To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Water drilling.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water drilling'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Water drilling.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kristensen, Aleksander. "Flow properties of water-based drilling fluids." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23107.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this master thesis was to investigate the flow properties of water based drilling fluids, utilizing measurements in both the micro and macro scale. The research was performed on two realistic drilling fluids by the use of a viscometer, a rheometer and a realistic flow loop, where the latter represents the macro scale. The research outcome could possibly improve the understanding of flow behavior in wellbores, and remove uncertainties associated with annular friction. The two fluids utilized in the research was made up with the goal of having equal rheological qualities, when measured with a Fann 35 viscometer. A more thorough examination of the two fluid's rheology was then executed by using a Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer. The macroscopic properties was researched employing a flow loop, capable of simulating realistic wellbore conditions.The main outcome of this thesis is that even though two fluids appear to have the same rheoligical properties when measured on simple equipment, their fundamental different microscopic structure will exhibit variations when the fluids are utilized in real applications.Due to problems encountered when mixing the fluids, as well as problems with one of the fluids itself, not all intended experiments were conducted. The experiments should be replicated with an emphasis on temperature control, avoiding bubbles and foam, and be conducted within a shorter time period.
2
Peng, Shuang Jiu. "Filtration properties of water based drilling fluids." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/871.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reports an experimental and theoretical study on filtration properties of water based drilling fluids under dynamic and static conditions. The tested muds cover Freshwater/Gypsum/Lignosulphonate mud and SeawaterlKCLlPolymer mud, bariteweighted and unweighted. The effects of the solid concentration, pressure and shear rate on the filter cake characteristics and the erodability were investigated. For static filtration experiments, all tests were conducted for two hours and the spurt loss, the filter cake thickness, the ratio of wet to dry cake mass and the cumulative filtrate volume against time were measured. For dynamic filtration experiments, however, only the spurt loss and the cumulative filtrate volume against time were measured and all tests were conducted for at least 8 hours. A general filtration equation was developed based on the cake filtration theory prevailing in the chemical engineering industry and it was utilised to obtain the modified classic static filtration equation and the dynamic filtration equation. The modified classic static filtration equation was then employed to fit the static filtration experimental data and the average specific static cake resistance and the effective filter medium resistance were calculated. The dynamic filtration equation showed a substantial agreement with the dynamic filtration experimental data. Using the static filter cake properties such as the ratio of wet to dry cake mass (m), the average specific dynamic cake resistance, the effective filter medium resistance and the dynamic filter cake erodability were calculated. In the study of the relationship between the static filtration data and the dynamic filtration data, an attempt of predicting the dynamic filtration data from the static filtration experimental data was conducted. Also, an attempt was carried out to predict the static filtration data and the dynamic filtration data in a sequential process. The experimental data suggests that a substantial difference exists between the specific resistances of static and dynamic filter cakes. No apparent distinction was found, however, between spurt loss and effective filter medium resistance. The reodability of dynamically deposited mud cake for Seawater/KCL/Polymer mud was found to be three fold for Freshwater/Gypsum/Lignosulphonate.
3
Asplind, Moa. "Pore water pressure and settlements generated from water driven DTH-drilling : - A field study." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231820.
Full textAbstract:
Foundation work can cause damage to adjacent buildings and infrastructure. Drilling is performed in sensitive areas in urban projects and where the ground conditions are difficult. It is important to be aware of the installation effects from drilling. Pneumatic drilling is commonly used in production but hydraulic drilling is advised in sensitive areas. Hydraulic drilling is believed to cause less disturbance in the ground, although there are no available field studies regarding the installation effects induced by water driven drilling.By measuring the pore water pressure and the settlements during the installation of a RD-pile wall the magnitude and extent of the installation effects induced by water powered DTH drilling is investigated in fill material and esker material. The results indicate settlements close to the installed piles in both materials, larger in the esker material. The pore pressure shows both increases and decreases in the esker material, the decreases implies the Venturi effect is present in water driven drilling. The pore water pressure changes are larger at the measurement point furthest away from drilling in the fill material but the settlements are the smallest there. The largest increases of the pore pressure are seen when the hammer flushes water out into the formation and not during drilling.Grundläggning kan orsaka skador på intilliggande byggnader och infrastruktur. Borrning sker i känsliga områden och i innerstadsprojekt där markförhållandena är svåra. Det är viktigt att vara medveten om omgivningspåverkan borrning av pålar medför. Luftdriven borrning används ofta i produktion men vattendriven borrning rekommenderas i känsliga områden. Vattendriven borrning antas orsaka mindre störningar i marken, även om det inte finns några tillgängliga fältstudier som berör omgivningspåverkan från vattendriven borrning.Genom att mäta porvattentrycket och sättningarna under installationen av en borrad RD-spont undersöks storleken och utbredningen av omgivningspåverkan av vattendriven DTH borrning i fyllnads-material och ås-material. Resultaten indikerar sättningar nära de borrade pålarna i båda materialen, större i ås-materialet. Porstrycket visar både ökningar och minskningar i ås-materialet. Minskningarna antyder att Venturi-effekten är närvarande i vattendriven borrning. Förändringarna i porvattentrycket är större vid mätpunkten längst bort från borrningen i fyllmaterialet, men där är sättningen minst De största ökningarna av porvattentrycket ses när hammaren spolar vatten ut i formationen och inte under borrningen.
4
Shewring, Nigel Ivor Edward. "Interactions at the clay/polymer/water interface." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1998. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20358/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis investigates the behaviour of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions and also the interactions between montmorillonite as a free standing film and in highly dispersed aqueous suspension with water soluble polymers used as additives in water based drilling fluids. FTIR microscopy and FTIR ATR spectroscopy have been employed to study in-situ dehydration of fully dispersed aqueous montmorillonite suspensions. The IR spectrum of the dispersed bentonite shows significant differences from that of a dry bentonite powder, which have been attributed to the hydration of the exchangeable cation. Drying, or concentrated salt solution causes the differences to disappear and this is attributed to the exchangeable cation settling back to its ditrigonal cavity in the silicate sheet of the mineral under these conditions. The adsorption of various molecular weights of neutral polyacrylamide (PAM) onto montmorillonite has been studied using FTIR transmission, ATR spectroscopy and XRD. Shifts seen in the NH[2] stretching and bending bands have been interpreted as being due to H-bonding with the outer co-ordination sphere of exchangeable cations. KCl has shown to have some influence on this system. Another neutral polymer used extensively in water based drilling fluids is polyalkylglycol (PAG). The adsorption of two molecular weights of this polymer from aqueous solutions of various concentrations have been monitored both in the presence and absence of KCl. The physical form of the montmorillonite (either as a free standing film or as a dispersed suspension), the concentration of the polymer solution, the polymer molecular weight and the presence of KCl all have significant effects on the adsorption of polymer. The stabilisation of montmorillonite films by PAG and PAG/KCl solutions has been monitored by ATR spectroscopy, and the dehydration of these films by polymer has been monitored using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. The interaction of PAG is thought to be via hydrogen bonding with the innermost co-ordination sphere of the exchangeable cations which thus presents a hydrophobic surface to solvent molecules, preventing the film from collapse. Since all water based drilling fluids are multi-component systems, techniques previously used have been employed to study the competitive adsorption of the polyalkylglycol and polyacrylamide components. Preferential adsorption of the PAG is seen in these systems either due to the mass transport effects (PAG is considerably smaller than PAM) or due to PAG removing all but the inner cation hydration sphere, and presenting a hydrophobic surface for the PAM, and therefore preventing its adsorption.
5
Tuomas, Göran. "Water powered percussive rock drilling: process analysis, modelling and numerical simulation/." Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2004/58.
Full text
6
Sidi, Purnomo. "Investigating the suitability of biomass Eichhornia crassipes as a lost circulation material in water-based drilling muds." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239377.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the performance of the biomass Eichhornia crassipes plant (ECP) as an additive in water-based drilling-mud. ECP is an invasive plant of fresh water ecosystems, so its use in drilling operations provides a low-cost, sustainable option that has off-site environmental benefits. Mechanical tests were conducted on ECP fibres to determine their stiffness under dried and water-wet conditions. Initial tensile tests on nylon fibre determined potential experimental artefacts with the experimental approach. The dried fibres had a water content of 8.163 wt. % (SE 0.636), whereas the wet fibres were 93.43 wt.% (SE 0.294). Water wet fibres had a lower modulus of elasticity than dried fibres and therefore, dried fibres have less tensile strength than wet fibres (Mean = 45.16 MPa; SE = 5.023; N = 41). Rheological properties of bentonite-based drilling muds amended with ECP at different concentrations were also studied. These muds were prepared by mixing ECP fragments at various concentrations (%w/w) with bentonite-water solutions and aged under ambient conditions. Mud viscosity gradually decreased with increasing shear rate, showing characteristic shear-thinning behaviour. Lost circulation of bentonite-water solutions mixed with ECP fragments were assessed with static filtration experiments. Slots and single perforated discs were designed to mimic fractures surrounding drilled boreholes. From a broad range of testing conditions, it was found that ECP fibres significantly decrease lost circulation by bridging fractures. An optimal concentration of 0.83 % by weight of ground plant stalks mixed with 6.28% bentonite in water improved rheology and filtration properties. A bridging gap model for a single fibre showed that ground stalk was less deflected than dried fibre when bridged an opening fissure. The findings of this research create an alternative to use ECP as lost circulation material in oil and gas drilling operations.
