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Journal articles on the topic 'Water distribution networks maintenance'
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1
Christodoulou, S., C. Charalambous, and A. Adamou. "Rehabilitation and maintenance of water distribution network assets." Water Supply 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.066.
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In light of the increasing and pressing need to efficiently manage scarce water resources, there has been renewed interest by water distribution network owners to develop and implement water management strategies and tools that would assist in the integrated and automated management of those networks. Such asset management strategies should assist the network owners to evaluate the condition of the water distribution network, assess historical incident data (leakage or breakage) and risk of failure, visualise areas of high risk, propose “repair or replace” strategies and prioritise the work based on the inherent risk and cost of action. The methodology and support system outlined in this paper can form an integral part of a leakage management strategy and provide a useful decision-making tool. The work presented outlines an integrated methodology and a decision support system for arriving at such “repair-or-replace” decisions, as part of a long-term pipeline asset management program that could be undertaken by a water utility to improve on the reliability of the water distribution networks.
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Trojan, Flavio, and Danielle Costa Morais. "Using ELECTRE TRI to support maintenance of water distribution networks." Pesquisa Operacional 32, no. 2 (June 21, 2012): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382012005000013.
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Luong, Huynh T., and Nagen N. Nagarur. "Optimal Maintenance Policy and Fund Allocation in Water Distribution Networks." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 131, no. 4 (July 2005): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2005)131:4(299).
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Huzsvár, Tamás, Richárd Wéber, and Csaba János Hős. "Analysis of the Segment Graph of Water Distribution Networks." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13739.
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One of the basic infrastructures of every settlement is the water distribution system, which provides clean and potable water for both private houses, industrial consumers and institution establishments. The operational robustness and vulnerabilities of these networks is an essential issue, both for the quality of life and for the preservation of the environment. Even with frequent and careful maintenance, unintentional pipe bursts might occur, and during the reparation time, the damaged section must be isolated hydraulically from the main body of the water distribution network. Due to the size and complexity of these networks, it might not be trivial how to isolate the burst section, especially if one wishes to minimize the impact on the overall system. This paper presents an algorithmic method that is capable of creating isolation plans for real-life networks in a computationally efficient way, based on the graph properties of the network. Besides this segmentation plan, the topological behavior of the structural graph properties was analyzed with the help of the complex network theory to create a method for the quantitative topology based categorization of the water distribution networks.
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Zarghami, Seyed Ashkan, and Indra Gunawan. "A domain-specific measure of centrality for water distribution networks." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-03-2019-0176.
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Purpose In recent years, centrality measures have been extensively used to analyze real-world complex networks. Water distribution networks (WDNs), as a good example of complex networks, exhibit properties not shared by other networks. This raises concerns about the effectiveness of applying the classical centrality measures to these networks. The purpose of this paper is to generate a new centrality measure in order to stick more closely to WDNs features. Design/methodology/approach This work refines the traditional betweenness centrality by adding a hydraulic-based weighting factor in order to improve its fit with the WDNs features. Rather than an exclusive focus on the network topology, as does the betweenness centrality, the new centrality measure reflects the importance of each node by taking into account its topological location, its demand value and the demand distribution of other nodes in the network. Findings Comparative analysis proves that the new centrality measure yields information that cannot be captured by closeness, betweenness and eigenvector centrality and is more accurate at ranking the importance of the nodes in WDNs. Practical implications The following practical implications emerge from the centrality analysis proposed in this work. First, the maintenance strategy driven by the new centrality analysis enables practitioners to prioritize the components in the network based on the priority ranking attributed to each node. This allows for least cost decisions to be made for implementing the preventive maintenance strategies. Second, the output of the centrality analysis proposed herein assists water utilities in identifying the effects of components failure on the network performance, which in turn can support the design and deployment of an effective risk management strategy. Originality/value The new centrality measure, proposed herein, is distinct from the conventional centrality measures. In contrast to the classical centrality metrics in which the importance of components is assessed based on a pure topological viewpoint, the proposed centrality measure integrates both topological and hydraulic attributes of WDNs and therefore is more accurate at ranking the importance of the nodes.
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Phan, Hieu Chi, Ashutosh Sutra Dhar, Premkumar Thodi, and Rehan Sadiq. "Probability of network disconnection of water distribution system for maintenance prioritization." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 67, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2018.097.
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AbstractUnexpected pipe breaks in municipal water distribution systems may cause isolation of parts of the network or reduction of redundancy, leading to reduced system reliability. While a network with less redundancy implies less tolerance to further breaks, the isolation of nodes explicitly indicates unavailability of the system to service the nodes. This paper presents a method of measuring these topological changes using algebraic connectivity (AC). AC is a parameter that can be used to assess robustness and redundancy of a network. The changes in AC associated with pipe breaks are compared with the AC of intact networks to assess whether the removal of the pipe causes reduction of redundancy or isolation in the network. An AC of 1.5625 × 10−5 is calculated for an intake of a medium-sized water distribution network (WDN). The fluctuation in AC is used to assess the criticality of each pipe segment to the overall structure of the network. This study also evaluates the failure probability of the WDN, assuming that the network failure probability is equivalent to the probability of isolation of parts of the system due to pipe breaks. The breaks leading to the failure are identified using the method of the minimum cut-sets.
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Trung Luong, Huynh, and Okitsugu Fujiwara. "Fund allocation model for pipe repair maintenance in water distribution networks." European Journal of Operational Research 136, no. 2 (January 2002): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(01)00047-9.
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Wang, Honggang, and Xin Chen. "Optimization of Maintenance Planning for Water Distribution Networks under Random Failures." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 142, no. 2 (February 2016): 04015063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000567.
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Barros Filho, Emânuel Guerra, Laís Régis Salvino, Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra, Moisés Menezes Salvino, and Heber Pimentel Gomes. "Intelligent system for control of water distribution networks." Water Supply 18, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 1270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.188.
