Dissertations / Theses: 'Water consumption analysis'

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Sawangchareon, Dumrongchai. "The Analysis of the Demand for Residential Water in the City of Denton." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500727/.

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The main objective of this study is to analyze the demand for water in Denton. The data used for the study are obtained from the City of Denton Utilities Department, the Tax Appraisal District and government documents. The 121 households which have perfect ten years historical data of water consumption were selected to be the representatives of all households in Denton. The study reveals that the change in water consumption significantly relates to the change in marginal price. Furthermore, the weather variables also have strong effects on the water consumption, especially during summer. The coefficients of income and a "difference" variable are found to have the opposite sign but are not equal in magnitude. In fact, they should be equal in magnitude, but opposite in sign. While the estimated coefficients on all independent variables were highly significant statistically, the resulting coefficient on the house size variable was statistically insignificant in the model test. The results show that the difference variable is required in the model. It also had some effect on the water consumption. It is found that there is a small change in water consumption when the lot size is increased.

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Capener, Paul Anthony Le-Provost. "Influencing water consumption at South Staffordshire Water PLC : a disaggregated behavioural analysis of contributory factors." Thesis, Aston University, 1992. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10823/.

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This research identifies factors which influence the consumption of potable water supplied to customers' property. A complete spectrum of the customer base is examined including household, commercial and industrial properties. The research considers information from around the world, particularly demand management and tariff related projects from North America. A device termed the Flow Moderator was developed and proven, with extensive trials, to conserve water at a rate equivalent to 40 litres/property/day whilst maintaining standards-of-service considerably in excess of Regulatory requirements. A detailed appraisal of the Moderator underlines the costs and benefits available to the industry through deliberate application of even mild demand management. More radically the concept of a charging policy utilising the Moderator is developed and appraised. Advantages include the lower costs of conventional fixed-price charging systems coupled with the conservation and equitability aspects associated with metering. Explanatory models were developed linking consumption to a range of variables demonstrated that households served by a communal water service-pipe (known in the UK as a shared supply) are subject to associated restrictions equivalent to -180 litres/property/day. The research confirmed that occupancy levels were a significant predictive element for household, commercial and industrial customers. The occurrence of on-property leakage was also demonstrated to be a significant factor recorded as an event which offers considerable scope for demand management in its own right.

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McIntyre, Graham. "An analysis of water pricing and consumption variations within the occupied West Bank." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/221.

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International disputes over access to water resources can act as a catalyst for conflict or cooperation amongst nations. In the case of Israel and the occupied West Bank, water conflict further exacerbates preexisting political tension, and yet a peaceful and equitable solution between these countries could spark further negotiation. Within this context, the Palestinian Hydrology Group conducted a water questionnaire amongst Palestinian households in the occupied West Bank in 2001. The aim of the PHG’s survey was to investigate which water management system would be the most suitable in terms of equity, cost-recovery, and long-term development of the resource. Ultimately the water pricing system that was recommended was an increasing block-tariff system, which prioritizes the delivery of necessary amounts of water used for basic needs amongst all users before further allocating water to other uses. However, most of the work conducted by the PHG was qualitative and based entirely on descriptive statistics. Analysis regarding the relationships between water pricing, water consumption, and water needs, and how these relationships change over different scales, was not present in the final report. The purpose of this thesis to continue the research conducted by the PHG by analyzing the water questionnaire database as a means to further advise and direct water services within the occupied West Bank. In order to discern relationships between seasonal patterns of water pricing and consumption, an in-depth analysis of that data was conducted. In addition, perceived water needs were also examined. This analysis was performed at a variety of scales, including amongst districts, average monthly income levels, and connection/non-connection to a water network. Results indicate that some districts in the occupied West Bank are comparatively under-serviced. The economically poor district of Jenin seems to be in greatest need of stabilized and equitable water resources, followed by Hebron, Nablus and Ramallah. It was also observed that those within lower income brackets bear a disproportionate share of pricing fluctuations and, not surprisingly, low consumption levels. Connection/non-connection to a water network indicates that not only is consumption amongst non-connected households significantly low, but also that the difference between perceived water needs and water consumption is much greater than amongst connected households. This thesis supports the PHG’s recommendation for an increasing block-tariff system, since regression analysis indicates inequitable distribution and pricing amongst districts and income levels.

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Cheruseril, Jimmy Jose, and jimmy cheruseril@rmit edu au. "Determining an urban water consumption model based on socio-demographic factors." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080206.123148.

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Water is a limited and essential resource for living and its importance is understood by all. Water is a scarce resource in Australia. Many of the river basins in Australia cover only a small area and the rivers that drain them are seasonal in flow. Climate change coupled with increasing population and a growing economy has put stress on the existing water resources. In the period of drought between 2003 and 2005 the careful consumption of water was of high importance and there is a consequent need to develop new methods to use water wisely. The state and federal governments have initiated many campaigns over the past decade to reduce water consumption and conserve water. This thesis aims to identify the relationship between socio-demographic factors and water consumption using multivariate analysis techniques and geographic information systems (GIS). This thesis has examined the water consumption patterns of Metropolitan Melbourne on a postcode level during the period 2000-2005. It has investigated how these patterns have altered with time and examined whether or not these changes are geographically linked. The effectiveness of the advertising campaigns and educational programs undertaken during the study period by The Victorian Government and its impact on Melbourne's water usage has been evaluated. Moran's I statistic was performed using water consumption to find spatial autocorrelation among postcodes. Multivariate techniques of factor and regression analysis were used to develop a model based on socio-demographic predictors to estimate water consumption. The relationship between separate dwellings, business counts, distance from GPO, semi detached dwellings and academically less qualified residents has been identified in this study. The numbers of separate dwellings and businesses have a significant influence on water consumption. Water use and soci o-demographic data are visualised by the creation of thematic maps using GIS.

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Franzén, Linda. "Water flow analysis of Jästbolaget : An assessment of the yeast production’s environmental impact, caused by its water consumption." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147861.

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This bachelor thesis is carried out for the department of Industrial Ecology at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Water in Sweden is a resource in abundance. Even so, it is an expensive one and may even become more expensive due to climate changes. Hence, there are for companies’ both economic and environmental benefits to induce minimization of the water flow. The aim of this report is to assess the sustainability of the water usage within the production of liquid, active dry and compressed fresh yeast which also goes under the common name of baking yeast. The assessment has been done through a water flow analysis in addition with a water footprint. The system borders for the water flow analysis comprises the outtake of water from Mälaren, the production at Jästbolaget and the final treatment at Käppala wastewater treatment plant. The water considered in the production is mainly the municipal-water flow within the production and to a less extent the water used for cooling. Substances contained in the water flow which are paid particular attention are the amount of total organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen. The method for gathering information and data has been through interviews and mail correspondence with employees at Jästbolaget and Käppala. Furthermore, a literature study has been conducted. The conclusion of this report is that the water flow has a low impact and that Jästbolaget has taken appropriate measures to minimize their impact and usage of water. However, improvements can always be made but it is rather a matter of the methods efficiency to further decrease the usage of water and emission of phosphorus and nitrogen. Detta kandidatexamensarbete är utfört på institutionen för Industriell Ekologi på Kungliga Tekniska högskolan i Stockholm. Trots att Sveriges vattenresurser idag finns i överflöd är vatten en dyr resurs. I framtiden finns också risken att priset kommer att öka på grund av klimatförändringar. Detta beror på att kvalitén på våra vattentillgångar kan komma att minska vilket då leder till att vattnet behöver renas ytterligare. Det finns alltså redan idag men även kommande anledningar för företag att minska sin vattenkonsumtion. Utöver de ekonomiska fördelarna finns det även ett flertal med avseende på miljöpåverkan. Målet med denna rapport är att bedöma vattenflödets miljöpåverkan i produktionen av flytande, torr- och pressjäst, även kallade bakjäst. Bedömningen har utförts med hjälp av en vattenflödesanalys samt ett vattenfotavtryck. Systemgränserna innefattar uttaget av vatten från Mälaren, produktionen vid Jästbolaget och den slutgiltiga behandlingen vid Käppala reningsverk. De uppmärksammade ämnena i vattenflödet är totalt organiskt kol, fosfor och kväve. Information och data har blivit insamlat genom intervjuer och mejlkorrenspondens samt genom en litteraturstudie. Slutsatsen av detta projekt är att Jästbolagets vattenflöde har en låg miljöpåverkan och att Jästbolaget att vidtagit lämpliga åtgärder för att minska deras påverkan. Förbättringar kan dock alltid göras men i detta fall handlar det framförallt om att effektivisera de metoder de redan använder för att i största möjliga mån minska vattenanvändningen och utsläppen av fosfor och kväve.

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Brandner, Hanna. "Idenitfying the Influential Factors of the Temporal Variation of Water Consumption : A Case Study using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis." Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192650.

