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Imai, Tsuyoshi, Ramida Watanapokasin, Alissara Reungsang, Masahiko Sekine, and Takaya Higuchi. "Water environment conservation in a closed water body by high concentrated oxygen water." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.802.
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In this study, the method of using high concentrated oxygen water to purify the bottom sediment was confirmed to be effective. The high concentrated oxygen dissolver was developed and the lab scale experiment was performed. High rate, high efficiency oxygen dissolver was developed, the optimum running condition of the apparatus and the method of producing high concentrated oxygen water was discussed and determined in this study. In addition, the effective prevention of phosphorus release from anaerobic bottom sediment was also studied. As a result, it is found that high concentrated oxygen water was effective for prevention of phosphorus release from anaerobic bottom sediment. On the basis of the fundamental knowledge from the laboratory-scale study, pilot scale apparatus was set up and the pilot study was carried out. It is showed that the introduction of high concentrated oxygen water did not destroy the thermocline of dam reservoir.
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Abou Assi, Reem, Theam Foo Ng, Jing Rui Tang, Mohd Sayuti Hassan, and Siok Yee Chan. "Statistical Analysis of Green Laboratory Practice Survey: Conservation on Non-Distilled Water from Distillation Process." Water 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152018.
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The water crisis is identified as the most serious global risk for the coming decade. Distilled water is one of the on-demand elements in academic laboratories; however, water scarcity may eventually affect the education sector, necessitating the implementation of new policies. Human behavior, awareness, knowledge, and opinion is having an impact on water management; accordingly, a questionnaire was purposely designed and validated to assess these variables in a Malaysian public university regarding the use of non-distilled water produced by the distillation process. An exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: “concept of green laboratory and water”, “usage of non-distilled water”, “knowledge about water distillation”, and “behavior related to water conservation”. Using the Mann–Whitney U test to compare laboratory and non-laboratory users’ responses, the variables “Knowledge”, “Behavior”, and “Opinion” revealed statistically significant differences, with laboratory users scoring higher in all four variables. Employing the Kruskal–Wallis H test in an occupation-based comparison among laboratory users, and with an additional variable “Practice”, showed that “Lecturer” has the highest mean rank for “Awareness”, “Behavior”, and “Opinion”, while “Laboratory Assistant” has the highest mean rank for “Knowledge”. This study provides a rationale analysis for future insights to educate faculty members about the reuse of non-distilled water sustainably.
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Gholami, Leila, Nabiyeh Karimi, and Ataollah Kavian. "Soil and water conservation using biochar and various soil moisture in laboratory conditions." CATENA 182 (November 2019): 104151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104151.
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Broodryk, G. J. "Computerized program for information management in the modern water laboratory." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 2 (September 28, 2002): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i2.228.
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There is a great demand for pure water that is fit for human consumption. There is also a great demand for the industrial use of this essential source in plants in order to supply certain products to consumers. The industrial use of water is often associated with water pollution and the polluted water is often discharged into rivers and natural streams. The increasing demand for the chemical monitoring of water qualities therefore emphasizes the importance of an efficient and workable management system to remain profitable and competitive in a fast growing industry. The integrated laboratory information management system (ILIMS) is developed by the authors to increase productivity by integrating the documentation relevant to safety and environmental conservation, human resources, personnel training and development, and quality.
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Naumann, A. K., D. Notz, L. Håvik, and A. Sirevaag. "Laboratory study of initial sea-ice growth: properties of grease ice and nilas." Cryosphere 6, no. 4 (July 10, 2012): 729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-729-2012.
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Abstract. We investigate initial sea-ice growth in an ice-tank study by freezing an NaCl solution of about 29 g kg−1 in three different setups: grease ice grew in experiments with waves and in experiments with a current and wind, while nilas formed in a quiescent experimental setup. In this paper we focus on the differences in bulk salinity, solid fraction and thickness between these two ice types. The bulk salinity of the grease-ice layer in our experiments remained almost constant until the ice began to consolidate. In contrast, the initial bulk-salinity evolution of the nilas is well described by a linear decrease of about 2.1 g kg−1 h−1 independent of air temperature. This rapid decrease can be qualitatively understood by considering a Rayleigh number that became maximum while the nilas was still less than 1 cm thick. Comparing three different methods to measure solid fraction in grease ice based on (a) salt conservation, (b) mass conservation and (c) energy conservation, we find that the method based on salt conservation does not give reliable results if the salinity of the interstitial water is approximated as being equal to the salinity of the underlying water. Instead the increase in salinity of the interstitial water during grease-ice formation must be taken into account. In our experiments, the solid fraction of grease ice was relatively constant with values of 0.25, whereas it increased to values as high as 0.50 as soon as the grease ice consolidated at its surface. In contrast, the solid fraction of the nilas increased continuously in the first hours of ice formation and reached an average value of 0.55 after 4.5 h. The spatially averaged ice thickness was twice as large in the first 24 h of ice formation in the setup with a current and wind compared to the other two setups, since the wind kept parts of the water surface ice free and therefore allowed for a higher heat loss from the water. The development of the ice thickness can be reproduced well with simple, one dimensional models that only require air temperature or ice surface temperature as input.
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Scalize, Paulo Sergio, Samara Silva Soares, Andreia Cristina Fonseca Alves, Thaynara Azevedo Marques, Gabriel Gade Martins Mesquita, Nara Ballaminut, and Antonio Carvalho João Albuquerque. "Use of condensed water from air conditioning systems." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0031.
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Abstract Facing the growing demand for water, discussions on environmental sustainability and conservation of this resource have become increasingly important. Among the possibilities for water conservation, air conditioning systems have potential applicability because, during their operation, water is generated via the condensation of air humidity, which is normally discarded. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the water released by air conditioning equipment (condensed water) installed in the Laboratory of Water Analysis (LAnA) qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to verify its potential for use in the laboratory itself. For this, the quality of the water produced by three air conditioners was compared water quality parameters found in the literature, as well as with water produced by a distiller and an ultra-purifier, both used in the LAnA. Water quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters (i.e. pH, electrical conductivity, resistivity, alkalinity, turbidity, apparent color and hardness) and microbiological parameters (i.e. total coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria). The average water flow produced by the three monitored air conditioners was 3.08 L/hour, which is higher than the daily consumption by the LAnA, indicating that its use would be quantitatively propitious. The physicochemical and microbiological analyses found that, condensed water can be used in the routine activities of LAnA. However, for its use as reagent-grade water, a prior treatment would be necessary, mainly due to the presence of heterotrophic bacteria.
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Karhe, Prof R. R., and Ms Vaishali Dilip Kachawa. "IoT based Water Management System." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i9.5358.
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The conventional technique of measuring the quality of water is to gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis, but this technique is time overwhelming and not economical. Since it is not feasible to take the water sample to the laboratory after every hour for measuring its quality. The water quality measuring system can measure the essential qualities of water in real time. The system consists of multiple sensors to measure the standard of water, microcontroller and wifi modem to send the information to the watching center. It's a true time system which is able to endlessly measure the standard of water and can send the measured values to the watching center when each predefinedtime.
During the past decade, water needs have increased unpredictably in India. Increasing demand of water supply has become a major challenge for the world. Wasteful usage of water, climatic changes and Urbanization has further depleted the resource. Conservation and management of the resource must be given utmost importance. In this paper, we present an IoT design for water monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection on real time bases. This paper proposes a system that addresses new challenges in the water sector -flow rate measuring and the need for a study of the supply of water in order to curb water wastage and encourage its conservation. We also measure the quality of water distributed to every household by deploying pH and conductivity sensors. The traditional water metering systems require periodic human intervention for maintenance making it inconvenient and often least effective. This system is designed to overcome for shortcoming of the existing models for a ubiquitous usage of wireless systems for smart quality monitoring and communicate datawirelessly.
