Journal articles: 'Water dispensers'

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Kristyawan, Yudi, and Zahid Faizal Kholil. "Automatic Water Dispenser Based on Hand Gesture Detection Using Arduino." Inform : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/inform.v6i2.4000.

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Water dispensers are electronic devices that are widely available in households and offices. In general, water dispensers use faucets to drain water. During the pandemic, many people avoid touching equipment used by many people. Various ways have been done so that the water dispenser can be operated automatically without touching the faucet. Previous research on water dispensers was only applied to one type of water. This study aims to make an automatic water dispenser without touching the faucet used for two types of water, namely hot water or cold water. This research is based on hand gesture detection to choose hot water or cold water. The APDS-9960 gesture sensor detects hand movements to select hot or cold water, and then a servo motor is used to open the water faucet. After that, the position of the glass is validated by the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04, and water will flow for 30 seconds into the glass. The entire input and output process is controlled using Arduino. The results show that this automatic water dispenser can detect hand gestures at a maximum distance of 15 cm with a hand movement speed of 2 to 3.7 seconds. This automatic water dispenser can detect three kinds of glass, namely ceramic, clear glass, and plastic, at a distance of 1 to 3 cm, and the volume of water flowing for 30 seconds is 240 ml.

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Phillips, P. A., and D. Fraser. "Discovery of selected water dispensers by newborn pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-026.

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Newborn pigs in 86 litters were offered drinking water from four types of dispenser to determine how quickly each design would be discovered. On average piglets discovered water within about 24 h from an exposed water surface (bowl or cup), whereas discovery time was delayed to more than 72 h with nipple or push-lever dispensers. A prototype dispenser with a wide bowl and continuous bubbling action reduced (P < 0.05) average discovery time to about 14 h. Key words: Piglet, water, dispenser design

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Rizki, Zuriani, Fitriana Fitriana, and Asri Jumadewi. "Identifikasi jumlah angka kuman pada dispenser metode TPC (Total Plate Count)." Jurnal SAGO Gizi dan Kesehatan 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30867/gikes.v4i1.1052.

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Background: Food contamination can be caused by various factors, including food handler knowledge, body hygiene, food sanitation, and the cleanliness of cutlery. A microbiological examination that can be done is a swab of cooking utensils and cutlery, including a germ count examination. The dispenser is one of the tableware widely used by the community to provide drinks. The use of dispensers in gallon bottled drinking water consumers makes serving drinking water practical, but dispenser cleanliness is generally less considered by consumers.Objectives: The study aims to determine the number of germs in standard-temperature water faucets and hot-temperature water faucet dispensers using the TPC (Total Plate Count) method.Methods: This type of research is explanatory through a descriptive-analytic approach. The research was conducted at the Medical Technology Laboratory in 2022. Samples were taken from five water depot managers in Banda Aceh City. The media and reagents used were Physiological NaCl (0,85%), Aquadest, and Nutrient Agar (NA) media. Statistical analysis using Independent T-test at 95% CI.Results: The normal-temperature water faucet showed the highest number of germs, 193 colonies/cm2, and the lowest number of germs was shown by the hot-temperature water faucet (23 colonies/cm2). There was a difference in the number of germs between standard water taps and hot water taps (p= 0,025) in several dispensers in Banda Aceh City.Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the number of germs from dispenser swabs between standard-temperature water faucets and hot water faucets.

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Shen, Qiong, Feng Zhou, Yichen Wang, Shiyuan Tang, and Pengyu Zhang. "Study on the Design of a Water Dispenser for Visually Impaired Families." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042081.

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In visually impaired families, there are different needs in terms of the access to drinking water, and the existing research on the design of water dispensers is insufficient. In order to solve this problem, a diverse analysis, based on the inclusive design concept, of household users’ operating abilities and water dispenser preferences was carried out. Subsequently and guided by the analysis, a new water dispenser product was developed. The methods used to extrapolate the needs of visually impaired families were observation and interviews, while the questionnaire research was used to understand the user preferences. Secondly, the accessibility of the existing water dispenser was tested for visually impaired, elderly, middle-aged, and young users in the visually impaired family. Three design strategies were proposed that combine the needs and product preferences of the users: the multimode simplification of steps, water quality detection, and adaptive multichannel feedback. The water dispenser was redesigned on the basis of these. On the premise of meeting the different abilities of the users in visually impaired families, the design practice improves the users’ experience of water dispensers, and provides a practical method reference that has value for related product designs.

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Kumar Jha, Binit, Neelam Khandelwal, Vipul Saxena, and Prateek Singh. "Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Water Dispenser." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/15873.

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In water dispensers available in today’s market have a compressor for cooling water and heating element to heat the water along with a lot of other secondary devices. Use of these hefty devices make this water dispenser heavy, bulky and consumes more power. Its compressor releases cfc which are very handy in ozone layer depletion. Our aim is to eliminate these limitations from the conventional water dispenser. We will create a potential difference using solar isolation to achieve the temperature difference.

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ECKNER, KARL F. "Comparison of Resistance to Microbial Contamination of Conventional and Modified Water Dispensers." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.8.627.

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Water dispensers with traditional, open reservoirs were tested comparatively against modified, closed reservoirs and modified caps to determine their failure to resist contamination from exterior surfaces of water bottles and aerosols. Bottle rims and caps were surface inoculated with Escherichia coli (SLR 51), Staphylococcus aureus (SLR 717), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) at levels approximating 1 × 107 to 1 × 108 cells for a high level and 1 × 103 cells for a low level. The bottles contained 2,000 ml of water. After mounting the bottles on the appropriate water dispenser type, all water was withdrawn from the units 24 h later. Levels of test organisms recovered ranged from 5.0 × 103 to 4.5 × 105 CFU/ml for the high inoculum and 0.39 to 0.84 CFU/ml for the low inoculum in the traditional water dispensing unit. No test organisms (detection limit <0.01 CFU/ml) were recovered from the modified water dispenser for either high or low inoculum level when the unit was sanitized between trials. Test microorganisms were recovered at levels of ≈ 0.06 CFU/ml to ≈0.8 CFU/ml after 3–5 repetitions of very high level (3 × 108 CFU/ml) inoculation with E. coli and S. aureus without sanitization between trials. An aerosol of 2.02 × 109 CFU E. coli per ml was generated in a chamber directly over the water dispensers without bottles mounted for one trial. The modified water dispenser reduced aerosol contamination by 100- to 1,000-fold.

