban areas in Lusaka, the water supply and sanitation has been poor, inadequate and unreliable with the coverage being slightly above 50% for water while 90% of the urban population does not have access to the much needed sanitation. The low coverage is a result of lack the financial capacity on the part of the service providers to extend services to un served areas.</p><p>This research focuses on the strategies to provide sustainable water and sanitation services to peri-urban areas to ensure improved accessibility through the expansion of infrastructure and attainment of full cost recovery. In this era of increasing migration to unplanned settlements where the services are inadequate, alternatives to public provision of water and sanitation services need to be put in place. One of the alternatives is the public-private partnership which encompasses the society, private and the civil society. As has been found in the study the best alternative should not only be completely bottom up but should also be more demand driven and be able to provide for reater contributions from the affected communities.</p><p>The hypothesis of the study is to ascertain if provision of water supply to the Peri-Urban Areas (PUAs) can be achieved through the partnership between the water utility and the small scale water providers. Therefore, the objectives of the research are to: evaluate and compare the current service provision to the peri-urban areas by the utility and small scale providers in terms of technical, social and institutional arrangements and determine the best way of ensuring sustained service provision to peri urban areas and show how partnership can be the best solution to improving service delivery to these areas.</p><p>Service provision in PUAs can not be achieved without the involvement of all the stakeholders especially the community who are also the users and whose major role is paying for the service to enhance sustainability. In this study the Small Scale Water Providers (SSWP) users were found to be satisfied with the service provided than the utility users who felt that more needed to be done. The two providers are found to have different strengths which when combined would enhance service provision. The collaboration between utility with its competence in water supply, technical installations, water quality testing and SSWP with theirs in community involvement, cost recovery, effective operation and maintenance and demand driven water schemes have to be merged to achieve the intended goal and it is also an indication that the two can complement each other. Utility should therefore consider opening investment accounts for all the areas so as to detach PUAs needs from the general plan and eventually budget as they would be self sustaining and enhance illingness to pay for the users. The SSWP should therefore be viewed as partners by all and licensing should be considered by the government for the benefit of the urban poor.</p>
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Mwandu, Siyeni Yvonne. "Expanding Water Service Delivery through Partnership between Water Utility and Small Scale Water Providers in Lusaka, Zambia : A Case of Lusaka’s Peri-Urban Areas." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15508.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Zambia is a highly urbanized country with 60% of its urban population residing in low cost areas also called peri-urban, slum or informal settlements. The increase in urban population attributed to rapid migration and urbanization due to political and economic changes has taken a toll on service provision as the infrastructure development and service provision has failed to meet the demand. For the 33 peri-urban areas in Lusaka, the water supply and sanitation has been poor, inadequate and unreliable with the coverage being slightly above 50% for water while 90% of the urban population does not have access to the much needed sanitation. The low coverage is a result of lack the financial capacity on the part of the service providers to extend services to un served areas.</p><p>This research focuses on the strategies to provide sustainable water and sanitation services to peri-urban areas to ensure improved accessibility through the expansion of infrastructure and attainment of full cost recovery. In this era of increasing migration to unplanned settlements where the services are inadequate, alternatives to public provision of water and sanitation services need to be put in place. One of the alternatives is the public-private partnership which encompasses the society, private and the civil society. As has been found in the study the best alternative should not only be completely bottom up but should also be more demand driven and be able to provide for greater contributions from the affected communities.</p><p>The hypothesis of the study is to ascertain if provision of water supply to the Peri-Urban Areas (PUAs) can be achieved through the partnership between the water utility and the small scale water providers. Therefore, the objectives of the research are to: evaluate and compare the current service provision to the peri-urban areas by the utility and small scale providers in terms of technical, social and institutional arrangements and determine the best way of ensuring sustained service provision to peri urban areas and show how partnership can be the best solution to improving service delivery to these areas.</p><p>Service provision in PUAs can not be achieved without the involvement of all the stakeholders especially the community who are also the users and whose major role is paying for the service to enhance sustainability. In this study the Small Scale Water Providers (SSWP) users were found to be satisfied with the service provided than the utility users who felt that more needed to be done. The two providers are found to have different strengths which when combined would enhance service provision. The collaboration between utility with its competence in water supply, technical installations, water quality testing and SSWP with theirs in community involvement, cost recovery, effective operation and maintenance and demand driven water schemes have to be merged to achieve the intended goal and it is also an indication that the two can complement each other. Utility should therefore consider opening investment accounts for all the areas so as to detach PUAs needs from the general plan and eventually budget as they would be self sustaining and enhance willingness to pay for the users. The SSWP should therefore be viewed as partners by all and licensing should be considered by the government for the benefit of the urban poor.</p>
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Rajbhandari, Beryl. "The role of riparian buffer in water quality improvement : an economic perspective /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17730.pdf.