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This thesis is a part of the water development project conducted by Svenskt Vatten, which is the Swedish Water and Wastewater Association (SWWA) as well as Tyréns, a consultancy company with offices based in Stockholm, Sweden. Prior to this thesis work, a quality assessment was conducted for some of the locations provided by municipalities in Sweden. This thesis builds upon the revised water consumption data, and also continues to work with validating and modifying the water measurement data in order to proceed with the next step of the water development project, which is to identify any trends in the temporal variation of water consumption. The main objective of this thesis work is to investigate the influence of climatic, time-related and categorical factors on water consumption data collected for different regions in Sweden, and includes a number of different sectors such as residential, industrial and agricultural water user sectors. For the analysis of data, spectral analysis and sinusoidal modelling will be applied in order to find the periodicity of the data, and then simulate the fitted sinusoidal equation to the observed water consumption data for the hourly interval period. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to assess what independent variables such as climate, time-related and categorical variables can explain the variation in water consumption over hourly and daily periods of time. Spectral analysis identifies high peaks in the spectral density of the data at 12 and 24 hour cycles, for the hourly water consumption data. For the total daily consumption of water, there is a peak at 7 days, which clarifies that there is a weekly pattern occurring throughout the year. The results from the simple linear regression analysis, where the linear relationship between temperature and water consumption was determined, reveals that the water consumption tends to increase within an increasing temperature, where in Lönashult, Alvesta municipality the water demand increased by 5.5% with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, at a threshold of 12 ºC. For Kalix municipality the three areas selected have around 1-2 % increase in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature for the period of May to December. In Gothenburg, areas that were mixed villa areas or areas with summer homes there was a rise of around 2-12 % in water demand, however areas that are situated in the inner city Gothenburg, or that have majority student housing, the water consumption tends to decrease by 2-7% in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, with a threshold of 12 ºC. In multiple regression analysis, the hourly water consumption results in adjusted R2 values were in the range from 0.58 to 0.87 (58-87%) for the best model approach and therefore has a significant relationship between water consumption and the explanatory variables chosen for this study. For the daily water consumption, the adjusted R2 values were in the range of 0.22-0.83 (22-83%). The adjusted R2 values are lower for certain areas and can be explained by a number of factors, such as the different variables used for the daily water consumption analysis, as variables that explain more the periodicity of the data such as the sinusoidal fitted variable and hourly or night/day changes in consumption are not included. As well as this, not all independent variables such as the climate variables were available or complete for particular time periods, and also errors in the data can lead to a significantly lower R2 value.

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Dharanikota, Sai Mahesh. "Experimental Test and Cost Analysis of Residential Solar Water Heaters." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1236123539.

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Allen, Cynthia. "A Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Cash-4-Grass Programs on Water Consumption." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/506.

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Water supplies in California are stretched to critical levels as a result of population growth, periodic drought, and climate change. The California legislature recognized that the best way to increase supply is to decrease demand so the Water Use Efficiency Senate Bill 7 (SBx7-7) was signed into law in 2009. The law requires water purveyors to reduce per capita water usage by 20% by the year 2020. To comply, water purveyors are searching for innovative ways to increase water conservation. A review of the literature has shown that many factors influence water consumption. However, the majority of household water consumption is attributable to outdoor landscaping, and traditional grass lawns have increasingly been targeted for conservation measures by municipalities. The purpose of this study was to determine if the receipt of a landscape rebate reduces water consumption. The theoretical frameworks for this study were Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Archival data were collected and analyzed utilizing an ordinary least squares regression analysis. The analyses determined that there was a significant reduction in water consumption for customers who received a rebate but there was no significant difference in water consumption in the 24 months before and 24 months after receipt of a rebate. While the results were mixed, a robust water conservation program, including Cash-4-Grass rebates, can have a significant impact on water consumption. This study is expected to promote positive social change via empirical data that allows water professionals to encourage alternative methods for extending California’s water supplies.

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Suleman, Taghreed. "Analysis of the water consumption of the Scientific Campus : to step for the construction of a pilot of a Smart Water system." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10076/document.

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Ce travail fait partie d'un grand projet pour la mise en œuvre d'un réseau urbain intelligent sur le Campus de la Cité Scientifique qui est équivalent à une petite ville d'environ 25000 habitants. Le réseau intelligent comprend (i) la mise en œuvre d’une instrumentation pour le suivi en temps réel et le contrôle du réseau de distribution d'eau et (ii) le développement d'un système expert basé sur l'expérience développée par l'industrie de l'eau ainsi que sur des recherches fondamentales et appliquées pour la gestion optimale des systèmes complexes. L'un des enjeux majeurs de ce système concerne la gestion de la demande en eau. Ce travail a porté sur cette question. Il comporte une synthèse bibliographique et l'analyse de la consommation d'eau du Campus Scientifique. Le travail est organisé en trois parties. La première partie présente une analyse bibliographique des recherches sur la demande d'eau, la localisation des fuites d’eau et le développement des réseaux intelligents dans le secteur de l’eau. Des études de cas sont présentées pour illustrer l'application des innovations dans des projets réels. La deuxième partie concerne la présentation du site du Campus, qui est utilisé dans ce travail de recherche. Ce site présente plusieurs avantages pour l'analyse de la demande en eau. Les bâtiments ont des usages variés: résidence, restauration, sport, administration, recherche, enseignement et enseignement / recherche. Le site est également équipé d'un système de télérelève (AMR). Les données de consommation sont disponibles pour les principaux bâtiments à différentes échelles de temps. La dernière partie présente une analyse de la consommation d'eau des principaux secteurs du campus, qui couvrent les différents usages des bâtiments. L'analyse est menée à différentes échelles de temps: mensuelle, hebdomadaire, journalière et horaire. Il débouche sur l'établissement de profils de consommation des principaux bâtiments, qui seront ensuite intégrés dans le système intelligent de gestion de l’eau This work is a part of a large project for the implementation of a smart water system in the Scientific Campus, which is equivalent to a small city with about 25 000 inhabitants. The smart water technology includes (i) the implementation of a real-time monitoring and control of the water distribution system and (ii) the development of an expert system based on the experience developed by the water industry as well as basic and applied researches for the optimal management of complex systems. One of the major issues in this system concerns the water demand management. This work concerned this issue. It included a literature survey and analysis of the water consumption in the Scientific Campus. The work includes three parts. The first part presents a literature analysis of researches ion the water demand, leakage localization and water smart grid. Case studies are presented for the illustration of the implementation of the latest technology and innovations in real projects. The second part concerns the presentation of the site of the Scientific Campus, which is used in this research work. This site presents several advantages for the analysis of the water demand. The buildings have varied usages: students’ residence, restaurant, sport, administration, research, teaching and teaching/research. The site is also equipped by an automatic metering reading (AMR). The consumption data is available for the main buildings at different time scales. The last part presents analysis of the water consumption of the main sectors of the Scientific Campus, which cover different buildings uses: research, teaching, administration, residence and catering. Analysis is conducted at different times scales: monthly, weekly, daily and hourly. It results in establishing consumption profile of the main buildings, which will then be integrated in the smart water system of the Campus

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Mesfin, M. Mekonnen, Franz Stephan Lutter, and Aldo Martinez. "Anthropogenic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions and Related Grey Water Footprints Caused by EU-27's Crop Production and Consumption." MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8010030.

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Water is a prerequisite for life on our planet. Due to climate change and pollution, water availability for agricultural production, industry and households is increasingly put at risk. With agriculture being the largest water user as well as polluter worldwide, we estimate anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus emissions to fresh water related to global crop production at a spatial resolution level of 5 by 5 arc min and calculate the grey water footprints (GWF) related to EU-27's crop production. A multiregional input-output model is used to trace the the GWF embodied in the final consumption of crop products by the EU-27. The total GWF related to crop production in the EU-27 in 2007 was 1 × 1012 m3/year. Spain contributed about 40% to this total. Production of cereals (wheat, rice and other cereals) take the largest share, accounting for 30% of the GWF, followed by fruits (17%), vegetables (14%), and oil crops (13%). The total agricultural GWF of the EU-27 related to crop consumption was 1830 billion m3/year, which is 3700 m3/year per capita on average. Overall, the EU-27 was able to externalize about 41% of the GWF to the rest of the world through imports of crop products.

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Li, Jujube. "A Comparative Meta-Life Cycle Inventory Analysis: Energy and Water Consumption of 3D Printing Methods vs. Conventional Manufacturing in Clothing Production." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078377.