7
Hatleskog, Jan T. "Modelling and Control of Passive and Active Heave Compensatorsfor Deep Water Drilling." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507316.
Full text
8
Noynaert, Samuel F. "Ultrapdeep water blowouts: COMASim dynamic kill simulator validation and best practices recommendations." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1543.
Full textAbstract:
The petroleum industry is in a constant state of change. Few industries have advanced as far technologically as the petroleum industry has in its relatively brief existence. The produced products in the oil and gas industry are finite. As such, the easier to find and produce hydrocarbons are exploited first. This forces the industry to enter new areas and environments to continue supplying the world's hydrocarbons. Many of these new frontiers are in what is considered ultradeep waters, 5000 feet or more of water. While all areas of the oil and gas industry have advanced their ultradeep water technology, one area has had to remain at the forefront: drilling. Unfortunately, while drilling as a whole may be advancing to keep up with these environments, some segments lag behind. Blowout control is one of these areas developed as an afterthought. This lax attitude towards blowouts does not mean they are not a major concern. A blowout can mean injury or loss of life for rig personnel, as well as large economic losses, environmental damage and damage to the oil or gas reservoir itself. Obviously, up-to-date technology and techniques for the prevention and control of ultradeep water blowouts would be an invaluable part of any oil and gas company's exploration planning and technology suite. To further the development of blowout prevention and control, COMASim Cherokee Offshore, MMS, Texas A&M Simulator) was developed. COMASim simulates the planning and execution of a dynamic kill delivered to a blowout. Through a series of over 800 simulation runs, we were able to find several key trends in both the initial conditions as well as the kill requirements. The final phase of this study included a brief review of current industry deepwater well control best practices and how the COMASim results fit in with them. Overall, this study resulted in a better understanding of ultradeep water blowouts and what takes to control them dynamically. In addition to this understanding of blowouts, COMASim's strengths and weaknesses have now been exposed in order to further develop this simulator for industry use.
9
Guo, Zihong. "Experimental and numerical analysis of abrasive waterjet drilling of brittle materials /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7092.
Full text
10
Gurbuz, Berkay. "Experimental Characterization Of Some Water Soluble Polymers Used In Drilling And Completion Fluids." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614146/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Properly preparing the drilling fluid is an essential part of any successful drilling operation, especially in complex operations like deviated and horizontal drilling. Understanding the flow behavior of the polymers used in the drilling fluids under different conditions takes a key part in this preparation. In this study, shear rheology of some traditionally used water soluble polymers in drilling and completion fluidsnamely PAC (polyanionic cellulose) and xanthan gum, were investigated experimentally. Instead of an oilfield standard Fann Model 35 Viscometer, an Ofite Model 900 Viscometer was used because of its capability to measure at ultra-low shear rates. Effects of the concentration of the polymer, time of shear applied, test temperature and effects of aging were examined. Rheological measurements were conducted between the shear rate ranges of 0.01 to 1000s-1 with concentrations changing from 0.25 to 1.5 grams of polymer per 350 milliliters of water (equivalent to 0.25 to 1.5 lb/bbl). Rheograms were constructed to identify the effect the polymers in question have on the flow characteristics of the drilling fluid. An appropriate constitutive model was used to define the flow behavior of the polymer in question mathematically. It was observed from the constructed rheograms that increase in polymer concentration results in consistent increase of apparent viscosity. Amount of time of shear does not affect the selected polymers if they are dynamically aged at least for two hours. Also as expected increasing temperature of the sample lowers the apparent viscosity considerably.
11
Peker, Merter. "Economical Impact Of A Dual Gradient Drilling System." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614381/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Dual Gradient Drilling (DGD) system is a promising technology that was developed to overcome the deep water drilling problems occurred due to narrow operating window between pore pressure and fracture pressure.
In conventional drilling practice, single mud weight exists from drilling unit to TVD (True Vertical Depth) which creates big hydrostatic pressure in bottom hole ,moreover, minor changes in mud weight results a big pressure changes proportional to the length of hydrostatic column increase with water depth. On the other hand, DGD allows using two different mud weights to get same bottom hole pressurelow gradient drilling fluid from drilling unit to the sea floor and high gradient drilling fluid form the sea floor to TVD, to decrease the effect of water column on mud hydrostatic pressure in TVD. In this thesis, a conventionally drilled deepwater well was redesigned considering the DGD system and drilled virtually to determine the changes of cost of services and materials on total operation budget to prove the positive impact of system on total operation cost. This study not only proved the technical advantages of the DGD system, but also showed economical impact of the system on total drilling cost, by decreasing around 19%.
12
Arthur, Kevin Gordon. "An experimental and theoretical study of the filtration characteristics of water-based drilling muds." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1082.
Full text
13
Bischoff, Kristen L. "Examination of Water Drilling Success Rate Using Satellite Imagery in the Central Plateau Region, Haiti." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1210703963.
Full text
14
Meier, Hector Ulysses. "Development of directional capabilities to an ultradeep water dynamic kill simulator and simulations runs." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2703.
Full textAbstract:
The world is dependent on the production of oil and gas, and every day the demand
increases. Technologies have to keep up with the demand of this resource to keep the
world running. Since hydrocarbons are finite and will eventually run out, the increasing
demand of oil and gas is the impetus to search for oil in more difficult and challenging
areas. One challenging area is offshore in ultradeep water, with water depths greater than
5000 ft. This is the new arena for drilling technology. Unfortunately with greater
challenges there are greater risks of losing control and blowing out a well. A dynamic
kill simulator was developed in late 2004 to model initial conditions of a blowout in
ultradeep water and to calculate the minimum kill rate required to kill a blowing well
using the dynamic kill method. The simulator was simple and efficient, but had
limitations; only vertical wells could be simulated. To keep up with technology,
modifications were made to the simulator to model directional wells. COMASim
(Cherokee, Offshore Technology Research Center, Minerals Management Service, Texas
A&M Simulator) is the name of the dynamic kill simulator. The new version,
COMASim1.0, has the ability to model almost any type of wellbore geometry when
provided the measured and vertical depths of the well.
Eighteen models with varying wellbore geometry were simulated to examine the effects
of wellbore geometry on the minimum kill rate requirement. The main observation was
that lower kill rate requirement was needed in wells with larger measured depth. COMASim 1.0 cannot determine whether the inputs provided by the user are practical;
COMASim 1.0 can only determine if the inputs are incorrect, inconsistent or cannot be
computed. If unreasonable drilling scenarios are input, unreasonable outputs will result.
COMASim1.0 adds greater functionality to the previous version while maintaining the
original framework and simplicity of calculations and usage.
15
Wachal, David J. Hudak Paul F. "Characterizing storm water runoff from natural gas well sites in Denton County, Texas." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11064.
Full text
16
Strachan, Maia Fiona. "Studies on the impact of a water-based drilling mud weighting agent (Barite) on some Benthic invertebrates." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2334.
Full textAbstract:
A comparative study was carried out to observe effects of standard grade and fine grade barite on the filtration rates of four suspension feeding bivalves, Modiolus modiolus, Dosinia exoleta, Venerupis senegalensis and Chlamys varia. Standard grade barite, the most commonly used weighting agent in water-based drilling mud, was responsible for altering the filtration rates of the four bivalve species and damaging the gill structure. The four bivalves were exposed to 0.5mm, 1.0mm and 2.0mm daily depth equivalents of standard grade barite, which permanently remained in suspension. All three barite levels altered the filtration rates leading to 100% mortality. The horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus was the most tolerant to standard barite with the scallop, Chlamys varia the least tolerant. Fine grade barite, at a 2mm daily depth equivalent, also altered the filtration rates of the four bivalve species, but only affected mortality of Venerupis senegalensis, with 60% survival at 28 days. In-vivo studies showed damage to the gills, ranging from displaced inter-lamellar junctions to the deletion of large parts of demibranch. Post-mortem microscopy studies showed damage to individual filaments with a marked reduction in the active surface area of the gill. Field studies have shown that the presence of standard grade barite is not acutely toxic to seabed fauna but does alter benthic community structure when it is persistent.
17
Danert, Kerstin. "Technology transfer for development : insights from the introduction of low cost water well drilling technology to Uganda." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4464.
Full textAbstract:
Third World development theory and practice are changing so rapidly that it is important to critically examine the fashions of today before they become history. This thesis considers the development, transfer, early adoption and sustainable use of technology, coupled with private sector participation in rural water supply provision. Improving water supplies for rural communities is one of the key challenges faced by development interventionists today. Lack of low cost, off the shelf technology for local enterprise which can provide affordable shallow wells for rural communities is one barrier to facilitating improvements. This thesis is based on research undertaken in Uganda to develop and transfer low cost water drilling technology in the context of decentralisation and privatisation policies. An extensive range of literature has been drawn together into 16 principles which guide technology transfer and development intervention. These principles are reexamined in the light of analysis of first hand experiences of undertaking a technology transfer project and interviews with stakeholders regarding their attitudes and perceptions. The research found that technology transfer is a cross-disciplinary and cross cultural process in which the linkages between the technology, context, individuals, organisations and beneficiaries need to be firmly established. Ugandan business and local Government culture plays a major role in facilitating successful technology uptake. Dealing with the risks associated with low cost groundwater technology is fundamental for its wider adoption. The process of technology transfer is important, particularly as high levels of stakeholder participation may compromise the delivery of outputs, at least in the short term. In terms of future challenges, this thesis shows that, culture, governance and equity need to be closely examined in relation to private sector participation in rural infrastructure provision. Private sector participation can conflict with community participation. How to adequately support innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa while harmonising development interventions is a challenge to the development community.