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Dancy, Lynn M. "Targeting Wetland Preservation Areas for Compensatory Mitigation Utilizing a GIS Protocol." W&M ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617730.
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Pivo, Trevor Raye. "Movement of a Viral Surrogate from Restrooms to Public Areas in a Hospital." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613369.
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Contaminated fomites are a cause of concern for the spread of health care-associated infections (HAI's). Previous research has placed emphasis on fomites in patient rooms and patient bathrooms with limited focus on the spread of microorganisms on fomites in non-patient care areas. The present study monitored surrogate virus tracer (MS2 coliphage) spread from public restrooms (used by staff and visitors) to waiting areas in a surgical ward in a Level I Trauma Center. The coliphage (virus) MS2 was added onto the entrance door handle of male and female public restrooms. Four hours later, various surfaces in the restroom and waiting area were sampled. Sampling periods were conducted in duplicate consisting of before cleaning, cleaning with the current cleaning product and procedure and cleaning with an intervention (inclusion of a bleach based disinfectant wipe) in addition to the current cleaning product and procedures. Before cleaning took place, the virus tracer was detected on all 21 of the sites sampled in the restrooms and 5/9 sites within the hallway ranging from 15-50 feet from the restroom. These results indicated that a virus could spread from public restrooms to other sites in the restroom and to locations in the surgical ward. The addition of a bleach based disinfectant wipe reduced the virus by another 90% compared to current disinfecting and cleaning procedures. Coliphage MS2 has been used as a model virus for norovirus and rhinovirus since they exhibit similar survival on fomites and resistance to disinfectants. The data generated can be used in quantitative microbial risk assessment models to assess the risk of pathogens spreading from restrooms to patient waiting areas and patient care areas in healthcare settings. Based on this study, facilities should consider broadening their cleaning and disinfection protocols to include both patient care and non-patient care areas.
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Fourie, Johanna Aletta. "Effect of seismic loads on water-retaining structures in areas of moderate seismicity." Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2061.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water-retaining structures are commonly used in South Africa for the storage of potable water and
waste water. However, a South African code pertaining to the design of concrete water-retaining
structures do not currently exist and therefore use is made of the British Standard BS 8007 (1987).
For the design of concrete water-retaining structures in South Africa, only the hydrostatic loads are
considered while forces due to seismic activity are often neglected even though seismic excitations
of moderate magnitude occur within some regions of the country. Hence, the primary aim of this
study was to determine whether seismic activity, as it occurs in South Africa, has a significant
influence on water-retaining structures and whether it should be considered as a critical load case.
In order to assess the influence of seismic activity on the design of water-retaining structures the
internal forces in the wall and the required area of reinforcement were compared. Comparisons
were made between the seismic analyses and static analyses for both the ultimate and serviceability
limit states. In order to obtain the internal forces in the wall use was made of an appropriate Finite
element model. Three Finite element models were investigated in this study and the accuracy of
each model was assessed based on the fundamental frequency, base shear force and overturning
moment. These values were compared to the values obtained with the numerical method presented
by Veletsos (1997) which was verified with Eurocode 8: Part 4 (2006).