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Abstract The objective of this research study was the development of an intelligent system based on artificial neural networks for water distribution networks that operate with parallel pumps. The purpose of the system is to automate the process and to define the operating state of the electric motors (on, off or with partial rotation speed). The intelligent system developed is generic, which allows the application of its control structure in similar processes, and it was applied in an experimental setup that simulates a real water supply system. The performance of the network was tested experimentally under different operating conditions, including in the presence of disturbances. The settling time was, in all experiments, less than 30 seconds, the tests did not show overshoot and the maximum error was 2.9%. Results showed excellent performance in terms of pressure regulation, and it is hoped that the controller can be successfully implemented in real water distribution systems, in order to reduce water and electricity consumption, decrease maintenance costs and increase the reliability of operating procedures.
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Zarghami, Seyed Ashkan, Indra Gunawan, and Frank Schultmann. "Entropy of centrality values for topological vulnerability analysis of water distribution networks." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-02-2019-0014.
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Purpose The increased complexity of water distribution networks (WDNs) emphasizes the importance of studying the relationship between topology and vulnerability of these networks. However, the few existing studies on this subject measure the vulnerability at a specific location and ignore to quantify the vulnerability as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by extending the topological vulnerability analysis further to the global level. Design/methodology/approach This paper introduces a two-step procedure. In the first step, this work evaluates the degree of influence of a node by employing graph theory quantities. In the second step, information entropy is used as a tool to quantify the global vulnerability of WDNs. Findings The vulnerability analysis results showed that a network with uniformly distributed centrality values exhibits a lower drop in performance in the case of partial failure of its components and therefore is less vulnerable. In other words, the failure of a highly central node leads to a significant loss of performance in the network. Practical implications The vulnerability analysis method, developed in this work, provides a decision support tool to implement a cost-effective maintenance strategy, which relies on identifying and prioritizing the vulnerabilities, thereby reducing expenditures on maintenance activities. Originality/value By situating the research in the entropy theory context, for the first time, this paper demonstrates how heterogeneity and homogeneity of centrality values measured by the information entropy can be interpreted in terms of the network vulnerability.
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Pereira, Leydiana de Sousa, Danielle Costa Morais, and José Rui Figueira. "Using criticality categories to evaluate water distribution networks and improve maintenance management." Sustainable Cities and Society 61 (October 2020): 102308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102308.
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Trojan, Flavio, and Danielle Costa Morais. "Maintenance Management Decision Model for Reduction of Losses in Water Distribution Networks." Water Resources Management 29, no. 10 (May 24, 2015): 3459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-0966-2.
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Ait Mokhtar, El Hassene, Radouane Laggoune, and Alaa Chateauneuf. "Utility-Based Maintenance Optimization for Complex Water-Distribution Systems Using Bayesian Networks." Water Resources Management 30, no. 12 (June 30, 2016): 4153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1412-9.
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Kerwin, Sean, and Bryan T. Adey. "Integrated Planning of Operational Maintenance Programs for Water and Gas Distribution Networks." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 27, no. 4 (December 2021): 04021039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000646.
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Sumiyati, I. Wayan Windia, and I. Wayan Tika. "Operasional dan pemeliharaan jaringan irigasi subak di Kabupaten Tabanan." Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 7, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2017.v07.i01.p08.
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This research was conducted in order to understand the operational and maintenance of irrigation network in traditional Balinese irrigation system of subak in Tabanan regency. It spesific aim is to develop a documentation which is useful as reference about operational and maintenance of irrigation network in subak system. The sample of this research are four subak in Tabanan regency which are subak in the upstream, middle, and downstream areas, including Subak Bunyuh, Subak Sigaran, Subak Guama, and Subak Sungsang. The research was conducted by survey and depth interview methods. The operational and maintenance of irrigation networks in subak system in Tabanan regency includes matelik (monitoring channel), nyilih yeh (borrow the water), magilihan (rotation of water irigation), kempelan (maintenance of traditional weir), ngeduk nyanyad (draining mud), nabdab yeh (arrangement of water irrigation distribution), metpet munduk (lining stabilitation.), and ngampad (chanel clearing). This article concludes that all subak samples in Tabanan regency carry out operational and maintenance activities the irrigation networks in the subak system.
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Christodoulou, S., and A. Agathokleous. "A study on the effects of intermittent water supply on the vulnerability of urban water distribution networks." Water Supply 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.025.
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Faced with extended periods of drought and short supply of water, arid-weather countries have turned to intermittent water supply (IWS) as a means to reduce water consumption and to prolong their national water reserves. Unfortunately, such drastic measures usually fail to consider the effects of intermittent supply on the condition of piping networks and the resulting water losses, inefficiencies and overall maintenance cost on these networks. Presented herein is research work on the effects of IWS on the vulnerability of urban water distribution networks (UWDN) based on a 3-year dataset from major urban centres in Cyprus. The dataset includes information on breakage incidents, operating network parameters, external factors and vulnerability assessment and by use of data-mining and survival analysis techniques evaluates the effects of such intermittent supply strategies on the vulnerability of the water pipes and on the sustainability of the strategy.
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Nafi, Amir, and Jonathan Brans. "Cost–Benefit Prediction of Asset Management Actions on Water Distribution Networks." Water 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081542.
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The potential costs and benefits of a combination of asset management actions on the water distribution network are predicted. Two types of actions are considered: maintenance actions and renewal actions. Leak detection and reparation of failures on connections and pipes define the set of potential maintenance actions to be carried out. Renewal actions concern connections, pipes, and meters. All these actions represent the model’s decision variables in order to determine a trade-off between two objectives: (i) the maximization of the water efficiency rate and (ii) the minimization of the total cost of actions to be carried out on the water system. The assessment of objective functions is ensured by an artificial neural network (ANN) trained on a French mandatory database «SISPEA». A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is coupled to the ANN to reach the set of compromised solutions representing potential actions to achieve. Applied to a real water distribution system in the southeast of France, the proposed decision model indicates that the improvement of water efficiency rate (WER) in the short term requires increasing operation expenditures (OPEX), which represent 99% of the total cost. Results show the existence of a threshold effect that implies to use the budget in a certain way to improve performance. A potential solution can be chosen by the decision maker among the generated Pareto front with regard to the constraint on the budget and the targeted WER.