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Brick, Cameron, and David K. Sherman. "When Does Being Watched Change Pro-Environmental Behaviors in the Laboratory?" Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052766.
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Pro-environmental behaviors such as conserving water, reducing flights, or purchasing energy-efficient appliances are subject to social pressures. The influence of norms on behavior is widely studied, but it is less clear which social identities (e.g., political ideology; being an environmentalist) and contextual factors lead individuals to pursue or avoid pro-environmental behaviors. The visibility of behaviors—whether an action can be observed by others—has attracted wide research attention in psychology, business, and economics for theoretical and practical reasons. This paper includes three experiments on visibility, total N = 735 (U.S. university students). There were no effects of visibility on “green” purchases, donation to a conservation organization, or willingness to sign up for a water-reducing student meal plan; these null effects are consistent with a recent Registered Report. Additional predictors are also modeled, such as Openness and the need for status. It remains likely that being observed by certain audiences will affect certain pro-environmental behaviors in certain contexts. The discussion centers on methodological and conceptual issues contributing to null effects and to how future research can usefully explore individual difference moderators, type of audience, and types of pro-environmental behavior that influence when visibility might change conservation behaviors.
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Davies, I., C. Goddard, A. P. Fotheringham, B. Moser, and E. B. Faragher. "The effect of age on the control of water conservation in the laboratory mouse-metabolic studies." Experimental Gerontology 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(85)90009-9.
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Parker, Janna M., Doreen Sams, Amit Poddar, and Kalina Manoylov. "Water conservation behavior: is what we say what we do?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 35, no. 6 (September 10, 2018): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-09-2017-2345.
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Purpose The purpose of this study (mixed-method) was to examine the effectiveness of two types of marketing interventions on water conservation behavior and to compare behaviors to self-reported conservation claims. Design/methodology/approach This paper consists of four phases (advertisement selection focus group, behavioral trace field study, self-report survey and follow-up focus group). In the USA, residing in a dormitory typically includes a fee for water without quantity restrictions. The subjects for this research were college students who lived in dormitories at a medium-sized university in southeastern USA where metering individual water consumption is not possible. Findings The results of the field study phase of student water conservation behaviors were not congruent with the participants’ self-reported behaviors. Phase 2 yielded results contrary to published laboratory experimental research in which cause-related claims were effective. Research limitations/implications This research was limited by a single sample (one university), time (13 weeks) and the inability to measure individual consumption behavior. However, valuable findings were obtained, and suggestions surfaced for future research. Practical implications Using eco-feedback technology and advertisements may result in significant cost savings. While findings were somewhat inconclusive, there was evidence that the use of the eco-feedback technology could result in cost savings for the subject university. Originality/value The behavioral trace study is one of the first field research studies in the marketing discipline designed to examine resource conservation behavior in an impactful way. Further, this research used a single sample triangulated methodology across Phases 2, 3 and 4.
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Aprisal, Aprisal. "SURVAI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK TANAMAN MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L) SEBAGAI TANAMAN KONSERVASI DI KABUPATEN LIMAPULUH KOTA SUMATERA BARAT." Jurnal Solum 9, no. 2 (July 2, 2012): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/js.9.2.69-76.2012.
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The research was aimed to determine land suitability for manggis (Garcinia mangostana L) as a type of conservative crops in seven regions in District of Lima Puluh Kota. Survey method with purposive random sampling was employed at this study. Soil samples were randomly taken in each region for the physical and chemical analyses in laboratory. Secondary data for climate were obtained at Agriculture Department of the District. Both soil and climate data were arranged and interpreted for manggis growth requirement. The result showed that actual land suitability for each region was classified into S2-S3, with limiting factors were availability of plant nutrients and water, as well as topography. However, by improving soil fertility through OM application as well as soil conservation action, potential land suitability could be increased to be S2-S1 as in Guguk and Bukit Barisan.Keywords: land suitability, soil conservation, manggis
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HATHAWAY, GEORGE, PETER GRANEAU, and NEAL GRANEAU. "Solar-energy liberation from water by electric arcs." Journal of Plasma Physics 60, no. 4 (November 1998): 775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377898007089.
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This paper reports progress in an experimental investigation, started in the Hathaway laboratory in 1994, dealing with the liberation of intermolecular bond energy from ordinary water by means of an arc discharge. Photographic evidence of fog generation and explosion during the arcing period is included. A new fog accelerator is described and a table of results of the kinetic energies of fog jets is provided. A renewable water energy cycle is outlined. The fog kinetic energy has been found to be greater than the difference between the capacitor input energy and the heat losses. Given energy conservation, the only external energy input that can account for the fog kinetic energy is solar heat from the atmosphere.
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Prastica, Rian Mantasa Salve, and Muhammad Sulaiman. "Developing Floating Constructed Wetland in Laboratory Scale as Domestic Waste Contaminant Reductor in Urban Waters." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 27, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v27i1.26404.
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Low awareness of sanitation of urban citizens creates negative effects on the environment which varied. The triggering factors of the phenomenon are education and conservation technology. A conservation technology, eco-technology e.g. constructed wetlands, is proposed to solve the problem. Laboratory work is conducted to obtain comprehensive analysis about floating constructed wetland. The research paper aims to illustrate the efficiency performance of constructed wetlands, with domestic species, in the lab-scaled area from urban wastewater. The constructed wetland media is prepared horizontally. The analysis of its performance leads to a discussion of urban water quality. Samplings and laboratory tests are conducted to examine pH, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solids, conductivity, COD, and BOD. The benefit of Nasturtium officinale as FTW media reduce phosphate, nitrate, and BOD as 100% in 14 days. The discharge simulation during 14 days reduce TDS and TSS as 100%.
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MICHALAK, IWONA. "Keeping and breeding the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens under laboratory conditions." International Zoo Yearbook 26, no. 1 (January 1986): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1986.tb02227.x.
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MICHALAK, IWONA. "Keeping and breeding the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens under laboratory conditions." International Zoo Yearbook 26, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1987.tb03163.x.
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Rahmawan, Guntur Adhi, and Wisnu Arya Gemilang. "STATUS BAKU MUTU AIR LAUT PERAIRAN TELUK AMBON LUAR UNTUK WISATA BAHARI KAPAL TENGGELAM SS AQUILA." EnviroScienteae 13, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v13i2.3915.
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Ambon Bay waters consist of two parts, Inner Ambon Bay and Outer Ambon Bay separated by a gap that is narrow and shallow. Ambon Bay has a lot of functionality and usability both in transportation, conservation, and tourism. The existence of one of the sites SS. Aquila sinking ship that sank since May 27, 1958, became one of the tourist attraction diving in Ambon Bay. Determination of water pollution index Ambon Bay becomes very important to do as support material and development of sea travel. Determining pollution index is done by direct measurement using the sea water quality parameters Water Quality Checker (DKK TOA WQC Type-24), as well as laboratory analysis to determine the chemical parameters of seawater (pH, TSS, salinity, turbidity, oil, grease). The results showed that the waters of the Bay of Ambon Affairs based on some parameters water quality standard for marine tourism is still included in accordance with the standard criteria by Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor: 51 Tahun 2004 on Guidelines for Determination of Water Quality Status.
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Holderegger, Rolf, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Christoph Grünig, Robert Meier, Daniela Csencsics, Martin Gassner, Christian Rellstab, and André Stapfer. "Ready-to-use workflows for the implementation of genetic tools in conservation management." Conservation Genetics Resources 12, no. 4 (August 16, 2020): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-020-01165-5.
