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Journal articles on the topic 'Water consumption – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.

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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problem

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2

Gouws, Rupert, and Estie Le Roux. "Efficiency and cost analysis of a designed in-line water heating system compared to a conventional water heating system in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 3 (2012): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i3a3167.

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In this paper, the authors compares the efficiency and cost of a designed in-line water heating system with a conventional water heating system (geyser) in South Africa. The paper provides an overview on water heating systems and heating elements and provides the typical water consumption required by an average household in South Africa. A summary on the design of the in-line water heating system together with a system cost analysis is provided. The designed in-line water heating system takes the energy consumption, temperature and pressure into account during operation. The energy consumption

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3

Veste, Maik, Thomas Littmann, Anton Kunneke, Ben du Toit, and Thomas Seifert. "Windbreaks as part of climate-smart landscapes reduce evapotranspiration in vineyards, Western Cape Province, South Africa." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 3 (2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/616/2019-pse.

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Under the conditions of climate change in South Africa, ecological and technical measures are needed to reduce the water consumption of irrigated crops. Windbreak hedges are long-rated systems in agriculture that significantly reduce wind speed. Their possibilities to reduce evapotranspiration and water demand are being investigated at a vineyard in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Detailed measurements of meteorological parameters relevant for the computation of reference and crop-specific evapotranspiration following the FAO 56 approaches within a vineyard in the Western Cape Provinc

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4

Meyer, J. P., and M. Tshimankinda. "Domestic hot-water consumption in South African apartments." Energy 23, no. 1 (1998): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(97)00069-8.

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Meyer, J. P., and M. Tshimankinda. "Domestic hot water consumption in south african townhouses." Energy Conversion and Management 39, no. 7 (1998): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(97)00048-4.

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Oliver, Neil N., and Diederick Gerhardus Brümmer. "Factors influencing water consumption in South African schools." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 5, no. 1 (2007): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17260530710746623.

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7

Bourne, D. E., and Lesley T. Bourne. "Water Consumption Patterns among Individuals in Cape Town." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (1989): 1805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0174.

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Liquid consumption patterns among individuals in Cape Town, South Africa, were ascertained. Two dietary surveys, one in summer and the other in winter, (n=1445 and 1393 persons) were carried out using a 24-hour recall of all food and drink items consumed. Total water consumption was calculated by using food composition tables. Water consumption was categorised by source: domestic tap water, water added in commercial processing, and water naturally bound in food. Mean total consumption was 1770 ml/head.day. Only 52% of the water consumed came from the tap at home. Water consumption was also cla

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8

Mathenjwa, S., T. Bond, B. Ndwandwe, et al. "Development and testing of a water-efficient laundry system in informal settlements of eThekwini municipality, South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 1 (2012): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.068.

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In the informal settlements of eThekwini municipality, South Africa, laundry activities are typically undertaken at local standpipes and washbasins of community ablution blocks (CABs), and are characterised by high levels of water consumption and greywater production. Since greywater contains a high pollution load, including sodium tripolyphosphate, it poses a significant environmental and public health risk. The overall objective of this study was to develop and test a water-efficient laundry system designed for informal settlements. Initial fieldwork at a standpipe and CAB in eThekwini munic

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Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, et al. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 4 (2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.

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South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In

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Tayob, Shaheed. "Halal Consumption as Ethical Practice: Negotiating Halal Certification in South Africa." Islamic Africa 11, no. 1 (2020): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-01101006.

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Abstract In recent decades, the halal certification logo has emerged as a global phenomenon. Halal certification is an attempt to produce a new discursive and material basis for the practice of halal. Halal is extended into new places and products. In South Africa Muslim consumers now query the halal status of tomato sauce, bottled water and even food consumed at the homes of friends and family. Certification is a technology of halal whereby consumers self-regulate practice in new ways. However, the transformations of halal certification have not been complete. Documentary inspection and molec

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11

Hoy, L., and S. Stelli. "Water conservation education as a tool to empower water users to reduce water use." Water Supply 16, no. 1 (2015): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.073.