The results obtained indicated that seismic excitations of moderate magnitude do have a significant
influence on the reinforcement required in concrete water-retaining structures. For both the
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state the required reinforcement increased significantly
when seismic loads were considered in the design. As in the case for static design of water-retaining
structures, the serviceability limit state also dominated the design of these structures under seismic
loading.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beton waterhoudende strukture in Suid-Afrika word op ‘n gereelde basis gebruik vir die stoor van
drink- sowel as afvalwater. ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse kode vir die ontwerp van hierdie strukture bestaan
egter nie en dus word die Britse kode BS 8007 (1987) hiervoor gebruik. Vir ontwerp doeleindes word
soms slegs die hidrostatiese kragte beskou terwyl kragte as gevolg van seismiese aktiwiteite nie
noodwendig in berekening gebring word nie. Seismiese aktiwiteite van gematigde grootte kom egter
wel voor in sekere dele van Suid-Afrika. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was dus om die invloed van
seismiese aktiwiteite, soos voorgeskryf vir Suid-Afrikaanse toestande, op beton waterhoudende
strukture te evalueer asook om te bepaal of dit ‘n kritiese lasgevalle sal wees.
Vir hierdie doel is die interne kragte asook die area staal bewapening vir elk van die statiese en
dinamiese lasgevalle vergelyk. Vergelykings is getref tussen die dinamiese en statiese resultate vir
beide die swigtoestand en die diensbaarheidstoestand. Vir die bepaling van die interne kragte is
gebruik gemaak van eindige element modelle. Tydens hierdie studie was drie eindige element
modelle ondersoek en die akkuraatheid van elk geëvalueer op grond van die fundamentele
frekwensie, die fondasie skuifkrag en die omkeermoment. Hierdie waardes was ondermeer bereken
met twee numeriese metodes soos uiteengesit in Veletsos (1997) en Eurocode 8: Part 4 (2006).
Die resultate dui daarop dat die invloed van seismiese aktiwiteite op beton waterhoudende
strukture in Suid-Afrika nie weglaatbaar klein is nie en wel in berekening gebring behoort te word
tydens die ontwerp. Die interne kragte vir beide die swigtoestand en diensbaarheidstoestand is
aansienlik hoër vir die seismiese lasgeval as vir die statiese geval. Die diensbaarheidstoestand het
deurentyd die ontwerp van beton waterhoudende strukture vir seismiese toestande oorheers.
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Panjwani, S. (Suresh). "Drinking water quality and environmental monitoring in rural areas of district Malir Karachi." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805312006.
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Water plays an essential and critical role in human life. Fresh water is one of the most important resources, crucial for the survival of all the living beings. Human and ecological use of water depends upon ambient water quality. The Karachi division in the southern Sindh Province of Pakistan includes a number of industries and is responsible for major contamination of freshwater resources. Contaminants like microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, industrial effluents, fertilizers, pesticides and municipal wastewater can make water unsafe for drinking and other domestic uses. The present work is focused on the rural areas of district Malir, Karachi where water supply schemes/systems are not available and human population use mainly groundwater directly without any treatment. Water pollution is one of the major concerns nowadays. Typically, nullahs (drainage lines), collect and carry untreated sewage which then flows into streams and rivers, resulting in widespread bacteriological and other contamination. This leads to damage to the environment and risks for human health e.g. Chronic health effects, skin lesion, circulatory problems, nervous system disorders and risk of cancer. Rural areas in Pakistan are based on scattered villages which, more often than not, lack any organized sewerage system. Therefore, the resulting sewage infiltrates into the soil and causes groundwater pollution. Keeping the focus on above mentioned problems, this masters’ thesis is designed for water sampling and drinking water quality testing in the rural areas of district Malir, Karachi(DMK). The sampling was carried out with the field team of Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Karachi Pakistan. The drinking water samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and bacteriological parameters including, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, chloride (Cl⁻), carbonate(CO₃) and bicarbonate(HCO₃), total hardness, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), nitrate (NO₃), fluoride (F⁻), sulfate (SO₄), potassium (K), sodium (Na), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), total coliform and E.coli. Altogether, 35 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed. The results were then compared with WHO/NEQS limits and guidelines pertaining to quality of water for human consumption. It was revealed that out of 35 drinking water samples 14% were beyond the safe limits for physical parameters. The 60% of water samples were observed to be unfit for human consumption due to the presence of inorganic constituents beyond the safe limits prescribed by WHO/NEQS. Whereas all the drinking water samples were observed to be unfit due to existence of coliform bacteria. However, 46% of these were fecal contaminated due to presence of E.coli. Overall results indicate a critical need for better sanitation infrastructure in the area including water and wastewater treatment.
