Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water consumption – South Africa

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  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Water consumption – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water consumption – South Africa"

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Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.

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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problematic in the KwaZulu-Natal coastal area, especially in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS). Of these, colour is perceived to be the most problematic as it is visual pollution and gives rise to public complaints. The Department has been actively involved, through negotiations with management and local authorities, in encouraging the textile industries to reduce the colour load discharged from the factories. Four case studies will be presented describing the approach taken by the Department to solve the problem of textile effluent discharge.
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Gouws, Rupert, and Estie Le Roux. "Efficiency and cost analysis of a designed in-line water heating system compared to a conventional water heating system in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i3a3167.

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In this paper, the authors compares the efficiency and cost of a designed in-line water heating system with a conventional water heating system (geyser) in South Africa. The paper provides an overview on water heating systems and heating elements and provides the typical water consumption required by an average household in South Africa. A summary on the design of the in-line water heating system together with a system cost analysis is provided. The designed in-line water heating system takes the energy consumption, temperature and pressure into account during operation. The energy consumption and cost of the designed in-line water heating system is compared to a conventional water geyser. A cost analysis on the designed in-line water heating system, heat pumps and solar water heating systems are also provided. The energy consumption results showed that the conventional water geyser on average consumes 2.5% more energy to heat one litre of water from 15 °C to 60 °C, than the designed in-line water heating system to supply one litre of water at 60°C.
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Veste, Maik, Thomas Littmann, Anton Kunneke, Ben du Toit, and Thomas Seifert. "Windbreaks as part of climate-smart landscapes reduce evapotranspiration in vineyards, Western Cape Province, South Africa." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 3 (March 30, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/616/2019-pse.

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Under the conditions of climate change in South Africa, ecological and technical measures are needed to reduce the water consumption of irrigated crops. Windbreak hedges are long-rated systems in agriculture that significantly reduce wind speed. Their possibilities to reduce evapotranspiration and water demand are being investigated at a vineyard in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Detailed measurements of meteorological parameters relevant for the computation of reference and crop-specific evapotranspiration following the FAO 56 approaches within a vineyard in the Western Cape Province of South Africa have shown the beneficial effect of an existing hedgerow consisting of 6 m high poplars (Populus simonii (Carrière) Wesm.). With reference to a control station in the open field, the mean wind speed in a position about 18 m from the hedgerow at canopy level (2 m) was reduced by 27.6% over the entire year and by 39.2% over the summer growing season. This effect leads to a parallel reduction of reference evapotranspiration of 15.5% during the whole year and of 18.4% over the growing season. When applying empirical crop-specific K<sub>c</sub> values for well-irrigated grapes, the reduction of evapotranspiration is 18.8% over the summer growth period. The introduced tree shelterbelts are a suitable eco-engineering approach to reduce water consumption and to enhance water saving in vineyards.
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Meyer, J. P., and M. Tshimankinda. "Domestic hot-water consumption in South African apartments." Energy 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(97)00069-8.

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Meyer, J. P., and M. Tshimankinda. "Domestic hot water consumption in south african townhouses." Energy Conversion and Management 39, no. 7 (May 1998): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(97)00048-4.

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Oliver, Neil N., and Diederick Gerhardus Brümmer. "Factors influencing water consumption in South African schools." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 5, no. 1 (April 3, 2007): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17260530710746623.

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Bourne, D. E., and Lesley T. Bourne. "Water Consumption Patterns among Individuals in Cape Town." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0174.

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Liquid consumption patterns among individuals in Cape Town, South Africa, were ascertained. Two dietary surveys, one in summer and the other in winter, (n=1445 and 1393 persons) were carried out using a 24-hour recall of all food and drink items consumed. Total water consumption was calculated by using food composition tables. Water consumption was categorised by source: domestic tap water, water added in commercial processing, and water naturally bound in food. Mean total consumption was 1770 ml/head.day. Only 52% of the water consumed came from the tap at home. Water consumption was also classified by source from solid and liquid foods. 20.5% of total liquid is derived from solid foods.
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Mathenjwa, S., T. Bond, B. Ndwandwe, S. Xulu, S. L. Kiambi, C. Buckley, and E. Roma. "Development and testing of a water-efficient laundry system in informal settlements of eThekwini municipality, South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.068.

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In the informal settlements of eThekwini municipality, South Africa, laundry activities are typically undertaken at local standpipes and washbasins of community ablution blocks (CABs), and are characterised by high levels of water consumption and greywater production. Since greywater contains a high pollution load, including sodium tripolyphosphate, it poses a significant environmental and public health risk. The overall objective of this study was to develop and test a water-efficient laundry system designed for informal settlements. Initial fieldwork at a standpipe and CAB in eThekwini municipality showed respectively 56 and 58% of users were in favour of a water-efficient laundry system based upon sharing washing water. Subsequent laboratory work assessed crosscurrent and countercurrent cascades for washing clothes. Under optimised washing conditions at a detergent dose of 5 g/kg water, specific water consumption of 5 kg water/kg clothes and three rinsing phases it was determined that the countercurrent method wasted 33% less water. Thus the countercurrent cascade has great potential for minimising greywater production in South African informal settlements. Future work should concentrate on evaluating greywater production, detergent usage and social acceptability in the field.
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Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, Mascha Moorlach, Anthony Dane, Pieter Krog, and Thuli Dlamini. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 4 (December 19, 2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.