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There is a finite supply of global fresh water available for human consumption, which is in great demand from both humans and the environment. As technology and populations increase, so do the demands and pressure on this limited resource. Demand far too often outstrips supply, requiring authorities to impose restrictions on water use. Recent research undertaken by Rand Water, in the Rand Water supply area (in and around Gauteng, South Africa) points to the desire from end users to be empowered with knowledge to make their own decisions on water use reduction, rather than to have authoritative

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Bischoff-Mattson, Zachary, Gillian Maree, Coleen Vogel, Amanda Lynch, David Olivier, and Deon Terblanche. "Shape of a water crisis: practitioner perspectives on urban water scarcity and ‘Day Zero’ in South Africa." Water Policy 22, no. 2 (2020): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.233.

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Abstract The interruption of essential water services in Cape Town, foreshadowed as ‘Day Zero,’ is one of several recent examples of urban water scarcity connected to the language of urgent climate change. Johannesburg, with its larger and growing population and deeply enmeshed water and power infrastructures, is currently regarded as one drought away from disaster. As a result, the lessons to be learned from Cape Town are under active debate in South Africa. We used Q method to examine the structure of perspectives on urban water scarcity among South African water management practitioners. Ou

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Pretorius, Anri, and Surika van Rooyen. "Investigating The Financial Implications Of Alternative Water Heating Systems." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 7 (2013): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i7.7966.

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Electricity tariffs charged by the South African electricity supplier (Eskom) have sharply increased over the past three years and there is no indication of what to expect in the future with regard to electricity tariffs. Many South Africans are searching for ways to save on their monthly electricity bills by seeking out alternative water heating systems. The purpose of this study is to determine the most financially viable alternative water heating system for a household in South Africa using various investment appraisal techniques and taking into consideration the size of the household. The

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Moroke, Ntebogang Dinah. "Modeling and forecasting utility resources usage in an emerging country." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 4 (2016): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i4c3art4.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the forecasting efficiency of two univariate time series models, the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and the Holt-Winter’s triple exponential smoothing. A monthly electricity and water consumption data used was sourced from the South African Reserve Bank. This data was available for the period Q3 2008 to Q1 2016. Upon subjecting the data to the diagnostic tests of normality, heteroscedasticity and stationarity, parameters of the selected model were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Although the two models were foun

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Raji, Iyioluwa Busuyi, Emile Hoffmann, Adeline Ngie, and Frank Winde. "Assessing Uranium Pollution Levels in the Rietspruit River, Far West Rand Goldfield, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (2021): 8466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168466.

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The Rietspruit is located in Gauteng Province, South Africa, within the Witwatersrand Basin. The basin is noted for its vast gold deposit. The river extends for about 60 km before joining the Vaal River. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of uranium in the Rietspruit and the factors that influenced the concentration of U at each of the sites. The source of uranium in the river is the discharge from the gold mine and the mine wastes. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for water and sediment analysis in order to determine the concentration of U. High conc

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Simonis, J. J., A. K. Basson, and T. Selepe. "Removal of microbes to World Health Organization requirements using a locally developed, low cost, micro-porous, ceramic water filter." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 4 (2014): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.042.

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The quality of drinking water can no longer be taken for granted and has been the subject of tremendous attention from pressure groups and the media due to poor service delivery in South Africa. Furthermore, many of the older water treatment plants are incapable of effectively reducing microbes to safe levels. Unfortunately there are various definitions of ‘safe’. The South African government considers 10 or less viable Cryptosporidium oocysts an infective dose, while the USA and UK governments believe that one viable Cryptosporidium oocyst is an infective dose. To add to the confusion the Wor

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Aneck-Hahn, Natalie H., Magdalena C. Van Zijl, Pieter Swart, et al. "Estrogenic activity, selected plasticizers and potential health risks associated with bottled water in South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 2 (2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.043.