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Casao, Marah. "Study of quality of drinking water : In rural areas of Souss Massa region." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27548.
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The scarcity of water affects many developing nations. Today, Morocco,characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate, is approaching absolute scarcityof freshwater availability of 730 m3/capita/year. The effect of the scarcity ofwater is highly evident in rural localities, which are driven to rely on wellwater and rainwater harvesting. Potability of alternative water sources isuncertain as it is not monitored by municipal treatment plants.The objective of this investigation was to study the quality and quantity ofdrinking water in rural areas of Souss Massa region. Water samples collectedfrom seven study sites were sent to private laboratories for microbiologicaland physicochemical analysis.The results of the tests revealed that the drinking water in Agadir Ouguejgal,Ben Anfar and Ait Said was unsafe for human consumption due to fecalcontamination. Concerning physicochemical examination, nitrate levels inTouamal as well as iron levels in Agadir Ouguejgal exceeded the maximumallowable concentration provided by the WHO and the Moroccan regulations.This constitutes serious health risk to its population. To prevent diseaseoutbreaks and long-term illness in these areas, anomalies to MoroccanStandards, should be addressed.The scarcity of water is highly evident in Agadir Ouguejgal, where waterconsumption is approximately 8 l/capita/day. With this amount of waterconsumption, proper sanitation cannot be assured.Statistically, a strong correlation was found between E. coli and totalcoliform. Trend analysis demonstrated a downward trend on water balance inthe Souss Massa region.To mitigate water quality issues in the Souss Massa region, a morecomprehensive investigation is mandatory which focuses on the exact sourceof the pollution and measures that is applicable to rural villages.<br>Brist på vatten påverkar många utvecklingsländer. I nuläget, Marocko, där vattentillgången är begränsad, närmar sig absolut vattenbrist med färskvattentillgången på 730/person/år. Effekten av brist på vatten är mycket tydlig bland rurala områden, där invånarna behöver förlita sig på alternativa vattenresurser exempelvis brunnsvatten och regnvatten.Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete är att studera dricksvattenkvalitén i rurala områden inom Souss Massa regionen. Målet är att utifrån kunskap bedöma om huruvida dricksvattnet från studieområdena är tjäntligt. Vattenprover från sju olika studieområde har legat till grund för samtliga analyser, mikrobiologiska, fysiska-kemiska och statistiska analyser.Resultatet av mikrobiologiska analyserna visade att dricksvattnet från Agadir Ouguejgal, Ben Anfar och Ait Said var otjänligt på grund av indikation av fekala kontaminering. När det gäller kemiska testerna överskred vattnet från Touamal högsta tillåtna nitrathalten och Agadir Ouguejgal högsta tillåtna järnhalten som fastställdes av Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) och den marockanska myndigheten. Dessa avvikelser innebär en hälsorisk hos invånarnaNär det gäller vattenkvantitét var vattenbristen högst tydligt i Agadir Ouguejgal med vattenkonsumptionen på 8 l/person/dag. Med denna mängd vatten kan hygieniska aspekterna inte säkerställas.Den framtida prognosen för vattenbalansen i Souss massa regionen tydde på en nedåtgående trend. Detta förväntas påverka framtida vattentillgänligheten i regionen. Korrelationsanalyserna visade på en stark samband mellan E. koli och totala koliforma bakterier.För att ta itu med vattenproblematiken i regionen krävs en grundligare undersökning där fokus ligger på de exakta föroreningskällorna och de möjliga åtgärderna som går att implementera i rurala områden.
