Academic literature on the topic 'Water distribution systems'

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Journal articles on the topic "Water distribution systems"

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Klempous, R., J. Kotowski, J. Nikodem, and J. Ulasiewicz. "Water Distribution Systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 13 (November 1986): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59572-5.

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Grigg, Neil S. "Aging Water Distribution Systems." Public Works Management & Policy 22, no. 1 (September 19, 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x16668180.

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Salomons, Elad, and Avi Ostfeld. "Water Age Clustering for Water Distribution Systems." Procedia Engineering 186 (2017): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.256.

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Savic, D. A. "Developments in water distribution systems." Urban Water 2, no. 2 (June 2000): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-0758(00)00054-6.

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Ostfeld, Avi. "Water Distribution Systems Connectivity Analysis." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 131, no. 1 (January 2005): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2005)131:1(58).

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Lin, Yu-sen E., Radisav D. Vidic, Janet E. Stout, and Victor L. Yu. "Legionella in water distribution systems." Journal - American Water Works Association 90, no. 9 (September 1998): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08503.x.

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Lacey, Marcia. "Distribution Systems." Journal - American Water Works Association 93, no. 7 (July 2001): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09231.x.

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Pasha, M. F. K., and K. Lansey. "Water quality parameter estimation for water distribution systems." Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems 26, no. 3 (September 2009): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286600802059080.

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Knobloch, A., N. Guth, and P. Klingel. "Automated Water Balance Calculation for Water Distribution Systems." Procedia Engineering 89 (2014): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.208.

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Wang, R., Z. Wang, X. Wang, H. Yang, and J. Sun. "Water Hammer Assessment Techniques for Water Distribution Systems." Procedia Engineering 70 (2014): 1717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.189.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water distribution systems"

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Maier, Stefan Heinrich. "Modelling water quality for water distribution systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5431.

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Maintaining water quality in distribution systems has become a prominent issue in the study of water networks. This thesis concentrates on disinfectant and particle counts as two important indicators of water quality. The models discussed in this work are based on data collected by the author. The experimental set-up and procedure are described and observations of particle counts, particle counter size distributions, monochloramine as disinfectant, temperature, heterotrophic plate counts and epifluorescence microscopy counts are reported. A model of the response of particle counts to an increase in flow is developed. This model is obtained from specification derived from the data and assumptions, and is validated by its interpretability and its fit to data. A local shear-off density and an initial biofilm shedding profile were introduced and thus a linear model for this part of the water quality dynamics could be obtained. A procedure for the identification of the parameters of the local shear-off function and for the determination of the biofilm shedding profile is presented. This profile can be used to provide information about the status of the distribution system in terms of shear-off from the biofilm on the pipe walls. Monochloramine decay dynamics are investigated. The chlorine meter data is preprocessed with the help of titration data to correct meter drift. The data is then used in calibrating two different possible chlorine models: a model with a single decay coefficient and a model with bulk decay coefficient and wall demand (as used in Epanet). Important difficulties in identifying these parameters that come about because of the structure of the models are highlighted. Identified decay coefficients are compared and tested for flow, inlet chlorine and temperature dependence. The merits and limits of the approach to modelling taken in this work and a possible generalisation are discussed. The water industry perspective and an outlook are provided.
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Tsegaye, Seneshaw Amare. "Flexible Urban Water Distribution Systems." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4597.