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Abstract Potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in bottled water from various countries. In South Africa (SA), increased bottled water consumption and concomitant increases in plastic packaging create important consequences for public health. This study aimed to screen SA bottled water for estrogenic activity, selected target chemicals and assessing potential health risks. Ten bottled water brands were exposed to 20 °C and 40 °C over 10 days. Estrogenic activity was assessed using the recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the T47D-KBluc reporter gene assay. Solid pha

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Tau, P., Ro Anyasi, and K. Mearns. "Evaluating the Pollution of the Apies River in Pretoria South Africa." E3S Web of Conferences 241 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124101004.

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This study was done to assess the pollution of Apies River using both chemical and microbiological methods. The pollution index of the river revealed that the concentration of most pollutants downstream is more than 50% of the upstream concentration. The natural sources of the pollution in Apies River are the weathering of geological formations; whereas the anthropogenic sources are agriculture; Municipal WWTW and direct deposit of waste into the river. The natural sources of pollution contributed towards chemical pollution; whereas the anthropogenic sources contributed both chemical and micro

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19

Hasan, Ali, Bhekisipho Twala, Khmaies Ouahada, and Tshilidzi Marwala. "ENERGY USAGE OPTIMISATION IN SOUTH AFRICAN MINES." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 1 (2014): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0004.

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Abstract In recent years, South Africa has encountered a critical electricity supply which necessitated the implementation of demand-side management (DSM) projects. Load shifting and energy (EE) efficiency projects were introduced in mining sector to reduce the electricity usage during day peak time. As the compressed air networks and the water pumping systems are using large amounts of the mines’ electricity, possible ways were investigated and implemented to improve and optimise the energy consumption and to reduce the costs. Implementing DSM and EE in four different mines resulted in achiev

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Madolo, S. D., A. Telukdarie, and A. Kumar. "Energy–water and GHG nexus: A South African water industry case." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (2018): 673–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.073.

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Abstract Water and energy are resources that are dependent on each other. Water is needed for the production of energy for fuel extraction, cooling power plants, and processing of fossil fuels. In water cycles, energy is needed for pumping, treatment and distribution of water and wastewater to and from customers. In South Africa (SA), the energy used in the water industry is generated mostly from fossil fuels, which has a significant negative impact on the environment. This research reviews a representative subset of the SA water industry to evaluate energy efficiency and harmful gas emissions

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21

Lefrançois, Simon, Philippe Doyon-Poulin, Louis Gosselin, and Marcel Lacroix. "OPTIMIZATION OF ICEBERG TOWING VELOCITY FOR WATER SUPPLY." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 32, no. 3-4 (2008): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2008-0036.

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A mathematical model for determining the optimum towing velocity of tabular icebergs is presented. The optimization problem is formulated in terms of a benefit function that takes into account the ice mass delivered and the total fuel consumption for the tow. Results indicate that the optimum towing velocity is mainly affected by the water-to-fuel cost ratio. It is shown that towing icebergs from Antarctica to South Africa is a profitable way of supplying fresh-water provided that the towing velocity is optimized with the proposed method.

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22

Gouws, R., and E. le Roux. "Design and heat flow analysis of a commercial energy efficient in-line water heating system." World Journal of Engineering 11, no. 3 (2014): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.11.3.239.

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In this paper, the authors provide the design, heat flow analysis and pressure analysis of a commercial energy efficient in-line water heating system in South Africa. The designed commercial in-line water heating system captures the energy consumption, flow rate, temperature and pressure during operation and accordingly responds on these values to increase the energy efficiency of the system. The user is constantly aware of the energy consumption and cost during operation and can choose to switch to a more economical setting to conserve energy. A central processor with PID control was used to

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23

Ijumba, Pamela, and Adoniya Ben Sebitosi. "Evaluating the impact of consumer behaviour on the performance of domestic solar water heating systems in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 21, no. 1 (2010): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2010/v21i1a3247.