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In the past three decades, textile fiber production has grown more than twofold, reflecting an increasing demand for both fossil and natural resources (Turley et. al., 2009, p.9) resulting in the intensification of environmental impacts such as water scarcity, abiotic depletion, and toxic pollution. Although potentially disruptive technology such as three-dimensional printing (3DP) can eliminate entire supply chain components and potentially reduce energy and water in textile and apparel production, 3DP as an application for clothing production is still at its nascent stage of development––the world’s first 3D-printed garment being created only in 2010. As prevention is preferable to mitigation, it is timely to examine key environmental impacts of potentially disruptive technology in advance of its proliferation. By using environmental management tools such as ISO14044:2006 and the life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) method to identify hotspots for two key impact areas––water and energy consumption––of prevalent 3D printing methods versus that of the conventional cut-and-sew method in clothing production, environmental sustainability parameters can then be established to target underperforming areas and improve the design, manufacture, use, and disposal of future garments. Using one standard T-shirt as a functional unit, this meta-life cycle inventory analysis will compare the energy and water demands of using three main AM techniques––selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and field guided fabrication (FGF)––against that of using the conventional cut-and-sew method to create one standard T-shirt out of six most representative materials.

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Söderberg, Anna, and Philip Dahlström. "Turning Smart Water Meter Data Into Useful Information : A case study on rental apartments in Södertälje." Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217235.

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Managing water in urban areas is an ever increasingly complex challenge. Technology enables sustainable urban water management and with integrated smart metering solutions, massive amounts of water consumption data from the end users can be collected. However, the possibility of generating data from the end user holds no value in itself. It is with the use of data analysis the vast amount of the collected data can provide more insightful information creating potential benefits. It is recognized that a deeper understanding of the end user could potentially provide benefits for operational managers as well as for the end users. A single case study of a data set containing high frequency end user water consumption data from rental apartments has been conducted, where the data set was analyzed in order to see what possible information that could be extracted and interpreted based on an exploratory data analysis (EDA). Furthermore, an interview with the operational manager of the buildings under study as well as a literature review have been carried out in order to understand how the gathered data is used today and to which contexts it could be extrapolated to provide potential benefits at a building level. The results suggests that the EDA is a powerful method approach when starting out without strong preconception of the data under study and have successfully revealed patterns and a fundamental understanding of the data and its structure. Through analysis, variations over time, water consumption patterns and excessive water users have been identified as well as a leak identification process. Even more challenging than to make meaning of the data is to trigger actions, decisions and measures based on the data analysis. The unveiled information could be applied for an improved operational building management, to empower the customers, for business and campaign opportunities as well as for an integrated decision support system. To summarize, it is concluded that the usage of smart water metering data holds an untapped opportunity to save water, energy as well as money. In the drive towards a more sustainable and smarter city, smart water meter data from end users have the potential to enable smarter building management as well as smarter water services.

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Wang, Hongsheng. "Persistent organic pollutants in aquaculture systems in the Pearl River Delta, with focus on their bioaccessibility via fish consumption." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1258.

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LIMA, Luciana Rocha de. "Qualidade da água utilizada nas escolas e creches do Município de Aparecida, Sertão Paraibano." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/848.

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Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-30T18:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA ROCHA DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 983248 bytes, checksum: 57452632c520590aad123ff5ddc65a52 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T18:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA ROCHA DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 983248 bytes, checksum: 57452632c520590aad123ff5ddc65a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 O consumo de água utilizado nas instituições de Educação Infantil pública do município de Aparecida, Estado da Paraíba, é proveniente de fontes como: poços profundos, abastecimento de água por carro pipa, bem como pelo uso de água proveniente de cisternas. Com o objetivo de analisar a qualidade da água utilizada nessas escolas, e verificar até que ponto essas águas podem ou não causar doenças veiculada por uso de água de baixa potabilidade, optou-se em fazer esse estudo, bem como, estabelecer a que ponto a falta de utilização de meios de informações e proteção, manutenção dos mananciais e possíveis doenças relacionadas e veiculadas com o uso e consumo de água às vezes imprópria para consumo humano, pode causar ao ser humano, em especial as crianças, e sabendo que a água é um elemento essencial a vida, mas que pode trazer riscos à saúde humana se houver comprometimento de sua qualidade. Pensando nisso o estudo abrange as escolas públicas de educação infantil do Município de Aparecida, sertão paraibano. Nesse aspecto as crianças são as que mais sofrem com os problemas da ingestão de água contaminada, uma vez que são mais vulneráveis devido à imaturidade de seu sistema imunológico. Nesse contexto destaca a importância de um levantamento da qualidade da água para consumo em instituições do ensino infantil, uma vez que a escola representa um importante ambiente no qual está inserida a criança. Foram coletadas amostras em reservatórios de água em nove escolas e duas creches municipais, nos seguintes pontos: reservatórios, bebedouros, torneira da cozinha e ponto de entrada da água, as amostras foram coletadas no período de estiagem, de julho a agosto do ano de 2016, e posteriormente, transportadas e analisadas no Laboratório de Microbiologia e de Análises de Solos, Água e Plantas, ambos do Campus de Sousa do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba - IFPB. O presente trabalho objetivou- se analisar os padrões físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água utilizadas nas escolas e creches da Educação Infantil do ensino público do município de Aparecida, Sertão paraibano. Com os resultados, verificou-se ser imprópria para consumo humano, de acordo com os parâmetros microbiológicos analisados da água, com presença de Coliformes e Encheria Coli. A pesquisa serviu para fornecer informações para comunidade escolar da real situação da potabilidade, destacando a importância de evitar consumir água imprópria, bem como, orientar a respeito da conservação dos recursos hídricos no processo de Educação Ambiental. The consumption of water used in public infant education institutions in the city of Aparecida, State of Paraíba, comes from sources such as: deep wells, water supply by car kite, as well as the use of water from cisterns. In order to analyze the quality of the water used in these schools, and to verify the extent to which these waters may or may not cause illnesses caused by the use of low drinking water, it was decided to do this study, as well as to establish the Lack of use of means of information and protection, maintenance of water sources and possible related diseases and transmitted with the use and consumption of water sometimes unfit for human consumption, can cause to the human being, especially the children, and knowing that the water is An element essential to life, but which can pose risks to human health if its quality is compromised. With this in mind, the study covers the public schools of early childhood education in the Municipality of Aparecida, in the Sertão of Paraíba. In this aspect, children are the ones who suffer most from the problems of drinking contaminated water, since they are more vulnerable due to the immaturity of their immune system. In this context it highlights the importance of a survey of the quality of drinking water in institutions of early childhood education, since the school represents an important environment in which the child is inserted. Samples were collected in water reservoirs in nine schools and two municipal nurseries, in the following points: reservoirs, drinking fountains, kitchen faucet and water entry point, samples were collected during the dry season, from July to August, 2016 , And later transported and analyzed in the Laboratory of Microbiology and Analysis of Soils, Water and Plants, both of the Campus de Sousa of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba - IFPB. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical and microbiological patterns of water used in the schools and kindergartens of the Early Childhood Education in the city of Aparecida, Sertão, Paraíba. With the results, it was found to be unfit for human consumption, according to the microbiological parameters analyzed of the water, with presence of Coliformes and Encheria Coli. The research served to provide information to the school community about the real situation of drinking water, highlighting the importance of avoiding the consumption of inappropriate water, as well as guiding the conservation of water resources in the process of Environmental Education.

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Ciccone, Brianne N. "Modeling of Evaporative Losses in Industrial Pasteurization." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1339587036.

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Wärmark, Katarina. "Assessment of water footprint for civil construction projects." Thesis, Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257147.

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Water is an irreplaceable resource and the strain on it is getting tougher. Around 40 per cent of the water withdrawn in Europe is for industrial use. With a growing population and an increased demand for food and energy per capita, the demand and pressure on our water resources will increase. CEEQUAL is a rating scheme for the civil construction industry and has raised the water footprint as an important sustainability issue to consider when choosing building materials. There is however little knowledge within the industry of how to do this. This paper offers information regarding available water footprint tools and gives a practical example using two of the most developed methods; the Water Footprint Network (WFN) method and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The case study showed that the results are very dependent on which method one chooses. The LCA method gives a bigger footprint since it is more inclusive than the WFN method. There are however some similarities when looking at which of the materials that are high-risk and low-risk materials when it comes to freshwater footprint. Among the studied products, steel was the material that uses and consumes the most water per kilogram, and could also be imported from water scarce areas. Fill material had a low water consumption and use per kilogram, but the huge amount used in the project makes it the material that used and consumed most water in total. Fill material is most often produced locally because of the large amount used, and was therefore not as significant when weighting the results by a water stress index. Calculating a water footprint can be used as a part of declaring the environmental performance of a project by including it in an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), a sustainability report or by setting up an Environmental Profit and Loss (E P&L) account for water. It can also be used to identify and assess risks related to water use. Färskvatten är en begränsad, men förnybar resurs som på grund av sina unika egenskaper saknar substitut i många processer och användningsområden. Resursen är ojämnt fördelad över världen och många lever idag i vattenstressade regioner. I Europa står industrisektorn för cirka 40 procent av det totala vattenuttaget. Med en växande befolkning och ökad efterfrågan på mat och energi per capita kommer konkurrensen om vattenresurserna att bli hårdare. Vi måste därför anpassa oss efter denna verklighet och framtid och börja använda våra färskvattenresurser mer effektivt. Certifieringssystemet CEEQUAL har lyft vattenavtryck för byggprodukter som en viktig fråga vid val av material. Inom branschen vet man i dagsläget inte hur man ska hantera den frågan och utgångspunkten för denna rapport är att ge vägledning bland de metoder som finns tillgängliga idag samt att ge ett praktiskt exempel på två av de mest utvecklade metoderna, Water Footprint Network (WFN) metoden och livscykelanalys (LCA). Som ett praktiskt exempel utfördes en fallstudie som visade att resultatet av en vattenavtrycksanalys beror väldigt mycket på vilken metod som väljs, vilket innebär att harmonisering inom branschen är viktigt. LCA-metoden ger ett större avtryck än WFNmetoden då metoden inkluderar fler typer av vattenanvändning. Av de studerade materialen visade sig stål vara det som både använder och förbrukar mest vatten per kilogram. Det är också ett material som i betydande grad importeras från regioner som kan vara vattenstressade. Fyllnadsmaterial var ett av materialen med lägst vattenavtryck per kilogram, men då det används i så stora mängder i anläggningsprojekt är det detta material som bidrar med störst totalt vattenavtryck. På grund av den stora mängd som används utvinns fyllnadsmaterial dock oftast lokalt. Detta gör att vattenavtryckets signifikans minskar när det viktas med ett vattenstressindex, då det generellt finns gott om vatten i Sverige. Vattenavtryck kan användas till deklaration av potentiell påverkan på vattenresurser genom att inkludera resultatet i en miljövarudeklaration eller hållbarhetsrapport. Det kan även användas i ett naturkapitalkonto (E P&L) för vatten eller för att identifiera risker kopplade till vattenanvändning samt ge vägledning vid materialval och val av leverantör.