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South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil fuels are being depleted, and contributing to decreased energy security. As a result of this, the international community has initiated various interventions, including the transformation of policy and regulatory instruments, to promote sustainable energy. With this in mind, South Africa is making policy and regulatory shifts in line with international developments. Renewable energy is being promoted as one way of achieving sustainable energy provision in the country. However, some issues require scrutiny in order to understand the water footprint of renewable energy production. Due to the large gap that exists between water supply and demand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst different users are critical. In this vein, the main objective of this study was to investigate and review renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. Data were acquired through a combination of a desktop study and expert interviews. Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given stage of energy production were investigated. Most of the data was collected from secondary sources. Results show that there is limited data on all aspects of water usage in the production chain of energy, accounting in part for the significant variations in the values of water intensity that are reported in the literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages where significant amounts of water are used. It is found that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossil fuels) withdraw significant quantities of water over the life-cycle of energy production, especially for thermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adversely affected in some stages of energy production from these fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic and wind energy exhibit the lowest demand for water, and could perhaps be considered the most viable renewable options in terms of water withdrawal and consumption.
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Tayob, Shaheed. "Halal Consumption as Ethical Practice: Negotiating Halal Certification in South Africa." Islamic Africa 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-01101006.

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Abstract In recent decades, the halal certification logo has emerged as a global phenomenon. Halal certification is an attempt to produce a new discursive and material basis for the practice of halal. Halal is extended into new places and products. In South Africa Muslim consumers now query the halal status of tomato sauce, bottled water and even food consumed at the homes of friends and family. Certification is a technology of halal whereby consumers self-regulate practice in new ways. However, the transformations of halal certification have not been complete. Documentary inspection and molecular investigation linked to new kinds of information and new technology have not necessarily eclipsed the importance of intra-Muslim trade, niyya (orientation/intention) and trust for the practice of halal. This paper considers the narratives and practices of middle-class Muslims in South Africa towards an understanding of the complex ways in which halal is practiced and transformed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water consumption – South Africa"

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Bourne, Lesley Thelma. "A liquid consumption survey of individuals in greater Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26569.

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There is no published data for the per capita consumption of water of individuals in South Africa. A daily rounded volume of 2 litres per person is usually taken as a working estimate from world wide data. As part of ongoing epidemiological studies into potential health effects of changes in the water supply to greater Town, water consumption patterns were ascertained. As health effects are often spatially ascribed to the place of residence of a person, it was necessary to ascertain how much water was drunk at home as well as away from home. Water consumed was divided into three classes: (i) water consumed from the tap, (ii) commercial beverages and (iii) water bound in food. A review of methods of conducting dietary surveys indicated that a 24-hour recall would be the most appropriate method. Two surveys on total dietary intake utilizing a 24-hour recall were carried out (n = 2 000 persons for each survey), one in winter and the ether in summer. The design of the survey involved a cluster sample of households that were representative of the socio-economic and demographic structure of greater Cape Town. Three pretested types questionnaires were administered by trained interviewers: (i) a placement questionnaire to describe the household composition, (ii) a recall questionnaire for individual adults and children and (iii) a recall questionnaire for babies. Particular attention was paid to the accurate ascertainment of the volumes of food and drink consumed as well as their preparation to facilitate accurate analysis. The water content of each food item was calculated by a computer program that utilized computerized food composition tables. The water consumption data was analyzed by sex, age, population group, income and the season of the year. Detailed graphs and tables are provided. Results were also standardized to the population of greater Cape Town. It was found that the difference in consumption between the White and "Coloured" population groups was greater than the difference between those people of high and low-income groups. The mean total water intake for Whites was 2.19 litres per day, while for "Coloureds" it was 1.26 litres per day. There is no obvious bias to account for this difference. The figures for protein consumed by the two groups, which was used as a control, are consistent with values reported in the literature. Summer consumption was higher than that during winter. The ratio of tap water consumed at home to total liquid consumed was approximately 0.5.
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Davies, Edward. "The development of a framework to reduce water and energy consumption through the use of water and energy value stream mapping for the South African manufacturing industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4160.