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Abstract We present a conservation genetics tool kit, which offers two ready-to-use workflows for the routine application of genetic methods in conservation management. The workflows were optimized for work load and costs and are accompanied by an easy-to-read and richly illustrated manual with guidelines regarding sampling design, sampling of genetic material, necessary permits, laboratory methods, statistical analyses and documentation of results in a practice-oriented way. The manual also provides a detailed interpretation help for the implementation of the results in conservation management. One workflow deals with the identification of pond-breeding amphibians based on metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples. This workflow also discriminates the morphologically similar water frogs (Pelophylax sp.) and other closely related species (e.g. Triturus cristatus and T. carnifex). The second workflow studies connectivity among populations using microsatellite markers. Its statistical analyses encompass the detection of genetic groups and historical, recent and current dispersal and gene flow. Using the two workflows does not involve academic research institutes; they can be applied by environmental consultancies, laboratories from the private sector, governmental agencies or non-governmental organisations. These and additional conservation genetic workflows will hopefully foster the routine use of genetic methods in conservation management.
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Li, Hanzhi, Dengxing Fan, Jianzhi Niu, Guodong Jia, Jiamei Sun, Xinxiao Yu, and Linus Zhang. "Effect of rock fragment cover on nutrient loss under varied rainfall intensities: a laboratory study." Hydrology Research 49, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 390–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.026.
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Abstract Surface rock fragments retard overland flow discharge, reduce the runoff generation rate and soil erosion as well as nutrients loss. In Northwest China, a common method for minimizing water, soil, and nutrient losses is the use of rock fragment cover. We used lab stimulation testing to evaluate rock fragment cover efficacy for nutrient conservation. Nutrient losses were determined in both the runoff and sediments under three rain intensities (30, 60 and 90 mm·h−1), four rock fragment covers (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and a slope of 10°. The results showed that rock fragment cover significantly reduced the nutrient losses. Compared with the bare soil control, the rock fragment cover reduced the runoff volume and sediments by 18–38 and 11–69%, respectively, and reduced N and P losses by 9–43 and 16–70%, respectively. These results indicate that rock fragment cover is an effective method for reducing land degradation and improving local environmental conditions.
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McNeil, James, Anneke DeLuycker, and Sarah Putman. "Using Environmental DNA to Connect Lab Science with Field Practice." American Biology Teacher 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.4.285.
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Experiential learning helps students make connections between different skill sets and allows them to engage in a deeper level of inquiry. To enhance the connection between field and laboratory practice for undergraduate students in our wildlife ecology curriculum, we developed an exercise using environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis. eDNA sampling involves extracting and amplifying the DNA from specific organisms from an environmental sample, rather than from the organisms themselves, and has been rapidly adopted by conservation practitioners around the world. In our activity, students collect water samples from a local pond and process them to detect the presence of American bullfrogs. Practicing this procedure not only introduces them to professional skills they may utilize in their careers, but also helps create context for how laboratory science and field work support each other and can be used to connect to larger issues of conservation, environmental studies, or ecology.
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Freydier, Perrine, Eric Weber, Jérôme Martin, Pierre-Yves Jeannin, Béatrice Guerrier, and Frédéric Doumenc. "Vermiculations in painted caves: New inputs from laboratory experiments and field observations." International Journal of Speleology 50, no. 3 (September 2021): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.50.3.2390.
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Vermiculations are aggregates of small particles commonly found on cave walls. They are a major concern for the conservation of painted caves, as they can potentially alter valuable prehistoric cave paintings. A previous rheological study of fine sediment deposits on cave walls revealed that this material can undergo a solid-to-liquid transition triggered by variations in the chemical composition of the water film on the wall. Such a transition could occur at the origin of vermiculations by allowing the sediment to flow under low mechanical stress. In this work, we provide quantitative information on the conditions leading to this transition and show the importance of the chemical composition of the water film on the cave walls. A complete understanding of the phenomenon will, however, require more field information. This includes monitoring of the evolution of vermiculations, for which we have developed a dedicated observation protocol. Based on the combination of photogrammetry and a geographic information system we were able to precisely map the walls of the Hall of Bulls in Lascaux cave from past and future photographs. To better understand the vermiculation process, pictures need to be taken regularly, and the chemical composition of the thin water film covering cave walls needs to be analyzed with a similar time step. The correlation between the evolution of vermiculations, the humidification phases of the walls, temperature changes and the chemical monitoring of the water film should shed new light on conditions triggering vermiculations.
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Januar, Hedi Indra, Asri Pratitis, and Rini Susilowati. "Statistical multi-metric based eutrophication index: Case of study at Batam Marine Reserve Park." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 24, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.24.4.164-170.
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Excessive human waste nutrients, which usually consist of nitrogenous and phosphate compounds, are known as the major environmental stresses in coastal waters. Therefore, monitoring of nutrients level is very important in marine reserve park. This study presents an application of multi-metric index in accessing the spatial and temporal level of a nutrient in surface water at Batam City Marine Reserve Park, Indonesia. Research had been done with seasonal and spatial zones on three major islands namely Petong, Abang, and Dedep. Water samples from each station were taken from the surface water. Phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia, were analyzed in situ and chlorophyll was conducted in the laboratory by spectrophotometric method. Statistical multi-metric detected the average eutrophication index (EI) value between 0.2-0.7, which is mesotrophic to eutrophic. Petong and Abang zones were categorized as eutrophic, and Dadap was mesotrophic. Continuous nutrients contamination throughout seasonal may be derived from sedimentation and domestic run-off from human-populated islands in the middle and northern region. Therefore, ecosystem rehabilitation and mitigation of anthropogenic run-off are needed to optimise the conservation management. Moreover, Dadap zone as the area with the least anthropogenic pressures is potential to be the core of conservation area in Batam City marine reserve park.
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Manfredini, Guilherme Mariano, Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira Paiva, Elka Fabiana Aparecida Almeida, Michele Valquíria Dos Reis, and Mariane Oliveira Maia. "Storage and methyl jasmonate in postharvest conservation of roses cv. Avalanche." Ornamental Horticulture 23, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i2.992.
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The use of methyl jasmonate has demonstrated its efficiency to extend the vase life of cut flowers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate associated with storage at low temperatures on the postharvest quality of Rosa cv. Avalanche stems. The treatments consisted of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 μM of methyl jasmonate, besides the control with distilled water. The flower buds were sprayed with 4 mL of the solution, according to the treatments, and then kept in a cold chamber (1 °C) for periods of 2 and 6 days. Subsequently, the stems were taken to the postharvest laboratory at a temperature of 16 °C. Better quality, higher fresh weight and water absorption were observed in flower stems stored for 2 days. The application of methyl jasmonate caused less turgescence and greater darkening of roses. It was possible to conclude that two days is the best storage time at 1 °C and the use of methyl jasmonate does not maintain the quality of roses cv. Avalanche after harvest.
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VERON, FABRICE, and W. KENDALL MELVILLE. "Experiments on the stability and transition of wind-driven water surfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 446 (October 23, 2001): 25–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001005638.
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We present the results of laboratory and field measurements on the stability of wind-driven water surfaces. The laboratory measurements show that when exposed to an increasing wind starting from rest, surface current and wave generation is accompanied by a variety of phenomena that occur over comparable space and time scales. Of particular interest is the generation of small-scale, streamwise vortices, or Langmuir circulations, the clear influence of the circulations on the structure of the growing wave field, and the subsequent transition to turbulence of the surface flow. Following recent work by Melville, Shear & Veron (1998) and Veron & Melville (1999b), we show that the waves that are initially generated by the wind are then strongly modulated by the Langmuir circulations that follow. Direct measurements of the modulated wave variables are qualitatively consistent with geometrical optics and wave action conservation, but quantitative comparison remains elusive. Within the range of parameters of the experiments, both the surface waves and the Langmuir circulations first appear at constant Reynolds numbers of 370 ± 10 and 530 ± 20, respectively, based on the surface velocity and the depth of the laminar shear layer. The onset of the Langmuir circulations leads to a significant increase in the heat transfer across the surface. The field measurements in a boat basin display the same phenomena that are observed in the laboratory. The implications of the measurements for air–sea fluxes, especially heat and gas transfer, and sea-surface temperature, are discussed.