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Izquierdo, Joaquín, Idel Montalvo, Rafael Pérez-García, and Agustín Matías. "On the Complexities of the Design of Water Distribution Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/947961.
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Water supply is one of the most recognizable and important public services contributing to quality of life. Water distribution networks (WDNs) are extremely complex assets. A number of complex tasks, such as design, planning, operation, maintenance, and management, are inherently associated with such networks. In this paper, we focus on the design of a WDN, which is a wide and open problem in hydraulic engineering. This problem is a large-scale combinatorial, nonlinear, nonconvex, multiobjective optimization problem, involving various types of decision variables and many complex implicit constraints. To handle this problem, we provide a synergetic association between swarm intelligence and multiagent systems where human interaction is also enabled. This results in a powerful collaborative system for finding solutions to such a complex hydraulic engineering problem. All the ingredients have been integrated into a software tool that has also been shown to efficiently solve problems from other engineering fields.
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Marlim, Malvin S., Gimoon Jeong, and Doosun Kang. "Identification of Critical Pipes Using a Criticality Index in Water Distribution Networks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 4052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194052.
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A water distribution network (WDN) is a critical infrastructure that must be maintained, ensuring a proper water supply to widespread customers. A WDN consists of various components, such as pipes, valves, pumps, and tanks, and these elements interact with each other to provide adequate system performance. If the elements fail due to internal or external interruptions, this may adversely impact water service to different degrees depending on the failed elements. To determine an appropriate maintenance priority, the critical elements need to be identified and mapped in the network. To identify and prioritize the critical elements (here, we focus on the pipes only) in the WDN, an element-based simulation approach is proposed, in which all the composing pipes of the WDN are reviewed one at a time. The element-based criticality is measured using several criticality indexes that are newly proposed in this study. The proposed criticality indexes are used to quantify the impacts of element failure to water service degradation. Here, four criticality indexes are developed: supply shortage (SS), economic value loss (EVL), pressure decline (PD), and water age degradation (WAD). Each of these indexes measures different aspects of the consequences, specifically social, economic, hydraulic, and water quality, respectively. The separate values of the indexes from all pipes in a network are then combined into a singular criticality value for assessment. For demonstration, the proposed approach is applied to four real WDNs to identify and prioritize the critical pipes. The proposed element-based simulation approach can be used to identify the critical components and setup maintenance scheduling of WDNs for preparedness of failure events.
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Sægrov, S., W. Schilling, J. Røstum, L. Tuhovcak, P. Eisenbeis, R. Herz, P. LeGauffre, et al. "Computer-aided rehabilitation of water networks (CARE-W)." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0081.
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The project CARE-W presented in this paper deals with the public water supply networks and their problems of ageing such as structural failures, hydraulic insufficiencies, leakage, deteriorating water quality and increasing maintenance cost that impact on an urban environment. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a suite of tools, which provide the most cost-efficient system of maintenance and repair of water distribution networks, with the aim to guarantee a security of water supply that meets social, health, economic and environmental requirements. The paper comprises a description of the project work-packages, which include: a control panel of Performance Indicators (PIs) for rehabilitation;a description of technical and statistical tools assessing and forecasting some of the PI;a procedure to define the best choice for annual rehabilitation programming;a procedure to define the best strategy of planning rehabilitation investments (at long term, 10 to 20 years);a software, combining the above products with a common database, tested and evaluated by several test cities. CARE-W is aimed at utilities for water supply systems, operating companies, local authorities, financial institutions and national regulators. It is supported by the European Commission under the fifth framework programme.
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Gutiérrez-Bahamondes, Jimmy H., Yamisleydi Salgueiro, Sergio A. Silva-Rubio, Marco A. Alsina, Daniel Mora-Meliá, and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel. "jHawanet: An Open-Source Project for the Implementation and Assessment of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms on Water Distribution Networks." Water 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102018.
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Efficient design and management of water distribution networks is critical for conservation of water resources and minimization of both energy requirements and maintenance costs. Several computational routines have been proposed for the optimization of operational parameters that govern such networks. In particular, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have proven to be useful both properly describing a network and optimizing its performance. Despite these computational advances, practical implementation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for water networks is an abstruse subject for researchers and engineers, particularly since efficient coupling between multi-objective algorithms and the hydraulic network model is required. Further, even if the coupling is successfully implemented, selecting the proper set of multi-objective algorithms for a given network, and addressing the quality of the obtained results (i.e., the approximate Pareto frontier) introduces additional complexities that further hinder the practical application of these algorithms. Here, we present an open-source project that couples the EPANET hydraulic network model with the jMetal framework for multi-objective optimization, allowing flexible implementation and comparison of different metaheuristic optimization algorithms through statistical quality assessment. Advantages of this project are discussed by comparing the performance of different multi-objective algorithms (i.e., NSGA-II, SPEA2, SMPSO) on case study water pump networks available in the literature.
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Říhová Ambrožová, J., J. Říha, J. Hubáčková, and I. Čiháková. "Risk analysis in drinking water accumulation." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 6 (December 13, 2010): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/98/2010-cjfs.
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Drinking water is safe water, from the perspective of long-term use is does not cause any disease, pathogenic and hygienically unsafe microorganisms do not spread in it and customers enjoy its consumption. Drinking water is regarded as a foodstuff, therefore the known HACCP system can be used in the control system which can be applied not only directly to the final product, but also to the whole system of drinking water production, distribution, and accumulation. Even if there is no problem concerning the water processing and the technological line is well adjusted, the quality of drinking water is subsequently deteriorated by its transportation and accumulation. The condition and character of the operated distribution network and reservoirs are significantly and substantially related to the maintenance of the biological stability and quality of drinking water. This is well confirmed by biological audits of the distribution networks and water reservoirs. A significant fact is the negative influence of the secondary contamination by air in the reservoir facilities and the occurrence of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria) in free water and in biofilms. The findings obtained in the framework of biological audits were so alarming that the outputs of biological audits contributed to the reconsideration of the efficiency of the standard for the construction and design of water reservoirs and pointed out the necessity of its review.
