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Journal articles on the topic "Water Conservation Laboratory"
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Imai, Tsuyoshi, Ramida Watanapokasin, Alissara Reungsang, Masahiko Sekine, and Takaya Higuchi. "Water environment conservation in a closed water body by high concentrated oxygen water." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.802.
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In this study, the method of using high concentrated oxygen water to purify the bottom sediment was confirmed to be effective. The high concentrated oxygen dissolver was developed and the lab scale experiment was performed. High rate, high efficiency oxygen dissolver was developed, the optimum running condition of the apparatus and the method of producing high concentrated oxygen water was discussed and determined in this study. In addition, the effective prevention of phosphorus release from anaerobic bottom sediment was also studied. As a result, it is found that high concentrated oxygen water was effective for prevention of phosphorus release from anaerobic bottom sediment. On the basis of the fundamental knowledge from the laboratory-scale study, pilot scale apparatus was set up and the pilot study was carried out. It is showed that the introduction of high concentrated oxygen water did not destroy the thermocline of dam reservoir.
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Abou Assi, Reem, Theam Foo Ng, Jing Rui Tang, Mohd Sayuti Hassan, and Siok Yee Chan. "Statistical Analysis of Green Laboratory Practice Survey: Conservation on Non-Distilled Water from Distillation Process." Water 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152018.
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The water crisis is identified as the most serious global risk for the coming decade. Distilled water is one of the on-demand elements in academic laboratories; however, water scarcity may eventually affect the education sector, necessitating the implementation of new policies. Human behavior, awareness, knowledge, and opinion is having an impact on water management; accordingly, a questionnaire was purposely designed and validated to assess these variables in a Malaysian public university regarding the use of non-distilled water produced by the distillation process. An exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: “concept of green laboratory and water”, “usage of non-distilled water”, “knowledge about water distillation”, and “behavior related to water conservation”. Using the Mann–Whitney U test to compare laboratory and non-laboratory users’ responses, the variables “Knowledge”, “Behavior”, and “Opinion” revealed statistically significant differences, with laboratory users scoring higher in all four variables. Employing the Kruskal–Wallis H test in an occupation-based comparison among laboratory users, and with an additional variable “Practice”, showed that “Lecturer” has the highest mean rank for “Awareness”, “Behavior”, and “Opinion”, while “Laboratory Assistant” has the highest mean rank for “Knowledge”. This study provides a rationale analysis for future insights to educate faculty members about the reuse of non-distilled water sustainably.
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Gholami, Leila, Nabiyeh Karimi, and Ataollah Kavian. "Soil and water conservation using biochar and various soil moisture in laboratory conditions." CATENA 182 (November 2019): 104151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104151.
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Broodryk, G. J. "Computerized program for information management in the modern water laboratory." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 2 (September 28, 2002): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i2.228.
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There is a great demand for pure water that is fit for human consumption. There is also a great demand for the industrial use of this essential source in plants in order to supply certain products to consumers. The industrial use of water is often associated with water pollution and the polluted water is often discharged into rivers and natural streams. The increasing demand for the chemical monitoring of water qualities therefore emphasizes the importance of an efficient and workable management system to remain profitable and competitive in a fast growing industry. The integrated laboratory information management system (ILIMS) is developed by the authors to increase productivity by integrating the documentation relevant to safety and environmental conservation, human resources, personnel training and development, and quality.
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Naumann, A. K., D. Notz, L. Håvik, and A. Sirevaag. "Laboratory study of initial sea-ice growth: properties of grease ice and nilas." Cryosphere 6, no. 4 (July 10, 2012): 729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-729-2012.
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Abstract. We investigate initial sea-ice growth in an ice-tank study by freezing an NaCl solution of about 29 g kg−1 in three different setups: grease ice grew in experiments with waves and in experiments with a current and wind, while nilas formed in a quiescent experimental setup. In this paper we focus on the differences in bulk salinity, solid fraction and thickness between these two ice types. The bulk salinity of the grease-ice layer in our experiments remained almost constant until the ice began to consolidate. In contrast, the initial bulk-salinity evolution of the nilas is well described by a linear decrease of about 2.1 g kg−1 h−1 independent of air temperature. This rapid decrease can be qualitatively understood by considering a Rayleigh number that became maximum while the nilas was still less than 1 cm thick. Comparing three different methods to measure solid fraction in grease ice based on (a) salt conservation, (b) mass conservation and (c) energy conservation, we find that the method based on salt conservation does not give reliable results if the salinity of the interstitial water is approximated as being equal to the salinity of the underlying water. Instead the increase in salinity of the interstitial water during grease-ice formation must be taken into account. In our experiments, the solid fraction of grease ice was relatively constant with values of 0.25, whereas it increased to values as high as 0.50 as soon as the grease ice consolidated at its surface. In contrast, the solid fraction of the nilas increased continuously in the first hours of ice formation and reached an average value of 0.55 after 4.5 h. The spatially averaged ice thickness was twice as large in the first 24 h of ice formation in the setup with a current and wind compared to the other two setups, since the wind kept parts of the water surface ice free and therefore allowed for a higher heat loss from the water. The development of the ice thickness can be reproduced well with simple, one dimensional models that only require air temperature or ice surface temperature as input.
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Scalize, Paulo Sergio, Samara Silva Soares, Andreia Cristina Fonseca Alves, Thaynara Azevedo Marques, Gabriel Gade Martins Mesquita, Nara Ballaminut, and Antonio Carvalho João Albuquerque. "Use of condensed water from air conditioning systems." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0031.
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Abstract Facing the growing demand for water, discussions on environmental sustainability and conservation of this resource have become increasingly important. Among the possibilities for water conservation, air conditioning systems have potential applicability because, during their operation, water is generated via the condensation of air humidity, which is normally discarded. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the water released by air conditioning equipment (condensed water) installed in the Laboratory of Water Analysis (LAnA) qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to verify its potential for use in the laboratory itself. For this, the quality of the water produced by three air conditioners was compared water quality parameters found in the literature, as well as with water produced by a distiller and an ultra-purifier, both used in the LAnA. Water quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters (i.e. pH, electrical conductivity, resistivity, alkalinity, turbidity, apparent color and hardness) and microbiological parameters (i.e. total coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria). The average water flow produced by the three monitored air conditioners was 3.08 L/hour, which is higher than the daily consumption by the LAnA, indicating that its use would be quantitatively propitious. The physicochemical and microbiological analyses found that, condensed water can be used in the routine activities of LAnA. However, for its use as reagent-grade water, a prior treatment would be necessary, mainly due to the presence of heterotrophic bacteria.