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Jean, Jiin-Shuh, and Chao-Chi Hung. "Laboratory simulation of water-resources conservation by means of the layout of a series of ponds along a streambank." Hydrogeology Journal 6, no. 2 (August 17, 1998): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050148.
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Bogale, Muluneh, Getnet Wondie, and Abdrahman Shafi. "Effects of Campaign-Based Soil and Water Conservation Practice on Soil Properties: The Case of Workamba Watershed, Debark District, North Ethiopia." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, no. 4 (May 27, 2021): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2020256.
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Land degradation is a serious environmental problem in Ethiopia. To address the problem, soil and water conservation practices were implemented through campaign. This study was conducted at Workamba watershed Debark district, North Ethiopia to assess the effect of campaign soil and water conservation (SWC) practice on selected soil properties. Composite soil samples from 1.5 meters above the soil bunds, at the center and 1.5 meters below the soil bunds between the two consecutive structures were collected. The soil samples were analyzed following standard laboratory procedures. Results showed bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca2+), and sodium (Na+) were not significantly affected by slope gradient and terrace position and their interaction. But pH was significantly influenced by the interaction effect. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable potassium (K+), and clay content were significantly changed with both slope gradient and terrace position. Whereas, total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av-P), and magnesium (Mg2+), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were significantly affected with terrace position and slope gradient, respectively. Because of the conservation barrier, most soil properties were better at the bottom terrace position and gentle slope gradient.
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He, Xiang, Sijia Wang, and Bingjian Zhang. "A Semi-Theoretical Model for Water Condensation: Dew Used in Conservation of Earthen Heritage Sites." Water 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010052.
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Dew is a common but important phenomenon. Though water is previously considered to be a threat to earthen heritage sites, artificial dew is showing potential in relic preservation. A model of dew prediction on earthen sites will be essential for developing preventive protection methods, but studies of dew formation processes on relics are limited. In this study, a two parameter model is proposed. It makes approximations according to the features of earthen heritage sites, assuming that a thin and steady air layer exists close to the air–solid interface. This semi-theoretical model was based on calculations of the mass transfer process in the air layer, and was validated by simulations of laboratory experiments (R > 0.9) as well as field experiments. Additionally, a numerical simulation, performed by the commercial software COMSOL, confirmed that the difference between fitting parameter δ and the thickness of assumed mass transfer field was not significant. This model will be helpful in developing automatic environmental control systems for stabilizing water and soluble salts, thus enhancing preventive protection of earthen heritage sites.
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Gholami, Leila, Kazimierz Banasik, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan, and Leszek Hejduk. "Effectiveness of Straw Mulch on Infiltration, Splash Erosion, Runoff and Sediment in Laboratory Conditions." Journal of Water and Land Development 22, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0022.
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Abstract Mulches have extraordinary potential in reducing surface runoff, increasing infiltration of water into the soil and decreasing soil erosion. The straw mulches as a biological material, has the ability to be a significant physical barrier against the impact of raindrops and reduce the detachment of soil aggregates. The present study is an attempt to determine the efficiency of straw mulch as conservation treatment in changes in the splash erosion, time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient, infiltration coefficient, time-to-drainage, drainage coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss. The laboratory experiments have been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from deforested area, about 15 km of Warsaw west, Poland under lab conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 60 and 120 mmh–1, in 4 soil moistures of 12, 25, 33 and 40% and the slope of 9%. Compared with bare treatments, results of straw mulch application showed the significant conservation effects on splash erosion, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss and significant enhancement effects on infiltration and drainage. The results of Spearman-Rho correlation showed the significant (p < 0.05) correlation with r = –0.873, 0.873, 0.878 and 0.764 between rainfall intensity and drainage coefficient, downstream splash, sediment concentration and soil loss and with r = –0.976, 0.927 and –0.927 between initial soil moisture content and time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient and infiltration coefficient, respectively.
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Mulyati, Ade Heri, Leny Heliawati, Sutanto ., Uswatun Hasanah, Diana Widiastuti, Siti Warnasih, and Yulian Syahputri. "DEVELOPMENT OF COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) ANALYSIS METHOD IN WASTE WATER USING SPECTRODIRECT." Journal of Science Innovare 3, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jsi.v3i2.3006.
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Increased human activities will cause various problems, one of which is water pollution in water sources because it receives a pollution load that exceeds its carrying capacity. In the context of environmental conservation, the government has set quality standards for liquid waste produced by various industries and other activities in a Decree of the State Minister for the Environment. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is one of the most important parameters in wastewater quality standards. This study aims to validate the COD analysis method which refers to COD Thermoreactor System (LOVIBOND brand) at Pakuan University Service Laboratory, to ensure the validity of COD analysis results at Pakuan University Service Laboratory. Spectrodirect COD analysis method provides results that meet the requirements of accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ which is quite good. The results of the Coefficient of Variation give good results with a value of 1.8841% indicating the accuracy of the analysis method is good. The accuracy parameter also gives good results and meets the requirements with a% recovery value of 98.70351%. Overall, it can be stated that the spectrodirect analysis method tested is an accurate, precise, simple, and economical method for determining COD levels
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Fanney, A. H., and B. P. Dougherty. "The Thermal Performance of Residential Electric Water Heaters Subjected to Various Off-Peak Schedules." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2848010.
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An increasing number of utilities control the supply of power to residential water heaters as one means of reducing peak electrical demand. Water heaters operated in this manner are referred to as off-peak water heaters. Several utilities are also considering the use of solar domestic water heaters as an additional means of limiting power demand during times of greatest electrical usage. The research described within this paper quantifies the variation in thermal efficiency attributable to subjecting residential electrical water heaters to various off-peak and water removal schedules and, thus, forms a basis of comparison to which the thermal efficiency of solar water heaters or other water heating technologies may be compared. Laboratory tests, where the off-peak period and hot water draw schedule were varied, were conducted on two residential storage water heaters. A computer model of an electric water heater was developed and validated. The laboratory tests and the model were used to quantify the effect that various off-peak and hot water draw schedules have on water heater thermal efficiency. Thermal efficiency was found to vary up to seven percent for water heaters which meet the present minimum efficiency standards as specified within the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act. The energy factor, as measured using the Department of Energy Test Procedure for Water Heaters, is shown to be independent of the off-peak schedule because of a “normalizing” that occurs as part of the calculation procedure.
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Mažeikienė, Aušra, Marina Valentukevičienė, and Juozas Jankauskas. "LABORATORY STUDY OF AMMONIUM ION REMOVAL BY USING ZEOLITE (CLINOPTILOLITE) TO TREAT DRINKING WATER." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.07.