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Bach, Nguyen Luong, Okitsugu Fujiwara, and Huynh Trung Luong. "Optimal fund assignment and allocation models for pipe repair maintenance in leaky water distribution networks." Water Resources Research 36, no. 5 (May 2000): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900334.
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Solgi, Mohammad, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, and Hugo A. Loáiciga. "A multi-objective optimization model for operation of intermittent water distribution networks." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 2630–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.159.
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Abstract Intermittent operation of water distribution networks (WDNs) is an undesirable yet inevitable strategy under some circumstances such as droughts, development, electricity blackouts, and water pollution, mostly in developing countries. Intermittent utilization of WDNs poses several disadvantages encompassing water quality degradation, deterioration of the water-distribution system, and extra operational and maintenance costs due to frequently interrupted supply, unfair water distribution among consumers, and reduction of system serviceability. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization model to address the negative consequences of intermittent water shortages. The model is intended to maximize the quantitative and qualitative reliability and the fairness in water supply, and to minimize the frequency of supply interruption. The developed model also considers pragmatic limitations, water quality, water pressure, and supply reservoir's constraints to plan the operation of intermittent water distribution systems under water shortage. The model's efficiency is tested with a WDN in Iran and compared with a standard operation policy (SOP) for water distribution. According to the evaluated efficiency criteria concerning reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability of water quality and quantity of water supply, the developed model is superior to the SOP rule and improves the performance of the network under intermittent operation. In addition, the results demonstrate there is a tradeoff between the uniformity of water distribution and the frequency of supply interruption that shows operators’ and customers’ conflicting priorities.
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McClymont, Kent, Ed Keedwell, Dragan Savić, and Mark Randall-Smith. "A general multi-objective hyper-heuristic for water distribution network design with discolouration risk." Journal of Hydroinformatics 15, no. 3 (October 25, 2012): 700–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.022.
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The optimisation of water distribution networks (WDNs) by evolutionary algorithms has gained much coverage in the literature since it was first proposed in the early 1990s. Despite being well studied, the problem and objectives continue to evolve as demands on water companies change. Motivated by the increased focus on reducing the risk of discolouration, this study examines a three objective version of the WDN design problem which takes into account cost, head excess and discolouration risk. Using this formulation, this paper presents a method for producing optimised network designs aimed at reducing discolouration risk in the network design phase and thus reducing the associated long-term maintenance and operational burdens of the system. This paper discusses the use of a discolouration risk model and, using this model, the optimisation of network design, specifically pipe diameters, to produce a range of high quality self-cleaning networks. The network designs are optimised using the Markov-chain hyper-heuristic (MCHH), a new multi-objective online selective hyper-heuristic. The MCHH is incorporated in to the known NSGA-II and SPEA2 and supplied with a range of heuristics tailored for use on the WDN design problem. The results demonstrate an improvement in performance obtained over the original algorithms.
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Tashman, Zaid, Christoph Gorder, Sonali Parthasarathy, Mohamad M. Nasr-Azadani, and Rachel Webre. "Anomaly Detection System for Water Networks in Northern Ethiopia Using Bayesian Inference." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072897.
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For billions of people living in remote and rural communities in the developing countries, small water systems are the only source of clean drinking water. Due to the rural nature of such water systems, site visits may occur infrequently. This means broken water systems can remain in a malfunctioning state for months, forcing communities to return to drinking unsafe water. In this work, we present a novel two-level anomaly detection system aimed to detect malfunctioning remote sensored water hand-pumps, allowing for a proactive approach to pump maintenance. To detect anomalies, we need a model of normal water usage behavior first. We train a multilevel probabilistic model of normal usage using approximate variational Bayesian inference to obtain a conditional probability distribution over the hourly water usage data. We then use this conditional distribution to construct a level-1 scoring function for each hourly water observation and a level-2 scoring function for each pump. Probabilistic models and Bayesian inference collectively were chosen for their ability to capture the high temporal variability in the water usage data at the individual pump level as well as their ability to estimate interpretable model parameters. Experimental results in this work have demonstrated that the pump scoring function is able to detect malfunctioning sensors as well as a change in water usage behavior allowing for a more responsive and proactive pump system maintenance.
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Suchorab, Paweł, and Dariusz Kowalski. "Methods of routing and sizing of water supply networks." E3S Web of Conferences 59 (2018): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185900024.
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One of the first steps in water distribution systems (WDSs) design process is the pipeline routing, defined as geometrical projection of a designed network. The analogical step can also be found in designing of other elements of technical infrastructure, such as energy lines or roads. Moreover, the pipeline routing process influences pipe’s sizing and determinates investment, exploitation and maintenance aspects of the whole WDS. Despite its significant meaning, the routing process is still unsatisfactorily supported by mathematical methods and computer aided tools. Therefore, there are continuous researches of more effective pipeline routing and sizing methods. This paper presents a literature review about currently developed methods of network routing and methods of optimal pipeline sizing.
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Asakura, A., A. Koizumi, O. Odanagi, H. Watanabe, and T. Inakazu. "A study on appropriate investment of pipeline rehabilitation for water distribution network." Water Supply 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0019.
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In Japan most of the water distribution networks were constructed during the 1960s to 1970s. Since these pipelines were used for a long period, pipeline rehabilitation is necessary to maintain water supply. Although investment for pipeline rehabilitation has to be planned in terms of cost-effectiveness, no standard method has been established because pipelines were replaced on emergency and ad hoc basis in the past. In this paper, a method to determine the maintenance of the water supply on an optimal basis with a fixed budget for a water distribution network is proposed. Firstly, a method to quantify the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation is examined. Secondly, two models using Integer Programming and Monte Carlo simulation to maximize the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation with limited budget were considered, and they are applied to a model case and a case study. Based on these studies, it is concluded that the Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the appropriate investment for the pipeline rehabilitation planning is both convenient and practical.