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Karhe, Prof R. R., and Ms Vaishali Dilip Kachawa. "IoT based Water Management System." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i9.5358.
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The conventional technique of measuring the quality of water is to gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis, but this technique is time overwhelming and not economical. Since it is not feasible to take the water sample to the laboratory after every hour for measuring its quality. The water quality measuring system can measure the essential qualities of water in real time. The system consists of multiple sensors to measure the standard of water, microcontroller and wifi modem to send the information to the watching center. It's a true time system which is able to endlessly measure the standard of water and can send the measured values to the watching center when each predefinedtime.
During the past decade, water needs have increased unpredictably in India. Increasing demand of water supply has become a major challenge for the world. Wasteful usage of water, climatic changes and Urbanization has further depleted the resource. Conservation and management of the resource must be given utmost importance. In this paper, we present an IoT design for water monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection on real time bases. This paper proposes a system that addresses new challenges in the water sector -flow rate measuring and the need for a study of the supply of water in order to curb water wastage and encourage its conservation. We also measure the quality of water distributed to every household by deploying pH and conductivity sensors. The traditional water metering systems require periodic human intervention for maintenance making it inconvenient and often least effective. This system is designed to overcome for shortcoming of the existing models for a ubiquitous usage of wireless systems for smart quality monitoring and communicate datawirelessly.
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Brick, Cameron, and David K. Sherman. "When Does Being Watched Change Pro-Environmental Behaviors in the Laboratory?" Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052766.
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Pro-environmental behaviors such as conserving water, reducing flights, or purchasing energy-efficient appliances are subject to social pressures. The influence of norms on behavior is widely studied, but it is less clear which social identities (e.g., political ideology; being an environmentalist) and contextual factors lead individuals to pursue or avoid pro-environmental behaviors. The visibility of behaviors—whether an action can be observed by others—has attracted wide research attention in psychology, business, and economics for theoretical and practical reasons. This paper includes three experiments on visibility, total N = 735 (U.S. university students). There were no effects of visibility on “green” purchases, donation to a conservation organization, or willingness to sign up for a water-reducing student meal plan; these null effects are consistent with a recent Registered Report. Additional predictors are also modeled, such as Openness and the need for status. It remains likely that being observed by certain audiences will affect certain pro-environmental behaviors in certain contexts. The discussion centers on methodological and conceptual issues contributing to null effects and to how future research can usefully explore individual difference moderators, type of audience, and types of pro-environmental behavior that influence when visibility might change conservation behaviors.
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Davies, I., C. Goddard, A. P. Fotheringham, B. Moser, and E. B. Faragher. "The effect of age on the control of water conservation in the laboratory mouse-metabolic studies." Experimental Gerontology 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(85)90009-9.
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Parker, Janna M., Doreen Sams, Amit Poddar, and Kalina Manoylov. "Water conservation behavior: is what we say what we do?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 35, no. 6 (September 10, 2018): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-09-2017-2345.
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Purpose The purpose of this study (mixed-method) was to examine the effectiveness of two types of marketing interventions on water conservation behavior and to compare behaviors to self-reported conservation claims. Design/methodology/approach This paper consists of four phases (advertisement selection focus group, behavioral trace field study, self-report survey and follow-up focus group). In the USA, residing in a dormitory typically includes a fee for water without quantity restrictions. The subjects for this research were college students who lived in dormitories at a medium-sized university in southeastern USA where metering individual water consumption is not possible. Findings The results of the field study phase of student water conservation behaviors were not congruent with the participants’ self-reported behaviors. Phase 2 yielded results contrary to published laboratory experimental research in which cause-related claims were effective. Research limitations/implications This research was limited by a single sample (one university), time (13 weeks) and the inability to measure individual consumption behavior. However, valuable findings were obtained, and suggestions surfaced for future research. Practical implications Using eco-feedback technology and advertisements may result in significant cost savings. While findings were somewhat inconclusive, there was evidence that the use of the eco-feedback technology could result in cost savings for the subject university. Originality/value The behavioral trace study is one of the first field research studies in the marketing discipline designed to examine resource conservation behavior in an impactful way. Further, this research used a single sample triangulated methodology across Phases 2, 3 and 4.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Conservation Laboratory"
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Bere, Taurai. "The diatom assemblages as indicators of field and laboratory conditions in lotic systems: conservation and water quality management in São Carlos-SP catchment, Brazil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1723.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-30Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Comunidades perifíticas (especialmente diatomáceas) constituem um sistema rico em informações para o monitoramento ambiental, colocando-as entre os indicadores mais importantes das condições ecológicas em sistemas lóticos. Nesta tese, os estudos de campo e experimentos de laboratório foram realizados para esclarecer os confusos efeitos da seleção do substrato, eutrofização, poluição orgânica, força iônica, padrões de uso do solo e poluição por metais pesados nas comunidades bentônicas de diatomáceas. Características das comunidades bentônicas de diatomáceas em relação ao nível e tipo de poluição foram analisadas através de critérios gerais (clorofila a, peso seco, peso seco de cinza e densidade celular no caso dos experimentos de laboratório) e critérios específicos (método de valor de indicador, técnicas de análise multivariada e índices baseados nas diatomáceas). Para estudos de campo, as comunidades de diatomáceas epilíticas, epífitas, epipsâmicas e epipelicas, além das que crescem em tijolos e vidros, foram avaliadas, assim como a qualidade da água. Um gradiente decrescente da qualidade da água foi observado a partir da área agrícola/florestal até a área urbana. A estrutura da comunidade de diatomáceas refletiu este gradiente. Pontos