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South Africa experienced a rapid expansion in the electric power consumer base after 1994 that was not matched by corresponding investment in the country’s generation capacity. By the dawn of 2008, the situation had reached a critical point, with regular countrywide blackouts and load shedding and is expected to persist for several years, before the proposed new base stations can come online. Currently, 92% of the country’s electricity is generated in coal-based power stations and are responsible for the country’s heavy carbon footprint. Additionally this power must crisscross the country to d

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Turpie, D. W. F., C. J. Steenkamp, and R. B. Townsend. "Industrial Application of Formed-in-Place Membrane Ultrafiltration and Automated Membrane-Forming in the Treatment and Recycle of Rinse-Water during the Scouring of Raw Wool." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (1992): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0242.

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Fresh water consumption in the scouring of raw wool at a Mill in South Africa has been dramatically reduced by a combination of two factors, namely the purification and recycling of some of the wash water for reuse during rinsing, and the recycle of water from the firm's biological degradation ponds for use in the earlier stages of wool washing and in neutralising. Purification is undertaken by means of formed-in-place hydrous zirconium (IV) oxide membranes which are deposited automatically on porous sintered stainless steel supports. While about the same total quantity of water is used to was

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Sheridan, C. M., F. F. Bauer, S. Burton, and L. Lorenzen. "A critical process analysis of wine production to improve cost, quality and environmental performance." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (2005): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0005.

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Wine production in South Africa is delocalised, with numerous small-to-medium sized producers within several regions within the Western Cape. Whilst adapting to new technological changes, producers have to respond to pressure from consumers and governments regarding the environmental consequences of winemaking, especially water usage and pollution. To date, no systematic analysis integrating the various aspects of winemaking in South Africa has been done. This study assessed both physical inputs and outputs. A detailed questionnaire was developed to broadly assess these parameters and was subm

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Jonker, B., and T. Abiye. "Groundwater potential of the eastern Kalahari region of South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (2017): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.385.

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Abstract An integrated approach involving geological, borehole data, hydrogeochemical and environmental isotope analyses was used to determine the groundwater potential of the eastern Kalahari region of South Africa, an area to the west of Mahikeng that stretches northward from the Orange River into Botswana. The total groundwater resource potential for the eastern Kalahari region of South Africa is estimated at 10127 Mm3/a, with the Kalahari Group aquifer showing the greatest potential, comprising 51% of the total resource. The storage capacity of the Kalahari Group aquifer (7130 Mm3) is also

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Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes. "Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 5 (2020): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2020-0033.

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Purpose The study explored the impacts of climate change on water resources, and the community-based adaptation practices adopted to ensure water security in a rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participatory approach was used to allow community members to share their challenges of water scarcity, and the measures they have developed to cope with inconsistent water supply. Findings The study results show that the community obtains water for household consumption from the reticulation syst

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Williams, Stephanie Paige, Gladman Thondhlana, and Harn Wei Kua. "Electricity Use Behaviour in a High-Income Neighbourhood in Johannesburg, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114571.

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Worldwide, households’ consumption of electricity contributes to a substantial proportion of total national energy demand. Thus, the residential sector is a major entity in efforts to define and achieve global sustainability goals. Understanding electricity use behaviour and factors underlying behaviour is critical for designing behaviour change interventions, particularly in contexts characterised by fast-growing economies, burgeoning number of high-income households, and consumption growth. However, relative to developed economies, very little is known on this subject in South Africa. Using

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Tangwe, Stephen loh, and Michael Simon. "Quantification of the viability of residential air source heat pump water heaters as potential replacement for geysers in South Africa." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 2 (2019): 456–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-05-2017-0042.