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Del Giudice, G., R. Padulano, and D. Siciliano. "Multivariate probability distribution for sewer system vulnerability assessment under data-limited conditions." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 4 (October 26, 2015): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.546.
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The lack of geometrical and hydraulic information about sewer networks often excludes the adoption of in-deep modeling tools to obtain prioritization strategies for funds management. The present paper describes a novel statistical procedure for defining the prioritization scheme for preventive maintenance strategies based on a small sample of failure data collected by the Sewer Office of the Municipality of Naples (IT). Novelty issues involve, among others, considering sewer parameters as continuous statistical variables and accounting for their interdependences. After a statistical analysis of maintenance interventions, the most important available factors affecting the process are selected and their mutual correlations identified. Then, after a Box-Cox transformation of the original variables, a methodology is provided for the evaluation of a vulnerability map of the sewer network by adopting a joint multivariate normal distribution with different parameter sets. The goodness-of-fit is eventually tested for each distribution by means of a multivariate plotting position. The developed methodology is expected to assist municipal engineers in identifying critical sewers, prioritizing sewer inspections in order to fulfill rehabilitation requirements.
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Li, Yuanzhe, Jinliang Gao, Huaiyu Zhang, Liqun Deng, and Ping Xin. "Reliability Assessment Model of Water Distribution Networks against Fire Following Earthquake (FFE)." Water 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2019): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122536.
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Fire following earthquake (FFE) is a common secondary disaster that can inflict great damage to humans. A large number of seismic resilience evaluation methods have been proposed, but few of them consider the influence of FFE. In this study, a multi-scenario simulation based model was developed to evaluate the post-disaster performance of water distribution networks (WDNs) in supplying both firefighting flow and original demand under the effect of seismic damage and FFEs. Hypothetical earthquakes were generated and the spatial–temporal distribution of FFEs was simulated by the Poisson distribution model and the Weibull distribution model. The post-disaster performance was evaluated by two types of seismic reliability metrics. The developed model was applied to a WDN currently operating in China with eight pre-determined earthquake scenarios. The results showed that the firefighting flow was concentrated in the first few hours after the earthquake. Thus, the serviceability of both original demand and firefighting flow was influenced significantly within the first few hours, while little impact was observed after the concentrated firefighting flow was delivered. The proposed model quantified the WDN’s performance under specific seismic damage and potential FFEs, and can be used for the planning, design, and maintenance of WDNs.
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Zeng, Wen, Yong Ting Pan, and Hong Mei Huang. "Risk Analysis Model for Water Pipeline Leakage Based on FAHP and BPNN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.1093.
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Scientific analysis of the leakage of the water distribution system in city is very helpful to water supply network’s maintenance and renovation, and hence reduces negative social effect and economic loss. A leakage risk nalysis model for water distribution system was established based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and BP neural network (BPNN). This model introduces FAHP to reasonably ensure initial state of BP neural network, and uses weighted superposition to mend learning sample set of BP neural network. The water distribution system of a city in Zhejiang province P. R. China was selected to test the proposed risk analysis model, which verifise its feasibility and effectivity.
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Nasrollahi, Hossein, Reza Safaei Boroujeni, Reza Shirmohammadi, Shima Najafi Nobar, Alireza Aslani, Majid Amidpour, and Fontina Petrakopoulou. "Optimization of Water Pressure of a Distribution Network within the Water–Energy Nexus." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 8371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188371.
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Pressure control in water distribution networks (WDNs) reduces leaks and bursting. Thus, it is regarded as a valuable solution to cut costs related to the operation and maintenance of WDNs and it is recommended for use in deteriorated water distribution pipes. However, growing consumer demand for satisfactory performance from faucets, combined with reduced water pressure from water supply companies, has resulted in an increased need for domestic water pressure booster systems (WPBSs) and has led to an increase in the energy demand. This misalignment of interests between water companies and energy consumers highlights the water–energy nexus perspective. This research aims to find a solution for optimizing the pressure of any WDN through the application of WPBSs to simultaneously minimize the cost associated with water leaks, repairs of burst pipes, and energy consumption. This methodology is applied to Baharestan city, where an optimum pressure of 47.6 mH2O is calculated. According to the sensitivity analysis of the inputs, the optimized pressure and cost are most sensitive to water loss and leakage exponent, respectively. Moreover, the hourly optimization of water pressure based on changes in demand and energy prices throughout the day is estimated to cut costs by 41%.
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Ohwo, Odafivwotu. "Challenges of public water provision in Nigerian cities: a review." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.071.
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In spite of the importance of adequate water quality and quantity for human health and survival, public water supply coverage in Nigerian cities appears to be decreasing and deteriorating. Hence, this study was designed to assess the challenges of public water provision in Nigerian cities. Some of the reasons for this deterioration include: inadequate water supply policy, lack of autonomy for the various State Water Agencies (SWAs), corruption in the water sector, poor infrastructure investment and maintenance, deficiencies in pipe distribution networks and inadequate power supply. These challenges can be addressed if certain measures are taken to improve the operation, maintenance and sustainability of the various SWAs’ supply networks. Such measures may include the undertaking of routine and preventive maintenance such as leak detection and repair. There should be increased funding by government through adequate infrastructural investment, tackling of corruption and the granting of true autonomy to the SWAs in tariff setting, staff recruitment and discipline, and improvement of electricity supply to the various SWAs in Nigeria. These measures could place public water provision on a sustainable path and help to reduce the burden of water-borne diseases in Nigeria.
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Joshi, Gaurav. "Reduction in Non-Revenue Water in Water Distribution System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 25, 2021): 2771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35583.