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The Republic of South Africa’s energy economy is under immense pressure and the main energy utility, Eskom, cannot reliably generate sufficient electrical energy to meet its customer demand. Water security in South Africa is also under threat as the country is currently amidst a water crisis. The South African manufacturing industry is the sector consuming the largest portion of the total energy consumption and second largest portion of the total water consumption (excluding urban use) nationally. Water and energy efficiency improvement is becoming imperative for organisational success as well as national economic sustainability. This is due to the significant increase in the cost of both electrical energy and water in recent years, and the drop in the reserve energy margin below the minimum level required for sustainable operation of energy utilities. The research objective therefore was to develop a Lean-based water and energy efficiency improvement framework for the manufacturing industry to encourage and realise a reduced demand for energy and water in it. A literature review was conducted on the water and energy landscape in South Africa, Lean manufacturing principles and their positive natural influence on water and energy efficiency, and the Value Stream Mapping tool. The survey of water and energy wastes in the manufacturing industry yielded the creation of standardised water and energy waste categories for use in conjunction with the conventional Lean wastes, tools and techniques. The literature survey indicated that the implementation of Lean manufacturing techniques naturally leads to the improvement of energy and water intensity. The researcher hypothesised that there is even greater potential for water and energy savings if a Lean-based tool is developed to specifically focus on the improvement of energy and water efficiency. A framework for this tool was developed through the literature survey. The tool is based on the Value Stream Mapping tool. A practical experiment was then conducted to establish the effectiveness of the tool in the South African manufacturing industry. The experiment design included an outline of the forecasting and statistical validation techniques to ensure the integrity of data utilised for approving or disproving the set hypotheses. The results of the practical experiment yielded positive results, confirming the hypothesis that the implementation of the developed framework will lead to improved energy and water efficiency in the manufacturing industry. After an explanation of the experimental results, the study concluded with recommendations and conclusions based on the findings.
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Nyambo, Patrick. "Water footprint of growing vegetables in selected smallholder irrigation schemes in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019775.

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Knowledge of water use, through water foot printing (WF) in smallholder agriculture crop production is the key to the global fight against poverty, achievement of food security and sustainability within the world’s rural community. Water footprint of a crop can be defined as the volume of fresh water used to produce a certain crop in all the steps in the production line. This study, therefore aimed at contributing towards improvements in rural livelihoods by raising awareness of the increased productive use of green, blue and grey water in smallholder agriculture in South Africa. This was done through determination of water footprints of five vegetable crops, i.e. potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica oleracea spp) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in the 2000-2013 period. Quantification of water footprints has been done worldwide but, in South Africa (SA) focus has mostly been on the industrial and domestic sector. Water footprint assessment framework, was used to estimate the full impact of vegetable production on water resources at Zanyokwe, Thabina and Tugela Ferry irrigation schemes as case studies. The CROPWAT@ model was used to calculate crop evapotranspiration, differentiating green and blue water. Local climatic data were obtained from SA weather services, while the crop and soil parameters were obtained from the FAO data base. Nitrogen was considered the main pollutant hence its use in the grey water footprint calculation. Generally, Thabina irrigation scheme had the highest water footprint, followed by Tugela Ferry irrigation scheme whilst Zanyokwe irrigation scheme had the lowest. Green beans had the highest water footprint at all the three irrigation schemes with Thabina irrigation scheme having the highest (3535.1 m3/ton). For Tugela Ferry irrigation scheme, the calculated WF was 2753 m3/ton whilst the lowest was observed at ZIS i.e. 2407.6 m3/ton. Cabbage had the lowest water footprint. The highest water footprint for growing cabbage was 254.5 m3/ton in TFIS, 223.1 m3/ton in TIS and the lowest was 217.8 m3/ton in ZIS. The differences observed in the WF of a crop at each scheme maybe attributed to the differences management, weather and environmental characteristics, in the three locations. Moreover, the needs for ET are related to soil type and plant growth, and primarily depend on crop development and climatic factors which are closely related to climatic demands. The grey water footprint was calculated using the recommended fertilizer application rates for all the three sites. Green beans had the highest WFgrey i.e. 373 m3/ton and the lowest was cabbage with 37 m3/ton. Potato, spinach and tomatoes had 156 m3/ton, 214 m3/ton and 132 m3/ton, respectively. Grey water footprint in this study was higher as compared to other studies, possibly because of the high rates of nitrogen fertilizers used in the calculations and the low yields farmers get. Compared with estimates from other studies, the water footprints of vegetable production within smallholder irrigation schemes was relatively high. There is therefore, a need to focus on crop management and tillage practices that will help in increasing yield while minimizing water usage.
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Kanyoka, Phillipa. "Water value and demand for multiple purposes in the rural areas of South Africa: the case of Ga-Sekororo." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02102009-142257/.

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Preston, Ian Robert. "Water supply development decision-making in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020848.