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Experimental investigation of ammonium ion removal from drinking water were carried out using natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) fractions of 0.3–0.6 mm and 0.6–1.5 mm. Before using natural zeolite was washed and dried in an oven at a temperature of about 105 °C. Solutions with different ion power (solution 1 ‐ supplied tap water and NH4Cl, solution 2 — distillate water and NH4Cl; initial concentration of ammonium ions of 2 mg/l) were filtrated through an experimental filter column packed with 70 mm and 210 mm of zeolite media for comparison purposes. Comparing the results for different natural zeolite fractions it was determined that the removal is more efficient using a finer fraction. After filtering 30 l of solution 1 through the laboratory‐ scaled filter column packed with 70 mm height of 0.3–0.6 mm particle size zeolite media and 0.6–1.5 mm particle size, the efficiency fluctuated from 89% to 70% (finer particles) and from 94% to 54% (coarser particles). Comparing the efficiency of ammonium ion removal from solutions with different ion power (solution 1 and solution 2), it was noticed that concentration reached the limit of 0.5 mg/l in the 12th l of solution 1, whereas it was fifty times lower in the 12th l of solution 2. After filtering 10 l of filtrate through the filter media with the height of 210 mm using coarse particles, the efficiency of ammonium ion removal reached 84%. Santrauka Eksperimentiniai NH4 + šalinimo laboratorijos salygomis iš ruošiamo geriamojo vandens tyrimai buvo atlikti naudojant gamtinio ceolito (klinoptilolito) 0,3–0,6 mm ir 0,6—1,5 mm stambumo frakcijas. Prieš naudojant gamtinis ceolitas buvo išplautas ir išdžiovintas krosnyje apie 105 °C temperatūroje. Pro eksperimentinio filtro ceolito užpildus (užpildo aukštis pirmuoju atveju buvo 70 mm, antruoju ‐ 210 mm) 5 m/h greičiu praleisti skirtingos jonines jegos tirpalai (iš vandentiekio vandens bei NH4Cl (I) ir iš distiliuoto vandens bei NH4Cl (II) pasigaminti tirpalai, kuriuose pradinD amonio jonu koncentracija buvo 2,0 mg/l). Lyginant dvieju skirtingu gamtinio ceolito frakciju eksperimento rezultatus nustatyta, kad smulkesne frakcija efektyviau iš tirpalu šalina NH4 +. Prafiltravus po 30 litru pirmojo tirpalo pro dvi 70 mm aukščio skirtingo ceolito grūdeliu stambumo frakcijas, amonio jonu šalinimo iš tirpalo efektyvumas kito atitinkamai nuo 89 % iki 70 % (esant smulkesnei frakcijai) ir nuo 94 % iki 54 % (kai frakcija stambesne). Lyginant amonio jonu šalinimo iš skirtingos jonines jegos tirpalu efektyvuma pastebeta, kad 0,5 mg/l amonio jonu koncentracija pirmojo tirpalo filtrate pasiekta jau dvyliktajame filtrato litre, o antrojo (II) tirpalo filtrato dvyliktajame litre ji buvo 50 kartu mažesne. Prafiltravus pro rege‐neruota 210 mm aukščio 0,6–1,5 mm stambumo ceolito grūdeliu užpilda 10 litru pirmojo tirpalo, amonio jonu šalinimo iš tirpalo efektyvumas sieke 84 %. Резюме Экспериментальные исследования очистки питьевой воды от ионов аммония проводились в лабораторных условиях, используя природный цеолит (клиноптилолит) с содержанием фракции 0,3–0,6 мм и 0,6–1,5 мм. Перед использованием природный цеолит был промыт и высушен в печи при температуре 105 0C. Растворы различного ионного заряда (1-й раствор из водопроводной воды и NH4Cl и 2-й раствор из дистиллированной воды и NH4Cl, в которых первичная концентрация ионов аммония была 2,0 мг/л) были пропущены через цеолитовую загрузку экспериментального фильтра со скоростью 5 м/ч (высота загрузки в первом случае составляла 70 мм, во втором – 210 мм). При сравнении результатов эксперимента с двумя различными фракциями природного цеолита обнаружено, что мелкозернистая фракция эффективнее очищает растворы от NH4+. После фильтрования 30 л первичного раствора обеими фракциями различной зернистости цеолита эффективность очистки раствора от ионов аммония достигала соответственно от 70% до 89% (мелкозернистой фракции) и от 54% до 94% (крупнозернистой фракции). При сравнении результатов удаления ионов аммония из 1-го и 2-го растворов с разными ионными зарядами в 12-м литре 1-го раствора была обнаружена концентрация ионов аммония в 0,5 мг/л, что в 50 раз меньше, чем в 12-м литре профильтрованного 2-го раствора. После того, как было профильтровано 10 л первого раствора через регенерированную цеолитовую загрузку высотой в 210 мм (фракция 0,6–1,5 мм), эффект очистки раствора от ионов аммония достигал 84 %.
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Polheim, Thayna Suane, Josiane Teresinha Cardoso, and Viviane Aparecida Spinelli Schein. "Characterization of the surface water of a municipal natural park by quality indexes." Acta Brasiliensis 3, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22571/2526-4338190.
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Conservation units are important for maintaining environmental resources. In this study, the water quality of the Lages Natural Park was evaluated by commonly used indexes: WQI, BMWP' and Shannon Diversity. Water and sediments were collected at seven points inside the CU and at one point outside it. For the evaluation of the WQI, nine parameters were measured: dissolved oxygen and temperature at the site, and the others at the laboratory. For the calculation of the BMWP' and Diversity indexes, the benthic macroinvertebrates in the sediment were identified. The BMWP' and Shannon indexes indicate a worse quality of the waters at the points 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8 (contaminated water and less diversity) than the WQI (quality ranging from good to optimal). The points 3, 4 and 5 had little polluted water according to BMWP' and optimal according to WQI. The results show the contamination of the water inside the park. There is a need for an investigation of its surroundings to determine the sources of contamination. It was also possible to prove the influence the riparian forest exerts in preserving the quality of the water. The difference in the sensitivity of the indexes proves the need to use biological analysis in water monitoring systems.
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Preux, Christophe, Iryna Malinouskaya, Quang-Long Nguyen, Eric Flauraud, and Simon Ayache. "Reservoir-Simulation Model with Surfactant Flooding Including Salinity and Thermal Effect, Using Laboratory Experiments." SPE Journal 25, no. 04 (March 23, 2020): 1761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/196663-pa.
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Summary Surfactant injection is a process used by oil companies to improve the oil-recovery factor. Surfactant modifies the interfacial tension (IFT) and to a lesser extent the mobility-reduction factor. Both the salinity and the temperature will affect the efficiency of the surfactant. As a result, a series of laboratory experiments are commonly conducted to evaluate dependency. However, these experiments are expensive and time consuming. In this paper, we present numerical simulations coupled to a model that allows taking into account the modification of the IFT and the mobility-reduction factor caused by both the salinity and temperature variations during surfactant injection. In this work, we propose a coupled numerical model using five equations: two transport equations of water and oil phases modelized by Darcy's law, two transport equations for the surfactant and the salinity (the surfactant and the salinity are transported only in the water phase), and one energy-conservation equation to take into account the thermal effect on surfactant flooding. The system of equations includes the salinity and temperature effects on the surfactant adsorption and thermal degradation, as well as the IFT. Thus, this model allows improving the analysis of thermal corefloods or reservoir operations resulting from the surfactant injection. On the basis of corefloods, we use the coupled model to reproduce laboratory experiments. We analyze the interaction phenomena between the surfactant, salinity, and temperature. Then, we demonstrate a competition between two phenomena: the thermal effect on the viscosity of water and the effect of surfactant on the mobility of water. This study highlights the efficiency of numerical simulations for the analysis and choice of the surfactant applied to the given reservoir and well conditions.
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Kravchenko, Yu. "Ukrainian Chernozem Fertility Reproduction under Soil Conservation Agriculture." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(157) (May 25, 2020): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-67-79.