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Azzari Aldaf, Hafizt, Indyah Hartami Santi, and Yusniarsi Primasari. "DESIGN OF TANDON AND AUTOMATIC FILLING TOOLS ON DISPENSERS WITH ULTRASONIC SENSORS." JARES (Journal of Academic Research and Sciences) 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/jares.v4i1.690.

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Nowdays, The development of water dispensers has hot and cold water technology, but fills water into cold and hot water storage tanks by lifting and putting the gallons on top of the dispenser so that water can flow into hot and cold water storage tanks, this is assessed less efficient. The purpose of making this tool is to make it easier for users to install gallons without having to lift the gallon and put it on top of the reservoir, it can also facilitate the taking of drinking water without having to press or open the faucet first. Because in modern era, the need for tools that work automatically and efficiently are increasing. The results of this study indicate that automatic water and faucet filler devices in dispensers using ultrasonic sensors as a whole work well and are in accordance with the function specified. The function of the ultrasonic sensor is as a reader the maximum limit of water level in the reservoir, so that when the water is in its maximum state, the pump will stop filling the reservoir. And the ultrasonic sensor in front of the dispenser functions to read the glass, the sensor will detect and then be received by the microcontroller and continue to execute the relay and open the selenoid so that the water can come out.

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Juan, Song, Shi Xian Zeng, Zhen Duo Zhao, and Hai Yan Wang. "The Design of Water Dispenser Remote Wireless Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.66.

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A type of water dispenser remote wireless control system which concludes remote user terminal and household electrical appliances control terminal, connected by Internet, is designed and studied. The system can achieve message transmitting and remote controlling with using embedded technology, Internet and single chip microcomputer. According to the improved circuit, the control message of the remote terminal transmitted by infrared module is receipted and processed by ARM processor with energy saving as the remote wireless control for water dispensers is achieved.

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Yamaguchi, Mirian Ueda, Rita de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo, Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta, Celso Vataru Nakamura, Tânia Ueda-Nakamura, and Benedito Prado Dias Filho. "Yeasts and filamentous fungi in bottled mineral water and tap water from municipal supplies." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000100001.

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The main objective of this study was to analyse the occurrence of yeasts and filamentous fungi in drinking water as well as to investigate their correlation with the indicator bacteria of faecal pollution. Yeasts were detected in 36.6% and 11.6% of the bottled mineral on water dispensers and tap water samples from municipal system, respectively. Twenty-one (35.0%) of bottled mineral water and two (3.3%) of tap water samples were positive for filamentous fungi. For bottled mineral water 12 (20.0%) of 60 samples were positive for total coliform, compared with 3(5.0%)out of 60 samples from tap water. The mineral water from dispensers was more contaminated than tap water. Strains belonging to the genera Candida identified to the species level were C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. albicans. Thus, bottled mineral water from water dispensers and tap water could be considered a possible transmission route for filamentous fungi and yeasts, and could constitute a potential health hazard, mainly to immunocompromised indivuals.

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Sacchetti, R., G. De Luca, A. Dormi, E. Guberti, and F. Zanetti. "Microbial quality of drinking water from microfiltered water dispensers." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 217, no. 2-3 (March 2014): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.06.002.

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Natalianto, Yosua, Eko Pujiyanto, and Wahyudi Sutopo. "Designing The Improvement of SPAM UNS Water Dispenser Service Quality." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 19, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v19i1.9413.

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SPAM (Sistem Pengolahan Air Minum or Drinking Water Treatment System) UNS was established in 2015 to meet the drinking water needs of the UNS academic community by providing 129 dispensers and water tap machines spread across buildings at UNS. A survey conducted by UNS students in 2017 showed that 54 % of students were not sure of the quality of UNS SPAM water. So the service quality questionnaire was distributed to 160 UNS students randomly and it was found that only 3 % of respondents stated that they used SPAM UNS water dispenser very often. Processing results shown the highest gap value is in the reliability dimension, with CTS namely cleanliness and flow of water. From the survey regarding the cleanliness and flow of the water carried out the DPMO value of the process was 332,589 (1, 930 sigma) . Recommendations for improvement are in the form of several SOPs to improve the cleanliness and quality of SPAM UNS water dispenser services.

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Huang, Xiangyun. "New Design for Energy Saving Water Dispensers." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 03, no. 04 (2015): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2015.34059.

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Park, Sangjung, Adeel Farooq, Hyejun Jo, Jihye Kim, Mihee Yang, Youngho Ko, Sungmo Kang, Hyenmi Chung, and Tatsuya Unno. "Investigation of microbial communities in water dispensers." Applied Biological Chemistry 60, no. 6 (November 4, 2017): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13765-017-0325-5.

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FURUHATA, KATSUNORI, NAOTO ISHIZAKI, and MASAFUMI FUKUYAMA. "Bacterial Contamination in Cold Water Samples Obtained from Water Dispensers." Biocontrol Science 20, no. 2 (2015): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4265/bio.20.147.

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Stout, Janet E., Victor L. Yu, and Paul Muraca. "Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from the Cold Water of Hospital Ice Machines: Implications for Origin and Transmission of the Organism." Infection Control 6, no. 4 (April 1985): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700062937.

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AbstractAlthough the mode of transmission of L. pneumophila is as yet unclear, the hot water distribution system has been shown to be the reservoir for Legionella within the hospital environment. In this report we identify a previously unrecognized reservoir for L. pneumophila within the hospital environment, ie, the cold water dispensers of hospital ice machines. The cold water dispensers of 14 ice machines were cultured monthly over a 1-year period. Positive cultures were obtained from 8 of 14 dispensers, yielding from 1 to 300 CFU/plate. We were able to link the positivity of these cold water sites to the incoming cold water supply by recovering L. pneumophila from the cold water storage tank, which is directly supplied by the incoming municipal water line. This was accomplished by a novel enrichment experiment designed to duplicate the conditions (temperature, sediment, stagnation, and continuous seeding) of the hot water system. Our data indicate that significant contamination of cold water outlets with L. pneumophila can occur. Although no epidemiologic link to disease was made, the fact that the primary source of a patient's drinking water is from the ice machines warrants further investigation of these water sources as possible reservoirs.

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Bolelli, Luca, Elida Nora Ferri, and Stefano Girotti. "Control of microbial contamination in drinking water from microfiltering dispensers by dialysis ultrafilters." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auoc-2016-0014.