18
Apagu, Buba Ankidawa. "Sustainability of water abstraction by hand drilling in the floodplain of River Benue of Yola, NE Nigeria." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8401.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the research is to assess the sustainability of groundwater supply and the suitability of hand-drilling techniques for accessing groundwater for irrigation practices along the shallow alluvial floodplains of River Benue, NE Nigeria. Hand-drilling techniques are affordable means for the farmers to abstract water from these shallow aquifers. Determining the most sustainable hand-drilling techniques (taking into account the hydrology and sedimentology of the floodplain) will improve farming activities and food security in this region and the country at large. Hydrological data (obtained from fieldwork and modelling) demonstrate that the River Benue is the main source for recharge of the shallow alluvial aquifers of the floodplain during the dry season period. Water table heights were estimated by resistivity survey using ABEM Terrameter equipment and measured by automatic piezometer instruments. Floodplain sedimentology and hydrogeology were assessed at seventeen natural riverbank outcrops and twelve hand-drilled boreholes. At each location, sediment samples were collected from every exposed sedimentological unit. Locations and elevations were measured using a ProMark3 dual frequency GPS instrument, to create a detailed topographic map with updated contours. Twenty-four electrical resistivity sounding profiles and twelve-groundwater measurement were also obtained to explore the groundwater level of the floodplain. The resistivity results confirm the availability of water in the alluvial aquifers of the floodplain. In order to determine the most appropriate hand drilling techniques, a Field Shear Vane Tester was used to measure sediment shear strength at twelve different borehole locations. Shear strength forces were higher on clayey silt and sandy silt, and lower on sand formations. It appeared that in some areas of the floodplain, the farmers are already above the shear strengths that can be provided by human power. Hence, any increase of the hardness of the surface of the sediment would make low-cost hand drilling impractical. Particle size analysis for the sediment samples showed that the samples were largely sandy in nature, which enables easy movement of water through the layers for aquifer recharge. Magnetic susceptibility (used to classify the source of sediment and the process of their formation) revealed that the main source of the sedimentary materials was upstream of the study site and varies little over time. The groundwater level of the study area decreased away from River Benue valley during the dry season period. One perched aquifer formations and possibly two others were observed in three different locations, which reflects a low-permeability stratigraphic unit (such as lens of clayey silt) within alluvial sands. These should be avoided by farmers, as they are likely to provide water only in the short-term. Finally, groundwater modelling was undertaken (with various scenarios) for the River Benue floodplain using acquired sedimentology and hydrology data integrated into MODFLOW software. The results revealed that low-cost hand-drilling techniques such as augering and jetting remain possible for abstracting the shallow alluvial aquifers on the floodplain for irrigation farming in the study area, unless the most likely low river water stages in River Benue, over-exploitation of the shallow alluvial floodplain groundwater and drought scenarios occur.
19
Liedtke, Eric Arthur. "Effects from uncertainties in bathymetric measurements and variability in topography on computed stability of offshore slopes in deep water /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008380.
Full text
20
Pederick, Stuart. "Investigation of the effect of waterjet created slots in improving the performance of tricone drill bits in hard rock /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18616.pdf.
Full text
21
Mukhtasor. "Hydrodynamic modeling and ecological risk-based design of produced water discharge from an offshore platform." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ62454.pdf.
Full text
22
Lu, Lei. "Clarification of saline groundwater system in sedimentary rock area by geostatistical analyses of drilling investigation data." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199290.
Full text
23
Ay, Ahmet. "An Experimental Study Of Silicate-polymer Gel Systems To Seal Shallow Water Flow And Lost Circulation Zones In Top Hole Drilling." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614813/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Shallow water flow and lost circulation are frequently encountered problems during drilling top holes of oil, gas or geothermal wells. Plenty of methods have been applied to overcome these problems. Placement of silicate based gel systems is one of the oldest methods to seal such undesired zones.
For this study, sodium-silicate based gel system is investigated experimentally. This gel system is deliberately delayed multi-component system mixed as a uniform liquid at the surface but desired to form strong gel where it is placed in the well. The experimentally analyzed system is composed of distilled water, sodium-silicate solution, polymer solution, lost circulation materials, weighting agent and organic initiator. In this study, effect of these components on gel time, gel quality and gel strength at room temperature is investigated as a function of their concentration.
To be able to compare gelation time of different compositions, gel time tests were performed by following the developed method in this study. Observation codes were defined to be able to compare the gel qualities of different compositions. For gel time and quality tests, sodium-silicate concentrations from 3.5% to 15% were studied and the concentrations between 7.5% and 10% were found as optimum. Gel time is getting higher as silicate-initiator ratio (SIR) increases for these optimum concentrations. It was also determined that, addition of polymers reduces the gel time and increases the elasticity of the resulting gels.
Long term gelation process was investigated by monitoring turbidity (NTU) of the mixtures and plotting NTU versus time curves. Viscosity development curves obtained from rotational viscometer at various constant shear rates indicated reduced gelation times with increasing shear rate. Furthermore, by using modified High-Pressure, High-Temperature filter press cell, it was determined that, addition of lost circulation materials increases the extrusion pressure.
24
Volec, Martin. "Malá vrtná souprava pro vrtání studní." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232188.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is the structural design small drilling rigs for drilling wells. Drilling rig will be used for drilling wells up to 200 mm diameter rotary drilling technology with irrigation water. The first part is a literature search of small drilling rigs. In the second part, then custom design a small drilling rig.
25
Ozturk, M. Tarik. "Wellbore Temperature Assessment For Generic Deepwater Well In Blacksea And Mitigation Of Hydrate Dissociation Risk." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613601/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Drilling operation expanded through deep water environments starting from mid-1980. As water depth increased, hydrate bearing formation in the shallow ocean floor is observed and that started to cause problems during drilling and production operations. Problems due to hydrate dissociation and forming during operations are also reported by the companies working in those environments many times.
Although there are several factors affect the dissociation of shallow hydrate bearing sediments, heat flux from deeper sections of the well through shallower section during the operation is the major one. In order to mitigate that risk in this study, Black Sea is taken as a reference drilling environment. Hydrate phase boundary of the region is calculated via using actual temperature and pressure data gathered during drilling operations. Generic wellbore is defined and common drilling operation sequence is simulated in this defined wellbore.
Heat transfer from section target depths to the shallow wellbore section is observed during simulations. Reducing effect of low inlet temperatures and a low circulation rate on wellbore temperatures are determined. In addition positive effect of riser boosting on depressing wellbore temperature in the well head is determined. Black Sea deep water hydrate stability zone is determined between 2210-2275m. Target depth limitation for generic well designed in drilling operations is determined as 4600m.
26
Obrochta, Stephen P. "Australian Great Barrier Reef initiation timing constrained by seaward shallow-water sediment drift architecture (ODP Leg 194, Marion Plateau)." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000423.
Full text
27
Wachal, David J. "Characterizing Storm Water Runoff from Natural Gas Well Sites in Denton County, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11064/.
Full textAbstract:
In order to better understand runoff characteristics from natural gas well sites in north central Texas, the City of Denton, with assistance through an EPA funded 104b3 Water Quality Cooperative Agreement, monitored storm water runoff from local natural gas well sites. Storm water runoff was found to contain high concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS). Observed TSS concentrations resulted in sediment loading rates that are similar to those observed from typical construction activities. Petroleum hydrocarbons, in contrast, were rarely detected in runoff samples. Heavy metals were detected in concentrations similar to those observed in typical urban runoff. However, the concentrations observed at the gas well sites were higher than those measured at nearby reference sites. Storm water runoff data collected from these sites were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model for predicting runoff and sediment from these sites. Runoff and sediment predictions were adequate; however, rainfall simulation experiments were used to further characterize the portion of the site where drilling and extraction operations are performed, referred to as the "pad site." These experiments were used to develop specific pad site erosion parameters for the WEPP model. Finally, version 2 of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE 2.0) was used to evaluate the efficiency of best management practices (BMPs) for natural gas well sites. BMP efficiency ratings, which ranged from 52 to 93%, were also evaluated in the context of site management goals and implementation cost, demonstrating a practical approach for managing soil loss and understanding the importance of selecting appropriate site-specific BMPs.
28
Lawrence, Robert Michael Heathcote. "A study of carbonation in non-hydraulic lime mortars." Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438646.