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In Ukraine 57.5 % of agricultural land is subjected to erosion with 10–24 million tons of humus, 0.3–0.96 million tons of nitrogen, 0.7–0.9 million tons of phosphorus and 6–12 million tons of potassium lost annually. Degradation processes are also common on chernozems, which cover about 60 % of the Ukrainian territory. The aim of the research is to defi ne the most eff ective soil conservation practices and legislative decisions aimed to conservation/recovering the Ukrainian chernozem fertility. The experimental data of the agrochemical certifi cation of Ukrainian lands, data from scientifi c papers, stock and instructional materials as well as our own fi eld and laboratory studies were used. It has been established that the long-term use of deep subsurface tillage on typical chernozem increases, compared with plowing, the content of 10–0.25 mm of air-dry and water-resistant aggregates, the bulk density, soil water storages, water infi ltration rates, the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, pHH2O, CaCO3 stocks, the contents of humic and fulvic acids, molecular weights of humic acids – by 5.5 and 3.06 %; 0.05 g/cm3; 25.5 mm; 22.6 mm/h; 0.1 and 3 mg/100 g of soil; 0.03 pHH2O; 18 t/ha, 0.02 and 0.04 %, 91195 kDa, respectively. Fertilizers may contribute to the crop yields increase from by 60% in the Polissya, by 40 % – in the Forest Steppe, by 15 % – in the Wet Steppe, by 10 % – in the Dry Steppe and by 40 % – in the Irrigated Steppe areas. In soil-conservation rotations, the crop placement and alternation are advisable to combine with strips or hills sowing, taking into account the local relief features; soil alkalinization, applying anti-erosion structures. Ukrainian agriculture will receive additional 10–12 million tons of forage units or 20–22 % from all fodder in a fi eld agriculture under increasing 8–10 % of arable lands for intercrops. It is advisable to mulch the eroded chernozems of Ukraine depending on their texture composition: 1.3 t/ha of mulch for sandy and loamy soils, 1.9 t/ha – for sandy and 1.1 t/ha – for loamy soils. The implementation of soil conservation agriculture can minimize some soil degradation processes and improve eff ective soil properties required to realize the biological potential of cultivated plants. Key words: chernozem, degradation, fertility, soil conservation technologies, agriculture policy.
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Lentle, R. G., I. D. Hume, K. J. Stafford, M. Kennedy, B. P. Springett, and S. Haslett. "Differences in renal and alimentary water conservation account for differences in the distribution of tammar and parma wallabies on Kawau Island, New Zealand." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 4 (2003): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02074.
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Surveys of two wallaby species on Kawau Island, New Zealand, indicated that their distribution was stable so as to permit niche partitioning. Multivariate analysis of environmental factors associated with the relative distribution of tammar and parma wallabies suggested that their distribution may be influenced by the availability of fresh water. Tammar wallabies have greater renal size, mass and relative medullary area than parma wallabies and thus may have greater renal water-conserving capabilities. The tammar colon is significantly longer than that of the parma wallaby and the water content of distal digesta is lower in tammar than in parma wallabies, indicating that the former species may also have greater colonic water-resorption capabilities. A laboratory comparison of the water consumption of tammar and parma wallabies showed that the former drink significantly less than the latter.The superior ability of tammar wallabies to colonise drier areas may have contributed to their survival in the presence of the closely related parma wallaby.
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Hill, Lesley, Edward Lozowski, and Russell D. Sampson. "Experiments on ice spikes and a simple growth model." Journal of Glaciology 50, no. 170 (2004): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781829954.
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AbstractIce-spike observations in nature have sparked much interest in the scientific and non-scientific communities alike, yet most research performed thus far has been largely qualitative. We have conducted a quantitative, systematic laboratory investigation in order to assess theories explaining ice-spike growth and to determine the conditions conducive to it. We observed ice-spike growth using time-lapse digital photography, using two water types in two different containers. We observed that ice spikes occurred much more frequently in distilled water than in tap water. Digital images were analyzed to determine the growth rate of the ice spikes. Water temperature was recorded throughout the freezing process, and the cooling rate was used to estimate a bulk heat transfer coefficient. Finally, a simple model, based on mass conservation, was derived and was found to give useful predictions of ice-spike growth rate.
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Indarjo, Agus, Gazali Salim, Mufrida Zein, Susiyanti Susiyanti, Permana Ari Soejarwo, Christine Dyta Nugraeni, Stephanie Bija, and Yen Thi Hong Pham. "Characteristics of Von Bertalanfy Growth, Allometric, Condition Index And Mortality of Periophthalmus barbarus in Mangrove and Probiotics Conservation Area (KKMB), Tarakan, North Kalimantan." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.25.1.31-38.
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The Mudskipper (P. barbarus) lives in intertidal mud flats and it becomes an indicator of water quality. The transformation of construction and water pollution in this area is important to investigate due to interaction of fishery industry, home residence, and market area surrounding areas. The aim of this research was to analyze the characteristic of Von Bertalanffy growth, allometric, condition index, and mortality of the P. barbarus in KKMB, Tarakan city. The research was designed by using descriptive quantitative method. The sampling process used purposive sampling. The sampling was conducted for 12 times plot.transect-1 in the extension area of KKMB, Tarakan city with a total area is 12 Ha, plot.transect-1area is 10x10 m2, and distance between each transect is 10 m2. Sampling was carried out in survey area and laboratory to identify the gender and calculate total length and weight. The result showed the growth of male mudskipper (L∞ = 26.545 cm) and female (L∞ = 17.594 cm). Their size and the total population was decreased. The characteristic of male mudskipper growth was positive allometric, then female was negative allometric. The natural mortality and the catch of male mudskipper were higher than female.
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Jian, Gu, Yin Guanghua, Ma Ningning, Sun Zhan-xiang, Li Xue, Wang Shijie, and Zhou Xiaole. "Microscopic mechanisms of soil moisture related to hydromulching." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.058.
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Abstract Hydromulching is a new mulch product which has positive effects on soil moisture conservation and the inhibition of evaporation. However, current research on its soil moisture conservation effect has mainly adopted the field fixed-point observation method, rather than revealing the soil moisture conservation mechanism from the microstructure of the hydromulching. This paper applied spectrum analysis technology to observe the structure and micromorphological features of hydromulching, which will be able to reveal the mechanism of soil moisture conservation. Three types of hydromulching, based on laboratory preparation, were used to analyze the mechanism of soil moisture, using the infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The results showed that −OH generates intermolecular hydrogen bonds between carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); the hydrogen bonds were formatted between the molecules of the two components, strengthening their compatibility, which increased the effectiveness of the hydromulching and created a dense mesh structure. ESEM observation results showed that preparation 1's hydromulching coverage had good effects, while preparations 2 and 3 performed poorly. Therefore, we can conclude that hydromulching effectively cements soil particles. Then it can generate the soil membrane structure to reduce evaporation and improve soil moisture conservation function.
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Yanygina, Liubov. "Mass Mortality of Invasive Snails: Impact of Nutrient Release on Littoral Water Quality." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080362.
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Mollusks are the macroinvertebrates most commonly introduced into fresh water. In invaded reservoirs, alien mollusks form a large biomass due to their large size. Climate change, water level regulation, and anthropogenic impacts on the environment lead to the drying up of water bodies and the death of littoral macroinvertebrates. To assess the impact of invasive snail mass mortality on water quality, laboratory experiments on the snail tissue decomposition were performed, the potential release of nutrients into aquatic ecosystems was calculated, and the predicted concentrations of nutrients were verified by field studies. The laboratory experiment showed quick decomposition of the common river snail Viviparus viviparus tissues with release into the environment of ammonium and total phosphorus of 2.72 ± 0.14 mg and 0.10 ± 0.02 mg, respectively, per gram of decomposing tissue. The concentrations of ammonium, nitrates, and total phosphorus at the site of snail death reached 2.70 ± 0.10, 3.13 ± 0.38 and 0.30 ± 0.02 mg/L, respectively. This indicates local contamination of the Novosibirsk reservoir littoral with decomposition products. The aquatic management, water level regulation, and control of undesirable species should take into account the likelihood of water quality decreasing as a result of macroinvertebrate mass mortality.
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Chekchek, Besma, Mohamed Salmi, Abdelhakim Boursas, Giulio Lorenzini, Hijaz Ahmad, Younes Menni, Houari Ameur, Merzaqa Merrah, and Djamal Fridja. "Experimental Study of the Efficiency of a Solar Water Heater Construction from Recycled Plastic Bottles." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.160201.