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Abstract Tap water filtering devices are widely employed to improve odor and taste of tap water, or to obtain refrigerated or sparkling drinking water. The presence of disinfectants-resistant bacteria in tap water is responsible of the biofilm formation inside tubes and tanks. The consequent contamination of dispensed water is a well-known hygiene problem because of the quite constant presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria likes P. aeruginosa. In this study, we tested the technical feasibility and effectiveness of the addition to different commercial devices of a packaged polysulphone fibers filter. We aimed to find a simple solution to implement the quality of the delivered water. Water contamination levels were determined in a wide selection of microfiltered water dispensers and we selected among them a representative group of 10 devices, new or in use. The packaged ultrafilter was introduced in about half of them, to monitor, when possible, in parallel the contamination levels and flow rate of a couple of identical units, with and without the filter. The placement of the dialysis filters resulted feasible at different positions along the water circuits of the variously designed filtration units. Delivered water resulted completely free from bacteria when the filter was placed exactly at, or very close to, the outlet in spite of the inner surfaces contamination. This performance was not obtained in presence of a more or less long tract of water circuits downstream the ultrafilter: a significant but not complete reduction of the plate count numbers was observed. The filters worked in continue over the whole study period, ten months, showing exactly the same efficiency. Moreover, the flow rate in presence of the filter was quite unaffected. The addition of this kind of filter to already in use water dispensers was technically easy, and its use can be recommended in all cases a simple but reliable water sanitization is requested.

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Tischner, Zsófia, Rózsa Sebők, László Kredics, Henrietta Allaga, Márta Vargha, Ágnes Sebestyén, Csaba Dobolyi, Balázs Kriszt, and Donát Magyar. "Mycological Investigation of Bottled Water Dispensers in Healthcare Facilities." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070871.

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The usage of bottled water dispensers (BWDs) has spread worldwide. Despite their popularity, few studies have dealt with their microbial contaminants, and little attention is given to their fungal contamination. To our knowledge this is the first mycological study of BWDs in Europe. 36 devices have been examined in Budapest, Hungary. Despite of the strictly regulated water hygiene system in Hungary, molds and yeasts were detected in 86.8% of the samples, 56.76% were highly contaminated. Elevated heterotrophic plate counts were also observed in all samples compared to that of Hungarian drinking water. As all physical and chemical water quality characteristics have met the relevant national and European parametric values and neither totally explained the results of microbial counts, the effect of usage and maintenance habits of the devices were examined. Fungal concentrations were affected by the time elapsed since disinfection, days remaining until expiration of bottles, month of sampling and exposure to sunlight during storage. Microbes are able to proliferate in the bottled water and disperse inside the BWDs. Many of the detected fungal species (Sarocladium kiliense, Acremonium sclerotigenum/egyptiacum, Exophiala jeanselmei var. lecanii-corni, Exophiala equina, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Cystobasidium slooffiae, Aspergillus jensenii, Bisifusarium biseptatum) are opportunistic pathogens for subpopulations of sensitive age groups and patients with immunodeficient conditions, including cystic fibrosis. Thus BWDs may pose a health risk to visitors of healthcare institutions, especially to patients with oral lesions in dental surgeries. The study draws attention to the need to investigate microbial contamination of these devices in other countries as well.

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Liguori, Giorgio, Ivan Cavallotti, Antonio Arnese, Ciro Amiranda, Daniela Anastasi, and Italo F. Angelillo. "Microbiological quality of drinking water from dispensers in Italy." BMC Microbiology 10, no. 1 (2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-19.

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Sitorus, Agustami, Eko K. Pramono, Yusnan H. Siregar, Ari Rahayuningtyas, Novita D. Susanti, Irwin S. Cebro, and Ramayanty Bulan. "Measurement push and pull forces on automatic liquid dispensers." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp4825-4832.

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Since the COVID-19 pandemic, automated liquid dispensers have been increasingly developed to assist transmission prevention. However, data availability of automatic liquid dispenser mechanism's technical characteristics is not yet widely available. This causes frequent over or under design in its development. Therefore, we specifically measure push and pull forces engineering characteristics generated by the automatic liquid dispenser mechanism. A wire mechanism-based automatic liquid dispenser apparatus was used to experiment. A load-cell sensor was used to detect the force that occurs from a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller. The force data (push and pull) will be sent directly to the database server cloud with a recording frequency of every second. Three types of fluid treatment levels are used i.e. water, liquid soap, and hand sanitizer gel. Three types of fluid volume treatment levels used were 50 ml, 150 ml, and 250 ml. Each treatment level combination is carried out at the servo motors rotation steps 180°, 150°, 120°, 90°, 60°, and 30°. The results show that no significant differences were found in maximal forces required to release the water, liquid soap, and hand-sanitizer gel. It is also known that the volume of the fluid has a very significant effect on the amount of push and pull forces generated.

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Wakelin, R. H., L. E. Jamieson, and D. M. Suckling. "Guava moth (Coscinoptycha improbana) mating disruption using Asian peach moth (Carposina sasakii) pheromone dispensers." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4835.

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Guava moth has now been recorded as far south as Auckland on fruit trees since first being detected in feijoa at Ahipara in 1997 The use of insecticides to control this internal fruit pest is not a viable option for growers To develop the basis for an alternative control tactic using mating disruption smallplot trials were carried out in a macadamia nut orchard using an existing polyethylene tubing pheromone dispenser used in Japan containing pheromone of the related Asian peach moth (Carposina sasakii) Male moths were significantly disrupted from locating pheromone traps (as a surrogate for female moths) using three pheromone dispensers in a single tree and also using one dispenser per tree in a plot of nine trees In a trial investigating the effect of height on trap catch the largest catch was at 3 m near the top of the canopy Aspects of guava moth biology were also investigated in the laboratory larval period in early fallen macadamia nuts pupa period at ambient autumn temperatures adult longevity with water or 10 honey solution compared to no food/water size range and sex ratio of male and female moths

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Alfianda, Alfianda, Muhammad Amin, and Risnawati Risnawati. "Perancangan Pengisian Pada Dispenser Dengan Memanfaatkan Sensor Dan Embedded System." J-Com (Journal of Computer) 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/j-com.v2i1.1246.