Full textAbstract:
Lime has been used in construction for millennia, and its value, especially in the field of conservation architecture, has only recently been rediscovered. Lime mortars harden through carbonation, and this thesis is a study of that process. The research conducted has resulted in the development of two novel techniques for the measurement and detection of carbonation. The first technique is a method of thermogravimetric analysis which allows the carbonation profile to be measured within an acceptable time-frame. The second technique is the use of drilling resistance measurement to visualise the carbonation profile. The potential of elemental analysis to measure the carbonation profile has also been identified. It has been demonstrated that the lime/water ratio has less impact on the compressive strength of air lime mortars than had previously been supposed. The change in the pore size distribution of air lime mortars caused by carbonation has been studied, and a theory has been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Five different forms of air lime binder were studied. The impact of these on the structural performance of the resultant mortars has been assessed. It was concluded that mortars made with lime putties perform better than mortars made with dry lime hydrate. Mortars made with dispersed hydrated lime appear to perform as well as mortars made with lime putties, but at a slower rate of strength growth. The use of extra mature lime putty does not appear to confer structural performance benefits when compared with ordinary lime putty. It has been shown that the use of calcitic aggregates can produce air lime mortars which perform as well as moderately hydraulic lime mortars. It is theorised that this phenomenon is not directly related to carbonation, but rather to a complex interaction of the granulometry, mineralogy, chemistry and porosity of the aggregate with the binder.
29
Madi, Kakaba. "Neotectonics and its applications for the exploration of groundwater in the fractured Karoo aquifers in the Eastern Cape,South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/362.
Full textAbstract:
This study is part of an NRF sponsored research project entitled “Neotectonics and its applications for the exploration of groundwater in the fractured Karoo aquifers in the Eastern Cape” under the NRF Niche area of Water Resources Management and Sustainable Development in the Eastern Cape Province. The identification of relatively highly productive wells in the Karoo fractured aquifers is extremely difficult. This study aims to identify neotectonic zones and lower stress fields, and apply the results to groundwater exploration in the Eastern Cape Province. The methodologies adopted in this study include: a comprehensive literature review, extensive field mapping and investigation such as road cuts, sampling for laboratory studies, examination of seismic data, study of hot and ordinary springs, and interpretation of aerial photography and satellite images. Three main neotectonic belts were identified in the Eastern Cape (southern neotectonic belt, northern neotectonic belt and eastern neotectonic belt) based on literature review and field interpretations. The southern neotectonic belt (from the Cape Fold Belt to the lower Beaufort Group boundary) is characterized by the reactivation of the Coega-Bavianskloof and Sauer faults, the presence of a hot spring near Fort Beaufort, the slickenlines and discrete slickenlines and specifically the seismic events that were recorded in the Eastern Cape from 1850 to 2007. In this southern neotectonic belt the remote sensing has also revealed the presence of the Fort Beaufort fracture, the quartz veins seen in some dolerites and the different vegetation types along it may indicate that this fracture is possibly a fault; moreover the Quaternary sediments and weathered dolerites indicate that the Fort iii Beaufort fracture is characterized by groundwater circulation and accordingly is a good target for groundwater exploration, this fracture is a post-Karoo structure and possibly a neotectonic feature. In addition, the kaolin deposit, chiefly developed in the Dwyka tillite near Grahamstown is clearly controlled by neotectonic fracture zones. The northern neotectonic belt near the country of Lesotho is marked by the presence of the Senqu seismotectonic regime and hot springs. The Quaternary Amatole-Swaziland (formerly Ciskei-Swaziland) axis of uplift makes the eastern part of the province the third neotectonic zone, the asymmetric meanders of the Mbashe river in the vicinity of Qunu near Mthatha derived possibly from this Quaternary uplift; this asymmetric feature of meanders implies that the river has tried to maintain stability of its valley where tilting occurred. Within these neotectonic belts the central part of the Eastern Cape may be considered a static and inactive belt. A northwesterly trend for the maximum principal compresssional stress predominates in the Eastern Cape and is correlated with the present major structural control of the province. The current stress regime determination was derived from faults, joints and quartz veins only on kaolin deposits. Systematic joints reflect regional tectonic stress trajectories at the time of fracturing. Discharge rates of groundwater from boreholes as provided by the Department of Water and Forestry were used to confirm and predict water exploration targets. The region of Tabankulu (near Kwazulu Natal) in the northern neotectonic belt has remarkable discharge rates of groundwater (11.1 l/s, 4.65 l/s, 6.49 l/s, 42 l/s). The region of Mthatha, nearly surrounding the Amatole-Swaziland axis (former Ciskei-Swaziland iv axis) of uplift which might have generated some new faults, has a number of springs. These two regions should serve as case studies for future research. Apart from these two regions, two others regions can be considered as case studies for future groundwater exploration targets: the Bath Farm hot spring near the Fort Beaufort neotectonic fault and the vicinity of what is known as the Fort Beaufort fracture near Teba and Cimezile villages 20km north west of Fort Beaufort. It is concluded that the study of neotectonics and stress fields may be a useful tool for groundwater exploration in the Karoo fractured aquifers in the Eastern Cape, and in similar regions elsewhere in South Africa and in Africa.
30
Bayagbon, Anthony Mamurhomu. "Impact assessment of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry in Nigeria / A.M. Bayagbon." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6276.
Full textAbstract:
The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in
the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried
out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their
unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form
of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in
the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region.
In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of
pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in
1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest
from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural
environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of
the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non
compliance.
However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection
policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires
and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil
and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of
the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment
of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in
their operational areas/host communities.
The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to
develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil
industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is
inadequate.
Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that
resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011
31
Fleurie, Constantin. "Caractérisation probabiliste de critères d'aide a l'implantation et a la conception de forages d'au en zone de socle : Burkina Faso, nord Cameroun, Gabon et République Centrafricaine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL078N.
Full textAbstract:
Suite a l'apparition des techniques de forage au marteau fond de trou (1974) l'exploitation des aquifères de socle s'en est trouvée largement développée, notamment dans les programmes d'hydraulique villageoise. Du fait de la grande hétérogénéité qui, caractérise ce type d'aquifère et conditionne des taux d'échecs élevés au niveau des forages d'eau, la recherche de ces 15 dernières années dans ce domaine s'est attachée à trouver des solutions tant, dans les techniques d'explorations et d'exploitation, que dans l'optimisation des taux de réussite par approche probabiliste. Le travail que nous présentons s'intègre dans cette dernière démarche, il repose sur l'analyse d'un grand nombre de données relatives aux aquifères de socle du Burkina Faso, du nord Cameroun, du Gabon et de la République Centrafricaine. Il apporte une contribution à la connaissance de l'hydrogéologie des systèmes fissures et a l'optimisation de critères d'implantation et de réalisation de forages d'eau. La première partie de ce mémoire est une introduction générale du cadre de l'étude. Dans la seconde partie nous définissons l'aquifère de socle et présentons une synthèse des connaissances actuelles. La troisième partie est consacrée à l'étude statistique et probabiliste proprement dite, nous y définissons des critères d'aide à l'implantation et à la réalisation de forages d'eau en zone de socle. Ces critères fixent des environnements hydrogéologiques (épaisseur d'altération, profondeur du niveau piézométrique, position géomorphologique et nature pétrographique) et techniques (profondeur de foration, pénétration du socle) pour lesquels les conditions hydrodynamiques, des ouvrages de captage, sont statistiquement optimales
32
Silva, Italo Guimaraes Medeiros da. "POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case160709776258431.
Full text
33
Ferreira, Cl?vis Dantas. "Novo m?todo para estimativa do gradiente de fratura para po?os de petr?leo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13006.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
ClovisDF_TESE_partes_autorizadas.pdf: 2764652 bytes, checksum: e400922c312c00169022c2f987a6d8b7 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010-08-13The development of oil wells drilling requires additional cares mainly if the drilling is in offshore ultra deep water with low overburden pressure gradients which cause low fracture gradients and, consequently, difficult the well drilling by the reduction of the operational window. To minimize, in the well planning phases, the difficulties faced by the drilling in those sceneries, indirect models are used to estimate fracture gradient that foresees approximate values for leakoff tests. These models generate curves of geopressures that allow detailed analysis of the pressure behavior for the whole well. Most of these models are based on the Terzaghi equation, just differentiating in the determination of the values of rock tension coefficient. This work proposes an alternative method for prediction of fracture pressure gradient based on a geometric correlation that relates the pressure gradients proportionally for a given depth and extrapolates it for the whole well depth, meaning that theses parameters vary in a fixed proportion. The model is based on the application of analytical proportion segments corresponding to the differential pressure related to the rock tension. The study shows that the proposed analytical proportion segments reaches values of fracture gradient with good agreement with those available for leakoff tests in the field area. The obtained results were compared with twelve different indirect models for fracture pressure gradient prediction based on the compacting effect. For this, a software was developed using Matlab language. The comparison was also made varying the water depth from zero (onshore wellbores) to 1500 meters. The leakoff tests are also used to compare the different methods including the one proposed in this work. The presented work gives good results for error analysis compared to other methods and, due to its simplicity, justify its possible application
O desenvolvimento da perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo requer cuidados adicionais principalmente se a perfura??o for mar?tima em l?mina d ?gua ultraprofunda, o que levam a baixos gradientes de sobrecarga, ocasionando baixos gradientes de fratura e, conseq?entemente, dificultando as opera??es de perfura??o pela redu??o da janela operacional. Para minimizar as dificuldades enfrentadas pela perfura??o nesses cen?rios, na fase de planejamento, s?o utilizados modelos indiretos para estimativa do gradiente de fratura, que podem prev? valores aproximados dos testes de absor??o. Esses modelos geram perfis de geopress?o que permitem a an?lise detalhada do comportamento das press?es em todo o intervalo do po?o. A maioria dos modelos tem como base a equa??o de Terzaghi, diferenciando apenas na determina??o dos valores do coeficiente de tens?o da matriz da rocha. Este trabalho prop?e uma forma alternativa diferente, para se estimar o gradiente de fratura, por meio de uma correla??o geom?trica que relaciona proporcionalmente os gradientes de press?o para cada profundidade em todo o intervalo do po?o. As grandezas envolvidas variam em uma mesma propor??o em todo intervalo do po?o. O modelo baseia-se na aplica??o da propor??o ?urea do segmento sobre o diferencial de press?o correspondente ? tens?o da matriz. O estudo mostra que a propor??o ?urea encontra valores de gradiente de fratura com grande aproxima??o dos valores de testes de absor??o dispon?veis da ?rea. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com doze modelos indiretos distintos que estimam gradiente de fratura baseados no efeito da compacta??o. Para isto, um programa em linguagem Matlab foi desenvolvido. A compara??o tamb?m foi feita com a varia??o de l?minas d ?gua variando de zero (para po?os terrestres, por exemplo) a 1500 m. A medida da precis?o para avalia??o de cada m?todo toma como referencial os valores de testes de absor??o e ? feita atrav?s do erro relativo percentual. A precis?o mostrada nos valores apresentados na an?lise de erro e a forma bastante simples do modelo proposto mostram que ? justific?vel a sua aplica??o
34
Afonseca, Jorge Miguel Camacho. "Métodos tradicionais de sondagem e construção de captação de água subterrânea em países em vias de desenvolvimento." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20682.