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With increasing global change pressures such as urbanization and climate change, cities of the future will experience difficulties in efficiently managing scarcer and less reliable water resources. However, projections of future global change pressures are plagued with uncertainties. This increases the difficulty in developing urban water systems that are adaptable to future uncertainty. A major component of an urban water system is the distribution system, which constitutes approximately 80-85% of the total cost of the water supply system (Swamee and Sharma, 2008). Traditionally, water distribution systems (WDS) are designed using deterministic assumptions of main model input variables such as water availability and water demand. However, these deterministic assumptions are no longer valid due to the inherent uncertainties associated with them. Hence, a new design approach is required, one that recognizes these inherent uncertainties and develops more adaptable and flexible systems capable of using their active capacity to act or respond to future alterations in a timely, performance-efficient, and cost-effective manner. This study develops a framework for the design of flexible WDS that are adaptable to new, different, or changing requirements. The framework consists of two main parts. The first part consists of several components that are important in the pre and post--processing of the least-cost design methodology of a flexible WDS. These components include: the description of uncertainties affecting WDS design, identification of potential flexibility options for WDS, generation of flexibility through optimization, and a method for assessing of flexibility. For assessment a suite of performance metrics is developed that reflect the degree of flexibility of a distribution system. These metrics focus on the capability of the WDS to respond and react to future changes. The uncertainties description focuses on the spatial and temporal variation of future demand. The second part consists of two optimization models for the design of centralized and decentralized WDS respectively. The first model generates flexible, staged development plans for the incremental growth of a centralized WDS. The second model supports the development of clustered/decentralized WDS. It is argued that these clustered systems promote flexibility as they provide internal degrees of freedom, allowing many different combinations of distribution systems to be considered. For both models a unique genetic algorithm based flexibility optimization (GAFO) model was developed that maximizes the flexibility of a WDS at the least cost. The efficacy of the developed framework and tools are demonstrated through two case study applications on real networks in Uganda. The first application looks at the design of a centralized WDS in Mbale, a small town in Eastern Uganda. Results from this application indicate that the flexibility framework is able to generate a more flexible design of the centralized system that is 4% - 50% less expensive than a conventionally designed system when compared against several future scenarios. In addition, this application highlights that the flexible design has a lower regret under different scenarios when compared to the conventionally designed system (a difference of 11.2m3/US$). The second application analyzes the design of a decentralized network in the town of Aura, a small town in Northern Uganda. A comparison of a decentralized system to a centralized system is performed, and the results indicate that the decentralized system is 24% - 34% less expensive and that these cost savings are associated with the ability of the decentralized system to be staged in a way that traces the urban growth trajectory more closely. The decentralized clustered WDS also has a lower regret (a difference of 17.7m3/US$) associated with the potential future conditions in comparison with the conventionally centralized system and hence is more flexible.
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Mashkour, Mohammad. "Micro hydropower in water distribution systems." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17855/.

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Considering various applications of Pump as Turbine (PAT) as an effective source of reducing the equipment cost in small hydropower plants as well as the selecting process of appropriate location and suitable machinery are the main concerns of this study. Vary range of PAT settings criteria has been propound by taking into account the State-of-the-Art researches. The purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness of pump as turbine, considering all the possible obstacles such as producer’s market interests, accessibility of technical information and mechanical limitation. Cutting-edge scientific researches concerning PAT have been proposed by implementation of various approaches. The most challenging criteria of PAT, which is selecting the appropriate machinery, has been investigated subsequently. A comparative methodology to model the effectiveness of PATs, both numerical and experimental, has been developed based on the efficiency. The mechanical reliability of the hydropower devices in situ, prototype and numerical investigation have been reviewed. These results have been obtained through measurements and optimization of the simulated system by means of characteristic methods against the established PAT system in many different case studies. Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) allow to obtain a widespread and globally significant amount of produced energy by exploiting the head drop due to the network pressure control strategy for leak reductions. Replacing PAT in water distribution networks regarding to all the possible obstacles, will reduce the final cost and will improve the expected efficiencies, as much as the reduction of environmental impacts. This study definitively answers the question whether PAT is an effective alternative in WDNs. The comparative approach also aims for a better understanding of the impact of PAT on the transition to renewable energy systems.
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Qin, Xiaoli, and 秦小麗. "Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4150866X.

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Borovik, Irina. "Bursts identification in water distribution systems." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/2392.

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The presented thesis investigates the identification of burst locations in water distribution systems (WDS) by analysis of field and simulation experimental data. This required the development of a new hybrid method of burst detection and sizing, and also a burst location identification algorithm. Generally, existing practice relies on a combination of some simple procedure and experience of the involved staff and cannot be easily automated. The practical methods are based on direct manifestation of burst on the surface or on systematically surveying suspected areas e.g. by using listening sticks, such methods are very time consuming. The proposed burst location algorithm is based on comparing data by means of statistical analysis of field data with results of water network simulation. An extended network hydraulic simulator is used to model pressure dependent leakage terms. The presence of a burst changes the flow pattern and also pressure at network nodes which may be used to estimate the burst size and its location. The influence of such random factors as demand flows and background leakage on the process of burst detection is also considered. The field data is from a generalised fixed area and variable area (FAVOR) test where inlet pressure is being stepped up and down and the following variables are measured: inlet flow, inlet pressure (head) and pressure at a number of selected sensitive nodes. The method has three stages and uses two different models, one is inlet flow model (IFM) to represent the total inlet flow and another is the extended hydraulic model to simulate different burst locations. Initially the presence of a potential burst is investigated. If this is confirmed precise values of the demand, background leakage flow and burst flow in IFM are subsequently estimated. They are used to identify the burst site at the third stage of the method. The method can be easily adapted for practical use. It requires data from experiments carried out at night between 1am and 5am and involves placing typically about 20 temporary loggers to collect the measurements during this period. It also requires the availability of a hydraulic model which normally is in the possession of a water company. The program has been implemented in the Matlab package and is easy to use. The current methodology is tuned to identify a single burst but can be generalised to identify locations of multiple bursts.
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Sempewo, Jotham Ivan. "Transitioning of urban water distribution systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4227/.