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Abstract: Nowadays, almost all of them use a dispenser, because of its practicality. But behind that there are several things that make the dispenser less efficient when taking drinking water from the glass, because the user has to press or turn the water tap in the dispenser. The working system of this tool is where the machine will run according to the commands obtained from the laser diode and the LDR sensor, the laser diode will reflect light that leads to the LDR. when the light reflected by the laser diode to the LDR is cut, it can be interpreted that the LDR and the laser diode detect or read the presence of an object in the form of a glass, automatically the two sensors instruct the controller to activate the water pump and the water pump will work to remove the water which will be filled in the glass that is placed in the dispenser with the volume of the glass used, the filling process and the end of filling will be displayed by the LCD and when filling the water the glass is full there will be a warning from the buzzer in the form of a sound. Users no longer need to press or turn the water tap when taking water from the dispenser using a glass. Keywords: Dispensers;LDR Sensor;Diode Laser and Tools Abstrak: Pada saat ini masyarakat sekarang sudah hampir semuanya menggunakan dispenser, karena kepraktisan. Namun dibalik itu semua ada beberapa hal yang membuat dispenser kurang efisien saat mengambil air minum pada gelas, karena pengguna harus menekan atau memutar keran air yang ada pada dispenser. Sistem kerja dari alat ini ialah dimana mesin akan berjalan sesuai dengan perintah yang didapat dari Dioda laser dan sensor LDR, Dioda laser akan memantulkan cahaya yang mengarah pada LDR, pada saat cahaya yang dipantulkan Dioda laser ke LDR terpotong maka dapat diartikan LDR dan Dioda laser mendeteksi atau membaca adanya benda berupa gelas, secara otomatis kedua sensor tersebut memerintahkan controller mengaktifkan pompa air dan pompa air akan bekerja mengeluarkan air yang akan diisikan pada gelas yang diletakkan pada dispenser dengan volume gelas yang digunakan, proses pengisian dan akhir pengisian akan ditampilkan oleh LCD dan saat pengisian air pada gelas penuh akan ada peringatan dari buzzer berupa bunyi. Pengguna tidak perlu lagi menekan atau memutar keran air saat mengambil air pada dispenser menggunakan gelas. Kata Kunci : Dispenser;Sensor LDR;Dioda Laser dan Alat

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Beserra, Milena Pontes Portela, Cristiani Lopes Capistrano Gonçalves De Oliveira, Mileyde Ponte Portela, Marcos Venícios de Oliveira Lopes, and Marta Maria de França Fonteles. "Drugs via enteral feeding tubes in inpatients: dispersion analysis and safe use of dispensers." Nutrición Hospitalaria 34, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.486.

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This study aimed to improve knowledge about drug administration through enteral feeding tubes (EFTs) in order to minimize efficacy and safety problems. The study was conducted in a public secondary care hospital accredited with level II accreditation by the National Accreditation Organization (Organização Nacional de Acreditação – ONA), in Fortaleza, Ceará, north-eastern Brazil. 108 oral solid medications that could be administered through EFTs and were not available in liquid forms were evaluated via transformation of their solid dosage forms into liquid forms. Dispersion times and conditions were assessed to determine which medications should be crushed. We compared the use of dispensers and syringes and their connections to enteral feeding tubes and intravenous devices. Medications whose dispersion occurred within 20 minutes and could be visually perceived and whose content could be expelled without occluding the oral syringe were considered “satisfactory”. The dispersion was “satisfactory” in 82 (75.9%) of the medications; they were classified as capable of being dispersed in water in the oral syringe for further administration via EFTs without the need for crushing. Use the dispenser instead of the syringe for drug administration was safer because the dispenser apparatus did not fit into equipment for intravenous drug administration.

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Abadi, Deni Ariyanto, Laurentius Kuncoro Probo Saputra, and Gloria Virginia. "Smart Water Dispenser Terintegrasi untuk Monitoring Konsumsi Air Minum Harian." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v5i2.2950.

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Lack of water can cause serious health problems. In reality, some people do not know the amount of water they must drink daily. It's hard to find out the daily water intake needs because it is affected by a lot of things and it will be better to involve a nutritionist or health expert to get the best amount, which may require extra cost. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to have a system that is incorporated in an integrated system with the ability to calculate the ideal level of water needs for the body according to factors that affect the level of water needs and able to remind users to keep their daily needs. IoT-based smart water dispensers that can be integrated with android applications and cloud servers into a single system can be used to help solve these problems. The system has a knowledge base obtained from professionals to determine user water consumption. The system calculates the water consumption using the GPPAQ questioner and Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) formula. The base knowledge is implemented on Android applications, and this application can track the amount of water that has been consumed by the user. The test results show that the system can calculate the amount of water demand based on some factors such as the level of physical activity, age, and body weight. The water dispenser system has an accuracy of recording the amount of air released by 92.6%, so there is a difference in the calculation in the Android application to the amount of air that the user takes from the water dispenser

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Solari, Paolo, Stefania Peddio, Giorgia Sollai, Carla Masala, Cinzia Podda, Giacomo Frau, Francesco Palmas, Andrea Sabatini, and Roberto Crnjar. "Development of PVC Dispensers for Long-Lasting Release of Attractants for the Control of Invasive Crayfish Populations." Diversity 10, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10040128.

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Invasive alien species (IAS) are considered one of the major threats to biodiversity worldwide, thus requiring severe control strategies. Based on the promising results obtained in the field of insect pest management with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for long-lasting release of attractants, the main aim of this study was to ascertain the efficacy of PVC/attractant dispensers also in the aquatic environment. Therefore, we developed PVC/food dispensers and evaluated their attractiveness, by means of behavioural bioassays on whole animals, over a 60-day period of continuous use towards the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, one of the top 100 worst IAS. The attractiveness in PVC of trehalose, leucine and taurocholic acid was also tested. Our results show that the PVC dispensers release the food and are strongly attractive for crayfish over a prolonged time, even if their effectiveness depends on the storage conditions: From 18 days when stored underwater at 23 °C up to 50 days when stored out of the water at −20 °C. Besides, trehalose, leucine and taurocholic acid in PVC resulted in reliable attractants for P. clarkii. The development of PVC dispensers for long-lasting release of attractants may help improve the efficiency of mass trapping strategies in the management and control of invasive crayfish.

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Behroozi, Fred. "How spice dispensers reveal the physics behind hummingbird feeders." Physics Teacher 60, no. 9 (December 2022): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0060243.

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Tantum, Lucy K., John R. Gilstad, Fatorma K. Bolay, Lily M. Horng, Alpha D. Simpson, Andrew G. Letizia, Ashley R. Styczynski, Stephen P. Luby, and Ronan F. Arthur. "Barriers and Opportunities for Sustainable Hand Hygiene Interventions in Rural Liberian Hospitals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 8588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168588.