Full textAbstract:
Neste trabalho avaliam-se e comparam-se metodologias tradicionais de prospeção e construção de captações de água subterrânea em países em vias de desenvolvimento, neste caso do Sul da Ásia (Butão, Bangladeche, Índia, Nepal e Paquistão). Faz-se uma análise às metodologias do ponto de vista geológico (diversos tipos de aquífero, litologias, graus de fracturação e alteração), mecânico (técnica das metodologias de perfuração e construção das captações), e económico (comparação dos tempos de avanço das sondagens, dos tempos de construção das captações, da produtividade das mesmas e seus custos).
Conclui-se que as metodologias de prospeção low cost e tradicionais são semelhantes em âmbito e em cenário de aplicação, e que, ainda que as segundas sejam mais caras, têm custos muito menores em comparação com as convencionais. Conclui-se ainda que as metodologias convencionais de construção de captações estão pensadas para metodologias convencionais de prospeção, e que as low cost são muito semelhantes entre si; Abstract:
The present work evaluates and compares traditional methods of borehole drilling and construction for water abstraction in developing countries, particularly South Asia (Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan). The methods are analyzed in regards to geology (types of aquifers, lithologies, massif fractures and weathering), mechanic (borehole drilling and abstraction technologies), and economic (comparing the progression in drilling and construction of boreholes, productivity and its costs) factors.
It is concluded that the traditional drilling methods are similar in scope and application set, and that, though the latter are more expensive, they cost less than conventional methods. It is also concluded that conventional borehole construction is based in conventional drilling methods, and that the diverse low cost methodologies are very similar between them.
35
Mendes, João Paulo Gonçalves da Silva. "A sementeira direta e as culturas de cobertura no controlo da salinidade do solo em culturas regadas." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16427.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo visou avaliar o contributo da sementeira direta (SD) e de culturas
de cobertura (CC) durante o Inverno na atenuação do risco de salinização/sodização
do solo, em solos com má drenagem interna, perspetivando o aumento de regadio
proporcionado pelo Alqueva. O aumento da estabilidade estrutural do solo e a
redução da evaporação direta que a SD e as CC normalmente atribuídas a este
sistema proporcionam, poderão contribuir para uma menor acumulação de sais no
solo durante o verão e uma maior lavagem durante o inverno.
Para testar a hipótese de trabalho instalou-se um ensaio com dois sistemas de
preparação do solo: sementeira direta sobre cultura de cobertura (SD/CC) e o sistema
convencional (SC) (chisel e grade de discos), subdivididos em dois regimes hídricos e
em dois níveis de salinidade da água de rega (respetivamente 0,7 dS m-1 e 2,0 dS m-1),
com uma razão de adsorção de sódio (SAR) de 3.
Ao contrário do esperado a CC mostrou uma tendência para aumentar o teor
de sais no outono-inverno por redução da fracção disponível para a lavagem, mas
evidenciaram-se as suas vantagens na proteção da estrutura superficial do solo e na
capacidade de impor ciclos de secagem, contrariando a tendência do solo
permanecer sempre húmido em regadio.
O fator mais importante foi a salinidade da água de rega, comprovando que a
qualidade da água é determinante na sustentabilidade do regadio na área de
influência de Alqueva. A utilização da rega com teores moderados de sais (CE de 0,7
dS m-1) mostrou riscos de salinização do solo na sequência de outono-invernos secos.
A SD aumentou significativamente o teor de matéria orgânica e poderá ter
proporcionado uma melhoria na estrutura do solo, que poderá explicar a tendência
de uma maior lavagem de sais de outono-inverno, nos dois anos de pousio, seguintes
ao ensaio; Direct Drilling and cover crops on soil salinity control in irrigated
crops
ABSTRACT:
This study aims to evaluate the contribution of no-till (SD) and cover crops (CC)
during winter in mitigating the risk of salinity/sodicity of the soil, in soils with poor
internal drainage in irrigated area under the influence of Alqueva. The increased soil
structural stability and the reduction of direct evaporation that SD and CC should
allow, may contribute to a lower accumulation of salts in the soil during the summer
and to increase the leaching of excess salts during the winter.
To test the working hypotheses it was installed an experiment with two tillage
systems - No-till associated to a winter cover crop (SD/CC) and conventional system
(SC) (chisel plow plus and disc harrows ), divided into two water regimes and two
levels of water salinity (respectively 0.7 dS m-1 and 2.0 dS m-1), with a adsorption
sodium ratio (SAR) 3.
Contrary to expectations CC showed a tendency to increase the salt content of
the soil during the period of fall-winter, but showed advantages in protecting the
structure of soil surface and the ability to impose drying cycles, contrary to the soil
trend to always remain wet when irrigated.
The most important factor was the salinity of irrigation water, indicating that
water quality is crucial for the sustainability of irrigation in the area of influence of
Alqueva. Irrigation water with moderate levels of salt (CE 0.7 dS m-1) showed a risk of
soil salinization when the following autumn-winter was dry. The SD/CC significantly
increased the organic matter content and may have provided an improvement in soil
structure that could explain the faster leaching of salts from the soil during autumn
winter period, in the two years after the experiment when the soil was left under
fallow.
36
Gorman, Mary Kathleen. "Social Consequence, Stakeholder Influence, and Resource Needs for Marcellus Shale Communities." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/103.
Full textAbstract:
The process of natural gas recovery by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, is a major scientific advance in unconventional energy development. Attention has largely been focused on its economic advantages and potential negative environmental repercussions, while less consideration given to its social dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore the social consequences of fracking for communities in the Appalachian Basin's Marcellus shale. Research questions focused on the role of stakeholders and the resource needs of localities in shaping public policy. This study was guided by the tenets of the Boomtown theory along with key issues in fracking research such as environmental impacts, water resources, public health and safety, economics, and ethical concerns. An embedded case study research design was employed, using a purposive sample of 8 economic and policy subject matter experts from the 3 most prolific drilling counties in Pennsylvania. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using open and axial coding with cross-case comparison. Results suggested that positive economic social consequences of fracking involved sustainability in providing generational and employment stability. Negative consequences, such as traffic, damaged infrastructure, and housing shortages, were temporary and manageable. Logistical and demographic information were valuable resources for community leadership, and stakeholders favored autonomy in decision making. The implications for social change include informing policy makers how to prepare the local workforce to be adaptable, establish sufficient infrastructure to support change, and educate communities to leverage opportunity in advance of new industry.