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The upgrade of urban water distribution systems (UWDS) amidst uncertain global change pressures is a challenging problem. To deal with this dilemma water utilities require approaches that enable UWDS to be transitioned at a minimal technical and socio-economic impact as uncertainties become known. A review of approaches for upgrading UWDS shows that existing cost models are skewed towards operation and maintenance costs without consideration for future transitionability. This thesis describes approaches for the sustainable transition of UWDS and their application on case studies. The thesis develops a conceptual framework for the analysis of UWDS transitions. It then develops a Socio-economic Impact Indicator (SII) framework based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and the Analytical Hierarchical Process to estimate impacts in an urban area due to UWDS transitions. It also develops an approach for modelling socio-technical transitions based on multinomial logistic regression. The thesis then develops an UWDS transition design approach that considers not only operation and maintenance costs (leakage and burst costs) but also transitionability and future socio-technical impacts costs. The developed approaches have been tested on case studies as proof of concept. Maximum cost saving can be realised when existing UWDS are upgraded with consideration of future UWDS transitionability.
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Mansoor, M. A. M. "Performance assessment of water distribution systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12569.

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Water distribution systems are often susceptible to failure events, mainly due to component malfunctions, increase in demand and pollution events. However, levels of service to the consumers cannot be compromised. Therefore, to understand the behaviour of distribution systems, performance assessment is important. In this thesis, problem of failure events in water distributions system is discussed and the causes of failure are described. Component failures are selected to simulate the extreme situations in the distribution systems. Random nature of the component failures are simulated by way of employing a Monte Carlo technique based on the failure probabilities of the components. The methodology was illustrated with an example application. Appropriateness of existing network analysis methods to simulate failure events is analysed and their shortcomings identified. To demonstrate the impact of component failures, they are simulated with the hydraulic network analysis model. The traditional demand driven network analysis approach is not sensitive to pressure variations in the system. Therefore, simulating failures with demand driven analysis methods produces inaccurate flows at the nodes. The pressure dependent demand analysis on the other hand, is capable of accommodating the flow redistributions in the water distribution network, caused by failure events. The pressure dependent functions used in the analysis are meant to predict the flows that are consumed by the secondary networks (tree network supplied from primary node). However, representing the secondary network behaviour by using only a few coefficients (as in the PDD functions) do not always results in correct predictions. An alternative method that is based on micro level models (secondary networks) is proposed. Micro level models try to simulate the exact network conditions, taking into account of the consumers piping arrangements. Applying micro level models to a large real network will be a tedious process, as the size of the network will increase by many folds. To avoid the difficulties in the micro level modeling, a method based on artificial neural networks (ANN) is introduced. The ANNs mimic the behaviour of secondary networks in the micro level model. Therefore, instead of physically attaching the secondary networks, ANNs are incorporated with the analysis. The ANN based network analysis model predicts the pressure dependent demand outflows at the nodes. The behaviour of water distribution system is evaluated using performance measures. Existing performance indicators are reviewed and their shortcomings identified. New measures are proposed that give better insights into the behaviour of the system and also the failure experience of the consumers. The improved performance assessment method is applied to a case study network and results were explained.
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Greene, James J. "Global optimization of water distribution systems." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020212/.

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Qin, Xiaoli. "Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4150866X.

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Jung, Donghwi. "Robust and Resilient Water Distribution Systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311454.