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Purpose This paper aims to compute demand, consumption and other avoidance saving by replacing existing geysers with split and integrated type air source heat pump (ASHP) water heaters, to prove the potential of both ASHP water heaters in both winter and summer by virtue of their coefficient of performance (COP) during the vapour compression refrigeration cycles and to demonstrate that despite the viability of both split and integrated ASHP system, the latter exhibits a better performance in terms of its COP and achievable savings and load factor. Design/methodology/approach This research emph

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Ngxumeshe, Ayanda M., Motshekwe Ratsaka, Bohani Mtileni, and Khathutshelo Nephawe. "Sustainable Application of Livestock Water Footprints in Different Beef Production Systems of South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 9921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239921.

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There is an increase in requirement and competition for water, while water resources are decreasing at an accelerating rate. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and therefore has the largest water footprint, which is not yet known. The largest portion is acknowledged to be for producing animal products. Water footprints account for the amounts of water used to produce a commodity for consumption, measured along the commodity life cycle. Water withdrawals from surface and groundwater are accounted for when assessing the water footprint. The three identified major determinants of a wate

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Meyer, J. P., and M. Tshimankinda. "Domestic hot water consumption by developing communities in South African traditional houses." Energy 21, no. 12 (1996): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(96)00063-1.

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Meyer, J. P., and M. Tshimankinda. "Domestic hot-water consumption by South African developing communities living in shacks." International Journal of Energy Research 21, no. 12 (1997): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(19971010)21:12<1081::aid-er308>3.0.co;2-j.

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Graydon, Ryan Christopher, Paola Andrea Gonzalez, Abdiel Elias Laureano-Rosario, and Guillermo Reginald Pradieu. "Bottled water versus tap water." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 20, no. 4 (2019): 654–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-01-2019-0003.

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Purpose Bottled water consumption continues to break records worldwide and its environmental impact is often underestimated by the consumer. Many factors affect individuals’ choices to consume tap water and bottled water including perceived health risks and water quality. The University of South Florida (USF) has joined a nationwide initiative to become carbon-neutral, and reducing bottled water consumption was a chosen strategy. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk perceptions and drinking water choices of the USF-Tampa campus community. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 561

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Pillay, S. D., E. Friedrich, and C. A. Buckley. "Life cycle assessment of an industrial water recycling plant." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (2002): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0204.

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An industrial water recycling plant was recently commissioned in Durban, South Africa. As with any industrial activity there are environmental burdens associated with water recycling. To assess these burdens a relatively new environmental tool - the life cycle assessment (LCA) - was used. LCA is a systematic way to evaluate the environmental impact of a product or process. This study presents the environmental burdens associated with industrial water and identifies the areas for improvement for the processes involved for recycling water. It was shown that the majority of the environmental burd

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Jansen, Ada, and Carl‐erik Schulz. "WATER DEMAND AND THE URBAN POOR: A STUDY OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING WATER CONSUMPTION AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Economics 74, no. 3 (2006): 593–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2006.00084.x.

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Madibana, MJ, CH Fouché, and CM Mnisi. "Challenges facing emerging aquaculture entrepreneurs in South Africa and possible solutions." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 20, no. 06 (2020): 16689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.94.18890.

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Despite aquaculture being hailed as the fastest growing farming sector in the world, South African aquaculture is still lagging behind. This article aims to highlight challenges (mostly beyond their control) that South Africa’s emerging aquaculture entrepreneurs have to endure in order to find a breakthrough into the industry. Availability of necessary resources such as land, water, infrastructure,financial support and access to markets, as well as crime are among challenges faced by these entrepreneurs on a daily basis. Limited human resources in capacity building, skills and aquaculture expe

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Mattson, Eric, and Mark C. Belk. "Intraspecific Morphological Variation in Two Common Marine Fish Species from South Africa." Open Fish Science Journal 6, no. 1 (2013): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874401x01306010087.