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17

Lima, M?rcio Emanoel de. "CULTIVO DA BERINJELA (Solanum melongena L.) EM MANEJO ORG?NICO SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE CULTIVO E L?MINAS DE IRRIGA??O NO MUNIC?PIO DE SEROP?DICA-RJ." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/537.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio E Lima .pdf: 9019810 bytes, checksum: 89a1e038ffab0307e67d30879c9c3fe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-03 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico This study aimed to: determine the productivity and efficiency of water use of eggplant crop under different irrigation levels in the system of no-tillage cultivation (and intercropped with a legume crop); determine the crop coefficients, evapotranspiration maximum growth of eggplant crop in no-tillage system with the addition of mulch and soil with conventional tillage with plowing and harrowing. The work was performed in the years 2007-2008, the SIPA (Integrated Production Agroecological), and conducted two series of experiments. In 2007 was established the culture of eggplant in a total area of 576 m2, using randomized block design in split plots, with treatments in the plot (four irrigation levels) and subplot (two cropping systems - consortium and cowpea with monoculture). The eggplant-cowpea intercropping did not significantly affect the yield of eggplant in organic management in notillage system. The eggplant crop responds to different irrigation affecting business productivity and total, were not observed, however, significant differences in the number of fruits per plant. In 2008 a second experiment was conducted using a randomized design (CRD) with two treatments (cultivation system: direct and conventional) and five replications. There were no significant differences in yield of eggplant in the two cropping systems, and the marketable fruit yield equal to 47.42 Mg ha-1 in PD and 47.91 Mg ha-1 on PC. The coefficients of eggplant crop cultivation for the DP system were 0.83 (from transplanting to flowering), 0.77 (from flowering to fruiting), 0.90 (fruiting the first harvest) and 0.97 (the first harvest at the end of the cycle). For the PC system, the crop coefficients were respectively 0.81, 1.14, 1.17 and 1.05. The water consumption of eggplant was 342.2 and 388.1 mm for the PD and PC, respectively, during 134 days of cultivation of eggplant. The maximum efficiency of water use (considering irrigation + precipitation) was 8.17 kg m-3 for the PD and 7.66 kg m-3 for the PC. The growth analysis showed that the conventional tillage system showed maximum accumulation of dry matter to 127 DAT with an estimated value of 454.28 g m-2. For no-till, the maximum estimated value was 369.81 g m-2 at 124 DAT. The largest leaf area index (LAI) was estimated to be 2.84 m2 m-2 to 130 DAT for conventional tillage and 2.96 m2 m-2 for the till. The maximum height of plants was 88.66 and 95.20 cm for NT and CT at 138 DAT. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: Determinar a produtividade e a efici?ncia do uso da ?gua da cultura da berinjela em fun??o de diferentes l?minas de irriga??o no sistema de cultivo de plantio direto (consorciada com uma leguminosa e solteira); Determinar os coeficientes de cultivo, evapotranspira??o m?xima e o crescimento da cultura da berinjela, no sistema de plantio direto com adi??o de palhada e em solo com o preparo convencional com ara??o e gradagem. O trabalho foi executado nos anos de 2007-2008, no SIPA (Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica), sendo conduzidas duas s?ries de experimentos. Em 2007 foi implantada a cultura da berinjela em uma ?rea total de 576 m2, utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os tratamentos na parcela (4 l?minas de irriga??o) e na subparcela (2 sistemas de cultivo cons?rcio com caupi e monocultivo). O cons?rcio berinjela-feij?o caupi n?o influenciou significativamente a produtividade da cultura da berinjela em manejo org?nico no sistema de plantio direto. A cultura da berinjela responde a diferentes l?minas de irriga??o afetando a produtividade comercial e total, n?o sendo observadas, no entanto, diferen?as significativas no n?mero de frutos por planta. Em 2008 foi conduzido um segundo experimento utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com os dois tratamentos (sistema de cultivo: direto e convencional) e cinco repeti??es. N?o houve diferen?as significativas na produtividade da cultura da berinjela nos dois sistemas de cultivo, sendo a produ??o de frutos comerciais igual a 47,42 Mg ha-1 no PD e de 47,91 Mg ha-1 no PC. Os coeficientes de cultivo para cultura da berinjela no sistema de PD foram de 0,83 (do transplantio ao florescimento), 0,77 (do florescimento ? frutifica??o), 0,90 (da frutifica??o ? 1a colheita) e 0,97 (da 1a colheita ao final do ciclo). Para o sistema PC, os coeficientes de cultivo foram de, respectivamente, 0,81; 1,14; 1,17 e 1,05. O consumo h?drico da berinjela foi 342,2 e 388,1 mm para o PD e PC, respectivamente, durante 134 dias de cultivo da berinjela. A m?xima efici?ncia do uso da ?gua (considerando irriga??o + precipita??o) foi de 8,17 kg m-3 para o PD e de 7,66 kg m-3 para o PC. A an?lise de crescimento evidenciou que o sistema de plantio convencional apresentou o m?ximo acumulo de mat?ria seca estimada aos 127 DAT com valor de 454,28 g m-2. Para o plantio direto, o valor m?ximo estimado foi de 369,81 g m-2 aos 124 DAT. O maior ?ndice de ?rea foliar (IAF) estimado foi de 2,84 m2 m-2 aos 130 DAT para o plantio convencional e de 2,96 m2 m-2 para o plantio direto. A altura m?xima das plantas foi de 88,66 e 95,20 cm para o PD e PC aos 138 DAT.

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Pikal, Martin. "Spotřeba vody z veřejných vodovodů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226888.

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Within this diploma thesis were evaluated factors, affecting consumption of drinking water from water supply system. Evaluation of time series of water consumption and chosen factors was performed using tools of mathematical statistics. In the last step was performed a dependence analysis of water consumption using artificial neuron network ANN. Diploma thesis was solved in cooperation with company Vodárenská akciová společnost, PLC and Severomoravské vodovody a kanalizace Ostrava, PCL.

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19

Matias, Stephane Paul Jordão. "Análise paramétrica do consumo de electricidade e água para o comércio alimentar a retalho e grossista." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10327.

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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e Empresarial Os consumos de electricidade e água têm sido alvo de vários estudos, com o interesse de perceber o que os influencia e encontrar soluções que promovam a melhoria do desempenho económico e ambiental das organizações. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho pretende elaborar uma análise paramétrica, utilizando o modelo de regressão linear, para detectar as variáveis das quais dependem os consumos de água e electricidade para os formatos de comércio a retalho e grossista. Esta análise permitiu estudar a relevância de algumas variáveis para explicar os respectivos consumos nos vários estabelecimentos do grupo Jerónimo Martins como também detectar os estabelecimentos com consumos extremos. The electricity and water consumptions has been the subject of several studies which envisage the evaluation of their influences and finding solutions that promote the improvement of the organizations' economic and environmental performance. In this sense, the present work aims to develop a parametric analysis, using the linear regression model, to detect the variables of which depend the consumptions of water and electricity for the retail and cash & carry sectors. This analysis allowed to study the relevance of some variables in explaining the mentioned consumptions of various establishments of the group Jerónimo Martins and to detect the establishments with extreme consumptions.

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20

Culpi, Vera Lúcia Ferreira da Luz. "Contribuições da pegada hídrica no ensino de ciências: percepções e perspectivas de mudança a partir da sala de aula." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1914.