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Balancing water demand and supply in South Africa involves high levels of uncertainty. The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) is responsible for making decisions to either increase water supply or decrease water demand so as to ensure that sufficient water is available, when and where it is needed. However, no retrospective analyses of such decisions have been found. One way to assess such decisions is to evaluate the associated costs and benefits thereof. Therefore the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the costs and benefits of selected water supply options, and of the decision-making associated with those options. In order to achieve this purpose, four case studies were analysed within a mixed-methods research paradigm, which used both quantitative and qualitative methods, including unit reference value (URV) analysis, inter- and intra-case analysis and content analysis to examine the success of the decisions made. The four case studies were conducted on the Inyaka, Nandoni, Berg and De Hoop dams and their catchments. Firstly, estimated and actual project costs were compared using unit reference analysis and inter-case analyses. Secondly, the reduction of mean annual runoff (MAR) caused by invasive alien plants (IAPs) and the cost of clearing them in the dam catchments were evaluated using inter-case analyses. Information thus gathered was used together with data from DWS documentation and the results of interviews with ten key specialists, to analyse the decision-making process that led to the decision to build De Hoop Dam (the most recent case study). The rational decision-making model (RDMM) was used as a framework within which to analyse and evaluate this decision-making process. This study has also demonstrated how the RDMM can be used to assess decision-making associated with water supply development. The results of this study show that there is considerable variation of estimated costs (at the time that the decision to build the dam was taken) in relation to the actual costs of building the dams and that Ministers were not put in a position to understand the full long-term costs or the opportunity costs of the proposed dams. Furthermore, the most recent IAP data (2008) shows that the impact on water security by IAPs could not offset the water security resulting from building each of the four dams. However, if IAP management is not continued in these catchments, the projected reduction of MAR by IAPs will compromise water security within 45 years. Given the almost exponential spread and densification of IAPs, together with their long-term impact on MAR and increased costs of controlling them, it is clear that IAP management should have been factored into water supply decision-making from the outset. In the analysis of the decision to build the De Hoop Dam, the results show that while the decision-making process that culminated in the decision to build the dam did not follow the steps of the RDMM, DWS appears to have followed a somewhat similar approach. It was found that while there was a need for the provision of additional water in the Olifants catchment, this need was overstated and the resulting overestimation caused the scale and size of the dam to be larger than it could and probably should have been. Additionally, it appears that DWS‘s decision to build the De Hoop Dam themselves, rather than having it built by the private sector, may have been less than optimal. It is recommended that, in future decision-making, DWS needs to incorporate multiple alternative options into the same solution, and to ensure that decision-makers are put into a position to make informed decisions, including adequate consideration of externalities. Furthermore, DWS needs to employ decision-making models such as the RDMM to facilitate retrospective analyses to improve their institutional knowledge. Keywords: water resources management, dams, invasive alien plants, decision-making, unit reference values, rational decision-making model.
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Baatjies, Wesley James. "Management of water shortages in a selected municipality in the Eden District, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1674.