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Diaz, Caravantes Rolando Enrique. "Water, Rural Livelihoods and Global Transformations: Geographies of Peri-Urban Areas in Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195658.
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The urban/peri-urban phenomenon is frequently studied as a territorial landscape for urban expansion, and a good deal of scholarship chronicles aspects of land annexation, housing construction, and infrastructure. But the question of how peri-urban water resources have been reallocated to serve urban needs has not received sufficient scholarly attention. Peri-urban water reallocation demands examination in arid regions where water is a critical resource. Mexico's northwest region represents one of the most critical examples; the most-drought prone region in Mexico, it is characterized by over-drafted groundwater sources and rapid urban growth. In this research, based on the case of Hermosillo, Sonora, I develop three distinct, yet related themes to examine the peri-urban phenomenon.First, this work draws on the notion of the "hydrosocial cycle" (Swyngedouw, 2004) to examine geographies of power at the urban-rural interface. Following Swyngedouw, we argue that urban water augmentation strategies reveal a distinct set of urban-rural relations of uneven social power where peri-urban water resources are "metabolized" in urban areas, reflecting the demands of powerful, politically connected urban individuals and populations over more disparate and marginalized rural producers. The Hermosillo case indicates that small-scale farming communities or ejidos are the most vulnerable water users because of their lack of political power in the governmental decision making process.Second, in this work, I examine how peri-urban rural livelihoods have been reshaped by cities' water reallocation causing ejidatarios in many cases to lose their livelihoods, but without creating new urban jobs as an alternative means of subsistence, resulting in a net negative outcome for ejido members.Finally, this research evaluates the land use/cover change dynamics and their effects in the peri-urban area of the city of Hermosillo. This study demonstrates that urban expansion causes at least two other types of land use/cover changes (LUCC) beyond the urban fringe that are not usually considered in LUCC studies. The research demonstrates that urban expansion in the peri-urban land is a broader and more complex phenomenon than previously understood and examines how water transfers act as a driver of land use/cover change.
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Ahmed, Noman. "Alternative arrangements for water supply in urban areas : case studies from Karachi, Pakistan." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35266.
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Urban water supply, normally managed by the utilities, is conventionally facilitated through underground piped system. In most of the developing countries, the piped water supply is not sufficient to fulfil the need of communities. Communities in such localities resort to the usage of alternative modes of supply. These modes include boreholes, water tankers, vending through donkey carts, suction pumps or informal drawing from water mains. These alternative modes are used in different arrangements which extend service to consumers through ways and means not formally integrated in the conventional procedures. Studies on urban water supply have cover the supply modes, procedures, projects and programmes undertaken by the utilities. Literature is available on water vending in urban and peri urban areas. However there appears a knowledge gap in literature related to the alternative arrangements of water supply. This dissertation explores the research question as to why and how consumers in urban areas resort to the usage of alternative arrangements in water supply.
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Chong, Kit Yee. "Dynamics of dissolved oxygen and benthic release of nutrients in the bottom water layer in shallow versus deep areas in Hong Kong waters /." View abstract or full-text, 2010. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ENVR%202010%20CHONG.
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KATSUOKA, LIDIA. "Avaliacao do impacto da atividade agropecuaria na qualidade da agua em areas de captacao superficial nas bacias hidrograficas dos rios Mogi - Guacu e Pardo, Sao Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10848.
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07151.pdf: 11938144 bytes, checksum: de903224eb01dd0d5107eead6b34468a (MD5)<br>Tese (Doutoramento)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Vijayan, Arya. "Quality of snow deposited in urban areas : Storage, load assessment and release of selected pollutants with snowmelt." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80795.