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Acompanha: Caderno pedagógico: inserção da pegada hídrica nas aulas de ciências do Ensino Fundamental A inclusão de discussões associadas ao consumo de água nas aulas de Ciências assinala para a necessidade da contextualização e ampliação desse tema, direcionando-o a abordagens mais atualizadas, frente à crise hídrica do Brasil e de vários outros lugares do mundo. Deste modo se promovem discussões mais aprofundadas no contexto educacional, levando em conta a Pegada Hídrica. Este estudo diz respeito a uma investigação cujo problema central reside na seguinte questão: como a utilização de estratégias didático-metodológicas embasadas por elementos decorrentes da ferramenta denominada Pegada Hídrica contribui para a compreensão de assuntos relacionados à utilização/destino e conservação da água por parte dos estudantes, a considerar a crise atual envolvendo esse recurso natural? A investigação é de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvida com 35 estudantes do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental em uma escola de Curitiba. O recorte metodológico é do tipo participante com a utilização de múltiplos recursos para a constituição de dados. Para estruturar a composição de tais estratégias realizou-se, antes do trabalho em sala de aula, uma pesquisa de levantamento sobre questões relativas à água, especialmente quanto à percepção dos estudantes frente aos níveis de consumo em diferentes contextos (agricultura, indústria e doméstico). Isso permitiu a elaboração de um questionário investigativo (levantamento) sobre a forma como os estudantes percebem, relacionam e compreendem aspectos relativos aos recursos hídricos. Aliou-se a isso a opção de instrumentos que facilitam a apreensão de dados, tais como: diário de campo (espécies de memorandos), manuscritos de participantes da investigação e gravações em áudio. Diante desse contexto, a análise de conteúdo, proposta por Laurence Bardin, se mostrou mais apropriada para a apreciação dos dados, uma vez que tal método constitui-se em uma pré-análise, seguida de exploração do material para tratamento dos dados e por fim, sua interpretação. Os resultados da investigação salientaram que os estudantes participantes têm se mostrado reflexivos e abertos às discussões sobre o conteúdo tratado. A análise dos dados nos informa que as proposições de estratégias didático-metodológicas diferenciadas e contextualizadas, embasadas por elementos decorrentes da Pegada Hídrica, objetivou de modo mais acurado, na compreensão de assuntos relacionados à utilização/destino e conservação da água. Deste modo, entendemos que o uso de temas de caráter socioambiental pode se configurar em importante ferramenta para propiciar discussão e contribuir para o aprendizado em ensino de Ciências, como no caso a crise atual dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. The inclusion of discussions about water consumptions in Science classes highlights the need of contextualization and expansion of the theme, in particular the need to deal with the theme accor-ding to more updated approaches due to the current water crisis lived in Brazil and in many other places around the world so that more profound discussions are carried out in the educational context; examples of this are discussions that focus on water footprint. This investigation refers to a study which main research question was: how does the use of didactic-methodological strategies based on elements of water footprint contribute to students´ understanding of issues related to the use and water preservation considering the current crisis of this natural resource? This qualitative inves-tigation was carried out at a post-graduate level – Master´s degree – with the participation of 35 (thirty-five) 6th grade students at a Basic Education school in the Curitiba. The methodology involved participants and the use of multiple tools for data generation. In order to structure the teaching strategies, before the work in class, a survey was developed about issues related to water, especially students´ perception about the level of water consumption in various contexts (agriculture, industry and domestic). The survey supported the design of an investigative questionnaire about how students perceive, relate to and understand aspects related to water resources. In addition to the survey, tools that facilitate the generation of data such as: field diary (similar to memos), participants´ manuscripts and audio recordings were used. From this perspective, content analysis proposed by Laurence Bardin, seemed the appropriate approach for the data analysis, as this method represents a pre-analysis followed by the exploration of the material for later treatment of the data and, finally, the interpretation. The research results point out that participating students have shown reflective and open to discussions about the treaty content. Data analysis tells us that the propositions of educational-methodological strategies differentiated and contextualized, supported by elements stemming from the WF, the objective of accurate way in understanding issues related to use / destination and water conservation. Thus, we noted that the use of social environmental issues, can set an important tool to foster discussion and contribute to learning in science teaching, such as the current crisis of water resources in Brazil.

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Howse, Eloise. "Menstruating the Past, Consuming the Future: Analysing Sanitary Hygiene Products through the work of Walter Benjamin." Thesis, Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8037.

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This thesis explores how the menstruating subject is articulated in contemporary consumer culture and through practices of consumption. This results in an alternate reading of the menstruating subject that brings together broader questions related to modernity and history. Consumption in modernity occupies a troubled place for feminist theorists and activists; considering consumption requires the rejection of assumptions about the consumer as a blank slate on which advertisers and marketers write their products. The assumed passivity of the young female consumer is also readily questioned, particularly in relation to sanitary hygiene products. Using the work of Walter Benjamin, particularly his ideas of „now-time‟, the dialectical image and technological reproducibility, allows for a different type of analysis of the menstruating subject in modernity. Understanding how the past, present and future are constructed in current sanitary hygiene product advertising and branding leads to new ways of accessing the everyday for young women in contemporary Australia. Benjamin‟s literary trope of the fragment is also discussed and used in conjunction with the cultural artefacts of everyday objects and commodities. Looking at the visual and digital media of two brands of sanitary hygiene products Moxie and U by Kotex, framed by an autoethnographic approach, I offer a way of considering menstruation and consumption together whilst also suggesting new possibilities for how we frame the everyday for young women in modernity.

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Tung, Ting-An, and 董庭安. "Analysis of Water Chiller Energy Consumption by Association Rules." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/876qyd.

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碩士 國立臺北科技大學 冷凍空調工程系所 105 The association law is often used to analyze the correlation between the products purchased by the customer in the transaction record as product furnishings, promotions or decisions. The advantage is to focus on the relevance of items and items in the database, trying to find the basis of reliable data in large data. Accroding to Apriori algorithm, after generating a high-frequency itemset, the next for the establishment of association rules, set the minimum support and minimum confidence in the threshold, the use of association rules from the combination of various matters, mining practical and reliable rules. In this study, we use the method of association rule to analyze the water chiller electricity information of a technology factory, establish the minimum support 10% and the minimum confidence 40%, for the factors of the different air load and cooling water return temperature interval water chiller system cooling water pump total power consumption, the start of the water chiller machine, the water chiller COP performance, etc. Without changing the equipment to find the best operation of the water chiller to operate the best mode of operation, found in the 800 ~ 1000RT and cooling water return temperature 24 ~ 30 ℃ when the start of the installation of water chiller for the No. 2 and No. 4 and the total cost of cooling water pump less than 58kW mode of operation, and in the 1000 ~ 1200RT and cooling water return temperature of 28 ~ 30 ℃ when enabled The combination of the ice water main unit for the No. 2 and No. 4 and the total consumption of cooling water pump is equal to 55kW and less than 60kW mode of operation, the ice machine efficiency and efficient operation, through the verification can be regarded as the best operation of the case mode.

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HSU, JEN-HSIANG, and 許荏翔. "Energy Consumption Analysis of Water Side System measurement for HVAC system." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/udkqt6.

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碩士 國立勤益科技大學 冷凍空調與能源系 107 The objective of this study is to investigate the energy-saving potential and energy-efficient facility for central air conditioning system. Field study and energy analysis survey will be conducted comprehensively based on CNS 12575 and Singapore Green Mark procedures for commercial building energy audits. Extensively data base will be obtained to evaluate the performance improvement accordingly. Besides, based on energy modeling, energy audit, building energy management system (BEMS) for selected typical commercial buildings, the baseline information and energy saving strategies on water side system can be proposed and assessed comprehensively through field measurement. The understanding of the key parameters contributing to energy performance can be developed by cases study accordingly. It can provide baseline information for energy performance and identify opportunities and strategies for improving energy efficiency. The best practice of energy-efficient facilities and energy-saving strategies can be conducted accordingly. It is expected that this project will stimulate a more robust investigation of energy-efficient strategies and cost-effective approach specific for commercial buildings.

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Marsh, Debborah. "The water-energy nexus : a comprehensive analysis in the context of New South Wales." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1075.