em áreas de nascentes, com boa qualidade da água, foram caracterizados por espécies como Eunotia bilunaris, E. intermedia, Aulacoseira alpigena, Cymbopleura naviculiformis e Stauroneis phoenicenteron. Pontos em áreas urbanas, com média à baixa qualidade da água foram caracterizados por espécies como Frustulia rhomboids, Nitzschia linearis, Cyclotella pseudostelligera, Pinnularia gibba e Achnanthidium minutissimum e os pontos em áreas urbanas próximo à jusante, com baixa qualidade da água, por espécies como Luticola geoppertiana, Nitzschia palea, Sellaphora pupula, Planotidium lanceolatum e Fallacia monoculata. Espécies comuns de diatomáceas não foram restritas em um único substrato, embora a preferência fosse geralmente alta para natural (especialmente macrófitas) em comparação com substratos artificiais. Os resultados da análise multivariada da qualidade da água baseados em diatomáceas amostradas em diferentes substratos demonstraram ser intercambiáveis. Variância nos dados das diatomáceas foi dividida entre dois conjuntos de variáveis exploratórias, ou seja, força iônica (26,9%), outras variáveis como, eutrofização e poluição orgânica (23,0%), variância compartilhada (11,3%) e variação não explicada (38,8%). Finalmente, 17 índices desenvolvidos em outras regiões provaram ser úteis para fornecer uma indicação da qualidade das águas estudadas. 4 Para os experimentos de laboratório, os efeitos do cádmio, cromo III e chumbo sobre as comunidades perifíticas naturais amostradas no rio Monjolinho, foram estudados. Hormese foi demonstrado com um EC50 de 0,077 mgL-1 Cd registrado. Boa capacidade de acumulação de metal (total e intracelular) pelo perifíton foi demonstrada, dependendo da concentração do metal e duração da exposição. Pb e Cr III diminuíram os efeitos da toxicidade de Cd em comunidades perifíticas sugerindo antagonismo. Finalmente, os efeitos combinados de freqüência, duração, período de recuperação, tipo de produto químico e tempo de pulsos com elevadas concentrações de Cd, Cr III e Pb em comunidades perifíticas foram avaliados. Quanto mais a freqüência e a duração do pulso se aproximam de uma exposição contínua, maiores serão os efeitos dos contaminantes sobre a vida aquática. Quanto maior a freqüência de pulsos de curta duração, mais provável é a produção de efeitos semelhantes aos das exposições de longa duração. A luminosidade mostrou ter um papel importante na modulação dos efeitos de toxicidade de metais sobre a vida aquática. Mudanças na composição de espécies (desenvolvimento de espécies mais resistentes como A. minutissimum e redução das espécies mais sensíveis, como Navicula viridula, Navicula cryptocephala e E. bilunaris), diminuição da riqueza e diversidade, alterações morfológicas (deformidade) das células de diatomáceas, aumento da concentração de metais, duração de exposição e diferentes cenários de exposição foram observados.
Periphyton communities (especially diatoms) constitute a system rich in information for environmental monitoring, placing them among important indicators of ecological conditions in lotic systems. In this thesis, field studies and laboratory experiments were conducted to elucidate the confounding effects of substrate selection, eutrophication, organic pollution, ionic strength, land-use patterns, and heavy metal pollution on benthic diatom communities. Characteristics of benthic diatom communities in relation to pollution level and type were analysed through general criteria (chlorophyll a, dry weight, ash-free dry weight, and cell densities in the case of laboratory experiments) and specific criteria (indicator value method, multivariate techniques and diatom-base indices). For field studies, epilithic, epiphytic, epipsammic and epipelic diatom communities and those growing on bricks and glasses and water quality were assessed. A gradient of decreasing water quality was observed from the agricultural/forested area to the urban area. Diatom community structure closely reflected this gradient. Upstream sites with good water quality were characterized by such species as Aulacoseira alpigena, Cymbopleura naviculiformis, Eunotia bilunaris, E. intermedia and Stauroneis phoenicenteron. Urban sites with medium to bad water quality were characterised by such species as Frustulia rhomboids, Nitzschia linearis, Cyclotella pseudostelligera, Pinnularia gibba and Achnanthidium minutissimum. Downstream urban sites with very bad water quality were characterised by such species as Luticola geoppertiana, Nitzschia palea, Sellaphora pupula, Planotidium lanceolatum and Fallacia monoculata. Common diatom species were not restricted to a single substrate, though preference was generally high for natural (especially macrophytes) compared to artificial substrates. The results of diatom-based multivariate water quality assessment based on different substrates were shown to be interchangeable. Variance in diatom data was partitioned between two sets of exploratory variables, i.e. ionic strength (26.9%), other variables, particularly eutrophication and organic pollution (23.0%), shared variance (11.3%) and unexplained variance (38.8%). Finally, 17 indices developed in other regions proved useful in providing an indication of the quality of the investigated waters. For laboratory experiments, effects of cadmium, chromium III and lead on natural periphyton community sampled from the Monjolinho River were studied. Hormesis was demonstrated with a Cd EC50 of 0.077 mg.L-1 being recorded. High metal accumulation 2 capacity (total and intracellular) by periphyton was demonstrated depending on metal concentration and exposure duration. Pb and Cr III were shown to decrease the toxicity effects of Cd on periphyton communities suggesting antagonism. Finally, combined effects of frequency, duration, recovery period, chemical type and timing of pulses with elevated Cd, Cr III and Pb concentrations on periphyton communities were assessed. The closer the frequency and duration of the pulse is to a continuous exposure, the greater the effects of the contaminant on aquatic life. The higher the frequency of short duration pulses the more likely they are to produce effects similar to that of long duration exposures. Light was shown to have a potential role in modulating the effects of metal toxicants on aquatic life. Shifts in species composition (development of more resistant species like A. minutissimum and reduction of sensitive ones like Navicula viridula, Navicula cryptocephala, and Eunotia bilunaris), decreases in species richness and diversity and morphological alterations (deformities) of diatom cells with increasing metal concentration and exposure duration and different exposure scenarios were observed.
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Maxwell, R. M. Tompson A. F. B. Richardson J. H. El-Naser H. Rihani J. F. F. Subah A. El Sha'r W. A. Al-Hadidi Khair Al-Awamleh M. Al-Foqaha M. Abu-Eid O. Hayyaneh R. A. "Experiential Education in Groundwater Hydrology Bridging the Technical-Policy-Populace Gap Final Report." Washington, D.C : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : United States. Dept. of Energy ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2003. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15006124-edMhAR/native/.
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Thesis; Thesis information not provided; 17 Jul 2003.Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-LR-154423" Maxwell, R M; Tompson, A F B; Richardson, J H; El-Naser, H; Rihani, J. F F; Subah, A.; El Sha'r, W A; Al-Hadidi, Khair; Al-Awamleh, M; Al-Foqaha, M; Abu-Eid, O; Hayyaneh, R A. 07/17/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Khairul, Bashar. "Developing a conceptual model of intergranular conservative solute transport processes for water flow through laboratory-scale samples of the UK Triassic sandstones." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683933.