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Hand hygiene is central to hospital infection control. During the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus disease epidemic in Liberia, gaps in hand hygiene infrastructure and health worker training contributed to hospital-based Ebola transmission. Hand hygiene interventions were undertaken post-Ebola, but many improvements were not sustainable. This study characterizes barriers to, and facilitators of, hand hygiene in rural Liberian hospitals and evaluates readiness for sustainable, locally derived interventions to improve hand hygiene. Research enumerators collected data at all hospitals in Bong and Lofa counties, Liberia, in the period March–May 2020. Enumerators performed standardized spot checks of hand hygiene infrastructure and supplies, structured observations of hand hygiene behavior, and semi-structured key informant interviews for thematic analysis. During spot checks, hospital staff reported that handwashing container water was always available in 89% (n = 42) of hospital wards, piped running water in 23% (n = 11), and soap in 62% (n = 29). Enumerators observed 5% of wall-mounted hand sanitizer dispensers (n = 8) and 95% of pocket-size dispensers (n = 53) to be working. In interviews, hospital staff described willingness to purchase personal hand sanitizer dispensers when hospital-provided supplies were unavailable. Low-cost, sustainable interventions should address supply and infrastructure-related obstacles to hospital hand hygiene improvement.

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Leung, Yiu-hong, Shui-wah Yau, Chau-kuen Lam, and Shuk-kwan Chuang. "Legionnaires’ Disease and Use of Water Dispensers With an Ultraviolet Sterilizer." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.4.

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Zanetti, Franca, Giovanna De Luca, and Rossella Sacchetti. "Control of bacterial contamination in microfiltered water dispensers (MWDs) by disinfection." International Journal of Food Microbiology 128, no. 3 (January 2009): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.10.007.

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Marzano, M. A., B. Ripamonti, and C. M. Balzaretti. "Monitoring the bacteriological quality of Italian bottled spring water from dispensers." Food Control 22, no. 2 (February 2011): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.06.014.

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BAUMGARTNER, ANDREAS, and MARIUS GRAND. "Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water from Dispensers (Coolers) and Possible Control Measures." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 3043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.12.3043.

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Three water dispensers (coolers) were bacteriologically monitored over a period of 3 months to evaluate their hygienic status. For this purpose, 174 samples of chilled and unchilled water were analyzed for levels of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and the presence of Escherichia coli and enterococci in 100-ml samples, and the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 10-and 100-ml samples. Additionally, 12 samples from 20-liter plastic bottles of spring water used to supply the coolers and 36 samples of 12 different brands of noncarbonated bottled mineral water were similarly analyzed. Water from the coolers yielded aerobic plate counts of 3 to 5 log CFU/ml with a geometric mean of 3.86 log CFU/ml, whereas water from the 20-liter bottles had a mean aerobic plate count of 3.3 log CFU/ml. Aerobic plate counts for noncarbonated mineral waters were generally lower (13 samples, <10 CFU/ml; 6 samples, 10 to 102 CFU/ml; 13 samples, 102 to 103 CFU/ml; 3 samples, 103 to 104 CFU/ml; 1 sample, 2 × 104 CFU/ml). Although occasional professional cleaning of the coolers did not affect the aerobic plate count, P. aeruginosa was successfully eliminated 2 weeks after cleaning, with only one cooler becoming recolonized. Neither E. coli nor enterococci was found in any of the water samples tested. However, P. aeruginosa was identified in three (25%) of twelve 100-ml samples from 20-liter bottles of spring water; a similar frequency of 24.1% was seen for water samples from coolers. Overall, 35 (21.6%) of 162 water samples (10 ml) from coolers also yielded P. aeruginosa, suggesting potential growth of P. aeruginosa in the dispensers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing and antibiotic susceptibility testing found 19 P. aeruginosa isolates from the coolers and bottles to be identical, indicating that a single strain originated from the bottled water rather than the surroundings of the coolers. Because P. aeruginosa can cause serious nosocomial infections, its spread should be strictly controlled in institutions caring for vulnerable people such as hospitals and nursing homes. Consequently, in keeping with legal requirement for bottled spring and mineral water in Switzerland, it is also advisable that P. aeruginosa be absent in 100-ml samples of cooler water.

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Kulesza, Kamila, Anna Biedunkiewicz, Karolina Nowacka, Maria Dynowska, Monika Urbaniak, and Łukasz Stępień. "Dishwashers as an Extreme Environment of Potentially Pathogenic Yeast Species." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040446.

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The study aimed to compare the yeast species diversity in the specific environment of dishwashers, taking into account the potential risk for users. Yeasts were isolated from ten dishwashers and from tap water supplied to the appliances. Samples were collected for mycological analyses at the beginning of each month, from February to May 2016. Four dishwasher sites (rubber seals, detergent dispensers, sprinklers, and water drains) were analyzed. The microfungi were identified by the standard procedures applied in mycological diagnostics. To confirm species identification, molecular analysis was performed based on the sequences of the D1/D2 region. The presence of microfungi was detected in 70% of the investigated appliances. Rubber seals, detergent dispensers, and water drains were the most frequently colonized elements. Thirty-five yeast strains were isolated in this study, of which twenty-seven were obtained from dishwashers and eight from tap water. The strains belonged to six genera and six species (Candida parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Dipodascus capitatus, Exophiala dermatitidis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). Most of the strains came from rubber seals. In this way, it was demonstrated that the dishwashers’ condition is sufficient as an ecological niche for microfungi.

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Mazzotta, Marta, Silvano Salaris, Maria Rosaria Pascale, Luna Girolamini, Graziella Ciani, and Sandra Cristino. "Study of Long-Term Effectiveness of Water Safety Plan Applied to Microfiltered Water Dispensers to Improve Water Quality." Water 13, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202905.

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The use of Microfiltered Water Dispensers (MWDs) is increasing in offices, companies, or commercial facilities, as a response to plastic pollution. Despite their widespread use, poor data are available about the water quality and pathogens developed. Starting from a high contamination found in MWDs, a Water Safety Plan (WSP) was implemented on 57 MWDs to improve the water quality. To assess the effectiveness of WSP during the period 2017–2021, the environmental monitoring of heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) at 36 °C and 22 °C, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens, as prescribed by Italian regulation for drinking water, was conducted. A high level of HPCs at both temperatures was observed, over the regulation limit; contrarily, the pathogenic bacteria were absent. The contamination found was studied with respect to the temperature threshold of 25 °C, suggested by directives. No significant differences were found between samples above and below the threshold, while a significant decrease over the years was observed for HPCs at 36 °C (p = 0.0000000001) and 22 °C (p = 0.000006). The WSP implementation resulted in a 43.09% decrease for HPCs at 36 °C and a 24.26% decrease for HPCs at 22 °C. Moreover, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the WSP contributed to limit the microbial contamination, preserving the MWDs’ functionality and hygienic conditions and the drinking water quality.