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Water and electricity are fundamentally linked. Policy reforms in both industries, however, do not appear to acknowledge the links nor consider their wider implications. This is clearly unhelpful, particularly as policy makers attempt to develop effective responses to water and energy issues, underpinned by prevailing drought conditions and impending climate change. Against this backdrop, this research has comprehensively analysed the links between water and electricity – termed water-energy nexus – in the context of New South Wales. For this purpose, this research has developed an integrated methodological framework. The philosophical guidance for the development of this framework is provided by Integral Theory, and its analytical foundations rest on a suite of research methods including historical analysis, inputoutput analysis, analysis of price elasticities, and long-term scenario analysis. This research suggests that the historical and inextricable links between water and electricity, in the absence of integrated policies, has given rise to water-energy trade-offs. In the electricity industry, water-intensive coal-fired power stations that dominate base-load capacity in the National Electricity Market has resulted in intra- and inter-jurisdictional water sharing tradeoffs. Intermediate and peak demand technologies, suchas gas-fired, cogeneration and renewables, however, would significantly reduce the industry’s water consumption and carbon emissions. Drought and climate change adaptation responses in the water industry are likely to further increase electricity demand andpotentially contribute to climate change, due to policies that encourage investment in energy-intensive technologies, such as desalination, advanced wastewater treatment and rainwater tanks. Increasing electricity costs due to water shortages and the introduction of emissions trading will futher increase water and electricity prices for end users. Demand management strategies in both industries will assist in curbing price increases, however, their effectiveness is lessened by investment in water- and energy-intensive technologies in both industries. The analysis also demonstrates that strategies to reduce water and electricity consumption of ‘other’ production sectors in New South Wales is overwhelmingly dependent on how deeply a particular sector is embedded in the economy, in terms of its contribution to economic output, income generation and employment growth. Regulation, demand management programs, and water pricing policies, for example, that reduce the water and energy intensity of agriculture and key manufacturing sectors are likely to benefit the wider economy and the Environment. The future implications of the water-energy nexus are examined through long-term scenario analysis for New South Wales for 2031. The analysis demonstrates how policy decisions shape the domain for making philosophical choices by society - in terms of the balance between relying on alternative technologies and market arrangements, with differing implications for water and electricity use, and for instigating behavioural change. Based on these findings, this research puts forward a range of recommendations, essentially arguing for reorienting existing institutional arrangements, government measures and industry activities in a way that would encourage integration between the water and energy policies. Although the context of this research is New South Wales, the findings are equally relevant for other Australian states, which share the same national water and energy policy frameworks. Further, the concepts and frameworks developed in this research are also of value to other countries and regions that are faced with the task of designing appropriate policy responses to redress their water and energy challenges.

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Lin, Ta-Zhi, and 林達志. "A Basic Study on the Ecological Environment of Elementary and Junior High Schools---analysis on greening work, the ground water-holding capacity, water consumption and electricity consumption." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10706233954669877386.

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碩士 國立成功大學 建築學系專班 90 Elementary and junior high schools are the best targets for promoting the green building design, seeing that their constructions are legion and school grounds are broad enough for student ecological education. However, data regarding school green building in the past was scant to make it unable to evaluate if the green building levels at current elementary and junior high schools comply with the standards of modern green building. Therefore, it is an important task to do the basic ecological environment surveys on those elementary and junior high schools for the propagation of green building in Taiwan. To understand greening work, the ground water-holding capacity, water consumption and electricity consumption at elementary and junior high schools, the study carried out a hands-on research on 52 elementary and junior high schools in Taiwan, and the utilizing water and electricity consumption data obtained from 35 elementary schools and 17 junior schools in Tainan City for analyzing current consumption levels and critical factors, which greatly influence current conditions. The study applies those critical factors as bases for analyzing the evaluation differences of greening and the ground water-holding capacity between elementary and junior high schools and other kinds of constructions, and proposes follow-up antidotes as the references to future construction works of elementary and junior high schools. The results of our survey show that correlative coefficients of determination R2 of the area of school ground and the number of students of elementary/junior high schools are 0.1561 and 0.0155, respectively. It illustrates that general elementary and junior high schools do not enroll students based on their school ground sizes to lead to disparity in student densities among those schools and further affect the effect of greening work and the ground water-holding capacity of each school. To assure that those schools provide with sufficient playgrounds for student activities, the study suggests that the playground factor of a elementary or a junior high school should be considered as an calculation indicator for its greening work and the ground water-holding capacity. That is, the building greening indicator of a elementary or a junior high school should be calculated using the area of the school ground to deduct the area of playground; the standard value of the building coverage rate to be a fixed 50%; the standard value of the ground water-holding capacity to be a fixed 0.5. The study, in the aspect of water consumption of elementary and junior high schools, utilizes three variables, which are the number of students, the area of school ground and the possession of swimming pool, for carrying out multiple-regression analysis on the number of consumed water units and coming out correlative coefficients of determination R2 of elementary schools and the junior high schools are 0.638 and 0.712, respectively; the results show that there is a close relationship among the number of students, the area of school ground and the possession of swimming pool to the number of consumed water units. As for the aspect of electricity consumption of elementary and junior high schools, the study comes out correlative coefficients of determination R2 of the number of consumed electricity units and the number of students at elementary schools and at junior high schools are 0.808 and 0.916, respectively; whereas correlative coefficients of determination R2 of the number of consumed electricity units and the number of classes at elementary schools and at junior high schools are 0.798 and 0.928, respectively. The results show that there is a close relationship between the number of students and the number of classes to the number of consumed electricity units. However, considering that activities at both elementary schools and the junior high schools are carried out with team play and small-scale schools usually fail to reach the standard number of students in each class, it is appropriate for applying the number of classes to be the indicator for estimating the variable of electricity consumption. In addition, the gaps between the highest and lowest consumed electricity units of each month reach to 60% and above on average among those schools with considerable frequency of using air-conditioning or with high utilization of central air-conditioners, it means that air-condition consumption is also one of the critical factors to influence electricity consumption at elementary and junior high schools. At last, the study proposes suggestions and antidotes for those critical factors, which have impacts on current condition, including the greening levels of the greening area, the kinds of growing plants and ecological forestation; the levels of the ground water-holding capacity of the permeating plane ratio, the garden area of the artificial land and the storage design of play ground; the water consumption levels of the number of students(water consumed by students), the area of the school ground (irrigative water) and swimming pool consumption; and the class electricity consumption levels(lighting and ventilation) and the electricity load decrease in air-conditioning.

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Huang, Kuo-Liang, and 黃國喨. "Water Side System Measurement and Energy Consumption Analysis of Central Air-conditioning for Commercial Building." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pwh7zd.

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碩士 國立勤益科技大學 冷凍空調系 106 Following the world-wide concern on energy-saving and carbon emission reduction, the energy consumption of buildings necessitate reevaluation requirement urgently from the public. However, little quantitative information about procedural energy-saving audits on water side of HVAC system as well as energy-efficient facilities for commercial building has been conducted. It is vital and significant to evaluate energy-saving potential and energy-efficient strategies to maximize energy efficiency improvement. Therefore, this study will discuss and analyze the energy consumption of water-side systems in central commercial buildings. Field study and energy analysis survey will be conducted comprehensively based on ASHRAE Guideline 22 and Singapore Green Mark procedures for commercial building energy audits. Verifying energy consumption data through field measurement and building energy management systems (BEMS) associated with uncertainty analysis, it was found that the error between on-site measurement data and monitoring data is about 10%. According to the analysis of data for 6 months, the HVAC system was found to be oversized to prevent the extra cooling load. Poor energy efficiency for water side of HVAC system has been identified accordingly. Though the water side energy consumption data analysis, the energy-efficient index can be established and optimum control strategies should be derived.

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Cheng, Kai-Wen, and 鄭凱文. "The analysis of energy consumption factors of Solar Domestic Hot Water System with a auxiliary heater." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07432261095748616544.

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碩士 國立成功大學 建築學系碩博士班 92 The research of SDHWS (Solar Domestic Hot Water System) by P.O.E shows that the energy consumption only 30％ are less than traditional gas heater，and 15％ are bigger than it. Only half of SDHWS can approach predicted profit. The group of max energy consumption are higher than the group of minimum energy consumption 6.8 times，the group of median energy consumption 3.5 times. It is not sure that SDHWS can truly save energy. Therefore, this study are focus on use behavior, climate and heating set of SDHWS, and following the result of research, put forward a proposal of main factors of energy consumption of SDHW. ◆Goal 　（1）To analyze the hot water use behavior and volume of SDHWS. 　（2）To put forward a proposal of main influence factors of energy consumption of SDHW. 　（3）To put forward a proposal of main influence factors of significant energy consumption pattern of SDHWS. ◆Methods This study use auto-monitor to record the volume of hot water use, energy, value of input-water temperature and output-temperature. The analyzing process use software of statistic, SPSS and Statistica, to analyze the factors of energy consumption. Use methods including Auto Regression, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis and MAOVA. ◆Result 　（1）The correlation between daily hot water use behavior and climate is not much：Only average hot water of each switch has minus correlation with outdoor temperature. 　（2）Use behavior of hot water doesn’t concern with energy consumption：In use behavior of hot water, only the rate of hot water use volume divided to storage tank volume and heating tank volume relate with energy consumption. 　（3）The heating time can effect energy consumption factors：When heating time under 3 hours, main factors of energy consumption are the rate of W/S and W/H in daytime and the rate of W/H in heating period. When heating time over 3 hours, the rate of S/H is main factor of energy consumption. 　（4）Different heating time should notice that the SDHWS can be suitable：If SDHWS is one storage tank and heater inbuilt, the heating time should under 3 hours. If SDHWS is multi-storage tank and a single heating tank, the heating time can over 3 hours but the rate of S/H must over two. 　（5）The setting of heater temperature batter less than 55℃：If temperature is between 50~55℃,energy consumption between 0.5~2.5Kwh；over 60℃, energy consumption bigger than 2.5Kwh.