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Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Technology: Public Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
The focus of the study is the Eden District, George municipal area, Western Cape Province, South Africa, which was severely affected by the worst ever drought in 132 years from 2009-2011 (Bamford, 2009). The reduced rainfall impacted negatively on urban water supplies for the area. In 2009 the Member of the Executive Committee (MEC) for Local Government in the province requested that George Municipality draw up specific measures to be implemented when water resources (in dams and rivers) dropped to certain levels. Plans for possible future drought situations, periods of low rainfall, or insufficient raw water resources, have been done put in place for the needs of the residents of the focus area. The research problem of this study encompasses the assessment of the interventions put in place to address the shortage of water, particularly the implementation thereof, and the strategies and mitigations that contributed to the alleviation of the water shortage. The core objective of the research was to investigate the implementation of the water interventions (water restrictions) authorised to address the water shortages in George, in November 2009. This study employed a qualitative research approach where in-depth interviews were conducted with purposely selected individuals employed in the George Municipality Civil Engineering Services Department, and its Water Services and Disaster Department sections as they could provide first-hand information on the measures implemented to alleviate the problem and on the water shortage status. The research findings indicate that many short-term strategies provided a substantial reduction in overall water usage. The implementation of the strategies and mitigation measures were useful to the various departments in the George Municipality in tangible ways to help manage the water shortages. George Municipality should continue to market water restriction awareness to the public even though the George is no longer experiencing water shortages. The Municipality should adapt to deal with longer and more frequent periods of water shortages. Available tools (e.g. drought policy and by-laws) should be revised and adapted to establish appropriate measures under changing conditions.
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De, Lange Willem Johannes. "The role of capacity-sharing in South African water policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53157.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A vast literature on the incompatibility of socio-economic development and environmental conservation (also referred to as sustainable development) has developed over the past few years. This study takes on the form of a critical, problemdriven discussion and evaluation of the applicability and viability of the concept of capacity-sharing to the current South African water management regime. Within the study, the complexities involved in the shift from a supply- to demandoriented management strategy are examined in depth. This transition in strategy proves to be problematic for water policy makers and managers because of past management regimes and structures, measurement related problems, incorrect or insufficient definition of criteria needed for demand-oriented approaches and the emotional complexities regarding water use. Developments in water policy are currently at a point where problems are experienced regarding the practical implementation of proposed water demand-oriented policy. The concept of capacity-sharing is explained and discussed in detail, leading to the identification of the applicability to three of the most important problems (basic contradiction within the 1998 National Water Act, initial allocation for market adoption and equity within the market) faced within the transition towards a demand-oriented approach. This study found that the concept of capacity-sharing does hold applicability in addressing the above-mentioned three problems towards the transition to a demand-side management approach. Capacity-sharing, therefore, should be part of this timely transition and the state should make use of the advantages of this concept. To support this view, seven studies are proposed for further research to address the problems as mentioned in section 5.2 of the thesis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Uitgebreide literatuur aangaande die onversoenbaarheid van sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en omgewingsbewaring (ook volhoubare ontwikkeling genoem) het oor die afgelope paar jaar ontwikkel. Hierdie studie neem die vorm van 'n kritiese, probleemgedrewe bespreking ten opsigte van die toepasbaarheid en relevansie van die konsep van kapasiteitsdeling binne die orde van huidige Suid Afrikaanse waterbestuur, aan. Die vele aspekte van die klemverskuiwing van 'n aanbod- na 'n vraag-georiënteerde waterbestuur-strategie, word ook beklemtoon. Hierdie oorgang is problematies vir waterbeleid-formuleerders en bestuurders as gevolg van vorige waterbestuur-ordes en strukture, meetbaarheid georiënteerde probleme, foutiewe of onvoldoende definieering van watergebruik-regte en die emosionele kompleksiteite van water. Tans, word probleme rakende die praktiese implementering van voorgestelde vraag-georienteerde waterbeleid ervaar. Die konsep van kapasiteitsdeling word in detail verduidelik en bespreek waarvandaan die toepasbaarheid op drie van die belangrikste probleme (basiese kontradiksie binne die 1998 Nasionale Waterwet, aanvanklike verdeling van water gebruik regte vir opname binne die mark en die kwessie van regverdigheid binne die mark) vir die oorgang na 'n vraaggeoriënteerde strategie geïdentifiseer word. Die studie het bevind dat die konsep van kapasiteitsdeling wel relevansie ten opsigte van die bogenoemde drie probleme tydens die oorgang na 'n vraag-georiënteerde strategie, inhou. Kapasiteitsdeling behoort dus deel te vorm van die oorgangsfase na 'n vraag-georiënteerde water bestuur strategie en die staat behoort gebruik te maak van die konsep se voordele. Ter ondersteuning hiervan word sewe studies voorgestel vir verdere navorsing ten opsigte van die probleme soos geïdentifiseer in afdeling 5.2 van die tesis.