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Moniruzzam, M., S. Akter, M. A. Islam, and Z. Mia. "Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water from Dispensers in Roadside Restaurants of Bangladesh." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2011.142.145.

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Sidorova, V. Y. "FEED DISPENSERS FOR DOMESTIC MEAT ANIMAL HUSBANDRY." Scientific Life 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-9-1233-1239.

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The article examines the influence of domestic feed dispensers’ technical characteristics on the quality of preparing various types of feed for beef cattle breeding. Among the studied options for preparation and distribution of feed for beef cattle are mixer-feeders, which in the form of mobile trailers, trailers, semitrailers and stationary installations are universal transport and technological means for crushing, mixing, unloading various types of feed and feed mixtures: long-fiber green mass, silage, haylage, loose and pressed hay, straw, briquetted, wet and frozen fodder. Domestic feed dispensers are suitable for mixing various feed components into homogeneous (95-98%) grain mixtures, technical specialized feed mixtures, etc., with automated electronic weighing systems, control of the quantity and quality of feed, with the production of feed fraction up to 10 mm and taking into account the requirements for humidity. The models have options for the injection of liquid components: water, oils, vitamins, etc. The main structures of the feed dispensers are horizontal and vertical, for processing ingredients with a density of 300-500 kg/m3 into a loose mass without loss of nutritional value. The volume of the bunkers varies from 3 to 20 m3; dimensions of various modifications of the model range are approximately the same: width 1.5-2.3 m, length 3.5-7.7 m, height 1.7-3.2 m. The average weight of horizontal models is 12.5% more than vertical. Horizontal feed mixers are designed for the preparation of protein mineral and vitamin supplements and compound feeds, vertical feed mixers for the main ration. Components - loose, dry, wet, liquid and heavy ones - are prepared in a mixture as a percentage in accordance with the recipe. Premixes, bran, cake, grain meal are also used as fillers.

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Economopoulos, A. P., and P. Rempoulakis. "Back-yard medfly is a key factor in area-wide management in Southern Europe. Data from Attiki Greece, 38." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 26, no. 2 (May 9, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.16517.

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A twelve month Mediterranean fruit-fly, medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) record was kept in a small back-yard with 8 medfly host fruit trees in a neighborhood about 7 km from the center of Athens, from November 2015 till November 2016. Similar small back-yards exist in the whole area. Large commercial host tree plantations exist at about 80 km west of Athens, while backyards with fruit trees exist in villages or small towns in-between. McPhail yellow bottom traps (one per tree) with Biolure (3 separate dispensers of ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, and putrescine) and a water solution of 1.5% sodium tetraborate and a few drops of kitchen detergent were used. Traps were examined approximately every week and water solution renewed. The Biolure dispensers were renewed every 3-4 months. On the average (medflies per tree-trap per day) 1.4 flies were trapped in November, less than 1 were trapped between December and early May, except mid-April when 1.7 flies were trapped.From June till October high records were detected. In June-July records up to over 52.7 flies were observed (highest population peak in the year), while in September October records up to 34.3 flies were observed (second highest population peak in the year). The sex ratio of trapped flies was almost always in favor of females, usually between 60-100%. An increase of medfly catches was always detected following Biolure dispensers renewal. In case Area-wide SITapplications are considered, the reproductive behavior of released flies in these special environments must be well investigated.

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Fahrianto, Adhi S., Intan Supraba, Radianta Triatmadja, and Budi Kamulyan. "Universitas Gadjah Mada Drinking Water Supply System (UGM-DWSS) Potential on Supporting Green Campus Program in Universitas Gadjah Mada." Applied Mechanics and Materials 881 (May 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.881.55.

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Green Campus is a campus environment that is designed to increase energy efficiency, preserve resource and improve the quality of the environment. One of the important elements to support the green campus program is the existence of drinking water supply system.Universitas Gadjah Mada Drinking Water Supply System (UGM-DWSS) is a drinking water or potable water supply service to supply drinking water for the campus. This research aims at analyzing UGM-DWSS potential and its performance to support Green Campus. This research was based on primary data collection in UGM campus. Data collection techniques consist of observation of UGM-DWSS facilities, interview with UGM-DWSS water managers and users, and questionnaires distribution to UGM academic community. The daily water production of UGM-DWSS was 10 l/s drinking water. Every day the water discharge distributed from UGM-DWSS to 49 water fountains and 12 water dispensers was1.71 l/s, while the estimated daily water consumption rate was0.07l/s. It is assumed that those who did not consume water from UGM-DWSS facilities bought plastic drinking water bottle. Every day, it is estimated that the number of generated plastic drinking water bottle waste was 19,168 bottles with capacity 600 ml/bottle. Indeed, by comparing to the total water production capacity being produced daily, the idle capacity was 99.3 %.The tendency of negative response from the majority of UGM inhabitants for using UGM –DWSS was due to hesitation about water quality, continuity of water supply, and ease of access to the nearby water fountains and water dispensers. Improvement of UGM-DWSS facilities that are supported by massive socialization programs including innovation to utilize produced drinking water is recommended to optimize the role of UGM-DWSS to create Green Campus.

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Gong, Shao Yan. "Microbial Detection and Analysis of the Barreled Pure Water in the Campus." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1350.

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To detect the sanitary status of pure water at different times in the campus, including to detect the total bacterial count, the coliforms, mould and yeast, this document explained and demonstrated the sanitary status of the barreled pure water through water dispensers. By the experiment, the results showed that the drinking fountain caused the pure water pollution, so the unheated pure water flowing though the drinking fountain were not qualified. And the longer the pure water samples were cultured, the more the aerobic bacterial count of water samples significantly exceeded the standard. After these samples were cultured for five days, all samples had be uncountale.

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Lorenz, Lindsey A., Bradley D. Ramsay, Darla M. Goeres, Matthew W. Fields, Carrie A. Zapka, and David R. Macinga. "Evaluation and remediation of bulk soap dispensers for biofilm." Biofouling 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2011.653637.