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The purpose of a water distribution system (WDS) is to deliver the required amount of water to the customer under the desired pressure and quality. However, demand change and component failure result in low pressures at customer taps and make it difficult to achieve the goal. To mitigate the impact of the disturbances, system performance measure such as robustness and resilience can be considered in the WDS design and operation. Robustness is generally defined as an ability of the systems to maintain its function under a defined set of disturbance. On the other hand, Resilience is a system's ability to prepare and recover from a failure. The goal of this dissertation is to develop methodologies to enhance WDS robustness and resilience. In robustness-based design, reliability has been considered. Reliability is generally defined as the system's ability to provide an adequate service to customers under uncertain system condition and measured by the probability that stochastic nodal pressures are greater than or equal to a prescribed minimum pressure. However, although improving reliability will improve system robustness, the question is how the reliability index will improve system robustness. Robustness incorporates the variation of system performance; an additional aspect of system performance that reliability does not encompass. Pipe bursts are the most common failure in WDS. Therefore, promptly detecting and locating bursts will decrease the failure duration and increase system resilience. While many burst detection methods are available, identifying the method with the highest detectability is important to system owners/operators. However, to date, no cross comparisons of these methods have been completed for burst detection using a common data set. In addition, most traditional burst detection methods do not have a mechanism to include system operational changes. This dissertation is composed of three journal manuscripts that address these three key issues on WDS robustness and resilience. For WDS robustness improvement, a new robustness index is developed and used for multi-objective robustness-based design. The robustness-based design is compared to conventional reliability-based design. For WDS resilience improvement, the best method among six Statistical Process Control (SPC) methods is identified in terms of detection effectiveness and efficiency. Finally, a burst detection method applicable under system operational condition change is posed.
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Books on the topic "Water distribution systems"

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Water distribution systems. London: ICE Pub., 2011.

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Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, ed. Water distribution systems. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2010.

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W, Mays Larry, ed. Water distribution systems handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

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World Health Organization (WHO). Water safety in distribution systems. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014.

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Arasmith, Skeet. Operations of water distribution systems. Albany, OR: ACR Publications, 2008.

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Analysis of water distribution systems. Malabar, Fla: Krieger, 1992.

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Arasmith, Skeet. Operations of water distribution systems. Albany, OR: ACR Publications, 2008.

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Hallam, Nicholas Brian. Water quality in distribution systems. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Friedman, Melinda. Criteria for optimized distribution systems. Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation, 2010.

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M, Grayman W., ed. Modeling water quality in drinking water distribution systems. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water distribution systems"

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Chen, Xin W. "Water Distribution Systems." In Network Science Models for Data Analytics Automation, 55–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96470-2_5.

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Liggett, J. A., and Li-Chung Chen. "Monitoring Water Distribution Systems." In Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution Systems, 107–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1841-7_5.

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Ostfeld, Avi. "Water Distribution Networks." In Intelligent Monitoring, Control, and Security of Critical Infrastructure Systems, 101–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44160-2_4.

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van der Wende, E., and W. G. Characklis. "Biofilms in Potable Water Distribution Systems." In Drinking Water Microbiology, 249–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_12.

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Kapelan, Zoran. "Modelling in Water Distribution Systems." In Simplicity, Complexity and Modelling, 103–24. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119951445.ch7.

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Grayman, Walter M., Mark W. LeChevallier, and Tom Walski. "Water Distribution Systems in 2050." In Toward a Sustainable Water Future, 243–52. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412077.ch26.

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Ingeduld, Petr, Vladimír Havlík, Stanislav Vanecek, and Pavel Jiroušek. "Object-Oriented Hydroinformatics Tools for Water Distribution Analysis." In Water Supply Systems, 401–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61187-2_21.

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Sugarman, Samuel C. "Air Distribution System." In Testing and Balancing HVAC Air and Water Systems, 47–71. 6th ed. New York: River Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003207337-5.

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Lee, Juneseok, and Owais Farooqi. "Drinking Water Distribution: Emerging Issues in Minor Water Systems." In Potable Water, 95–123. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06563-2_4.

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Ostfeld, Avi. "Protecting Water and Wastewater Systems: Water Distribution Systems Security Modeling." In Handbook of Water and Wastewater Systems Protection, 247–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0189-6_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water distribution systems"

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Basile, N., M. Fuamba, and B. Barbeau. "Optimization of Water Tank Design and Location in Water Distribution Systems." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)32.

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Pepper, I., R. Arnold, G. Bayraksan, C. Choi, K. Lansey, and C. Scott. "Conjunctive Decentralized Dual Water Distribution Systems." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)8.

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Dandy, G. C., A. Bogdanowicz, J. Craven, A. Maywald, and P. Liu. "Optimizing the Sustainability of Water Distribution Systems." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)24.

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Raczynski, A., W. Kirkpatrick, D. Rehnstrom, P. Boulos, and K. Lansey. "Developing Hydraulic and Water Quality Equivalent Systems." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)73.