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Intraspecific morphological variation in fish is typically associated with sexual dimorphism, or one of three common environmental gradients: variation in intensity of predation, variation in water velocity, or variation in feeding niche. The preponderance of examples of environment-associated morphological variation within fish species has been documented in freshwater systems. It is not clear whether environment-associated intraspecific morphological variation is less common in marine fishes or whether there has just been a lack of investigation. We used geometric morphometric analysis to qu

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Rankin, R., and P. G. Rousseau. "Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design." Energy Conversion and Management 47, no. 6 (2006): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.002.

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Kanayo, Ogujiuba, and Fadila Jumare . "Sustainable Development in Developing Countries: Case Studies of Sustainable Consumption and Production in South Africa and India." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 4, no. 9 (2012): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v4i9.350.

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The pursuit of development has had a major impact on the environment and on existing social structures. During the 1950s and 1960s, most nations were preoccupied with economic growth and energy consumption, which led to social and environmental issues being overlooked. Thus, traditional societies have been devastated and extreme environmental damage occurring such as pollution and inadequate water supply, transportation and sewer infrastructure problems amongst others. If environmental damage remains unchecked, the achievements of development and even essential ecosystems would be undermined.

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Ritchie, Michael J., Jacobus A. A. Engelbrecht, and M. J. (Thinus) Booysen. "Which Strategy Saves the Most Energy for Stratified Water Heaters?" Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164859.

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The operation of water heating uses a substantial amount of energy and is responsible for 30% of a household’s overall electricity consumption. Determining methods of reducing energy demand is crucial for countries such as South Africa, where energy supply is almost exclusively electrical, 88% of it is generated by coal, and energy deficits cause frequent blackouts. Decreasing the energy consumption of tanked water heaters can be achieved by reducing the standing losses and thermal energy of the hot water used. In this paper, we evaluate various energy-saving strategies that have commonly been

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Matohlang Mohlotsane, Pascalina, Enoch Owusu-Sekyere, Henry Jordaan, Jonannes Barnard, and Leon van Rensburg. "Water Footprint Accounting Along the Wheat-Bread Value Chain: Implications for Sustainable and Productive Water Use Benchmarks." Water 10, no. 9 (2018): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091167.

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Efficient and wise management of freshwater resources in South Africa has become critical because of the alarming freshwater scarceness. The situation requires a thorough examination of how water is utilized across various departments that use water. This paper reports on an examination of the water footprint and economic water productivities of the wheat-bread value chain. The assessment methodology of the Water Footprint Network was employed. The findings reveal that 954.07 m3 and 1026.07 m3 of water are utilized in the production of a ton of wheat flour in Bainsvlei and Clovelly in South Af

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MEYER, J. P., and M. TSHIMANKINDA. "DOMESTIC HOT WATER CONSUMPTION IN SOUTH AFRICAN HOUSES FOR DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES." International Journal of Energy Research 21, no. 7 (1997): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(19970610)21:7<667::aid-er286>3.0.co;2-2.

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Jagals, P. "Stormwater runoff from typical developed and developing South African urban developments: definitely not for swimming." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (1997): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0723.

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Public water in South Africa is protected from pollution from urban areas and industries through various forms of wastewater treatment and enforced by legislation and standards. However, hardly any standard or guideline exists for an acceptable quality for urban run-off such as stormwater. The microbiological quality of urban run-off from various large urban developments in the Free State Province, South Africa, has been investigated to establish the extent of faecal pollution. Sanitation of a low socio-economic urban residential development was generally limited, comprising mainly pit and buc

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Nthunya, Lebea, Sebabatso Maifadi, Bhekie Mamba, Arne Verliefde, and Sabelo Mhlanga. "Spectroscopic Determination of Water Salinity in Brackish Surface Water in Nandoni Dam, at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water 10, no. 8 (2018): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080990.