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Galvão, Julia Arantes, Alexander Welker Biondo, Fábio Sossai Possebon, Thiago Luis Belém Spina, Letícia Borges Nunes Correia, Caio Vaciloto Zuim, João Bosco Pereira Guerra Filho, José Carlos Figueiredo Pantoja, and José Paes De Almeida Nogueira Pinto. "Microbiological vulnerability of eggs and environmental conditions in conventional and free-range housing systems." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1p133.

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Although Brazil is currently the world’s eighth largest egg exporter, the shift of consumers towards free-range eggs may present new sanitary challenges. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological vulnerability of eggs and environmental conditions in a farm certified for both conventional and free-range systems using two standard methods (enterobacteria counting and Salmonella spp. survey). Two high-producing farms were selected for this study, one under both conventional and free-range systems at the same place as the test farm, and another under conventional system only as a control farm. Enterobacteriaceae counts were determined for eggshells; and detection of Salmonella spp. was conducted in eggs, nest box material, feeder, and sponge samples from water dispensers, feeders, production plant, besides water samples from nipple dispensers and artesian well. The average enterobacteria count (log CFUmL-1) was 0.09 for conventional and 1.73 for free-range systems (p < 0.001). While Salmonella spp. was not detected in the conventional system but was present in one feeder and three eggshells from the free-range system. Therefore, the conventional system demonstrated better hygiene-sanitary status than the free-range one. Moreover, controlling food safety should always be considered when improving animal welfare.

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Ng, Ding-Quan, and Yi-Pin Lin. "Investigation of Lead Levels in Potable Water from Faucets, Water Fountains and Water Dispensers Using Various Sampling Protocols in Schools." Impact 2020, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.7.50.

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Lead contamination is an example of how elements that leach into drinking water can lead to considerable health problems in local communities. A research team led by Assistant Professor Ding-Quan Ng, from Chaoyang University of Technology, has been investigating the levels of lead found in drinking water in schools. They are also investigating lead release that occurs as a result of galvanic corrosion into potable water. Ng and his colleagues hope to shine a light on the dangers of lead contamination in drinking water supplies and seek to use their findings to promote the establishment of new regulations and policies to improve monitoring of water quality to local needs.

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Harahap, Partaonan, and Muhammad Adam. "Efisiensi Daya Listrik Pada Dispenser Dengan Jenis Merk Yang Berbeda Menggunakan Inverator." RESISTOR (Elektronika Kendali Telekomunikasi Tenaga Listrik Komputer) 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/resistor.4.1.37-42.

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Dispenser adalah salah satu alat rumah tangga yang menggunakan listrik untuk dapat memanaskan elemen pemanas dan menjalankan mesin pendinginnya. Dispenser ada yang menggunakan prinsip kerja dengan elemen pemanas dan mesin pendingin (compressor). Dispenser atau tempat air minum adalah salah satu peralatan listrik atau elektronik yang didalamnya terdapat heater sebagai komponen utamanya, heater berfungsi untuk memanaskan air yang ada pada tabung penampung, heater umunya memiliki daya sekitar 200-300 Watt. Penggunaan Inverator telah beredar di pasaran dan digunakan oleh setiap rumah tangga, bisnis, industri maupun perkantoran di Indonesia. Berdasarkan perbandingan efisiensi daya dan daya penggunaan listrik sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan inventor pada rumah tangga dan memiliki selisih antara Sebelum Pemakain Inventor daya aktif pada merek A sebesar 532 Watt, pada merek sebesar B 563 Watt, pada merek C sebesar 329 Watt dan Sesudah Pemakain Inventor daya aktif pada merek A sebesar 517 Watt, pada merek sebesar B 560 Watt, pada merek C sebesar 548 Watt. The dispenser is a household appliance that uses electricity to heat the heating element and run the cooling machine. There are dispensers that use a working principle with a heating element and a cooling machine (compressor). The dispenser or drinking water container is one of the electrical or electronic equipment in which there is a heater as its main component, the heater functions to heat the water in the storage tube, the heater generally has a power of around 200-300 Watts. The use of Inverator has been circulating in the market and is used by every household, business, industry and office in Indonesia. Based on the comparison of power efficiency and power use of electricity before and after using the inventor in the household and the difference between Before Use Inventor, active power in brand A is 532 Watts, for brands B 563 Watts, on brand C is 329 Watts and After Use Inventor power is active in brand A of 517 Watts, in brands of B 560 Watts, in brand C of 548 Watts.

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Prabaker, Kavitha, Chethra Muthiah, Mary K. Hayden, Robert A. Weinstein, Jyothirmai Cheerala, Mary L. Scorza, John Segreti, et al. "Pseudo-outbreak ofMycobacterium gordonaeFollowing the Opening of a Newly Constructed Hospital at a Chicago Medical Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 36, no. 2 (December 18, 2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2014.28.

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OBJECTIVETo identify the source of a pseudo-outbreak ofMycobacterium gordonaeDESIGNOutbreak investigation.SETTINGUniversity Hospital in Chicago, Ilinois.PATIENTSHospital patients withM. gordonae-positive clinical cultures.METHODSAn increase in isolation ofM. gordonaefrom clinical cultures was noted immediately following the opening of a newly constructed hospital in January 2012. We reviewed medical records of patients withM. gordonae-positive cultures collected between January and December 2012 and cultured potable water specimens in new and old hospitals quantitatively for mycobacteria.RESULTSOf 30 patients withM. gordonae-positive clinical cultures, 25 (83.3%) were housed in the new hospital; of 35 positive specimens (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, gastric aspirate), 32 (91.4%) had potential for water contamination.M. gordonaewas more common in water collected from the new vs. the old hospital [147 of 157 (93.6%) vs. 91 of 113 (80.5%),P=.001]. Median concentration ofM. gordonaewas higher in the samples from the new vs. the old hospital (208 vs. 48 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL;P<.001). Prevalence and concentration ofM. gordonaewere lower in water samples from ice and water dispensers [13 of 28 (46.4%) and 0 CFU/mL] compared with water samples from patient rooms and common areas [225 of 242 (93%) and 146 CFU/mL,P<.001].CONCLUSIONSM. gordonaewas common in potable water. The pseudo-outbreak ofM. gordonaewas likely due to increased concentrations ofM. gordonaein the potable water supply of the new hospital. A silver ion-impregnated 0.5-μm filter may have been responsible for lower concentrations ofM. gordonaeidentified in ice/water dispenser samples. Hospitals should anticipate that construction activities may amplify the presence of waterborne nontuberculous mycobacterial contaminants.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–6

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Marzano, M. A., and C. M. Balzaretti. "PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF MICROFILTERED DRINKING WATER DISPENSERS IN CATERING ESTABLISHMENTS." Italian Journal of Food Safety 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2011.1.61.