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Jansen, Ada Isobel. "Aspects of the economics of water management in urban settings in South Africa, with a focus on Cape Town." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19974.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concerns about the sufficiency of freshwater supplies and the impact of water shortages have placed sustainable water management on the global agenda. This is particularly relevant in South Africa, a country with precipitation rates well below the global average and water resources that have become highly polluted. The scarcity of water for consumption use and of unpolluted water bodies as recreational and environmental good highlights the need for an economic analysis of these issues. This dissertation investigates some economic aspects of water management in the South African context in two distinctive parts. Part One (Chapters 2 to 5) aims to provide an understanding of urban water demand and analyses water pricing as demand management tool. Part Two (Chapters 6 and 7) analyses the values people attach to water resources for recreational and environmental purposes. Quantitative methodological approaches are predominantly used to inform an economic perspective on water demand management. The extent of water scarcity is discussed in Chapter Two. South Africa is approaching physical water scarcity, but many poor households do not yet have access to water and basic sanitation facilities, i.e. there is also economic water scarcity. Given this background, Chapter Three focuses on water demand management as part of an integrated water management approach. The role of water prices is discussed, in particular the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) structure which is predominantly used in South Africa. Chapter Four estimates the price elasticity of demand for water using household water consumption records obtained from the City of Cape Town (CCT). A distinctive feature of this case study is a survey undertaken to collect household information on demographic and water-use characteristics, as water databases are severely lacking in South Africa. The results show water demand to be mostly price inelastic, which concurs with findings from international empirical literature. Furthermore, higher-income households are found to be more sensitive to price changes, thus some reduction in water consumption can be achieved by increasing marginal prices at the upper end of the IBT structure. Chapter Five analyses the IBT structure as a redistributive tool. Particular attention is given to the Free Basic Water policy of South Africa, which allows each household to receive six kilolitres of water free per month. Empirical modelling indicates that the IBT structure in its current form holds limited benefits for the poor, given the state of service delivery in South Africa: the lack of access to the water network prevents the poorest households from being the recipients of the cross-subsidisation occurring in an IBT structure. Part Two studies urban water resources as recreational and environmental goods. The literature review of environmental valuation techniques in Chapter Six places particular emphasis on the Contingent Valuation Method. This method is applied in Chapter Seven, where the value of improving the environmental quality of a freshwater urban lake is analysed in a middle- to low-income urban area. Another survey was undertaken specifically for this purpose of gauging the willingness to pay for improved recreational facilities and water quality of Zeekoevlei. The results show that low-income households do attach value to urban environmental goods, a result which adds to our knowledge of willingness to pay for environmental goods in developing countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besorgdheid oor die toereikenheid van varswaterbronne en die impak van watertekorte het volhoubare waterbestuur op die wêreldagenda geplaas. Dit is veral relevant vir Suid- Afrika, 'n land met neerslagkoerse ver onder die wêreld gemiddelde en waterbronne wat hoogs besoedeld geword het. Die skaarsheid van water vir verbruik en van onbesoedelde waterbronne as ontspannings- en omgewingsproduk, beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid vir 'n ekonomiese analise van hierdie kwessies. Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek sekere ekonomiese aspekte van waterbestuur in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, in twee dele. Deel Een (Hoofstukke Twee tot Vyf) beoog om insig te verskaf oor die stedelike vraag na water en analiseer die prys van water as 'n vraagbestuursmaatstaf. Deel Twee (Hoofstukke Ses en Sewe) ontleed die waarde wat mense heg aan waterbronne vir ontspannings- en omgewingsdoeleindes. Kwantitatiewe metodologiese benaderinge word hoofsaaklik gebruik om 'n ekonomiese perspektief op watervraag bestuur toe te lig. Die omvang van waterskaarsheid in Suid-Afrika word in Hoofstuk Twee bespreek. Hierdie hoofstuk dui aan dat Suid-Afrika besig is om fisiese waterskaarste te bereik, maar die land het ook baie arm huishoudings wat nog nie toegang tot water en basiese sanitasiefasiliteite het nie, dw.s. wat daar is ook ekonomiese waterskaarsheid. Gegewe hierdie agtergrond, fokus Hoofstuk Drie op watervraagbestuur, as deel van 'n geïntegreerde waterbestuursbenadering. Die rol van waterpryse word bespreek, veral die Stygende-Blok-Tarief (SBT) struktuur wat grotendeels in Suid-Afrika gebruik word. Hoofstuk Vier bepaal die pryselastisiteit van vraag vir water met behulp van huishoudelike waterverbruiksdata, verkry vanaf die Stad Kaapstad. 'n Kenmerkende eienskap van hierdie gevallestudie is die ingesamelde huishoudelike inligting oor demografiese en waterverbruik-eienskappe, aangesien daar ‘n groot tekort aan water-databasisse in Suid- Afrika is. Die uitslae toon dat watervraag meestal prysonelasties is, wat ooreenstem met bevindinge van ander empiriese literatuur. Verder word gevind dat hoё-inkomste huishoudings meer sensitief is vir prysveranderinge. Dus sal 'n afname in waterverbruik bewerkstellig kan word deur marginale pryse aan die hoёr kant van die SBT struktuur te verhoog. Hoofstuk Vyf ondersoek die SBT struktuur as 'n effektiewe herverdelingsmaatstaf. Spesifieke aandag word aan die Gratis Basiese Water-beleid van Suid-Afrika geskenk, wat voorsiening maak dat elke huishouding ses kiloliter water per maand verniet ontvang. Die bevindinge van empiriese modellering is dat die SBT struktuur, soos dit tans in Suid-Afrika toegepas word, beperkte voordele vir die armes inhou, gegewe die huidige stand van watervoorsiening in Suid-Afrika. As gevolg van die agterstand met betrekking tot toegang tot water, ontvang die heel armes nie die voordele van kruissubsidiёring wat plaasvind onder 'n SBT struktuur nie. Deel Twee bestudeer stedelike waterbronne as ontspannings- en omgewingsprodukte. Hoofstuk Ses verskaf 'n literatuur oorsig oor omgewingswaardasie tegnieke, met 'n spesieke fokus op die Kontingente Waardasie-metode. Hierdie metode word in Hoofstuk Sewe toegepas, waar die waarde van verbeteringe in die omgewingskwaliteit van 'n varswatermeer in 'n middel- tot lae-komste stedelike gebied ondersoek word. Nog 'n opname is gedoen met die doel om die bereidwilligheid om te betaal vir verbeterde ontspanningsfasiliteite en die waterkwaliteit van Zeekoevlei te meet. Die bevindinge toon dat lae-inkomste huishoudings wel waarde heg aan stedelike omgewingsprodukte.
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Draper, Desré. "Water management practices in selected Cape Town hotels." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2879.