37
Ribeiro, Vaniele Souza. "Caracterização de águas produzidas provenientes de campos petrolíferos onshore do Estado de Sergipe." Pós-Graduação em Química, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6117.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, five water produced samples from oil fields onshore (land) of the Sergipe State were characterized. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and content of oil and grease (TOG) were determined. The concentrations of anions (Br-, Cl-, F-, NO3- and SO42-) and cations (Ca2 +, K +, Mg2+, Na +, and NH4+) were determined by ion chromatography (IC). The total arsenic was determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG AFS). For trace metals determination (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) was used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.07 ìg L-1 (Cd e V) and 22 ìg L-1 (Fe). The precision was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged between 0.03% (Na+) and 7.39% (F-). The values of recoveries obtained were between 85 ± 3% (Zn) and 112 ± 1% (Li). The results were compared to the values established by Resolution 430/2011 of the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA). To evaluate the data, the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used. The concentrations of BOD, TOG, Ba, Mn and Fe were higher than those allowed by law, for some samples. The pH and concentration of As, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni, for all samples, were consistent with established values. The conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids, concentration of anions, cations, Li and V are not required by law. The concentrations of Cd and Zn were below the LOQ of the method. In general, all the samples have very similar profiles with relatively close found values for all parameters. It was found that the samples have characteristics and inorganic constituents, which may cause damage to environment or generate drawbacks when used for reinjection. Therefore, the monitoring and characterization the produced water from onshore oil fields are very important for proper treatment of this effluent.Neste trabalho, foram caracterizadas cinco amostras de agua produzida, provenientes de campos petroliferos onshore (terrestres) do Estado de Sergipe. Foram determinados os parametros fisico-quimicos, como pH, condutividade, turbidez, solidos suspensos, demanda bioquimica de oxigenio (DBO) e teor de oleos e graxas (TOG). Os anions (Br- , Cl-, F-, NO3- e SO42-) e cations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+ e NH4+) foram determinados por cromatografia de ions (IC). O arsenio total foi determinado por espectrometria de fluorescencia atomica com geracao de hidreto (HG AFS). Para determinacao dos metais traco (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V e Zn) foi utilizada a espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Os valores de limite de quantificacao (LQ) variaram entre 0,07 Êg.L-1 (Cd e V) e 22 Êg.L-1 (Fe). A precisao foi expressa como desvio padrao relativo (RSD), variando entre 0,03% (Na+) e 7,39% (F-). Os valores de recuperacoes ficaram entre 85 } 3 % (Zn) e 112 } 1% (Li). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos valores estabelecidos pela Resolucao 430/2011 do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Para avaliar os dados, utilizou-se a analise de componente principal (PCA) e analise de agrupamento hierarquico (HCA). Os valores das concentracoes de DBO, TOG, Ba, Mn e Fe foram maiores do que os permitidos pela legislacao, para algumas amostras. Os valores de pH e constituintes inorganicos (As, Pb, Cr, Cu e Ni) para todas as amostras foram concordantes com os valores estabelecidos. A condutividade, turbidez, solidos suspensos, concentracao de anions, cations, Li e V ainda nao sao previstos por lei. Os valores de concentracao de Cd e Zn ficaram abaixo do LQ do metodo. No geral, todas as amostras possuem perfis bem semelhantes, com valores encontrados relativamente proximos para todos os parametros. Foi constatado que as amostras possuem caracteristicas e constituintes inorganicos, que podem causar danos ao meio ambiente ou gerar empecilhos quando utilizadas para fins de reinjecao. Portanto, o monitoramento e caracterizacao das aguas produzidas provenientes de campos petroliferos onshore sao de grande importancia para o tratamento adequado deste efluente.
38
Vidal, Emanuella Layne Ferreira. "Avalia??o do comportamento de argila ativada na presen?a de ?gua destilada, solu??es salinas e inibidores de hidrata??o cati?nicos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17603.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
EmanuellaLFV.pdf: 2331935 bytes, checksum: 3f4df9b602349e41bf8ab4d2c561b59d (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-01-14Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The clay swelling is today one of the major problems during the well drilling. Nearly 50% of clays that constitute shale expand easily in the presence of water molecules. During the drilling of a geological formation containing swelling clays, when is feasible the use of water base fluids, it is necessary to apply clay inhibitors. This avoids the incorporation of the cutting to the drilling fluid which is responsible for the wall swelling and crumbling. The aim of this work was to evaluate the synergistic behavior that occurs when swelling clay inhibitors are associated to NaCl and KCl salts. Three swelling clay inhibitors samples, INIB A, INIB B and INIB C, were analyzed. Each inhibitor was characterized by the amount of chlorides and active matter content. For the water-clay interaction evaluation in the presence of various fluids, it was used the Capillary Suction Timer (CST, Fann) and Linear Swell Meter (LSM 2000, Fann). For better interpretation of results, a Design of Experiments (DOE, Umetrics MODDE 7.0 TM) through Result Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed, taking into account the type, the swelling inhibitors concentration and the contact time with the clay. The results showed different efficiencies among the inhibitors employed, and the salt-inhibitors mixtures were more efficient than those products alone. However, for field operation, other parameters should be taking into account, as operational cost, environmental requests and time of application for each product
O inchamento das argilas, quando em contato com o fluido de perfura??o, tem sido um dos maiores vil?es na perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo. Aproximadamente 50 % das argilas que constituem um folhelho se expandem facilmente na presen?a de mol?culas de ?gua. Na perfura??o de camadas geol?gicas contendo folhelhos hidrat?veis, quando ? vi?vel a utiliza??o de fluidos ? base de ?gua, h? a necessidade de utiliza??o de inibidores de inchamento de argilas. Estes inibidores evitam que os s?lidos perfurados incorporem-se ao fluido, e impedem o inchamento e o desmoronamento das paredes dos po?os. Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre o comportamento sinerg?tico de inibidores de hidrata??o de argila quando associados aos sais de NaCl e KCl. Foram analisadas tr?s amostras de inibidores de inchamento de argila comerciais, INIB A, INIB B e INIB C. Cada inibidor foi caracterizado quanto ao teor de cloreto e de mat?ria ativa. Para avalia??o da intera??o ?gua-argila na presen?a dos diversos fluidos, amostras de argila ativada foram submetidas a testes de capilaridade no CST (Capilary Succion Timer) e de inchamento no LSM (Linear Swell Meter). Para melhor interpreta??o dos resultados, foi empregada an?lise estat?stica experimental (DOE), por metodologia de resposta de superf?cie (RSM), atrav?s do programa MODDE 7.0TM da Umetrics, em que se levou em considera??o o tipo, a concentra??o dos inibidores de inchamento e o tempo de contato com a argila. A an?lise dos resultados comprovou as diferen?as de efici?ncia entre os inibidores empregados e que misturas dos inibidores com sais s?o mais eficientes que os produtos individualmente. Entretanto, para opera??es de campo, outros par?metros devem ser levados em considera??o, tais como custo, exig?ncias dos ?rg?os ambientais e tempo de atua??o do produto
39
Fairhurst, Charles. "Contribution a l'amelioration de l'abattage mecanique de roches agressives : le pic assiste et le pic vibrant." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0111.
Full textAbstract:
Etude bibliographique, theorique et experimentale (experiences du cerchar et du v. S. Bureau of mines, minneapolis) de deux techniques: abattage assiste au jet d'eau, et abattage par vibration forcee (la premiere seule apparait prometteuse)
40
Yu, Liuji. "Measurement of the bulk flow and transport characteristics of selected fractured rock aquifer systems in South Africa: a case study of the Balfour Formation in the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/415.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogeologists have faced serious challenges worldwide in the characterization of fractured rock aquifers due to the heterogeneous nature of the imbedded geology. The bulk flow parameters in the Karoo strata in South Africa are specifically uncertain since most models are based on homogenous block systems. As part of a WRC research project, entitled “Measurement of the bulk flow and transport characteristics of selected fractured rock aquifer systems in South Africa”, this study focuses on the characterization, borehole drilling, flow parameter measurements and groundwater quality assessment of the Balfour Formation in the Beaufort Group of the Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, which is seriously heterogeneous in deposition and has also been largely neglected as drilling targets for groundwater. The Balfour Formation comprises mostly mudstone, shale and sandstone, formed in a braided and meandering river system. In addition to the heterogeneous deposition, the flow pathways in this aquifer system are not fully understood due to lack of actual measurement data. The methods used in this study include field mapping, site characterization, borehole drilling, and pumping and tracer testing in order to obtain the borehole yield, aquifer transmissivity, storativity and groundwater flow velocity. In addition, the groundwater chemistry was also studied to determine quality for use and possible connectivity with the nearby Tyume River and to determine potential sources of groundwater contamination. The results obtained include: 1) The study area is predominantly mudstone/shale with thin layers and lenses of siltstone and sandstone, which are interbedded; 2) Two boreholes were successfully drilled, which had yields in excess of 10 l/s in four water levels (at 7, 22, 54 and 65 m); 3) The estimated average transmissivity is 246 m 2/day according to the recovery test; 4) The estimated seepage velocity is 120 m/day according to tracer tests in the aquifer between the two boreholes which are 5 m apart; and 5) The water chemical type is the combination of HCO3-, Cl-and SO42- , which is distinguishable from that of the Tyume river; 6) There is no evidence for groundwater recharge to the deep aquifers from the Tyume river, based on the differences of the water chemistry; 7) The elements Ca, Cl, Na and C are distributed more than 90% as free ion species in BH2 borehole water; and 8) The groundwater in BH2 borehole is undersaturated (negative SI) with respect to some minerals (for example: anhydrite, fluorite, gypsum and halite), oversaturated (positive SI) with respect to some minerals (for example: aragonite, calcite and dolomite). It is concluded that there is a great potential to obtain drilling targets for high yielding boreholes in the sedimentary rocks of the Balfour Formation in the Karoo Supergroup.