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Ahmed, Aleem, Amrita Ahuja, Jeff Berens, Eric Kouskalis, and Theodore Pantone. "Operational Models for Chlorine Dispensers at Communal Water Sources: Lessons from Government Partnerships in Kenya." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802863562.

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Taghiloo, Samaneh, Hassan Hassanzadazar, Sajad Chamandoost, and Majid Aminzare. "Bacteriological Quality of Water Cooler Dispensers of Educational Settings in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences." Journal of Human, Environment, and Health Promotion 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jhehp.2.2.105.

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Woo, Seongwoo, Dennis L. O’Neal, Yury G. Matvienko, and Gezae Mebrahtu. "Enhancing the Fatigue of Mechanical Systems Such as Dispensers Entrenched on Generalized Life-Stress Models and Sample Sizes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031358.

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To lengthen the life of a mechanical system, parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) is recommended as an established way to help identify structural imperfections and reduce fatigue-related failures. It involves (1) a parametric ALT scheme, (2) fatigue design, (3) ALTs with alterations, and (4) an estimate of whether design(s) achieve the BX lifetime. The application of a quantum-transported time to failure prototype and a sample size expression is also suggested. The improvements in the reliability of a water dispenser made of stainless steel or polypropylene (PP) in a bottom-mount domestic refrigerator was used as a case study. In the first ALT, the hinge and front corner of the dispensing system was cracked. The water dispenser lever was altered by increasing the thickness of its ribs and fillets. In the second ALT, the altered dispensing lever system cracked because there was an insufficient thickness in its front corner for impact loading. The critical design factors for improving reliability were corner fillet rounding and rib thickening in a dispenser lever. As there were no difficulties in the third ALT, the dispenser life was verified to have a B1 life of 10 years.

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Yadav, Neha, Sradhanjali Singh, and Sanjeev K. Goyal. "Effect of Seasonal Variation on Bacterial Inhabitants and Diversity in Drinking Water of an Office Building, Delhi." Air, Soil and Water Research 12 (January 2019): 117862211988233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622119882335.

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The work reported in this article raises some serious concern about the drinking water quality and its standards. Mere presence or absence of an indicator organism does not assure that the water is safe for drinking purposes. Instead of infecting directly, many pathogens pass through a host and retrieve their virulent properties by causing diseases/infections in humans. Pathogenic bacteria which exist in aquatic habitats show a unique and peculiar pattern of appearing or reappearing in different microenvironments. Several factors that prevail in the water system make a safe house for the growth, proliferation, and colonization of microorganisms. In our case, 6 different microenvironments inside the premises of an office building were taken as the sampling sites to study the effect of seasonal variations (summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon/winter) on bacterial diversity and inhabitants. Results suggested that the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms were highest in the monsoon followed by summer and post-monsoon/winter seasons. To know the bacterial diversity and pattern of appearance/reappearance prevailing in the water system, bacterial strains were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing which showed Pseudomonas putida to be the predominant identified bacterial strain occurring about 38% to 77% in all 3 seasons. This was followed by Lelliottia nimipressuralis (6%-21%), Escherichia coli (4%-18%), Salmonella typhimurium and Aeromonas dhakensis (4%-10% each), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%-6%). Despite the absence of other opportunistic bacteria, P putida was reported to be present as a single organism in water coolers and dispensers. This might be due to the persistent nature of P putida in low-nutrient environments and capable of colonizing by forming a rigid biofilm inside the water cooler/dispenser which makes a conducive environment for it.

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Girolamini, Luna, Jessica Lizzadro, Marta Mazzotta, Matteo Iervolino, Ada Dormi, and Sandra Cristino. "Different Trends in Microbial Contamination between Two Types of Microfiltered Water Dispensers: From Risk Analysis to Consumer Health Preservation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020272.

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The use of microfiltered water dispensers (MWDs) for treatment of municipal water is increasing rapidly, however, the water quality produced by MWDs has not been widely investigated. In this work a large-scale microbiological investigation was conducted on 46 MWDs. In accordance with Italian regulations for drinking water, we investigated the heterotrophic plate counts at 36 and 22 °C for indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Two different MWDs were compared: Type A with Ag+ coated carbon filter and two ultraviolet (UV) lamps, and Type B with a carbon filter and one UV lamp. For each type, the contamination of the input and output points was analyzed. Our findings showed that MWDs are a source of bacteria growth, with output being more contaminated than the input point. Type B was widely contaminated for all parameters tested in both sampling points, suggesting that water treatment by Type A is more effective in controlling bacterial contamination. MWDs are critical devices for water treatment in term of technologies, intended use, and sanitization procedures. The adoption of an appropriate drinking water safety plan associated with clear maintenance procedures and periodic environmental monitoring can ensure the safe and healthy operation of these devices.

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Hessling, Martin, Julian Schmid, Katharina Hoenes, and Petra Vatter. "New Legionella Control Options by UV and Violet LEDs for Hospitals and Care Facilities." Hospital Practices and Research 3, no. 3 (April 28, 2018): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpr.2018.17.

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Legionella infections caused by contaminated water are a widespread problem worldwide. Discharge lamps like mercury vapor lamps are widely known for the disinfection properties of their radiation, but they suffer technical disadvantages, like high voltages and toxic content, and are, therefore, not suitable for some infection control applications. New highintensity ultraviolet (UV) and violet LEDs offer new approaches for Legionella control, because these bacteria are significantly light sensitive compared to other pathogens. One of the most important infection pathways is the inhalation of Legionellacontaining aerosols during showering. This problem could be reduced by a single strong UV LED within the shower head, which irradiates the passing water for some milliseconds. This practice can be especially beneficial in hospitals and care facilities. UV light offers only a limited penetration depth, however, even in pure water. To disinfect larger water volumes, e.g., in water dispensers, visible violet LEDs are more appropriate. Unfortunately, up to now, neither approach has been given much attention by potential users.

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Hou, Minmin, Yali Shi, Guangshui Na, Zongshan Zhao, and Yaqi Cai. "Correction to “Increased Human Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Ingestion of Drinking Water from Water Dispensers: Sources, Influencing Factors, and Exposure Assessment”." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 9, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00163.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water dispensers'

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