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Dlamini, V. G. "Promoting Multiple Water Use Services Based on Integrated Water Resources Management: The Planning and Implementation." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)7.

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de Schaetzen, Werner, and Glen MacPherson. "Water Quality Modeling of Chilliwack's Water Distribution System in Preparation of the Emergency Chlorination Test." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)95.

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Delgado, D. M., and K. E. Lansey. "Detection of Closed Valves in Water Distribution Systems." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)82.

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Todini, E. "Design, Expansion, and Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Networks Aimed at Reducing Water Losses: Where Are We?" In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)33.

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Wyma, R. "Case Study: Water Savings on Government Sites in Gauteng, South Africa." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)20.

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Wall, Kevin. "Water Supply: Reshaper of Cape Town's Local Government a Century Ago." In Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41024(340)1.

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Reports on the topic "Water distribution systems"

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Klise, Katherine A., Regan Murray, and La Tonya Nicole Walker. Systems Measures of Water Distribution System Resilience. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177373.

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Sharp, Wayne W., Donald V. Chase, and Paul R. Schroeder. Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Water Distribution Systems. Volume 1. Preliminary Assessment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada214466.

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Fallon, Kristine K., Robert A. Feldman, Gregory Williams, Omobolawa Fadojutimi, and Tim Chipman. Ontology for Life-Cycle Modeling of Water Distribution Systems: Model View Definition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589612.

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Davis, M. J., R. Janke, and T. N. Taxon. Assessing potential impacts associated with contamination events in water distribution systems : a sensitivity analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009336.

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Sinclair, Michael B., Sara Caldwell, Howland D. T. Jones, Susan Jeanne Altman, Caroline Ann Souza, and Lucas K. McGrath. Preliminary assessment of the interaction of introduced biological agents with biofilms in water distribution systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876521.

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Fallon, Kristine K., Robert A. Feldman, Gregory Williams, Omobolawa Fadojutimi, and Tim Chipman. Ontology for Life-Cycle Modeling of Water Distribution Systems: Application of Model View Definition Attributes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589613.

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Barajas and George. PR-015-05600-R01 Assessment of Sampling Systems for Monitoring Water Vapor in Natural Gas Streams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011197.

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Abstract:
Research has been conducted to assess the usefulness of various sampling and delivery methods in transporting a representative sample of a natural gas stream for analysis of moisture content. Three sampling configurations commonly used by the natural gas industry were evaluated, including a sample system with a regulated probe heated above ambient conditions, the same system held at a constant temperature simulating ambient conditions, and a heated sample system incorporating a membrane filter. Each configuration was used to transport samples of distribution-quality natural gas with levels of water vapor within common tariff limits, as well as samples of a water-saturated stream of methane simulating a common dehydration system upset. The time response of samples in each configuration to step changes in water vapor content between these two conditions was also evaluated. Measurements were performed using both manual chilled mirror dew point testers and automated analyzers.
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8

REYNOLDS SMITH AND HILLS JACKSONVILLE FL. A Limited Energy Study of High Temperature and Chilled Water Distribution Systems at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia. Volume ES, Executive Summary. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330733.

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9

REYNOLDS SMITH AND HILLS JACKSONVILLE FL. A Limited Energy Study of High Temperature and Chilled Water Distribution Systems at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia. Volume III: Field Investigation Forms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330704.

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10

Hamill, Daniel, and Gabrielle David. Hydrologic analysis of field delineated ordinary high water marks for rivers and streams. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41681.

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Abstract:
Streamflow influences the distribution and organization of high water marks along rivers and streams in a landscape. The federal definition of ordinary high water mark (OHWM) is defined by physical and vegetative field indicators that are used to identify inundation extents of ordinary high water levels without any reference to the relationship between streamflow and regulatory definition. Streamflow is the amount, or volume, of water that moves through a stream per unit time. This study explores regional characteristics and relationships between field-delineated OHWMs and frequency-magnitude streamflow metrics derived from a flood frequency analysis. The elevation of OHWM is related to representative constant-level discharge return periods with national average return periods of 6.9 years using partial duration series and 2.8 years using annual maximum flood frequency approaches. The range in OHWM return periods is 0.5 to 9.08, and 1.05 to 11.01 years for peaks-over-threshold and annual maximum flood frequency methods, respectively. The range of OHWM return periods is consistent with the range found in national studies of return periods related to bankfull streamflow. Hydraulic models produced a statistically significant relationship between OHWM and bank-full, which reinforces the close relationship between the scientific concept and OHWM in most stream systems.
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