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A solar polymer heat exchanger is designed to heat water; its primary materials are plastic water bottles with a capacity of 1.5 liters. These materials were recycled to preserve the environment and to make use of it again. The thermal insulation properties are adopted for the characterization of polymeric materials. These properties concern the conservation of energy for the longest period of time and the absence of problems caused by rust and corrosion, which are usually encountered in traditional heat exchangers. The heat exchanger experiments start by tracking the flow of water inside the pipes by a valve. The water temperature and flow rates are determined at the inlet and outlet surfaces of the exchanger. The obtained results indicated an increase in water temperature exceeding 10℃ in an ideal spring day. The thermal efficiency of the solar collector was about 62% under the sunlight, and 44% in the laboratory where halogen lamps were used as an industrial light source.
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Rahman, Shibly, and Renee Paterson. "Optimizing water quality sampling through application of real time ionic concentration regression models." Water Quality Research Journal 51, no. 3 (September 5, 2015): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2015.009.
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The Water Resources Management Division of the Department of Environment and Conservation performs routine water sampling to measure the physical and chemical parameters of select water bodies in Newfoundland and Labrador. Ionic concentration parameter measurement is performed during routine water sampling to complement some of the key indicator parameters measured in real time at these select water bodies. The collection, laboratory analysis and measurement of water samples is a time consuming process. Some of the common conducting ions measured during routine sampling are sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate. These conducting ions can be estimated using continuously measured specific conductance after observing the effect of flow. The estimated measurement will help identify whether any local stressors are affecting the quality of water at a given point in time and hence save time and resources in performing routine sampling. This can also be applied in remote locations where routine sampling is not feasible. This paper compares four water bodies on the island part of Newfoundland and Labrador and estimates the ionic concentration using continuously measured specific conductance.
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Hermosilla Pla, Jorge, and Emilio Iranzo García. "The crisis facing Tunisian drainage tunnels: identification, analysis and evaluation of water heritage in the Mediterranean region." Water Supply 14, no. 5 (May 2, 2014): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.042.
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In regions with Mediterranean and steppe climates, the presence of surface water is sporadic, and a unique – but fragile and undervalued – element of water capture for irrigation and human supply is the ‘qanats’, ‘foggaras’, ‘mkoulas’ or water tunnels. The central objective of this project has been the full study of Tunisia's drainage tunnels. The inventory, analysis and heritage evaluation of Tunisia's ‘qanats’ have been possible through the application of a particular methodology during four annual sessions of fieldwork and analysis in the geographic information system (GIS) laboratory. The results have been: the creation of a spatial data and cartography infrastructure for the Tunisian ‘qanats’ and related irrigation systems; the identification of drainage tunnels; the typological classification of the water tunnels according to their morphological and structural framework; analysis of conservation status and intended water use; the implementation of a multi-criteria evaluation method with regard to the heritage quality of the ‘qanats’; and finally an analysis of the landscape relationships between ‘qanats’ and oases.
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Montenegro, Abelardo A. A., Thayná A. B. Almeida, Cleene A. de Lima, João R. C. B. Abrantes, and João L. M. P. de Lima. "Evaluating Mulch Cover with Coir Dust and Cover Crop with Palma Cactus as Soil and Water Conservation Techniques for Semiarid Environments: Laboratory Soil Flume Study under Simulated Rainfall." Hydrology 7, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030061.
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This paper aims to investigate the performance of mulch cover with coir dust (Cocos nucifera L.) and cover crop with Palma cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Mill.) as soil and water conservation techniques, in a laboratory soil flume under simulated rainfall. Palma cactus plants oriented at 90° and 30° angles with the slope direction were considered. Simulations comprised uniform advanced and delayed rainfall patterns. Runoff hydrographs and soil loss were monitored at the downstream end of the flume. Soil moisture and flow velocity were measured, and several hydraulic parameters of runoff were estimated. Results show that both mulch cover with coir dust and cover crop with Palma cactus were effective in reducing runoff and soil loss and increasing soil moisture content, thus being both suitable soil and water conservation techniques for semiarid environments. Coir dust was more effective than Palma cactus. Palma cactus oriented at a 90° angle was slightly more effective than Palma cactus oriented at a 30° angle. Differences between advanced and delayed rainfall patterns on the hydrological and erosive response were more pronounced for the mulch cover condition, where no runoff and soil loss were observed at the downstream end of the flume for the advanced rainfall pattern.
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Newby, B. D., and M. A. McGinley. "Ambient odour testing of concentrated animal feeding operations using field and laboratory olfactometers." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0235.
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The Missouri Air Conservation Commission regulations include regulations that limit the amount of acceptable odor from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The regulations concerning odor designate the use of a scentometer as a screening tool. The rules dictate that if an odor is detectable by an investigator at a dilution ratio of 5.4 using a scentometer then an air sample should be collected and sent to an olfactometry laboratory for an odor panel to determine the detection threshold and the intensity of the odor sample. The detection thresholds are determined following ASTM E679-91 and EN13725. The intensity is determined following ASTM E544-99. If the olfactometry laboratory determined the detection threshold of the sample to be above seven, then the CAFO would be in violation. If the olfactometry laboratory determined the intensity level to be above a level equivalent to 225 ppm of n-butanol, then the source of odor would be in violation. The CAFO odor rules came under scrutiny by representatives of the largest hog producer in the State of Missouri. Specifically, they argued that the detection threshold limit of seven in the CAFO portion of the rule was too low for the rule to realistically identify a violation. This paper presents the results of a study to find the appropriate regulatory level of odor as determined by laboratory olfactometry. The study took place from November 2001 to October 2002. Samples were collected from field locations that exhibited odor produced by confined animal feeding operations and from areas exhibiting no apparent odor. The odors were categorized based upon the scentometer level at which the odors were detectable, and then samples were sent to an odor evaluation laboratory for analysis by olfactometry.
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Mijaylova Nacheva, P., E. Ramírez Camperos, and L. Sandoval Yoval. "Treatment of petroleum production wastewater for reuse in secondary oil recovery." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2008): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.202.
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Petroleum production wastewater is highly saline and contains large amounts of Ca, Mg, sulphides and hydrocarbons. The reuse of this wastewater in the secondary oil recovery can provide pollution prevention and water conservation benefits. Injection of water to the oil deposits is a frequently used method for secondary oil recovery. This operation is performed at high pressures and temperatures, because of which a suitable water quality is required to avoid deposit formation, scaling and clogging effects. The objective of this study was to select the best treatment system for the oil production wastewater, generated in one of the Mexican oil extraction facilities, for the implementation of this kind of reuse by injecting the treated water to sand formations with 12–15% porosity. A complete characterization of the petroleum production wastewater was done. Based on laboratory tests, three basic treatment options were suggested and evaluated in a pilot plant. The most suitable treatment was determined by injecting the different treated waters in samples of the real formations. The selected system consists in softening, followed by oxidation, decarbonation and filtration. This train allowed 99.8% hardness removal, a complete S2− removal, as well as 99% TSS, 78% TOC, 98% Sr, 86% Ba, 51% Si and 17% Fe removals.
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Greathead, Clare F., David W. Donnan, James M. Mair, and Graham R. Saunders. "The sea pens Virgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea and Funiculina quadrangularis: distribution and conservation issues in Scottish waters." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 5 (October 2007): 1095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407056238.
Full textAbstract:
The distributions of the pennatulid anthozoans (sea pens) Virgularia mirabilis, Pennatula phosphorea and Funiculina quadrangularis in Scottish waters have previously only been extensively documented in sea lochs, by the Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) surveys. Funiculina quadrangularis in particular was thought to be restricted to the deep basins of sea lochs and is classified as a nationally uncommon species. Sea pens are characterizing species in seven biotopes found in Scottish waters and are protected under the ‘Mud in Deep Water Habitat Action Plan’ of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) and are also recorded in several Special Areas of Conservation. The present study has extended the existing information available on sea pens in Scottish waters. The distribution and abundance of the three sea pen species were mapped using GIS (Geographical Information System) by utilizing data from Nephrops norvegicus stock assessment video surveys carried out by Fisheries Research Services (FRS) Marine Laboratory. Distribution was shown to be aggregated for all species. Funiculina quadrangularis was present in areas outside the sea lochs, such as the South Minch and the outer mouths of most sea lochs. This study demonstrates that analysis of video footage derived from Nephrops stock assessment surveys can significantly extend our knowledge of sea pen distribution and population density. Future management of Nephrops stocks can be expected to consider impacts of fishing on non-commercial species such as sea pens as a part of the ‘ecosystem approach’ to management.