41
Jacobson, Felix. "Wear and degradation of Co, Fe and Ni-based cemented carbides against sandstone and granite." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-365746.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma work is performed at Sandvik Mining and Rock Technology, Rock Tools division, a world-leading mining equipment manufacturer. The aim is to study the wear of cemented carbide rock drill inserts worn against granite and sandstone countersurfaces, with focus on the impact of binder phase composition and flushing agent chemistry. A brief introduction to rock drilling, cemented carbides and the wear and degradation mechanisms of cemented carbides in rock drilling is given. Wear is induced in a lab test by sliding cemented carbide inserts against granite and sandstone countersurfaces while flushing with deionized water or synthetic mine water. The wear is quantified by measuring material weight loss, and worn inserts are studied by SEM. All wear marks feature crushed, fragmented and heavily deformed WC grains and cavities left after individually removed WC grains. Rock adhere strongly on inserts worn against both granite and sandstone, and adhered material from both rock types sometimes endure the mechanical contact between insert and rock without significant spalling. Inserts tested with deionized water against sandstone wear 2.2 - 5.1 times more relative to against granite, and the only distinct difference observed is the distribution of adhered rock. The use of synthetic mine water relative to deionized water impacts the wear of all inserts, though corrosion products are only found on some of them. Further, the tribological contact greatly impacts the corrosive attack. The relative wear difference using different water chemistries is larger for inserts with a smaller relative amount of binder. In most cases, increased wear is measured for inserts tested with synthetic mine water. For reasons yet unknown, this trend is reversed for inserts with a high relative amount of binder tested against sandstone, where a decrease in wear is measured instead.Detta examensarbete har utförts åt Sandvik Mining and Rock Technology, Rock Tools avdelningen, som är en världsledande utrustningstillverkare inom gruvindustrin. I arbetet undersöks nötningen av så kallade bergborrstift av hårdmetall. Berg är generellt ett mycket hårt och sprött material, och borrning i berg går därför i huvudsak ut på att krossa och spola bort krossad sten. Längst fram på bergborrar sitter borrkronor som till största del är gjorda i stål. Då stål är för mjukt för att effektivt kunna avverka berg monterar man in stift av hårdmetall längst fram på borrkronan. Hårdmetall är ett kompositmaterial av mycket hårda men spröda wolframkarbidkorn (WC) som hålls ihop av en, jämfört med WC, mjuk och formbar metall som kallas bindefas. Resultatet är ett mycket hårt men fortfarande relativt segt material som dessutom klarar de mycket höga temperaturer som uppstår vid bergborrning. Traditionellt används kobolt som bindefas, men nu tros det finnas hälsorisker med kobolt och dessutom sker en stor del av världens koboltutvinning under oetiska förhållanden i konfliktländer i Afrika. Detta i kombination med att koboltpriserna ökat dramatiskt de senaste åren leder till att man nu söker efter alternativa bindefaser. Bland annat undersöker man olika legeringar av nickel och järn. I detta arbete jämförs nötningen av stift med nickel-, järn- och olika koboltbindefaser. I ett labtest fås nötning genom att stiften trycks mot en roterande stencylinder av antingen granit eller sandsten. I verkliga förhållanden används ofta så kallat gruvvatten som sipprar in i gruvan som spolvatten för att ta bort stenkrosset och kyla borrkronan. För att se hur kemin i spolvattnet påverkar nötningen spolas kontaktytan mellan stift och stencylinder med antingen avjoniserat vatten eller syntetiskt gruvvatten under testerna. Stiftens materialförlust under provningen beräknas genom att mäta deras vikt innan och efter. För att se om skillnader i nötningshastighet mellan olika stifttyper eller testvillkor avspeglas i olika utseenden på slitytorna undersöks stiften med hjälp av ett svepelektronmikroskop (SEM). Från SEM-bilderna ser man att alla stift från alla testvillkor har krossade och fragmenterade WC-korn på ytan och att stora delar av slitytorna täckts av påkletat berg. Bergpåsmetningarna är ibland mycket tunna (< 1 μm) och delvis inblandade i bindefasen, och ibland betydligt tjockare (flertal μm). De tjockare påsmetningarna är bundna så pass hårt till ytan att de kan upprätthålla delar av kontakten mellan stiftet och berget under testningen utan att lossna. Huruvida detta skyddar hårdmetallen från att nötas eller om det påkletade berget reagerar med, och därmed ökar den kemiska nedbrytningen av stiftet är inte utrett. Berget skyddar dock den underliggande hårdmetallen mot den korrosion som uppstår i kontakt med spolvattnet. Resultaten visar att stiften nöts betydligt mer mot sandsten än mot granit. Förutom att bergpåsmetningarna har en annan fördelning över ytan så syns inga tydliga skillnader mellan stiften testade mot de båda bergarterna. De flesta stiften nöts mer när de testas med gruvvatten än med avjoniserat vatten. Detta gäller alla stift utom de som har hög relativ mängd bindefas och som testats mot sandsten. Dessa stift nöts tvärt om mindre när de testas med gruvvatten än med avjoniserat vatten. Hittills har ingen anledning till denna konsekventa avvikelse hittats.
42
Sharma, Shekar. "Evaluating Leachability of Residual Solids Generated from Unconventional Shale Gas Production Operations in Marcellus Shale." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50514.
Full textAbstract:
Hydraulic fracturing operations utilized for shale gas production result in the generation of a large volume of flowback and produced water that contain suspended material, salts, hydrocarbons, metals, chemical additives, and naturally-occurring radioactive material. The water is impounded at drilling sites or treated off-site, resulting in significant generation of residual solids. These are either buried on site or are disposed in lined landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements of concern that will leach from these residual solids when placed in typical disposal environments.
For this purpose, laboratory leaching experiments were employed wherein representative samples were brought into contact with a liquid to determine the constituents that would be leached by the liquid and potentially released into the environment. The samples used included sludge resulting from the physicochemical treatment of process water (TS), sludge solidified with cement kiln dust (SS), raw solids obtained by gravity separation of process water (RS), and drilling mud (DM). The samples were subjected to both single extraction (i.e. Shake Extraction Test, SET) and multiple extraction (i.e. Immersion Test, IT) leaching tests. For the shake extraction test, samples were mixed with a specific amount of leaching solution without renewal over a short time period. In the immersion test, samples were immersed in a specific amount of leaching solution that was periodically renewed over a longer period of time. For both these tests, analyses were performed on the filtered eluate. The tests were performed as per standards with modifications. Distilled de-ionized water, synthetic acid rain (pH ~ 4.2), weak acetic acid (pH ~ 2.88), and synthetic landfill leachate were used as leaching solutions to mimic specific disposal environments.
Alkali metals (Li, K, Na), alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) and a halide (Br), which are typically associated with Marcellus shale and produced waters, leached at high concentrations from most of the residual solids sample. The SS sample, due to its stabilization with CKD, had a lower extraction efficiency as compared to the unconsolidated TS and RS samples. In EF 2.9 and EF SLL, the leaching took place under acidic conditions, while for EF DDI and EF 4.2, the leaching occurred in alkaline conditions. EF 2.9 and EF SLL were determined to be the most aggressive leaching solutions, causing the maximum solubility of most inorganic elements. Thus, high amounts of most EOCs may leach from these residual solids in MSW landfills disposed under co-disposal conditions. Agitation, pH and composition of the leaching solution were determined to be important variables in evaluating the leaching potential of a sample.
The results of this study should help with the design of further research experiments being undertaken to develop environmentally responsible management/disposal strategies for these residual solids and also prove useful for regulatory authorities in their efforts to develop specific guidelines for the disposal of residuals from shale gas production operations.Master of Science
43
Gaup, Tarald Husevåg. "Simulations of Dual Gradient Drilling : Analytical and Theoretical Studies of tripping- and pressure trapping operations when using Dual Gradient Drilling in deep waters." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19360.
Full textAbstract:
To cover the world’s future consume of hydrocarbons, technological improvements are needed, turning currently unreachable and unprofitable reservoirs into the opposite. The main focus of this thesis, Dual Gradient Drilling (DGD), is a drilling technology that is ideal for drilling in ultra-deep waters, and could prove vital in drilling the reservoirs that are currently undrillable. This will increase the possible supply of hydrocarbons available for consumption. DGD is not fully accepted in the drilling industry, and DGD is still considered unconventional. In this thesis, simulations investigating pressure control in a DGD system are done, showing possibilities and limitations when using DGD. Also, it is done a study of how the challenges faced on the Macondo prospect in the Gulf of Mexico could have been solved better by using DGD instead of the conventional drilling methods. MATLAB was used for mathematical simulation of the control of the hydraulic pumping system. The program reads field- and equipment specific input data from an excel sheet. The different input parameters are changed separately, and simulations are run for each parameter change, showing each parameter’s effect caused to the system abilities. Criteria for approved well control are set, and by trial and error with the program, requirements for pump rates, well bore design and pressure safety margins needed are found, presented and discussed. It is here shown that the currently available pumping rates are not able to control the pressure as agile as other available drilling technology can, using the marine riser size currently developed. A subsea pump producing rates of more than 13000LPM, the double of what can be produced today, is needed. Utilizing a narrower marine drilling riser, with an inner diameter (ID) of 12¼” instead of the conventional riser with 19½” ID, can increase the speed of a pressure change with 171%; from 0.045bar/s to 0.121bar/s, when other parameters are kept constant. Because of linearity, a doubling of pumprates will result in a doubling of pressure change speed. It is here concluded that sufficiently agile wellbore control, depends on the development of a narrower riser and higher subsea pump rates. Other unconventional drilling currently available, like Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD), is far superior to DGD when it comes to quickness and accuracy in keeping the BHP at a desired level.