Full textBooks on the topic "Water Conservation Laboratory"
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Agriculture, United States Congress House Committee on. Authorizing the establishment by the Secretary of Agriculture of a plant stress and water conservation research laboratory and program at Lubbock, Texas: Report (to accompany H.R. 2663). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Authorizing the establishment by the Secretary of Agriculture of a plant stress and water conservation research laboratory and program at Lubbock, Texas: Report (to accompany H.R. 2663). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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Agriculture, United States Congress House Committee on. Authorizing the establishment by the Secretary of Agriculture of a plant stress and water conservation research laboratory and program at Lubbock, Texas: Report (to accompany H.R. 2663). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture. Establishment of a plant stress and water conservation research laboratory and program at Lubbock, Texas: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, on H.R. 2663, June 23, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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M, Garrison L., Li︠u︡bimov B. P, Chalov R. S, and Nauchno-issledovatelʹskai︠a︡ laboratorii︠a︡ ėrozii pochv i ruslovykh prot︠s︡essov im. N.I. Makkaveeva., eds. Bibliografii︠a︡ nauchnykh rabot: Nauchno-issledovatelʹskoĭ laboratorii ėrozii pochv i ruslovykh prot︠s︡essov im. N.I. Makkaveeva, (1969-2006 gody). Moskva: Geograf. fakulʹtet MGU, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water Conservation Laboratory"
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Chan, Siok-Yee, Theam Foo Ng, and Mohd Sayuti Hassan. "A Survey of Laboratory Practice on Water Scarcity: Conservation of Drained Water from the Water Distillation Process." In World Sustainability Series, 761–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15604-6_46.
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"Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century." In Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century, edited by Jan Jeffrey Hoover, April Turnage, and Jack Killgore. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874127.ch9.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Rheotaxis, endurance, and behavior of juvenile paddlefish <em>Polyodon spathula </em>(<115 mm eye-to-fork length) were measured in a laboratory swim tunnel. Paddlefish were positively rheotactic (>80% of individuals tested). They exhibited sustained swimming ($200 min) at water velocities up to 40 cm/s, prolonged swimming (0.5–52 min) at 30–50 cm/s, and burst swimming (<0.5 min) at water velocities 60–75 cm/s. Behavior consisted exclusively of free swimming in the water column. Fish recovered from white spot <em>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis </em>disease appeared healthy but had reduced endurance at low to moderate water velocities. Data were used to quantify risk of entrainment by dredges at a given water velocity as an index, values of which ranged from 0.00 (unlikely) to 1.00 (inevitable). Entrainment risk was evaluated for escape speeds considered environmentally conservative (based on prolonged swim speed) and operationally conservative (based on burst swim speed), using flow field models of three cutterhead dredges having pipe diameters of 71, 51, and 30 cm. Entrainment was likely within a radius of 1.25 m of the cutterhead, but degree of risk and distance of entraining flow varied substantially with pipe size. Entrainment risk of paddlefish can be reduced by (1) temporal restrictions on dredging, (2) stocking juveniles that have not been treated for disease, and (3) use of small diameter pipes (ideally < 30 cm).
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"Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America." In Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America, edited by Mary L. Moser and Matthew G. Mesa. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874134.ch5.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Both juvenile and adult anadromous lampreys encounter a variety of obstacles to passage during migration. Hydropower dams can delay or obstruct adults, and turbine entrainment or screen impingement can injure or kill juveniles. Lampreys also face less dramatic obstacles such as culverts, irrigation diversion dams and screens, weirs, and other low-elevation structures. The extent to which most structures affect juvenile and adult movements is not known. However, recent research on lamprey swimming performance and migration behavior has provided new insight into the physical and performance factors that may limit lamprey movements. We drew from both field and laboratory studies to review lamprey swimming performance and migration behavior and the effects of water velocity, attachment sites, light, and temperature on lamprey movements. Based on this review, we identified the following as primary research needs for all lamprey life stages: determination of cues lampreys use to orient during migration, documentation of lamprey endurance limits, and evaluation of energy expenditure during migration and its effects on lamprey fitness.
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"Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America." In Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America, edited by Ulrich G. Reinhardt, Thomas Binder, and D. Gordon McDonald. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874134.ch6.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Low-head barriers against invasive sea lampreys <em>Petromyzon marinus</em> in the Great Lakes are designed to maintain a minimum crest height of 30 cm and have a lip on the crest to prevent them from climbing over the barrier. We tested the ability of migratory-phase sea lampreys to scale inclined ramps with shallow (0.7–5 cm) water depth. We predicted that sea lampreys would jump the barrier and that their ability to attach would increase passage success. A recirculating flume and ramp with a vertical height of 10–30 cm and an inclination between 308 and 608 were used to evaluate lamprey climbing ability. Lampreys trying to scale the ramp were monitored by passive integrated transponder tag readers and low-light video cameras. No lampreys were observed jumping out of the water to scale a barrier. Independent of ramp angle, no fish passed over a 30-cm ramp. Lampreys often attached themselves to the ramp, but without a gain of vertical height between repeated attempts. The success rate at lower ramp heights varied between 0% (15 cm height, 308 angle) and 63% (10 cm height, 608 angle). Only ramps shorter than half the body length of the lampreys could be surmounted. Apparently, the lampreys had to have their dorso-ventral fins fully submerged in the downstream pool to create enough propulsion to scale a ramp in burst-swimming mode. An analysis of 1,300 passage attempts in a field-validation experiment showed a greater apparent motivation to move up a ramp but reconfirmed our laboratory findings on passage technique and maximum performance. We conclude that sea lamprey barrier height could be further reduced and that an overhanging lip is not necessary as sea lampreys neither climb nor jump over barriers. A ramp with a shallow inclination and moderate vertical height and water flow is a new design suggestion for a barrier that blocks sea lampreys and may allow other fish species to pass.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by David B. Packer and Tom Hoff. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.