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Bannwart, Antonio C. "Bubble Analogy and Stabilization of Core-Annular Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 123, no. 2 (December 11, 2000): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1367272.
Full textAbstract:
A theory for the stabilization of annular liquid-liquid flow (i.e., core-annular flow) in a horizontal pipe is proposed. Based upon the analysis of the momentum conservation equation in the cross section of the flow, including the effects of peripheral flow in the annulus and interfacial tension, an equation is obtained which describes the interface shape. Results for the height-to-width aspect ratio of the core are compared with laboratory measurements done by the author for a heavy oil-water core-annular flow. A criterion for stabilization of this interesting flow pattern is proposed.
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Henriques, Dulce Franco, Lina Nunes, and Jorge de Brito. "Mechanical Evaluation of Timber Conservation Processes by Bending Tests." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.612.
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This paper presents the laboratory work performed with the purpose of understanding the mechanical performance of 340x20x20 mm maritime pine wood samples degraded by rot fungi when treated with a biocide product followed by consolidation through impregnation with a polymeric product.Four commercially available products were used: a water-based biocide, BC, a solvent-based biocide, X, an acrylic consolidant, PB (PB 72), and an epoxy-based consolidant, E.Seven sets of specimens each one having a varied range of fungal degradation were prepared. Then the product combinations were applied by brush to six sets of specimens (E, X-E, BC-E, PB, X-PB, BC-PB) of which one was left untreated for control, 0-0. Finally all sets were subjected to static bending strength test until rupture.Results showed that the acrylic and epoxy-based products lead to increased mechanical capacity of the consolidated wood up to 100% in some cases in specimens with 70% of MOE loss. The results presented the same order of magnitude for both wood consolidants. The previous application of biocide did not have a significant impact in the behavioral pattern of the consolidant: a marked improvement of the bending strength of the degraded specimens after treatment and consolidation. These results demonstrated the feasibility of combining biocide/consolidation products, and provide indications of interest to the application of this technique to extend the lifespan of wood elements moderately degraded by fungi in old buildings.
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Vyskočil, Ivo, Petr Doležal, Jan Doležal, Václav Pyrochta, and Libor Kalhotka. "Evaluation of fermentation quality of brewers' grains ensiled in combination with malt sprouts and chemical conservation additive." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 5 (2008): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856050227.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of addition of humidity absorbent (malt sprouts) and chemical conservation additive on fermentation process quality of brewer grains’ silage. Chemical conservation additive was based on formic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid and ammonium formate content. In a model experiment the fresh brewer grains were used. A dry matter (DM) content of brewer grains was 187.4 g / kg. Six treatments with three repetitions per treatment were prepared. The treatments A1, A2 and A3 were not supplied by humidity absorbent. Treatment A1 was a control treatment without any additive. The treatments A2 and A3 were supplied by chemical conservation additive in a dose of 3 L per tonne and 6 L per tonne, respectively. The treatments B1, B2 and B3 were supplied by malt sprouts to reach DM content of conserved matter on level 320–350 g / kg. Moreover the treatments B2 and B3 were supplied by chemical additive with its dose 3 and 6 L per tonne. Model silages were evaluated after 8 months of conservation at average laboratory temperature 26–28 °C, from each treatment were the final laboratory samples taken and analyzed. During conservation of treatments B1, B2 and B3 were no drain recognized. From A1 treatment drained 1300 ml of waste fluid that is 145 L per tonne of conserved matter. That was significant (P < 0.01) the malt sprouts addition support the lactic acid production and eliminate acetic acid production. There was no propionic acid or butyric acid detected in silages with malt sprouts event in these silages were analyzed higher (P < 0.01) concentration of ammoniac. Chemical additive supplementation improved (P < 0.01) the pH value and water leach acidity. The results show the malt sprout addition eliminates waste fluid drain and improves fermentation process. The higher concentration of chemical additive (6 l / t) inhibited the fermentation process in our model experiment.
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Kornecki, Ted S., and Manuel R. Reyes. "Equipment Development for Small and Urban Conservation Farming Systems." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120595.
Full textAbstract:
The number of local small farms in the USA is on the rise due to a consumer demand for locally grown produce such as tomatoes. These farms often use small walk-behind tractors, but most field activities are still performed by hand requiring heavy physical labor. Recent efforts from USDA have been encouraging producers to adopt no-till techniques using cover crops for benefits such as reduced runoff and soil erosion, increased infiltration and water holding capacity, increased soil organic carbon, decreased soil compaction and improved weed control. However, lack of specialized no-till equipment inhibits widespread adoption of cover crops. To help small farms reduce hand labor and adoption of conservation systems with cover crops, no-till equipment such as a no-till drill, powered roller/crimper, and no-till transplanter have been developed for walk-behind tractors at the National Soil Dynamics Laboratory in Auburn (AL, USA). A replicated three-year field test (2017–2019) was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of the experimental powered coulter drill to plant cereal rye cover crop (Secale cereale, L.), patented powered roller/crimper to terminate rye, and transplanting cash crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings with a patented no-till transplanter. These three pieces of equipment were compatible with BCS 853 walk-behind tractor. The experiment was conducted on two different soils: Hiwassee sandy loam soil and Davidson clay to determine the performance of developed machines under different soil types. Results have shown that the powered coulter drill generated effective rye seed emergence (83%) for optimum biomass production. The experimental powered roller/crimper generated 95% rye termination rate three weeks after rolling, and the no-till transplanter performed as anticipated providing less than 10% variation of plant spacing uniformity. Tomato yield varied among years ranging from 15.9 Mg ha−1 to 28.3 Mg ha−1 and was related to different soil and weather conditions at each growing season. Numerically higher tomato yield on Davidson clay might be associated with less insect/pathogen pressure, higher plant available water, and reduced weed pressure due to greater cereal rye biomass production. Results from this experiment indicate that developed experimental equipment can be a practical solution for small no-till farming operations with cover crops.
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Teutsch, G., K. Herbold-Paschke, D. Tougianidou, T. Hahn, and K. Botzenhart. "Transport of Microorganisms in the Underground – Processes, Experiments and Simulation Models." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0080.
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In this paper the major processes governing the persistence and underground transport of viruses and bacteria are reviewed in respect to their importance under naturally occurring conditions. In general, the simulation of the governing processes is based on the macroscopic mass-conservation equation with the addition of some filter and/or retardation factor and a decay coefficient, representing the natural “die-off” of the microorganisms. More advanced concepts try to incorporate growth and decay coefficients together with deposition and declogging factors. At present, none of the reported concepts has been seriously validated. Due to the complexity of natural systems and the pathogenic properties of some of the microorganisms, experiments under controlled laboratory conditions are required. A laboratory setup is presented in which a great variety of natural conditions can be simulated. This comprises a set of 1 metre columns and an 8 metre stainless-steel flume with 24 sampling ports. The columns are easily filled and conditioned and therefore used to study the effects of different soil-microorganism combinations under various environmental conditions. In the artificial flume natural underground conditions are simulated using sand and gravel aquifer material from the river Neckar alluvium. A first set of results from the laboratory experiments is presented together with preliminary model simulations. The large variety of observed breakthrough curves and recovery for the bacteria and viruses under investigation demonstrates the great uncertainty encountered in microbiological risk assessment.