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Snow deposited in urban areas is exposed to pollutants originating from traffic, wet and dry atmospheric deposition, de-icing chemicals and traction materials. The conventional pollutants found in urban snow include solids (TSS), metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, etc.), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and chlorides. Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants of interest and their presence in urban snow was reported only recently. The pollutants accumulate in snow deposits over time and may be released when snow melts, and the resulting snowmelt may carry pollutants to the receiving waters. Understanding the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants in snow and pollutant behaviour during snowmelt is helpful for planning and developing site-specific snow management practices. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the quality of snow in urban areas, with respect to: (i) quantity of metals, PAHs and MPs in urban snow storage piles and roadside snowbanks, (ii) compare the quality of snow collected in the same catchment during repeated sampling campaigns and evaluate the effect of the sampling design on estimation of pollutant loads in snow piles, and (iii) investigate the pollutant release patterns and temporal variations in their concentrations in water leaving the melting snow piles (in laboratory). For such studies, snow samples were collected from snow storage piles in Frihamnen (a port facility in Stockholm, Sweden) and roadside snowbanks in Luleå and Umeå cities in Northern Sweden. The quality of snow collected in the three study areas varied considerably, because of differences in such area characteristics as the annual precipitation and snowfall, the population, average daily traffic, land use activities, and snow management activities. The average values of major parameters in analysed snow samples were as follows: TSS - 1500 mg/L, conductivity- 2.1 mS/cm, Zn – 870 µg/L, Cu – 240 µg/L, Cd – 0.48 µg/L, Cr – 120 µg/L, Pb – 50 µg/L and the sum of 16 PAHs – 3.5 µg/L. Microplastics were abundant in urban snow samples, with the following descending order of concentrations: black road wear particles, consisting of bitumen and tire wear particles, mean = 19300 ± 47400 particles/L; road marking paints with the mean of 430 ± 998 particles /L; and, plastics particles, mean 33 ± 34 particles /L. No correlations were found between the numbers of MP particles and the site-specific parameters. Comparison of snow pile sampling designs revealed that systematic 1-m square grid sampling yielded the best estimates of mass loads (BEML) of pollutants, compared to single snow cores, or horizontally composed core samples. The mass loads estimated from composite or single snow column sampling deviated up to 50 and 400%, respectively, from BEML. Results of the laboratory snow melting indicated that PAHs in the snow samples were mostly attached to the particles; only 10% of the total PAHs burden was contributed by the meltwater and the rest stayed on the ground with the sediment residue. The dissolved concentrations of PAHs were below the detection limit (0.010 µg/L) in all the analysed samples except for Fluoranthene and Pyrene with concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 0.02 µg/L. PAHs displayed a delayed release from snow piles, which was similar to that of TSS. Truly dissolved fractions (<3000 MWCO, Molecular Weight Cutoff) of Zn, Cu and Cd represented 71-90% of dissolved fractions in the snow samples collected in Luleå (snow without road salt) and 74-98% in those from Umeå (snow with added road salt). Both dissolved and truly dissolved metals showed advanced releases from all the snow piles. The influence of road salt on releases of metals and PAHs from laboratory snow piles was hard to discern, because of great differences in snow quality characteristics at both locations.
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Åhlander, Cevallos Viktor, and Henrik Åström. "Individual metering and charging of heat and hot water in row house areas - Comparing study of two row house areas in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146608.