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Water is the world’s most critical natural resource. Rapid population growth and economic development have led to higher demand for water worldwide whereas on the supply side, natural sources of water have become less reliable. This demand-supply imbalance in the water sector calls for more innovative water management practices and suitable technologies. Utilities cannot afford the water loss because of poor operation and maintenance of water distribution infrastructure facilities. The terms theft, smuggling and leakages are most common sources of generation of Non- revenue water (NRW). Newspaper articles around the world, particularly in countries experiencing intense drought and water shortages, are highlighting water theft as a growing problem. Analysis of various city development plans in India shows that water leakages, theft and unauthorized water connections gives rise to a high level of unaccounted water. A recent study on Water Governance (2013) reveals that unaccounted water in Delhi amounts to around 50% of the total water pumped into the system, whereas it is 35-40% in Hyderabad and Bengaluru. The World Bank in its report, ‘The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Developing Countries’, reveals that 48 million cubic meters of drinkable water escape daily from official supply networks, which is enough to provide water for 200 million people. The same report on India had clearly highlighted that 40-60% of water in Mumbai is lost through illegal diversion. In This paper we have made an attempt to analyze the current methods, their drawbacks and we have provided solution in the form of software-based approach (using Bentley Watergems) which is more relevant as compared to the current field method.
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Engelhardt, M., P. Skipworth, D. A. Savic, A. Cashman, G. A. Walters, and A. J. Saul. "Determining maintenance requirements of a water distribution network using whole life costing." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 2002): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552510210430026.
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Ostfeld, Avi. "Reliability analysis of water distribution systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2004.0021.
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Reliability is an integral part of all decisions regarding water distribution system layout, design, operation and maintenance. Providing reliability for water distribution systems is complicated due to the many factors that affect reliability, the inherent nonlinear behavior of the system and its consumers, and due to the different conflicting objectives facing a water distribution system utility. Although the reliability of water distribution systems has received considerable attention over the last two decades, there is still no common, acceptable, reliability measure or reliability assessment methodology. This paper describes the classification and reliability analysis methodologies of water distribution systems and compares two previously published algorithms for reliability evaluation of water distribution systems: a tailor-made ‘lumped supply–lumped demand’ approach used most commonly in regional water distribution systems and a general stochastic (Monte Carlo) framework suitable for any generic network.
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Laakso, Tuija, Suvi Ahopelto, Tiia Lampola, Teemu Kokkonen, and Riku Vahala. "Estimating water and wastewater pipe failure consequences and the most detrimental failure modes." Water Supply 18, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.164.
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Abstract Failures of water and wastewater networks can lead to severe consequences for the human, natural and built environments. This paper presents how data on networks and their immediate environment together with graph analysis can be used to estimate the severity of pipe failure consequences. A case study concerning a large water and wastewater utility revealed that ca. 14% of the water distribution pipes and ca. 25% of the sewers had potentially severe failure consequences with regard to at least one factor considered. The most detrimental failure modes connected to these pipes were identified. An assessment of the most important information needs revealed that a number of crucial source data sets were missing. The results can be used to support asset management decisions aiming at risk alleviation, e.g. when estimating the resources needed for network maintenance, condition inspections or renovations and when planning excavation works.
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Helmbrecht, Jorge, Matthias Maier, Esteban Morillo, Dirk Kühlers, and Karl Roth. "Improvement of the Water-Energy Nexus and the Environmental Performance of Water Supply Systems using Smart ICT Solutions." Current World Environment 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2016): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.3.01.
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In the last years, there has been a great interest in the complex interactions between energy and water, known as the Water-Energy Nexus.1 Free and unrestricted availability and access to energy and water enables the growth of an economy and supports the quality of life. The Water-Energy Nexus is considered as one of the most important multidisciplinary challenges2 that the water market globally growing has to face in the forthcoming years. Currently, many water systems are not managed in terms of long term sustainability. Water Utilities (WU) are faced to further challenges, such as aging of their infrastructure and poor cost-recovery, leading to a lack of finance for operation and maintenance (O&M). Energy is required in all stages of water production and distribution, from abstraction over treatment to transportation. Energy costs are a top-of-mind concern for WU, regardless of the geography, size and level of water network efficiency.3 On the other hand, in developing countries WU are having a hard time to either improve their services or expand their network to unserved neighbourhoods. Regarding all this facts, and considering an economic and competitive scenario which forces to respond to pressures from various fields (market, technology, society...), lead to the need to implement new methods and processes that can meet these growing demands and to try to manage responses and actions in real time. Intelligent software solutions can be applied to networks, whether they have either smart metering and large amounts of data or less recorded data. They enhance the operators’ knowledge of this data, turn it into useful information for decision-making related to the operation, maintenance and the design of the water supply network. In this paper, an application of an intelligent software solution is presented. WatEner, a smart Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solution that combines the key factors of energy consumption with further operational requirements of drinking water supply to improve the management of water supply networks, has been tested with good results by the WU of the city of Karlsruhe, a water rich area in North-West - Europe where the main objective was to save energy in the drinking water distribution. As a conclusion, a non-structural solution for the water-energy nexus can have a great impact on several matters (e.g. climate change, carbon footprint, WUs balance sheets, water losses) with reasonable investment in only a few sensors in the water supply network.
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Yakubov, Maksadhon, Yusufbek Gafurov, and Lyudmila Varlamova. "Issues of rational distribution of water resources under deficit conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401046.
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Water is one expensive resource that can run out. The article discusses the issues of determining property rights, which is one of the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of the market mechanism. In Uzbekistan, the source of clean water is groundwater, which is less prone to pollution than surface water. The paper considers two systems of water consumption rights: riparian and appropriative. The features of these systems are presented. In addition, the uneven distribution of water resources across regions requires large investments in transportation through the construction of branch canals and the laying of extended water supply networks. It should be noted that the benefits of the constructed canals will vary significantly for water users depending on their location. Due to water losses when passing through the diversion canal, agents located at the beginning of the diversion canal find themselves in an advantageous position compared to other water users. At the same time, investments in the maintenance of the water distribution system, made at the beginning of the branch canal, bring benefits to all water users located downstream. One of the most well-known approaches to constructing an indicator of water scarcity is the Falkenmark water stress index.