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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009
The City of Cape Town implemented water restrictions from November 2004 and all residents in Cape Town had to rethink their water management practices. In the context of global environmental initiatives, this was a positive move as South Africans need to change the way water is used in line with global environmental practices. The increasing emphasis for the hospitality industry to “green the business” and implement environmental management practices forms the basis of this research project. The study focused on what water management practices are currently being utilised in selected Cape Town hotels. Initiatives available to assist the hospitality industry in South Africa were also researched to determine what assistance there is for local hoteliers who are implementing water management practices. An objective of the study was the inclusion of recommendations that hoteliers can use as a starting point when implementing water management practices. The study focused on a study amongst selected three, four and five star graded hotels in the central business district of Cape Town and Waterfront. Quantitative methods were used to generate data relating to the research objectives. A questionnaire was administered to representatives of the sampled 44 hotels to determine current water management practices. Guests within the sample group received a separate questionnaire to determine their perceptions with regard to water management practices in South African hotels. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The findings of the study showed that South African hoteliers are starting to “green the business” and guests to South Africa do view environmental issues as a factor when choosing accommodation.
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Munro, Samantha Alanna. "A water footprint assessment of primary citrus production in the Lower Sundays River Valley Citrus Farms, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017558.

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With the current implementation of the South African National Water Act (NWA) underway, comprehensive tools to assist in the efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources are needed. Water footprints (WFs) are increasingly being recognised as a meaningful way to represent human appropriation of water resources and provide a framework for assessing the sustainability of water use. The study calculated blue, green and grey WFs for the lower Sundays River Valley (LSRV) citrus sector across dry, humid and long-term average climates for a number of cultivars. The sustainability of both the LSRV and the production process of citrus were examined through the adoption of a number of environmental, social and economic indicators. The study revealed that there was no water scarcity in the area because of an inter-basin transfer and that water pollution levels attributed to citrus production required a more comprehensive indicator than the grey WF. Results showed that navels, despite being the dominant cultivar, had the highest WF and the lowest water productivity and technical efficiency. It also provided lower benefits of income and employment in terms of water use in comparison to other cultivars. Conversely, cultivars such as lemons, which required a greater amount of water and fertiliser, were the most productive cultivar with the lowest blue, green and grey WF. The study demonstrated the complexity of decisions regarding water management and the need to assess accurately the environmental, social and economic implications of strategies to increase efficiency of water. The importance of incorporating local data and verifying WFs was also illustrated. The analysis highlighted that WF assessments could be useful for the South African government and agricultural sectors to assist in future water management decisions and promote increased collaboration between stakeholders. The study found that the adoption of local benchmarks could be useful in aiding the promotion of more efficient water use and could factor in sensitive economic and social attributes. WFs in conjunction with other economic and social indicators could also be used to evaluate the sustainability of current and future allocations pertaining to the implementation of the NWA. It was however noted that this requires vast amounts of accurate data.
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Books on the topic "Water consumption – South Africa"

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Buckle, J. S. Water demand management in practice: Case studies of water demand management in the Republics of South Africa and Namibia. [Nairobi]: UN-HABITAT, 2000.

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Africa, Statistics South. Water management areas in South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2010.

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Schreiner, Barbara, and Rashid Hassan, eds. Transforming Water Management in South Africa. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7.

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Kotzé, D. J. Energy projections for South Africa. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: Institute for Energy Studies, Rand Afrikaans University, 1985.

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Kimuyu, Peter. Water sources and use in semi-arid Africa: Insights from Machakos District, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 1998.

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Aron, J. Financial liberalisation consumption and debt in South Africa. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2000.

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Wild, Emily C. Estimated water use and availability in the South Coastal Drainage Basin, southern Rhode Island, 1995-99. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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Wild, Emily C. Estimated water use and availability in the South Coastal Drainage Basin, southern Rhode Island, 1995-99. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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T, Nimiroski Mark, Rhode Island. Water Resources Board., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Estimated water use and availability in the South Coastal Drainage Basin, southern Rhode Island, 1995-99. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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Wild, Emily C. Estimated water use and availability in the South Coastal Drainage Basin, southern Rhode Island, 1995-99. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water consumption – South Africa"

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Knight, Jasper. "Water Resources in South Africa." In World Regional Geography Book Series, 91–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94974-1_10.

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Steyn, Maronel, Richard Meissner, Karen Nortje, Nikki Funke, and Chantel Petersen. "Water Security and South Africa." In Understanding Water Security at Local Government Level in South Africa, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02517-5_1.

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Meissner, Richard. "Water Research in South Africa." In Paradigms and Theories Influencing Policies in the South African and International Water Sectors, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48547-8_1.

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Fatti, L. Paul. "Water Research Planning in South Africa." In The Analytic Hierarchy Process, 122–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50244-6_8.

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Ncube, Mthuli, and Eliphas Ndou. "Monetary Policy, Disposable Income and Consumption." In Monetary Policy and the Economy in South Africa, 65–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334152_5.

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Ncube, Mthuli, and Eliphas Ndou. "Mortgage Variables, Monetary Policy and Consumption." In Monetary Policy and the Economy in South Africa, 83–109. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334152_6.

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Schreiner, Barbara. "Water Pricing: The Case of South Africa." In Water Pricing Experiences and Innovations, 289–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16465-6_15.

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Eales, Kathy. "Water Services in South Africa 1994–2009." In Global Issues in Water Policy, 33–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7_3.

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Ncube, Mthuli, and Eliphas Ndou. "Monetary Policy Transmission, House Prices and Consumption." In Monetary Policy and the Economy in South Africa, 43–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334152_4.

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Kidd, Michael. "South Africa: The Development of Water Law." In The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water, 87–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water consumption – South Africa"

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Van Zyl, H. J., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. Van Zyl. "An Evaluation of Domestic and Non-Domestic Water Consumption in South Africa." In Eighth Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium (WDSA). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40941(247)46.

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Olanrewaju, Oludolapo A., Josiah L. Munda, and Adisa A. Jimoh. "Understanding the Impacts of GDP and Population in South Africa's Energy Consumption." In Environment and Water Resource Management. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2014.813-016.

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Tshamala, Mubenga Carl, and Derik Ehlers. "Hybrid Cooling for Power Generation and Water Scarcity in the South African Context." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7410.

