Academic literature on the topic 'Water base overprint varnish'

Porosity is a common defect observed in underwater wet welding. Several research programs have been developed to understand how pores form in order to mitigate the problem. No superficial pores and a limited number of internal pores (based on size) are important requirements to classify underwater wet welds according to the American Welding Society – AWS D3.6M standard. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of base metal and core rod carbon content on weld metal porosity. A pressure chamber with 20 atmospheres capacity was used to simulate depth with fresh water. To perform the welds, a gravity feeding system able to open an electric arc and deposit the weld automatically was used. Beads-on-plate were made using Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN) configuration on two base metals with different carbon contents (C2 – 0.1 wt. pct. and C7 – 0.7 wt. pct.) at 50 meters water depth. Commercial E6013 grade electrodes were used to deposit the welds. These electrodes were produced with core rods with two different carbon content (E2 – 0.002 wt. pct. and E6 – 0.6 wt. pct.) and painted with varnish for waterproofing. Samples were removed from the beginning, middle and end of the BOP welds and prepared following metallographic techniques including macroetching and image analysis for weld porosity. A data acquisition system was used to record current, voltage and welding time at 1.0 kHz rate. The porosity measurements indicated an increase of about 85% and 70% when E6 electrodes were used instead of E2 electrode on C2 and C7 steel plates, respectively. Simultaneously, the increase in porosity was followed by an increase in short circuiting events, an increase in weld bead penetration and a decrease in welding voltage. These observations seem to confirm, a direct effect of carbon content of the core rod on weld metal porosity and that porosity is associated with the CO reaction that can occur during metal transfer in that molten droplets carry gas bubbles to the welding pool. On the other hand, the increase of carbon content in the base metal was seen to decrease the porosity in the weld metal. This result can be related with the decrease in penetration observed when changing C2 to C7 plates. The smaller participation of carbon from the base metal in the weld pool reactions should then reduce the CO formation and, consequently, the amount of pores in the weld.

Abstract This paper proposes an integrated approach to model High Permeability Streaks (HPS) using the case study of heterogeneous carbonate Reservoir B, utilizing static and dynamic data. Modelling the HPS is critical as they play an important role in fluid dynamics within the reservoir. The impact is observed from 60 years of development, where flood front movement is captured by rich density of Pulsed Neutron and recently drilled open hole logs. Injection water is overriding from tighter lower subzones (injected zones) to permeable upper subzones of the reservoir, thereby leaving the tighter lower subzones unswept. Gas cusping down to the oil zone occurs through the HPS resulting in non-uniform gas cap expansion, which leads to early gas breakthrough in producers near the gas cap. The problem with characterizing HPS is associated with their thickness- in Reservoir B it ranges from 0.5 to 2.5ft and occur in multiple subzones in the upper part of the reservoir. The standard triple combo suite of logs does not have the resolution to detect these thin HPS. In addition, the cored interval of the HPS is mainly disintegrated which is attributed majorly to well sorted grain-supported lithofacies. Therefore, sampling for porosity & permeability via Routine Core Analysis (RCA) and Capillary pressure as well as pore throat distribution using Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) method is extremely difficult. This results in a gap in the input dataset for the static models, where the higher permeability samples are not captured in logs or cores and are therefore under-represented. Current approach to unify this gap is to use permeability multipliers, which does not honor geological trends. The HPS in Reservoir B has added complexities when compared to other regional HPS. Not only are they multiple and distributed across subzones, there is also preferential movement of water through the HPS within the same area. Of the 3 upper subzones that have HPS, in some areas, water injected in lower subzone will override the HPS in the middle and move right to the HPS in the top subzone, thereby ignoring the hierarchical flood front movement from bottom to the top. A robust workflow was developed in order to address and resolve the above mentioned uncertainties related to High Permeability Streaks. The proposed integrated workflow consisted of five stages: Developing a robust geological conceptual model Mapping spatial distribution & continuity Capturing the vertical presence in cored & uncored wells (depth & thickness) Permeability Quantification of HPS using Well Test Measurements Modelling High Permeability Streaks The paper highlights the utilization of a range of static (core, Routine Core Analysis (RCA), image logs, OH logs) and dynamic data (Pulse Neutron Logs (PNL's), later drilled Open Hole Logs, Production Logging Tools (PLTs) and well test data). Quantitative (HPS depth indicated by water saturation profile indicated by waterflood movement) and Qualitative (Flooding observed but HPS depth is uncertain) depth indicators/flags were generated from the data set and became the foundation of the modelling the HPS. The first step in the workflow is to establish a robust geological conceptual model. For Reservoir B, certain facies contribute to HPS, which are mainly leached Rudist Rudstones and Coated grain Algal Floatstones as well as well sorted Skeletal Grainstones. Based on core observations, they have confirmed vertical stratigraphic presence in each subzone (top, mid, base) which is attributed to storm events. These were consequently mapped using average thickness from core descriptions and revised using contributing facies trend maps and qualitative dynamic observations. These maps served as basis for probability trend distribution for static rock type models. The vertical presence of HPS was increased from 10% to 30% by re-introducing them in the missing core intervals using quantitative dynamic flags and thickness from isochores. Consequently, permeability were assigned in the missing section using the proposed permeability enhancement technique that honors the verified well test measurements. Based on the above improvements, the HPS intervals were mapped to the static rock type with best reservoir quality (SRT 1), which is also linked to certain geological attributes (i.e. lithofacies, diagenetic overprint & depositional environment). The enhanced permeability in the identified HPS intervals is also reflected as upgraded SRT (from lower SRT 2 to best SRT 1). The overall impact is observed by improvement of poro-perm cloud, with added control points for HPS SRT (1), which is vital for permeability modelling. The updated permeability model, captures high perm streaks in terms of vertical presence and magnitude. By introducing higher permeability in the upper subzones of the reservoir, the water overriding/gas cusping phenomena could then be mimicked in the dynamic model. The proposed methodology is an integrated workflow that maximizes the input from each disciplines (G&G, Petrophysics and Reservoir Engineering) to create a robust static model through incorporation of high permeability streaks. The use static and dynamic data, has helped to establish HPS existence/preference, which then could be used to upgrade the permeability/SRT. This will in turn lead to a better static model and a better history match in the dynamic model. It will also led to better remaining in place prediction and enable accurate prediction for future field development, especially where EOR is involved.