44
Bakke, Øyvind Opsal. "A Study in Limiting Factors for Extended Reach Drilling of Highly Deviated Wells in Deep Waters." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19303.
Full textAbstract:
Drilling in deep water is requiring more advanced technology as fields at greater depths are being discovered. Managed Pressure Drilling and Dual Gradient Drilling are both offering different techniques for navigating through the narrow pore pressure and fracture gradient window during an operation. Along with different drilling and development systems they are introduced as possible solutions to many of the challenges associated with deepwater drilling. The industry is looking into the possibility of doing highly deviated extended reach wells in deep water environments. Before doing so different simulations are done to investigate which factors will limit the maximum well trajectory and to figure out of far it is theoretically possible to drill in horizontal and vertical direction. With the help of the WELLPLANTM software a reservoir located in the Gulf of Mexico is chosen as a well candidate to run simulations on. Case study shows that for both directional extensions buckling of the drillpipe is what keeps us from drilling further. In terms of torque and pump capacity both rig candidates used for the study are well within their maximum capacities. Equivalent circulating density (ECD) would have been the main problem for the case study, but can easily be compensated for assuming we have the potential to control the pressure profile. With conventional drilling we would not be able to handle problems associated with ECD, meaning that DGD or other methods are required. From the sensitivity study we learn the importance of having access to accurate wellbore data, as a reduction in friction factor has the potential to extend the well trajectory even further and a potential dogleg severity would make us unable to reach target depth.
45
Spier, Chelsea L. "The fate and distribution of subsurface hydrocarbons released during the 2010 MC252 oil spill in deep offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/816.
Full textAbstract:
The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform on April 20, 2010 resulted in the second largest oil spill in history. In this study, the distribution and chemical composition of hydrocarbons within a 45 km radius of the blowout was investigated. A complete set of hydrocarbon data were acquired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and from BP, including data from 16 research missions collected over eight weeks. The distribution of hydrocarbons was found to be more dispersed over a wider area in subsurface waters than previously predicted or reported. Several hydrocarbon plumes were identified including a near-surface plume (0.5 to 50 m), two small mid-depth plume (240 to 290 m and 850 to 880 m), and a large deepwater plume approximately 1,050 to 1,300 m below surface. Water soluble compounds were preferentially extracted from the rising oil in deepwater, and were found at potentially toxic levels both in and outside of areas previously reported to contain the majority of hydrocarbons. Data collected from different research missions were measured for a wide variety of chemical compounds, but not every sample was analyzed for the same chemical compounds. To overcome the challenge of variability in sample data, a non-parametric method of evaluating the percentage of detectable results, was used for all data analysis in addition to evaluation of total sample concentrations. The two analysis techniques yielded similar results. This approach may be useful in other studies in which samples are measured for varying number of compounds and have varying detection limits. The distribution and toxicity of hydrocarbons in sediments between August and October, 2010 was also investigated and was found to be fairly localized.
46
Chang, Shu-Chung, and 張樹忠. "Water-flow-assisted laser drilling technique for brittle substrates." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86793950778631848142.
Full textAbstract:
碩士華梵大學
機電工程學系博碩專班
98
The aim of this paper is to present and discuss data on underwater laser drilling techniques for brittle substrates. The laser used was CO2 Laser. The experimental materials were LCD Glass and alumina substrates. In this study, the substrates were submerged 1 mm beneath the water surface. Two types of water cooling-assistance, water-flow and subsonic-flow, were proposed to enhance the performance of laser drilling. It was found that the drilling quality of the proposed water cooling method is much better than that from laser drilling in static water. Underwater laser drilling reduced the phenomena of micro-cracking and minimized the size of the area affected by heat from the laser. The SEM photographs of the holes illustrate the contrast in drilling quality. The relationship between laser power, pulse repetition rate, and the hole quality was also evaluated. Also in this study, the array-holes drilling by percussion were conducted and analyzed underwater. The minimum distance between the two neighbor holes that can be obtained was much shorter in water than in air.
47
Wu, Chia-Shian, and 吳嘉憲. "Development of A Novel Water-Assisted Laser Drilling Technology." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3p2k3u.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系
102
In this study, we use 532 nm Nd: YAG laser to drill on silicon and aluminum alloy 5052 in air or with the three different assisting types of water, thick or thin water layer and water droplets. This study shows the results of this new water-assisted laser drilling. We first drill a blind hole with a constant laser shot number, then the three types of water are applied to the process separately in order to reduce the heat affected zone (HAZ) and improve the hole roundness. In our experiments of thick water layer, the thciknesses are 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm. In the experiments of thin water layer, water is applied through a syringe with a inner diameter of 70 µm on the substrate. In the experiments of water droplets, they are produced by the same syringe. The droplet is 500 µm above the substrate. In this study, we discuss the effect of three assisting type of water on molten slag, debris, recastign layer, HAZ, and the hole depth in the laser micromachining process. It is found that the slag, debris, recasting layer, and HAZ are greatly reduced with the water-assisted processes. With the assistance of thin water layer, the hole roundness is closer to 1 in low laser shot number and the hole diameter is reduced by 30% compared with the micromachining process in air. Moreover, the machining efficiency is increased twice with the assistance of water droplets.
48
Huang, Bo-Ji, and 黃柏齊. "Simulation of Laser Propagation in Water Assisted Laser Drilling Technology." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fq9p24.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系
102
In modern industry, laser is getting popular in the field of micro/nano-machining.However, water-assisted laser micro/nano-machining is still under development. In the thesis, we focus on the simulation of water- assisted laser micro/nano-machining. Two types of water supply are discussed: water micro-droplet on substrates and water layer above substrates. The purpose of the simulations is to provide the process design information in experiments and the in-depth optical physics discussion for this technology. OptisWorks 2006 SP2 and OptiFDTD 32-bit are both the simulation tools used in the thesis. In the first type of water-assisted process, water micro-droplet on substrates,both softwares are used to simulate the optical behavior of laser by geometric optics and electromagnetic field. The results all show the focusing property of the micro-droplet on substrates and demonstrate the application of the droplets on micro/nano-scale machining. In the second type of water-assisted process, water layer above substrates,OptisWorks 2006 SP2 is used in simulation. Two different forms of water layer,millimeter thick layer and ultra-thin layer are discussed in the thesis. The results show the effect of water layer on focal point change on water-assisted machining process. Meanwhile, they provide the energy distribution information for process designers.
49
Ravi, Ashwin. "Experimental Assessment of Water Based Drilling Fluids in High Pressure and High Temperature Conditions." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9925.
Full textAbstract:
Proper selection of drilling fluids plays a major role in determining the efficient completion of any drilling operation. With the increasing number of ultra-deep offshore wells being drilled and ever stringent environmental and safety regulations coming into effect, it becomes necessary to examine and understand the behavior of water based drilling fluids - which are cheaper and less polluting than their oil based counterpart - under extreme temperature and pressure conditions.
In most of the existing literature, the testing procedure is simple - increase the temperature of the fluid in steps and record rheological properties at each step. A major drawback of this testing procedure is that it does not represent the continuous temperature change that occurs in a drilling fluid as it is circulated through the well bore. To have a better understanding of fluid behavior under such temperature variation, a continuous test procedure was devised in which the temperature of the drilling fluid was continuously increased to a pre-determined maximum value while monitoring one rheological parameter. The results of such tests may then be used to plan fluid treatment schedules. The experiments were conducted on a Chandler 7600 XHPHT viscometer and they seem to indicate specific temperature ranges above which the properties of the drilling fluid deteriorate. Different fluid compositions and drilling fluids in use in the field were tested and the results are discussed in detail.
50
Kraussman, Andrew. "The Use of WBM to Improve ROP in HTHP/Hard Rock Environments." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9318.
Full textAbstract:
Modern day oil & gas well costs are driven by drilling performance as time becomes the dominant capital expense source. The ability to lower drilling costs becomes paramount when tight economic margins and high uncertainties/risk exist. Penetration rate decreases drastically in ultra deep formations, and substantial time is spent drilling the deepest section of these wells. Therefore, significant cost savings may be obtained through an improvement in penetration rate in deep formations. This paper shows that in HTHP (High Temperature High Pressure) hard shale/sand environments that PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) bits paired with water based mud experience 88% improvement in penetration rate than those paired with oil based mud. With this improvement in drilling rate, well costs can be substantially reduced making future ultra-deep hydrocarbon accumulations economically producible. Also observed was a drastic decrease in penetration rate in PDC bits with oil base mud which led to the use of diamond impreg bits, as the water base with PDC still maintained respectable penetration rates. The conventional penetration rate controls are still applicable in this case, but there exists a fundamental difference between the rock/fluid interactions of each mud type. Bit type, operating conditions, formation characteristics, and bit hydraulics are shown to not be the dominant influencing factor of this performance trend. The water base fluids examined have higher filtrate rates than the oil base fluids. However, a consistent data set of increasing filtrate rate corresponding to increasing penetration rate cannot be derived. Therefore filtration characteristics remain as a possible and partial influencing factor behind this data. Future experimental research is needed to confirm or disprove this theory. At this time the actual cause of this behavior is unknown, however the trend has been established showing water base drilling fluids performance versus oil base in the HTHP/hard rock environment.