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Traditionally, water is used in thermal power plant for heat rejection processes such as in the steam condenser for use in a Rankine cycle. Typically, research has shown that approximately 2 litres of water are required to generate 1 kWh of electricity on a wet-cooling system; which on a bigger scale could translated to more than 11000000 m3 per year of make-up water for a 600 MWe coal-fired plant. The ever-increasing cost of water resources as well as the water resource scarcity have paved a path to dry-cooling systems which alternatively provide a significant cooling potential. However, dry-cooling systems performance are generally driven by the atmospheric conditions which at time do not meet the desired cooling temperatures resulting in significant drop in their performance. Recent developments in cooling technology suggest that hybrid systems (dry-wet) be used to insure good and manageable performances while maintaining the cost of operation at admissible range. In light of the recent draught experienced in South Africa, attention was drawn to evaluation of deluged systems performance as well as water consumption to increase the public awareness in the field. In this study, a deluged bundle was used to experimentally determine the cooling performance characteristic as well as water consumption for performance management. The above is then considered on a bigger scale to in order to open floor for further discussion on future strategies in term of the South African policy on water usage.
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Raiva, Tafadzwa, and T. C. Jen. "Solar Industrial Steam Production for Soap Manufacturing Factory: A Feasibility Study." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72368.

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Industrial use of electricity in South Africa accounts for the largest consumption fraction, and the industry has the least renewable energy resource penetration rate. In the soaps manufacturing industry, steam is used to dry the semi-liquid soap mixture into solid noodles in the dryers. This process consumes 63047tons of steam per year, and the steam is produced by boiling water in the boiler heated using biomass and heavy fuel oil (HFO). Feasibility of the system to produce industrial steam using solar energy was to be determined using two platforms: Cost feasibility and Area feasibility. Area feasibility refers to the determination of whether the space available for collector field installation can match the area required to meet steam load. The optimized simulation showed that the required collector area was 17500m2, while the maximum available area on the roof was 12000m2, which implies that the space would not fit the required installation. As for the cost feasibility, the system has to have a payback period of less than 5 years for it be considered feasible and thus can be funded. The cost of installation was estimated to be USD $4 million, with an annual savings rate of $329000, hence a payback period of 12.1 years, which would be regarded as a long period of time for a savings project, therefore would be difficult for it to be approved by the factory administration as it is considered that a payback period of at most 5 years is favorable and the investment would be approved.
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"The Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Improving the Microbial Quality of Drinking Water." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117029.

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MUTAMBA, JEREMIAH. "WATER SECURITY: IS SOUTH AFRICA OPTIMALLY PURSUING ITS OPTIONS?" In WATER AND SOCIETY 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws190051.

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"Water Minimisation at Kriel Power Station Using Process Integration." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117062.

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"Removal of Total Hardness and Alkalinity from RO – Reject Water." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117024.

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Siti, Willy. "Energy Consumption Modeling in South Africa Correlated with the Income." In 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society Conference and Exposition in Africa (PowerAfrica 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesafr.2007.4498100.

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Adewumi, J. R., A. A. Ilemobade, and J. E. van Zyl. "Planning Model for Wastewater Reuse System in South Africa." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)10.

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Reports on the topic "Water consumption – South Africa"

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van Koppen, B., V. Molose, K. Phasha, T. Bophela, I. Modiba, M. White, M. S. Magombeyi, and I. Jacobs-Mata. Guidelines for community-led multiple use water services: evidence from rural South Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2020.213.

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Grafton, R. Quentin, Clay Landry, Gary Libecap, Sam McGlennon, and Robert O'Brien. An Integrated Assessment of Water Markets: Australia, Chile, China, South Africa and the USA. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16203.

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Cobbing, J. The North West dolomite aquifers, South Africa: a stalled opportunity for water security and development. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2018.223.

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van Koppen, B., M. S. Magombeyi, I. Jacobs-Mata, V. Molose, K. Phasha, T. Bophela, I. Modiba, and M. White. Process and benefits of community-led multiple use water services: comparing two communities in South Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2020.212.

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Dodd, Lynde, Nancy Rybicki, Ryan Thum, Yasuro Kadono, and Kadiera Ingram. Genetic and morphological differences of water chestnut (Myrtales: Lythraceae: Trapa) populations in the Northeastern United States, Japan, and South Africa. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/32506.

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Ortiz, Raphaëlle, Anamaría Núñez, Corinne Cathala, Ana R. Rios, and Mauro Nalesso. Water in the Time of Drought II: Lessons from Droughts around the World. Edited by Raul Muñoz, Alfred Grunwaldt, and Claudia Calderón. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003425.

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This technical note is an update to the previous "Water in the Time of Drought: Lessons from Five Droughts Around the World", published in 2018. It explores drought situations and policies in Spain (including the Canary Islands), Chile, Mexico, the dry corridor between Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, Brazil, and South Africa. Each of these countries has recently dealt with droughts and/or developed long-term solutions to manage them. HydroBID, a tool developed by the IDB, will be presented through relevant case studies. After defining drought experiences and institutional frameworks in each country, the brief will explore the successes and challenges of national drought and water management policies. Best practices and lessons learned will be extracted from each case study to help policymakers better prepare for droughts.
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