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In today’s society our residents and premises consume 38 % of the total energy use in Sweden. 2011 that number corresponded to 77,8 TWh/year. Governments and the public’s strive to lower the energy use and the European Union’s goal that all member countries should lower their energy consumption with 20 % until year 2020 creates incentives to renovations and energy efficiency measures. A possible measure that could lead to reduced energy consumption for rental apartments and smaller residences like row-houses is to install individual metering. Individual metering is a method to measure how much energy is consumed in residences. Devices are installed in homes and can measure the water and heat consumption and let the residence pay for what is actually used. In this report the consumption and the costs for heat and warm water and the attitude to individual metering between two row-house areas is investigated. Both areas are located in Stockholm, in Huddinge and Farsta, where one of the areas has installed individual metering. Our study shows difference of the consumption and costs between the two areas. The installation of individual metering has result in a higher awareness for the people living in that area which has led to a reduced consumption and cost. The attitude for individual metering is positive in both areas and unchanged after the installation of individual metering.<br>I dagens samhälle förbrukar våra bostäder och lokaler ca 38 % av den totala energianvändningen i Sverige. 2011 motsvarade den siffran 77,8 TWh/år. Myndigheter och allmänhetens strävan att minska energiförbrukningen och EU:s målsättning att alla medlemsländer ska sänka sin energikonsumtion med 20 % fram till år 2020 skapar incitament för renoveringar och energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. En möjlig åtgärd för hyreslägenheter och mindre boenden som radhusområden är införandet av individuell mätning. Individuell mätning är en metod för att mäta energiförbrukningen i bostäder. Mätare installeras i hemmen och kan mäta vatten och värme och låter de boende betala för det de faktiskt konsumerar. I rapporten undersöks förbrukningen och kostnaderna för värme och varmvatten samt hur de boendes inställning är till individuell mätning mellan två radhusområden. Båda är belägna i Stockholm, i Huddinge respektive Farsta, där ett av områdena har infört individuell mätning. Studien visar skillnader på förbrukningen och kostnaderna mellan områdena jämfört med det andra området). Införandet av individuell mätning har medfört att de boende i området fått en högre medvetenhet vilket lett till en minskad förbrukning och kostnad. Inställningen och attityden till individuell mätning är lika positiv i båda områdena och attityden är oförändrad efter införandet i det området.
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Araújo, Juliana Botelho. "Measuring Air-Water Interfacial Areas: Contributions of Capillary and Film Domains in Natural Porous Media." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333353.
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The air-water interface in variably saturated porous media is recognized to influence interfacial retention of organic and inorganic contaminants, and mediate various mass-transfer processes. The formation and presence of water films commonly solvating the surfaces of soil/sediment grains in unsaturated systems, as well as their impact on flow and retention processes have been of sustained interest. X-ray microtomography was used to measure air-water interfacial area at multiple wetting-phase saturations for natural porous media. First, a study was conducted to evaluate image-processing procedures suitable for characterizing fluids and associated interfaces in natural porous media. A simple method was developed for the analysis of all phases in the system, using global threshold for phase identification and combination of binary files (M1). This method was then compared to a simultaneous multiphase segmentation approach using locally adaptive threshold selection (M2). Both methods were used to process data sets comprised of multiple drainage steps for water-saturated packed columns imaged via synchrotron x-ray microtomography. The results of both methods were evaluated based on comparison of values determined for porosity and specific solid surface area to independently measured porosity and specific solid surface areas. The results show both methods are suitable for determination of total air-water interfacial area, which requires characterization of only the non-wetting phase. Conversely, determination of capillary interfacial area requires characterization of all phases present and thus, is more sensitive to the challenges associated with image processing. The simultaneous multiple-phase segmentation (M2) method provides an integrated and consistent analysis of the phases, and anticipated to improve water-phase detection. Using the advanced segmentation approach, the air-water interfacial area is presented as a result of direct measurement of contact areas between the two fluids. This is in contrast to previously reported data, which were derived indirectly from calculations based on individually measured phase surface areas and conceptualizations of fluid distributions. The effects of these assumptions on the capillary interfacial behavior are evaluated. Results from this study confirmed the initial hypothesis that the behavior of fluid surface areas will affect the theoretical shape of the capillary curve. The results support the understanding of the capillary interfacial area behavior in response to changes in the configuration of fluid surface areas during a drainage cycle. Furthermore, results for the measured air-water interface allows for further identification of fluid domains, such as the relationship between film interfacial area, capillary domains (menisci), and the total-measurable interfacial area. Experiments were also conducted using aqueous-phase interfacial partitioning tracer tests for comparison. Results support the hypothesis that different methods provide characterization of different interfacial domains. Overall, this study provides an imaging-based approach for evaluation of water configuration, and presents a measurement-based framework for further understanding of the role of fluid-fluid interfaces in natural porous media.