</em> —To satisfy the essential fish habitat (EFH) mandate of the reauthorized Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (MAFMC) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are developing objective, generic criteria to describe and identify the essential habitats for their managed species. Summer flounder or fluke <em>Paralichthys dentatus </em> is an important commercial and recreational species that occurs from shallow estuaries to the outer continental shelf from Nova Scotia to Florida. It is most abundant within the Middle Atlantic Bight from New England to Cape Hatteras, and this region is the focus of this paper. Summer flounder make seasonal inshore–offshore migrations; adults and juveniles normally inhabit shallow coastal and estuarine waters during the warmer months of the year and mostly move offshore with declining water temperature and day length during autumn. Adults spawn during the fall and winter migrations. The best habitat information available on summer flounder is for the estuarinedependent transforming larvae and juveniles. They use several different estuarine habitats as nursery areas, including salt-marsh creeks, sea grass beds, mudflats, and open bay areas. In these habitats, water temperature affects the seasonal occurrence of summer flounder, drives the inshore–offshore migration, and, particularly during winter and spring, affects first-year growth and survival and thus subsequent year-class strength. The distribution of transforming larvae and juveniles within the estuaries is significantly influenced by salinity gradients and substrate. Transforming larvae and juveniles show a preference for sandy substrates in the laboratory but also have been captured on mud or mixed substrates. Juveniles are attracted to eelgrass and macroalgae habitats because of the presence of prey but remain in nearby sand to avoid predators as well as conceal themselves from the prey. The MAFMC used the life history and habitat parameter information developed by the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) to precisely describe the EFH of summer flounder by life stage. Because summer flounder are overexploited, the MAFMC wanted to be conservative in its EFH identification. Therefore, 90% of the areas where each life history stage has been collected from offshore surveys were identified as EFH. The MAFMC proposed that 100% of the estuaries where larvae and juveniles were identified as being present be identified as EFH because these life stages are estuarine dependent. Nursery habitats within the estuaries are essential because they provide the best conditions for growth and survival of the transforming larvae and juveniles. Submerged aquatic vegetation beds are especially vulnerable and were identified as habitat areas of particular concern. As more habitatrelated density data become available from various local, state, and federal fishery-independent surveys, updated maps of distribution and abundance will be produced.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by David B. Packer and Tom Hoff. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch8.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract.</em> —To satisfy the essential fish habitat (EFH) mandate of the reauthorized Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (MAFMC) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are developing objective, generic criteria to describe and identify the essential habitats for their managed species. Summer flounder or fluke <em>Paralichthys dentatus </em> is an important commercial and recreational species that occurs from shallow estuaries to the outer continental shelf from Nova Scotia to Florida. It is most abundant within the Middle Atlantic Bight from New England to Cape Hatteras, and this region is the focus of this paper. Summer flounder make seasonal inshore–offshore migrations; adults and juveniles normally inhabit shallow coastal and estuarine waters during the warmer months of the year and mostly move offshore with declining water temperature and day length during autumn. Adults spawn during the fall and winter migrations. The best habitat information available on summer flounder is for the estuarinedependent transforming larvae and juveniles. They use several different estuarine habitats as nursery areas, including salt-marsh creeks, sea grass beds, mudflats, and open bay areas. In these habitats, water temperature affects the seasonal occurrence of summer flounder, drives the inshore–offshore migration, and, particularly during winter and spring, affects first-year growth and survival and thus subsequent year-class strength. The distribution of transforming larvae and juveniles within the estuaries is significantly influenced by salinity gradients and substrate. Transforming larvae and juveniles show a preference for sandy substrates in the laboratory but also have been captured on mud or mixed substrates. Juveniles are attracted to eelgrass and macroalgae habitats because of the presence of prey but remain in nearby sand to avoid predators as well as conceal themselves from the prey. The MAFMC used the life history and habitat parameter information developed by the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) to precisely describe the EFH of summer flounder by life stage. Because summer flounder are overexploited, the MAFMC wanted to be conservative in its EFH identification. Therefore, 90% of the areas where each life history stage has been collected from offshore surveys were identified as EFH. The MAFMC proposed that 100% of the estuaries where larvae and juveniles were identified as being present be identified as EFH because these life stages are estuarine dependent. Nursery habitats within the estuaries are essential because they provide the best conditions for growth and survival of the transforming larvae and juveniles. Submerged aquatic vegetation beds are especially vulnerable and were identified as habitat areas of particular concern. As more habitatrelated density data become available from various local, state, and federal fishery-independent surveys, updated maps of distribution and abundance will be produced.
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Reiss, Julia. "Microorganisms 2." In Freshwater Ecology and Conservation, 157–72. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766384.003.0008.
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Organisms that are invisible to the naked eye are the most abundant component of any freshwater community. These tiny organisms span domains and phyla and include viruses, prokaryotes (archae and bacteria), protists (single-celled eukaryotes such as single-celled fungi, algae, and protozoans) and multicellular fungi and microscopic metazoans (such as nematodes). This chapter gives an overview of microscopically small organisms, including their contribution to biodiversity, and techniques used by biologists studying these organisms in fresh waters, such as sampling regimes and methods used in the laboratory. To conclude, three case studies are given which have the same aim: to estimate the abundance and activity of microscopically small organisms in natural, freshwater communities.
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Hobbie, John E., and Neil Bettez. "Climate Forcing at the Arctic LTER Site." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0011.
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The Arctic LTER site is located at 68º38'N and 149º43'W, at an elevation of 760 m in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska. The location, 208 km south of Prudhoe Bay, was chosen for accessibility to the Dalton Highway, which extends along the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline from north of Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean (figure 5.1). The rolling foothills at the site are covered with low tundra vegetation (Shaver et al. 1986a), which varies from heaths and lichens in dry sites to sedge tussocks on moist hillslopes to sedge wetlands in valley bottoms and along lakes. Riparian zones often have willow thickets up to 2 m in height. Small lakes are frequent; the best studied such lake is the 25-m-deep Toolik Lake (O’Brien 1992), the center of the LTER research site. Some 14 km from Toolik Lake, the Dalton Highway crosses the fourth-order Kuparuk River, the location of much of the LTER stream research (Peterson et al. 1993). Climate records at Toolik Lake have been kept since the early 1970s when a pipeline construction camp was established. On completion of the road in 1975, climate stations were set up by the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Laboratory (CRREL, climate reported in Haugan 1982 and Haugen and Brown 1980). Since 1987, the LTER project has maintained climate stations at Toolik Lake (http:// ecosystems.mbl.edu/arc/) whereas the Water Resources Center of the University of Alaska has continuous records beginning in 1985 from nearby Imnavait Creek. An automatic station at Imnavait now reports every few hours to the Natural Resources Conservation Service–Alaska of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. The characteristics of the climate in northern Alaska are summarized by Zhang et al. (1996), who pointed out the strong influence of the ocean during both summer and winter months. They reported that the mean annual air temperature is coldest at the coast (–12.4ºC), where there are strong temperature inversions in the winter, and warmest in the foothills (–8.0ºC). At Toolik Lake, snow covers the ground for about eight months, and some 40% of the total precipitation of 250–350 mm falls as snow.