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Gorenstein, Ariel, Meir Kalech, Daniela Fuchs Hanusch, and Sharon Hassid. "Pipe Fault Prediction for Water Transmission Mains." Water 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102861.
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Every network of supply waterlines experiences thousands of yearly bursts, breaks, leakages, and other failures. These failures waste a great amount of resources, as not only the waterlines need to be repaired, but also water is wasted and the distribution service is interrupted. For that reason, many water facilities employ proactive maintenance strategies in their networks, where they replace likely-to-fail pipes in advance to prevent the failures. In this paper, we aim to establish a reliable prediction model that can accurately predict faults in waterlines prior to their occurrence. We propose a specific segmentation method for long transmission mains, as well as three data-driven models and one rule-based prediction model. We evaluate a real world waterline network used in Israel, operated by Mekorot company, using three common metrics. The results show that the data-driven algorithms outperform the rule-based model by at least 5% in each of the metrics. Additionally, their prediction becomes more accurate as they are trained with more data, but enhancing these data with geographically related features does not improve the accuracy further.
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Bettemir, Önder Halis, Özgür Özdemir, and Mahmut Fırat. "Development of a decision support system for the maintenance of water distribution network." Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences 23, no. 9 (2017): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2017.56823.
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Pérez-Padillo, José, Jorge García Morillo, José Ramirez-Faz, Manuel Torres Roldán, and Pilar Montesinos. "Design and Implementation of a Pressure Monitoring System Based on IoT for Water Supply Networks." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 4247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154247.
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Increasing the efficiency of water supply networks is essential in arid and semi-arid regions to ensure the supply of drinking water to the inhabitants. The cost of renovating these systems is high. However, customized management models can facilitate the maintenance and rehabilitation of hydraulic infrastructures by optimizing the use of resources. The implementation of current Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring systems allows decisions to be based on objective data. In water supply systems, IoT helps to monitor the key elements to improve system efficiency. To implement IoT in a water distribution system requires sensors that are suitable for measuring the main hydraulic variables, a communication system that is adaptable to the water service companies and a friendly system for data analysis and visualization. A smart pressure monitoring and alert system was developed using low-cost hardware and open-source software. An Arduino family microcontroller transfers pressure gauge signals using Sigfox communication, a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN). The IoT ThingSpeak platform is used for data analysis and visualization. Additionally, the system can send alarms via SMS/email in real time using the If This, Then That (IFTTT) web service when anomalous pressure data are detected. The pressure monitoring system was successfully implemented in a real water distribution network in Spain. It was able to detect both breakdowns and leaks in real time.
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Hosoi, Y. "Model of leak inspection and repair of water distribution network." Water Supply 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0041.
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Theories and policies for the maintenance and renewal of water supply systems are required. The occurrence of water distribution pipe breakage and water leakage is influenced by pipe material, size and age as well as soil characteristics and transportation. The water leakage has to be discovered as soon as possible from the viewpoint of minimizing water loss. However, it costs more to increase inspections for water leakage. In this study, the model to determine the optimal inspection interval for water leakage of the water distribution network was examined. The optimal inspection interval was estimated to minimize the total cost of inspection, pipe repair and lost water. The developed model was applied to a water distribution area whose water main is 486 kilometres long. The area was divided into sub-area of 250 metres square. Those sub-areas were classified into 6 groups according to pipe break rate. The optimal inspection interval was obtained for each group and its validity examined by numerical simulation.
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Jaeger, Y., V. Gauthier, M. C. Besner, B. Viret, R. Toulorge, E. Lemaire, M. R. de Roubin, and J. L. Gagon. "An integrated approach to assess the causes of water quality failures in the distribution system of Caen." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0109.
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Understanding the reasons for water quality failures in drinking water distribution systems has become a priority for network managers. The proposed approach provides a unique tool for assessing the consequences of water supply changes and the consequences of distribution system operation and maintenance on the quality of distributed water. Its main benefit is to help the water producer understand the origins of local water quality problems, and consequently to eliminate them from their distribution system.
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Covelli, Carmine, Luigi Cimorelli, Luca Cozzolino, Renata Della Morte, and Domenico Pianese. "Reduction in water losses in water distribution systems using pressure reduction valves." Water Supply 16, no. 4 (February 23, 2016): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.020.
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Water loss is a phenomenon frequently observed within water distribution systems (WDSs), that is considerably worsened by an excessive pressure throughout the network. As an alternative option to pipe replacement, the use of pumps working as turbines, throttle control valves (TCVs), or pressure reduction valves (PRVs) can be used to reduce leakage. For a preassigned number of these devices, their positions and settings can be chosen to minimize the water losses in the network or to minimise the costs associated with the leakage. On the other hand, for a preassigned reduction in leakage, the number, the position and the setting of valves could be optimized in order to minimize their installation and maintenance costs. Based on these observations, a procedure for the optimal choice of the number, position and setting of PRVs is devised. The procedure is aimed at reducing the whole cost associated with water loss in urban WDSs, due to the background leakage from joints, and the purchase, installation and maintaining of the PRVs themselves. The effectiveness of the procedure, which is based on the physical modelling of leakage from pipe joints as well as on the use of a genetic algorithm, is proven using a small but realistic example.
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Viccione, Giacomo, Laura Ingenito, Stefania Evangelista, and Carmine Cuozzo. "Restructuring a Water Distribution Network through the Reactivation of Decommissioned Water Tanks." Water 11, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091740.