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The problem of limited water supply in the Vhembe District (Limpopo Province, South Africa) is exacerbated by a preponderance of dissolved salts, which cause disagreeable taste and odour in the water as reported by the communities using this water for drinking. The water treatment plant that supplies the treated water to the communities in the District sources this raw water from the Nandoni Dam at the Luvuvhu river catchment. There are no scientific studies that have been reported in the literature that focused on determining the levels of water salinity from various water sources in the muni

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Özdemir, Enver Doruk, Sheetal Dattatraya Marathe, Jan Tomaschek, Audrey Dobbins, and Ludger Eltrop. "Economic and environmental analysis of solar water heater utilisation in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 2 (2012): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i2a3157.

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This paper focuses on the energy economics and environmental impacts of solar water heaters (SWH) in the Gauteng Province and compares the results with other technology options for residential water heating with regard to the different income groups. The critical energy situation in South Africa and the highly coal dependent energy generation demonstrates the need to shift to a more sustainable way of living. The residential sector proves to be an optimal starting point to implement new technologies, especially for water heating. The residential hot water demand calculation shows that the annu

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Zvimba, John N., and Eustina V. Musvoto. "Modelling energy efficiency and generation potential in the South African wastewater services sector." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 5 (2020): 876–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.157.

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Abstract About 55% of energy used in the South African water cycle is for wastewater treatment, with the bulk of this energy associated with aeration in biological processes. However, up to 15% of wastewater energy demand can be offset by energy generation from sludge (power and/or combined heat and power), while best practices adoption can deliver energy efficiency gains of between 5% and 25% in the water cycle. Advanced process modelling and simulation has been applied in this study as a tool to evaluate optimal process and aeration control strategies. This study further applied advanced mod

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Mehta, Kedar, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl, Wilfried Zörner, and Rick Greenough. "The Energy Situation in Central Asia: A Comprehensive Energy Review Focusing on Rural Areas." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102805.

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The northern part of the globe is dominated by industrialisation and is well-developed. For many years, the southern part of the world (South Asia, Africa etc.) has been a target of research concentrating on access to energy (mainly electricity) in rural regions. However, the Central Asian region has not been a focus of energy research compared to South East Asia and Africa. Despite plentiful domestically available energy resources, the energy supply in Central Asia is very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas. Almost half of the total population of Central Asia lives in rural ar

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Duvenhage, D. Frank, Alan C. Brent, William H. L. Stafford, and S. Grobbelaar. "Water and CSP—Linking CSP Water Demand Models and National Hydrology Data to Sustainably Manage CSP Development and Water Resources in Arid Regions." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083373.

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A systematic approach to evaluate Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant fleet deployment and sustainable water resource use in arid regions is presented. An overview is given of previous work carried out. Once CSP development scenarios, suitable areas for development, and the water demand from CSP operations were evaluated, appropriate spatiotemporal CSP performance models were developed. The resulting consumptive patterns and the impact of variable resource availability on CSP plant operation are analysed. This evaluation considered the whole of South Africa, with focus on the areas identifie

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Mudau, Lutendo S., Murembiwa S. Mukhola, and Paul R. Hunter. "Systematic risk management approach of household drinking water from the source to point of use." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (2017): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.029.

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The water safety plan (WSP) approach is being widely adopted as a systematic approach to improving the safety of drinking water. However, to date, the approach has not been widely used for improving the safety of drinking water in those settings where people have to collect water away from their home. Most rural areas in South Africa still consume unsafe water despite WSP implementation and improved water sources provided by municipalities. This study used hazard analysis critical control point to assess drinking water used in households to determine systematic procedures, which could be used

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Ncube, Mthokozisi, and Akpofure E. Taigbenu. "Assessment of apparent losses due to meter inaccuracy using an alternative, validated methodology." Water Supply 19, no. 4 (2018): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.178.

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Abstract Despite wide acceptance of the IWA water balance as the basis of managing water losses, experience suggests that there are difficulties with its application. For apparent losses assessment, the traditional approach of deriving consumption profiles and testing water meters exceeds the resources of many utilities. While a few studies have explored alternative methodologies, these have largely not been validated and are susceptible to reproducibility and interpretation difficulties. This paper introduces an improved comparative billing analysis method that combines data preparation techn

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