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"Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium." In Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium, edited by Kelly B. Gestring, Paul L. Shafland, and Murray S. Stanford. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874585.ch16.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Bullseye Snakehead <em>Channa marulius </em>is an air-breathing, large-bodied freshwater fish native to Southeast Asia. All <em>Channa </em>species are listed as prohibited (no live possession) in Florida and are high priority for Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR). This species was illegally introduced to southeast Florida waters and first reported in 2000. Bullseye Snakehead are now abundant in six major canal systems and are slowly spreading into interconnected canals. The laboratory derived lower lethal temperature of ≤10°C indicates the potential range of Bullseye Snakehead is limited to peninsular Florida. Bullseye Snakehead opportunistically feed on a wide variety of organisms but primarily consume small fishes, crustaceans, and insects. No measurable negative effects on native fishes in urban canals have been associated with the presence of Bullseye Snakehead to date. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) is concerned these successful invaders may spread into natural areas including Everglades National Park where their potential adverse impacts are unknown. The FWC conducts standardized electrofishing, promotes consumptive use at outreach events, and conducts EDRR as management strategies for Bullseye Snakehead. The illegal presence of Bullseye Snakehead in Florida is undesirable and less problematic to native fish communities in urban canals than anticipated, but their potential impact in natural areas is unclear.
Conference papers on the topic "Water Conservation Laboratory"
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Prica, Sanja, Vladimir Stevanovic, and Blazenka Maslovaric. "Numerical Simulation of Condensation Induced Water Hammer." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49404.
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A numerical model for the simulation and analyses of condensation induced water hammer is presented and applied to the prediction of intensive pressure waves propagation in a two-phase pipe system. The modelling approach is based on the one-dimensional homogeneous two-phase flow model, tracking of the water column–steam bubble interface and modelling of the direct steam condensation on the subcooled liquid. The mass, momentum and enthalpy conservation equations are solved with the method of characteristics. The explicit time integration is performed along the three characteristic paths, where two of them are determined with the pressure waves propagation and third by the fluid particle flow. Fluid particle and water-steam interface tracking is achieved through the third-order accurate solving of the energy equation in space, where the thermodynamic quality determines the presence of water, two-phase mixture or steam. The heat conduction term is included into the enthalpy equation with the appropriate effective heat conduction coefficient in the two-phase region. The model is applied to the simulation and analyses of condensation induced water hammer in laboratory test case.
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Deniz, Sabri. "A Laboratory Based Course on Energy Systems in Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Program." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56186.
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A laboratory based undergraduate course focused on energy systems and energy efficiency was developed at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences. The course is a practice-oriented introduction to fluid / energy systems, turbomachinery, and energy production. It is offered to the mechanical engineering as well as to the “Energy Systems” program students in the first semester. Main parts of the course are experiments and mini projects carried out in the fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and turbomachinery laboratories. After an introduction of (1) the basic theory of the mass- and energy conservation equations as main governing laws for energy systems and (2) measurement techniques during the first two weeks, the students carry out experiments in small groups on different test rigs with the help of an instructor for about four weeks (each week a different test). The experiments and test rigs are selected considering different aspects of turbomachinery and energy systems. They cover hydraulic turbines, small wind turbines, a water pump, compressor, heat pump, combined heat and power system, fuel cell, solar energy, and combustion engine. Following a two weeks theory wrap up, the students start with mini projects again in small groups in the laboratory. The students are requested to do a new design or to carry out a design change or modification at an existing machine or test rig. They also need to test their new design or design modification. At the end the students have to do a presentation about the mini project results and write a short report. The objectives of the course are first to introduce the laboratory environment to the students from the beginning of the curriculum. Further the experimental investigations on laboratory test rigs make the students familiar with the fundamentals, working principles, characteristics, operation, and application of turbomachinery and energy systems. They also learn the basics of energy conversion, conservation, and the importance of relevant performance parameters such as efficiency. The mini projects have direct practical relevance to real world problems and applications. From an educational viewpoint the students are introduced to team-work during the projects, project planning with execution, and they are learning by doing or by experiential learning. The students are actively involved in the mini projects and they can reflect their experience at the end of the course during the presentations. The implementation of the course is time consuming and costly but the feedback from the students is very positive although they are challenged by confronting real world energy systems and problems in the first semester.
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Saleem, Anjum, and Lars Frormann. "Functional Materials for Energy Storage: Fabrication of Shape Stabilized Polymeric Phase Change Composites and the Determination of Their Thermophysical Properties for Use in Energy Conservation Applications." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44092.
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Several polymeric thermal energy storage composites of high density polyethylene and polypropylene with two commercial paraffin waxes (PCM) P27 and P31 were prepared. The compounds were further reinforced with carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes to improve their thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency. The impact penetration behavior, service temperature and solvent resistance of the composites were improved by the addition of SEBS. DSC, optical microscopy, SEM, impact penetration and time–temperature history studies of the materials were done to determine the structure and thermal properties of these composites. The paraffins provide energy storage effect by solid–liquid phase change. The polymers encapsulate the paraffins so that the fluid motion of the PCMs is reduced during an application. The composites prepared were used for the construction of a small prototype swimming pool (laboratory scale). The time–temperature history of the composites, water in the container with and without energy storage materials and the environment was recorded. It was found that the composites significantly prolonged the cooling down time for water in the PCM pool. The difference between the cooling down temperature of water in a container with and without PCM composite was almost 4 hours. Moreover a computer program in C++ was written to solve the heat flow equations for the calculation of theoretical temperature–time curves.
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Shatat, M. I. M., K. Mahkamov, and K. Johnson. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Performance of Multi-Stage Solar Still Water Desalination Unit Coupled With an Evacuated Tube Solar Collector." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54253.