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Water resource management is a topic of great environmental and social relevance, since water must be preserved and managed to avoid waste, providing high quality service at fair tariffs for the consumer, as imposed by the European Water Directive (2000/CE). In the rehabilitation of a water distribution network, it may be suitable to recover decommissioned water tanks, if any, rather than afford high construction costs to build new ones. In this case, the assessment of the residual service life of these concrete structures affected by steel bar corrosion is the premise for the design of new pipeline routes, connecting them. For this aim, rather than carrying tests that can accurately determine mechanical properties of the dismissed water tanks, it is possible to empirically estimate their level of degradation. Their conditions infer on the expected life of the restructured water distribution network. However, they allow the aqueduct to be used for its technical duration, assumed to be equal to the decommissioned water tanks residual service life in the case they do not require maintenance. Here, a simplified model for the assessment of the residual service life of decommissioned water tanks is first proposed and then applied to a case study, consisting of a part of the water network managed by “Ausino S.p.A. Servizi Idrici Integrati”, Cava de’ Tirreni, Italy. Once the service life is assessed, the QEPANET plugin is used in QGIS to speed up the design of the new pipeline routes in the georeferenced space, thus overcoming the limits offered by the classic EPANET solver.
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Примин, О. Г. "On the development of Technical Regulations on the safety of water distribution and sewer networks of public water supply and wastewater disposal systems." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.03.01.
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Рассмотрены вопросы надежности трубопроводов сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения городов и поселений России. Приведены соображения (в порядке дискуссии) о необходимости разработки и принятия Технического регламента о безопасности сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения централизованных систем водоснабжения и водоотведения. Технический регламент установит требования к сетям водоснабжения и водоотведения, обязательные для применения и исполнения на территории РФ. Отмечено, что в водной отрасли России в настоящее время отсутствует единая система, выработанная на основе практики применения обязательных требований к трубной продукции, используемой в сетях водоснабжения и водоотведения, и обязательной сертификации (декларирования). Предлагается область применения такого Технического регламента – сети централизованных систем холодного водоснабжения и водоотведения (канализации) на всех этапах их жизненного цикла, а также материалы и изделия, трубы, арматура, колодцы и связанные с ними процессы проектирования, строительства, эксплуатации, технического обслуживания, текущего и капитального ремонта, консервации и ликвидации сетей водоснабжения и водоотведения (канализации). The issues of reliability of pipelines of water and sewer networks of Russian cities and settlements are considered. Considerations (by way of discussion) on the need for the development and adoption of Technical Regulations on the safety of water and sewer networks of public water supply and wastewater disposal systems are presented. The Technical Regulations will establish the requirements to water and sewer networks that will be mandatory for use and compliance on the territory of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the water industry in Russia is currently lacking a uniform system developed on the basis of the practice of applying mandatory requirements to pipe products used in water and sewer networks and their mandatory certification. The scope of application of such Technical Regulations is proposed, i. e. networks of public systems of cold water supply and wastewater disposal (sewerage) at all stages of their life cycle, as well as materials and articles, pipes, fittings, manholes and related processes of design, construction, operation, maintenance, current repairs and overhaul works, conservation and abandonment of water supply and sewer networks.
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Engelhardt, M., D. Savic, P. Skipworth, A. Cashman, A. Saul, and G. Walters. "Whole life costing: application to water distribution network." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0090.
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There is an increasing pressure from the economic regulator in England and Wales for water companies to ensure that their capital maintenance decisions reflect an understanding of the long-term impact on their operational costs and risks. This implies that decisions must not only reflect the costs borne now but the likely costs in the future, and how these might be optimised. It is noteworthy that within the construction and transport industries, asset management decisions which have been driven in this direction utilise a whole life costing (WLC) methodology. This paper addresses the implications of transferring the concept of WLC to service-based assets such as water systems. A WLC approach to distribution network management aims to achieve the lowest network provision and operating cost when all costs are considered to achieve standards enforced by regulation. Cognisance is to be taken of all relevant costs - direct and indirect, private and societal - in order to balance the needs of the service supplier, the customer, society and the environment in a sustainable manner. A WLC analysis thus attempts to develop a cost profile over the life of the asset. Accounting for the costs over this period is achieved through a combination of activity based costing (ABC) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) used to identify potential social and environmental costs. This process means that each of these identified costs must be linked to some physical parameter that itself varies over time due to changing demands on the system, the different operational strategies available to the operator and natural deterioration of the fabric of the system. The links established between the cost and activities of the operator provide the basis for the development of a WLC decision tool (WiLCO) for application to water distribution network management.
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Alhumoud, Jasem M., and Nourah Almeshaan. "Time Series Analyses and Modeling of Environmental Systems: Case Studies in Kuwait." Open Civil Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149502014010380.
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Background: Time series is a sequence of measurements made at regular time intervals. Tremendous work has been done on pipe break investigation and maintenance, using different models. However, the authors have not found any research work on pipe failures in water distribution networks using time series. Objective: The principal objective of this paper was to investigate the applications of time series analysis in modeling man-made (pipe breaks) and natural (rainfall) environmental systems. Methods: This objective was satisfied by employing the Time-Domain (Box-Jenkins) approach to assess two case studies in Kuwait of a water distribution network (pipe failures), and from rainfall rates measurement of a solid waste disposal site, respectively. The statistical analysis of these data was conducted with the aid of the BMDP and SAS computer software packages and by the use of the P2T programming procedure for the Box-Jenkins method. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between the data and the time series models provides good estimates of pipe reliability and rainfall measurements. Conclusion: Based on the significant results, time series analyses could and should be useful by water authorities in planning pipe maintenance and inspection. Moreover, it is recommended and it would be very useful to conduct similar studies on pipes carrying other fluids such as gas, air and oil.
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Rogers, D. M. "Network analysis models – the secret for success." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0129.
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Water is a fundamental necessity of life. Yet water supply and distribution networks the world over are old and lacking in adequate maintenance. Consequently they often leak as much water as they deliver and provide an unacceptable quality of service to the customer. In certain parts of the world, water is available only for a few hours of the day. The solution is to build a mathematical model to simulate the operation of the real network in all of its key elements and apply it to optimise its operation. To be of value, the results of the model must be compared with field data. This process is known as calibration and is an essential element in the construction of an accurate model. This paper outlines the optimum approach to building and calibrating a mathematical model and how it can be applied to automatic calibration systems.