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Talent, Mishka. "Increasing the Detail of Analysis to Understand Better the Determinants of Residential Energy and Water Consumption." Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/206450.

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As the world struggles to improve the sustainability of human endeavours, a large focus has been on reducing resource consumption. The number of people living in urban areas has, for the first time, overtaken the number living in rural areas. In Australia 89% of the population is urbanised. Methods of limiting resource consumption or the waste from their use, such as CO2, have largely focused on the city. A common approach has been to make changes to the distribution and nature of activity within the city, particularly urban form. This approach stems from the 19th century initiatives when physical changes were made to cities in an attempt to improve health outcomes. Improving sustainability of our cities now lies within similar planning controls. The justification that changes to a city's form will improve sustainability is largely untested. It is often based on comparisons between cities with little regard for other differences within those cities. This research asked "How can our understanding of the determinants of residential resource consumption be improved using more detailed data?". This research examined differences in direct consumption of operational energy (electricity and gas) and water by households in residential dwellings in Canberra, Australia. Differences in dwellings and households were explored to understand the differences in consumption. The research suggests that energy and water consumption cannot be analysed using simple univariate correlations that have been used to compare aggregate consumption at the city level. This thesis presents a sequential approach to analysing the problem. It begins with novel methods of inexpensively obtaining data on the physical aspects of each dwelling. It demonstrates methods of cleaning such data. A new method of estimating occupancy rates in different types of buildings was shown to improve estimates of per capita sustainability compared with the current practice of assuming 'average' occupancy. The propagation of errors and the creation of new errors as many datasets are joined had not been previously investigated. Without a Census, it was not possible to accurately determine the size of the joined dataset and the subsequent proportion of erroneous values. A new method of quantifying this propagation of erroneous data was developed. To answer the research question new statistical methods of analysis were required. These allowed for multi-factor and non-linear effects. This research applied statistical techniques not previously used with this type of data. The sensitivity of mathematical models of the relative sustainability in transport to small changes in the assumptions about how different energy types are combined was also explored. Only after considering these problems could a robust analysis of the determinants of energy and water consumption be undertaken. The determinants of residential energy (electricity and natural gas) and water consumption were explored based on quarterly bill data for the period 2006 - 2012 and covering 29,555 dwellings. The major findings included: a) Per capita water and energy consumption was highly variable - some households used 10 times the median. b) The lowest consumption was in high density detached houses, townhouses and semi-detached houses. Very low density and very high density forms of development used the most per capita. c) The greatest predictor of household energy consumption was water consumption (hot water). d) Wealthier households had higher consumption. e) Households in newer dwellings consumed less. f) Dwellings with gas used twice as much energy as those with electricity alone. g) In high density dwellings, solar orientation did not appear to affect energy consumption but servicing of communal areas added 17% to average dwelling consumption. h) Temperature, rather than rainfall, was a major determinant of water consumption. i) Household behaviour is likely to be the most significant determinant of consumption.

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Adams, Gregory. "Three's a crowd multilateral game theoretic analysis of environmental policy /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32996085.html.

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DI, POFI Giorgia. "High Resolution Mass Spectrometr: new methods of analysis for risk assessment by cyanotoxins and cyromazine in water for human consumption." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1466469.

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The recent implementation of the EU Directive 1787/2015 introduced in Italy the Water Safety Plan (WSP), a preventive model to guarantee drinking water through control measures extended to the entire water supply chain, from collection, treatment and distribution to the user. In this context of prevention, protection and monitoring of the quality of water intended for human consumption, it becomes important to develop analytical methods that allow the search for an increasing number of contaminants that could be present in the water, with particular attention to substances considered emerging contaminants (EPs). EPs encompass a wide range of natural and man-made chemicals which are in use worldwide and which are indispensable for modern society, that currently are not included in routine monitoring programmes but that could have nocive effects on human health. In particular, among the emerging contaminants, my attention has focused on the secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria and on Cyromazine, a pesticide used as a drug of abuse, for two different reason: - the proliferation of cyanobacteria in water used for human consumption is an emerging issue in Italy in recent years, involving almost all the Regions, with potential impact on environmental and human health. Changes induced, directly or indirectly, by human activity in surface water bodies preside over, in fact, an abnormal proliferation of constituent bodies of aquatic biota, can cause undesirable or toxic metabolites (cyanotoxins), to affect the quality of water and cause a significant health risk - that requires proper management - water for the supply chain for the production of drinking water. - the recent issue of a press release by the Directorate General for Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition regarding the revocation of the authorizations of plant protection products containing the active substance cyromazine, following the expiry of its Community approval period pursuant to Regulation (EU) 844/2012. In the first part of the research work of this PhD, an analytical method of solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent determination in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometer (QTOF) for the simultaneous determination of 21 cyanotoxins in water for human consumption was developed. The method was then validated and applied during a monitoring activity in an Italian volcanic lake in Viterbo (Lazio Region, Italy), due to a severe algal proliferation in January 2018 – January 2020 period. Obtained results were used for the assessment of cyanobacteria proliferation risk and of cyanotoxin production in drinking water chain. The development of another analytical method without SPE for the determination of further two cyanotoxins has been started but the method is not complete and needs a further optimization step. As final step a method for the identification and quantification of cyromazine in drinking water samples used in chicken coops was developed and validated.

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Cheng, Tuoyuan. "Membrane Bioreactor-based Wastewater Treatment Plant Energy Consumption: Environmental Data Science Modeling and Analysis." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/666245.

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Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are sophisticated systems that have to sustain long-term qualified performance, regardless of temporally volatile volumes or compositions of the incoming wastewater. Membrane filtration in the Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) reduces the WWTPs footprint and produces effluents of proper quality. The energy or electric power consumption of the WWTPs, mainly from aeration equipment and pumping, is directly linked to greenhouse gas emission and economic input. Biological treatment requires oxygen from aeration to perform aerobic decomposition of aquatic pollutants, while pumping consumes energy to overcome friction in the channels, piping systems, and membrane filtration. In this thesis, we researched full-scale WWTPs Influent Conditions (ICs) monitoring and forecasting models to facilitate the energy consumption budgeting and raise early alarms when facing latent abnormal events. Accurate and efficient forecasts of ICs could avoid unexpected system disruption, maintain steady product quality, support efficient downstream processes, improve reliability and save energy. We carried out a numerical study of bioreactor microbial ecology for MBRs microbial communities to identify indicator species and typical working conditions that would assist in reactor status confirmation and support energy consumption budgeting. To quantify membrane fouling and cleaning effects at various scales, we proposed quantitative methods based on Matern covariances to analyze biofouling layer thickness and roughness obtained from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images taken from gravitydriven MBRs under various working conditions. Such methods would support practitioners to design suitable data-driven process operation or replacement cycles and lead to quantified WWTPs monitoring and energy saving. For future research, we would investigate data from other full-scale water or wastewater treatment process with higher sampling frequency and apply kernel machine learning techniques for process global monitoring. The forecasting models would be incorporated into optimization scenarios to support data-driven decision-making. Samples from more MBRs would be considered to gather information of microbial community structures and corresponding oxygen-energy consumption in various working conditions. We would investigate the relationship between pressure drop and spatial roughness measures. Anisotropic Matern covariance related metrics would be adopted to quantify the directional effects under various operation and cleaning working conditions.

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Farahanchi, Houman, and Houman Farahanchi. "A Comparison Between Different Types of Time Series Analysis Forecasting Methods for Forecasting Top Twelve Countries’Bottled Water Consumption." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40442953857412947746.

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碩士 國立東華大學 企業管理學系 102 The purpose of this research is to find an efficient method of Time Series Analysis forecasting for bottled water consumption in top twelve countries. Adopting a bottom up approach, it attempts to identify the most suitable forecasting method for each of top twelve countries, separately. Therefore, the individual countries’ bottled water consumption figures for the period (1999-2011), form the basis of the analysis. Six different Moving Averages (MA) methods along with the Exponential Smoothing and Linear Regression methods are applied to historical data in order to forecast the market. Two kinds of measurement errors as RMSE and MAPE are used as a basis of evaluating and comparing the accuracy of various forecasts and then the most efficient forecasting method is identified. Finally, it is noted that, in view of the numeracy of factor affecting the market, the best forecasting method for each country does not necessarily remain the same from one year to the next. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide better insights into the practice of forecasting in an industry as encouraged.

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García, Andrés Castaño. "Analysis of organic contaminants in water intended for human consumption – analysis by GC-MS with different sample preparation techniques (LLE and SPE)." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/9818.