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At present scarcity of potable and drinking water is a pressing issue in certain parts of the Middle East region. Important advances have been made in desalination technologies but relatively high capital and running costs restrict their wide application even in cases when solar energy is used. Flat-plate solar collectors mainly have been employed in the past to distill water in compact desalination systems. Currently, it is possible to replace the above collectors by more advanced evacuated tube ones, which are available on the market at a similar price. This paper describes results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the operation of a solar still desalination system coupled with a heat pipe evacuated tube collector with the aperture area of about 1.7 m2. A multi-stage solar still water desalination system was designed to recover latent heat from evaporation and condensation processes in four stages. The variation in the solar radiation (insolation) during a typical mid-summer day in the Middle East region was simulated using an array of 110 halogen flood lights covering the area of the solar collector. The synthetic brackish lab water solution was used for experiments and its total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity and pH were measured prior to and after the distillation process. The system’s operation was numerically simulated using a mathematical model based on the system of ordinary differential equations describing mass and energy conservation in each stage of the system. The experimental and theoretical values for the total daily distillate output were found to be in good agreement. The results of tests demonstrate that the system produces about 6.5 kg of clean water per day and have the distillation efficiency equal to 76%. However, the overall efficiency of the laboratory test rig at this stage of investigations was found to be low at the level of 26% and this is due to excessive heat losses in the system. The analysis of the distilled water shows that its quality is within the World Health Organization guidelines. Further research is being performed to improve the performance of the installation.
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Frydrych, D., and M. Hokr. "Introduction of Object Oriented FEM Model Developed for Solving Thermal-Hydraulic Processes." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44318.
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Building of a model which could be used for optimization of design of nuclear waste storage, is one of biggest challenges in field of coupled processes modeling. Such a model have to take in consideration several fully-coupled processes. These processes are from field of Thermal, Hydro, Mechanical and Chemical science in short, they are described as THMC processes. Most of all, it is interaction of heat, generated by residual radiation in the waste, reacting with underground water and eventual chemical reaction in these water-solution. And all these actions being still a subject of eventual physical movements in the bedrock. In addition, model must take into consideration that values of a given process can change dramatically importance of this process characteristics for the safety of the storage. None of existing models is reaching the level of model complexity needed to address these issues. In this article is presented an object oriented model ISERIT. Model ISERIT is able to solve multidimensional task THH, where HH is for water, and water being present in 2 phases. The first phase is water vapor and the second phase is water absorbed by clay particles of the container buffer. In theoretical part of the article are defined governing equations. The governing equations are based on the conservation equations of heat and mass. The continuum equations are discretized in space by using the Galerkin finite element formulation. The time discretization is solved by implicit finite difference scheme. The main part of the article describes implementation of model ISERIT. Main structure of the model is defined with functionality of significant classes. The temperature, the water vapor concentration and the water concentration in solid phase are chosen as the three primary variables. The parameters, such as heat conductivity, heat capacity and water vapor diffusion coefficient, could be taken to be constants, or could be allowed to vary with temperature and water vapor concentration, without requiring fundamental modifications to the code. Article also describes how model can be enlarged to incorporate eventually other processes. This thanks to the fact, that model was build as object designed. At the end, article presents verification of the model against the experimental results, laboratory experiment BenchMark 1.3, as well as against full-scale experiment BenchMark 2.1.
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Wu, Li-Xia, and Mao-Yu Zheng. "Research of Combined Heating and Cooling by Solar Ground-Source Heat Pump and PCM Thermal Storage." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76045.
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In severely cold climate, significant amount of energy is used to heat buildings. Both the theoretical computation and experiments show that it is difficult and uneconomical to use solar energy collected merely in winter. A new method has been developed to store solar energy during summer, fall, and spring for winter heating. This paper presents in details the combined heating and cooling system by solar ground-source heat pump (GSHP) and short-term phase change material (PCM) thermal storage. The hybrid system and season-shift mode can make the sustainable use of solar energy possible. As for the above system, the solar energy collected is stored into soil through the U-tube heat exchanger. In winter, the thermal energy is taken out for heating using the GSHP. At the end of the heat supply season, the underground soil temperature may drop below 0°C. Then some heat exchangers begin to store the heat into soil while others stop. In summer, the U-tube heat exchanger is used to produce low temperature water without compressor to cool the room. The project was supported by the Energy Conservation Laboratory at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). The whole systems, which have run for over two years, consist of a flat plate solar hot water system installed on the roof, a soil thermal storage system, a GSHP system, a PCM thermal storage system and heating-cooling system. The measured results show an average heating coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.2 in winter and the cooling coefficient of performance (COP) of 18.0 in summer. The PCM thermal storage system has been investigated by numerical simulation and experiments in the cold climate. In most time of winter, the PCM thermal storage system was used to supply heat, while solar GSHP was also used during continuous cloudy days and severely cold days. The result shows that above method is feasible. The most advantage of this system is that it does not need the usual energy equipment. The numerical analysis has been used to investigate the thermal energy balance of the underground soil. The variation of the soil temperature field around the U-tube heat exchanger has also been studied, not only for the single exchanger but also for multiple exchangers. The underground soil makes the yearly thermal balance possible because the solar energy supplies the heat that is extracted from the soil for heating in winter. Then this system can operate for a long period.
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Morley, Andrew, Marius Twite, Norman Platts, Alec McLennan, and Chris Currie. "Effect of Surface Condition on the Fatigue Life of Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Temperature Water Environments." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84251.
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High temperature water environments typical of LWR operation are known to significantly reduce the fatigue life of reactor plant materials relative to air environments in laboratory studies. This environmental impact on fatigue life has led to the issue of US-NRC Regulatory Guide 1.207 [1] and supporting document NUREG/CR-6909 [2] which predicts significant environmental reduction in fatigue life (characterised by an environmental correction factor, Fen) for a range of actual and design basis transients. In the same report, a revision of the fatigue design curve for austenitic stainless steels and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys was proposed [2]. This was based on a revised mean curve fit to laboratory air data and revised design factors to account for effects not present in the test database, including the effect of rough surface finish. This revised fatigue design curve was endorsed by the NRC for new plant through Regulatory Guide 1.207 [1] and subsequently adopted by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code [3]. Additional rules for accounting for the effect of environment, such as the Fen approach, have been included in the ASME BPV Code as code cases such as Code Case N-792-1 [4]. However, there is a growing body of evidence [5] [6] [7] and [8] that a rough surface condition does not have the same impact in a high temperature water environment as in air. Therefore, application of Fen factors with this design curve may be unduly conservative as it implies a simple combination of the effects of rough surface and environment rather than an interaction. Explicit quantification of the interaction between surface finish and environment is the aim of a number of recent proposals for improvement to fatigue assessment methods, including a Rule in Probationary Phase in the RCC-M Code and a draft Code Case submitted to the ASME BPV Code as described in References [9] and [10]. These approaches aim to quantify the excessive conservatism in current methods due to this unrecognised interaction, describing this as an allowance for Fen effectively built into the design curve. A number of approaches in various stages of development and application are discussed further in a separate paper at this conference [11]. This paper reports the results of an extensive programme of strain-controlled fatigue testing, conducted on two heats of well-characterised 304-type material in a high-temperature simulated PWR environment by Wood plc. The baseline behaviour in environment of standard polished specimens is compared to that of specimens with a rough surface finish bounding normal plant component applications. The results reported here substantially add to the pool of data supporting the conclusion that surface finish effects in a high-temperature water environment are significantly lower than the factor of 2.0 to 3.5 assumed in construction of the current ASME III fatigue design curve. This supports the claim made in the methods discussed in [9] [10] and [11] that the fatigue design curve already incorporates additional conservatism for a high-temperature water environment that can be used to offset the Fen derived by the NUREG/CR-6909 methodology. At present, this observation is limited to austenitic stainless steels.
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Forrsitall, George Z. "Environmental Forces on Offshore LNG Terminals: The Complications of Shallow Water." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51637.
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Construction of large and expensive facilities in relatively shallow water demands that additional effort be paid to the extreme environmental conditions expected there. A review of the literature on waves in shallow water shows that many processes must be considered there which are not important in deep water. Bottom friction under waves depends on the detailed bottom conditions and parameterizing it properly may require calibration to local measurements. The limits on wave heights over the nearly flat bottoms that are common in water depths of 10–30 m are poorly known. Additional laboratory and field measurements appear to be necessary before depth limited waves can be confidently specified. The structures often respond differently to wave from different directions, so directional criteria could be useful. Commonly used methods of specifying directional criteria are un-conservative, but it is possible to adjust them so that the overall reliability of the structure is preserved.
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Zechmeister, M. J., R. D. Reinheimer, D. P. Jones, and T. M. Damiani. "Thermal Fatigue Testing and Analysis of Stainless Steel Girth Butt Weld Piping." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-58024.
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A piping thermal fatigue test loop has been constructed at the Bettis Laboratory and is being used by the Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation (BMPC) to obtain thermal fatigue data on 304 Stainless Steel (304SS) piping and piping girth butt welds. These specimens were subjected to alternating hot and cold forced flow, low oxygenated water every three minutes so that rapid changes in water temperature impart a thermal shock event to the inner wall of the girth butt welds. Thermal and structural piping analyses were conducted using the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III NB-3600 piping analysis methods and a series of current and proposed design fatigue curves for 304 stainless steel that include water environment effects. These analyses were also used to assess the conservatism in the ASME Code Section III NB K3 thermal stress index for girth butt welds. The results of this thermal fatigue testing and analysis assessment demonstrate that the role of fatigue crack initiation with respect to piping analysis calculations must be considered for systems subjected to high thermal-induced surface stresses. The ASME Code Section III NB-3600 piping design methods with both current and previous austenitic steel air design fatigue curves are potentially unconservative with respect to the estimated cycles to initiation, based on the test results. Use of the design fatigue curves including water environment effects yield more reasonable margins with respect to design cycles to fatigue crack initiation and through-wall leakage. Additionally, the results indicate that the current K3 index is conservative and consideration should be given to a reduction from 1.7 to align the design margins when explicitly considering environment effects.
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Rudolph, Jürgen, Matthias Herbst, Armin Roth, Christian Swacek, and Tim Schopf. "Important Effects in Environmentally Assisted Fatigue (EAF) of Austenitic and Ferritic Steel Components Including Welds and Their Consideration in a Fatigue Assessment Concept." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93913.
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Abstract The fatigue assessment of pressure boundary components is of importance for the aging management regarding safety and reliability in nuclear power plants with light water reactors. For the evaluation of cyclic loading conditions, different country specific design codes and standards are applied to consider various mechanical and thermal loadings as well as geometrical and material effects. Those different influencing factors have also to be taken into account in the fatigue design curves. Current state of the art methods account for life time influencing factors such as temperature, surface finish, stress multi-axiality and loading history by the application of reduction factors for fatigue lives (penalty respectively margin factors) determined from fatigue design curves which are derived from laboratory test data. Other effects, such as environmental effects or hold times, are often considered with high levels of conservatism or are not taken into account at all. On the one hand, this may lead to non-conservative predictions of the materials fatigue behavior, while on the other hand, there are often large discrepancies between calculated fatigue life and practical experience from power plant operation, where the operating experience reveals much higher fatigue lifetimes as their predictions based on laboratory tests and conservative consideration of major influencing factors (plastification by Ke-factors, Environmentally Assisted Fatigue (EAF) by FEN-factors) in the calculation approach. Therefore, Framatome GmbH, Erlangen, and the Material Testing Institute MPA Stuttgart currently conducting a cooperative research program which aims to improve the understanding of environmental and loading effects as well as of welds on fatigue life time and to improve fatigue lifetime assessment methods in the framework of the well established engineering approach. Based on the results of a previous research project of the same project partners, an experimental program is performed to investigate the effect of loading parameters and hold times on environmentally assisted fatigue (EAF). Experiments on specimens of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels and austenitic stainless steel welds as well as component tests are performed under laboratory and operating conditions to improve fatigue assessment and serve to bridge the gap between specimen behavior and component fatigue in operation. Emanating from previous and ongoing cooperative research projects, the experimental results will contribute to the proposal of an engineering fatigue assessment concept, allowing more specific differentiation in the influencing factors for component fatigue life prediction. Furthermore, hold time effects are simulated based on further developed material models.
Reports on the topic "Water Conservation Laboratory"
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Jeffrey A. Sondrup. Idaho National Laboratory Water Conservation Proje. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1097694.
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Johnson, Stephanie R., and Brian K. Boyd. Energy and Water Conservation Assessment of the Radiochemical Processing Laboratory (RPL) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1134527.
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