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Dissertação de mestrado, Qualidade em Análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016 Water is a fundamental resource for human life, as well as for other organisms. Pesticides are one of the most critical group of components that can contaminate rivers and lakes, affecting the quality of water. EPAL, as the public water company of Lisbon, is responsible for monitoring the water quality, analyzing microbiological, inorganic and organic parameters in water, according to the established water legislation. However, new compounds are always being added to the legislation whenever it is revised. It is necessary to develop new analytical methods to cover the monitoring of these new added compounds. That is the case of some of the compounds of this study. Therefore, an analytical method was developed, optimized and validated for the analysis of organic components (pesticides) in different water matrices by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The list of pesticides studied is composed by: biphenyl, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, aclonifen, quinoxyfen, cybutryne and the isomers of cypermethrine (alpha-cypermethrine, beta-cypermethrine, theta-cypermethrine and zeta-cypermethrine). In order to concentrate and extract the pesticides from the water sample, two different extractions techniques - liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) - were tested. The results showed that LLE gave successful recovery values, while the extraction using SPE showed many problems. Different tests were carried out in order to solve the problems and to optimize the extraction procedure, such as matrix effect, salting-out or sodium thiosulfate tests. The method was validated, studying the working range, linearity, selectivity, precision, trueness and, LOD and LOQ. Uncertainty of the method was estimated following two different models, bottom-up and top down approach. Then, these results were compared with the limits set by the legislation for drinking and surface water, concluding that the method is effective for the analysis of these pesticides in drinking water and for some of them is also effective for their analysis in surface water, within the limits established by the legislation.

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Herendi, Lili. "Optimization and validation of a method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in water intended for human consumption by SPME-GC-MS." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/10492.

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Dissertação de mestrado, Qualidade em análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2012 Volatile organic compounds may occur in water intended for human consumption, mainly as by-products of drinking water treatment, or due to inefficiency of the treatment process. Water is essential to life, therefore efforts should be made to achieve safe drinking-water, including the monitoring of water quality. Therefore, an analytical method was developed, optimized and validated based on the combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry using solid-phase-microextraction for sample preparation (SPME-GC-MS). This work, was studying fifteen target organic compounds with the above mentioned equipment: para-xylene, meta-xylene, orto-xylene, methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether, pentachlorobenzene, 1,2–dichloroethane, benzene, epichlorhydrin, 1,2–dichlorobenzene, 1,3–dichlorobenzene, 1,4–dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3–trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4–trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5–trichlorobenzene and ethylbenzene. In order to achieve the best sensitivity and selectivity for each target organic compound, after selecting the optimal fiber for the extraction, some parameters at the sample preparation procedure, such as extraction time, extraction temperature, salt addition effect, and effect of stirring were optimized. The work also involved the optimization of the conditions of the GC-MS system, defining the optimal desorption time and the evaluation of different temperature programs. The method obtained with the previously optimized conditions, was then validated through the study of linearity, accuracy and precision and evaluation of the analytical limits. The determination coefficients (r2) obtained in the linearity studies for the majority of the compounds were above the recommended value of 0.995, except for epichlorhydrin. The LOD and LOQ were quite satisfactory for the majority of compounds, except MTBE and PeCB. The target compounds had recoveries in tap water, surface water and ground water between a range of 65-135%. Os compostos orgânicos voláteis podem ocorrer na água destinada ao consumo humano, principalmente como subprodutos do tratamento de água potável, ou devido a ineficiência do processo de tratamento. A água é essencial à vida, portanto, deve ser feito um esforço para conseguir a produção de água potável, incluindo a monitorização da qualidade da água. Por conseguinte, foi desenvolvido e otimizado um método analítico com base na combinação de cromatografia em fase gasosa e espectrometria de massa utilizando a microextração em fase solida para a preparação da amostra (SPME-GC-MS). Neste trabalho, foram estudados quinze compostos orgânicos com o equipamento acima mencionado: para-xileno, meta-xileno, orto-xileno, éter-metil-terc-butilico, pentaclorobenzeno, 1,2-dicloroetano, benzeno epicloridrina, 1,2-diclorobenzeno, 1,3-diclorobenzeno, 1,4-diclorobenzeno, 1,2,3-triclorobenzeno, 1,2,4-triclorobenzeno, 1,3,5-triclorobenzeno e etilbenzeno. A fim de alcançar a melhor sensibilidade e selectividade para cada composto orgânico alvo, depois de seleccionar a fibra óptima para a extracção foram optimizados, alguns parâmetros no processo de preparação da amostra, tais como tempo de extracção, a temperatura de extracção, a adição de sal, e efeito de agitação. O trabalho também envolveu a optimização das condições do sistema GC-MS, com a definição do tempo óptimo de dessorção da fibras, e de dessorçaõ avaliação dos diferentes programas de temperatura do forno. O método obtido com as condições anteriormente optimizadas, foi então sujeito a estudos de linearidade, exactidão e precisão e ó determinação limitos analíticos Os coeficientes de determinação (r2) para os estudos de linearidade para a maioria dos compostos foram acima do valor recomendado de 0.995, excepto para a epicloridrina. Os valóres LOD e LOQ foram bastante satisfatórios para a maioria dos compostos, excepto MTBE e PeCB. Os compostos tiveram recuperações em água de torneira, água superficial e água subterrânea entre uma gama de 65-135%.

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Mauroner, Fiona Leonie. "An analysis of the customer perception and usage preferences of reusable water bottles in the German market." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29014.

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The purpose of this thesis is the academic study of customer perception and behavior of reusable water bottles in the German Market. Against the background of being possibly used to reduce single use plastic bottles. Therefore, knowledge about reusable containers and consumers’ values, perceptions, drinking behaviors and socio-demographics from existing literature was compared with data from interviews and a survey specifically about reusable water bottles. Major overlaps as well as differences between the sources could be find and the results give insights into consumer motivations, barriers, preferences and socio-demographic characteristics for the reusable water bottle’s market. O objetivo desta tese é o estudo acadêmico da percepção dos consumidores e seus comportamentos frente ao uso de garrafas de água reutilizáveis no mercado alemão, no que se refere á possibilidade de reduzir o consumo de garrafas descartáveis. Portanto, o conhecimento sobre os recipientes reutilizáveis, assim como os valores, percepções e características socio-demográficas dos consumidores, obtido na literatura existente foi comparado com os dados recolhidos em entrevistas e pesquisas, especificamente sobre garrafas de água reutilizáveis. O estudo apresentou alguma concordância assim como diferenças entre as fontes que foram encontradas na literatura, entrevistas e pesquisas. Os resultados mostraram discernimentos em relação á motivacão, barreiras, preferências e características sócio-demográficas dos consumidores para o mercado de garrafas de água reutilizáveis.

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Mbenju, John Ekaney. "Optimization and validation of a method for the analysis of target compounds migrating from organic materials used in contact with water intended for human consumption by SPME-GC-TOFMS." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/2887.

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Dissertação de mest., Qualidade em Análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2012 The leaching of toxic organic substances from polymeric materials in distribution systems into drinking water intended for human consumption has led to an urgent need for the continuous development of new analytical methods for their monitoring and evaluation so that high consumer confidence could be established. An analytical method is developed and validated based on the combination of SPME and GC/TOFMS for the determination of seven target compounds: n-butylacetate, m-xylene, p-xylene, 1,3-dichloroacetone, styrene, o-xylene, cyclohexanone. The chromatographic conditions are optimized so that the analysis is performed in the shortest possible time and a specific mass ion for each compound is targeted in the TOF mass spectrum for quantification. Three SPME adsorption parameters: mode of extraction, extraction temperature and time are optimized for five fibers to attain the best selectivity and sensitivity for each target compound and based on the highest extraction efficiency, the best fiber and its optimized conditions are used for the validation process. The LOD and LOQ were lower than the lowest concentrations used in the calibration curves and the determination coefficient (r2) ranged from 0.995-0.999 within the tested working ranges for all target compounds. The coefficient of variation for repeatability studies was less than 25% for all compounds but it exceeded 25% for some compounds during intermediate precision studies. Recovery studies in both tap and surface water showed that matrix effects play a significant role in the extraction of target compounds from water.

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Petrlíková, Kateřina. "Sledování jakosti vody v povodí Stropnice." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332110.

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Five indicators of water quality, namely biochemical oxygen consumption in five days, chemical oxygen consumption by dichromate method, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus, were determined in the river Stropnice. The samples were monitored at four offtake places along the river monthly during the year 2013. Twice a year water samples were analyzed also fromthe dischargeof the wastewater treatment plants. The results show that some changes of the individual parameters can be traced during the year, such as increase of oxygen consumption and total phosphorus in the summer months. However, no significant fluctuation was indicated for the measured parameters at any of the offtake places. Based on the values of the individual parameters water in Stropnice can be ranked to quality classes II. - IV. In the long-term frame of water quality examination from the year 2008 average indicators' values and characteristic values were determined. The results revealed that neither in this case substantial changes of water quality regarding the measured indicators can be observed.

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