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Journal articles on the topic 'Water duties'
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1
Emel, Jacque L., and Muluneh Yitayew. "Water Duties: Arizona's Groundwater Management Approach." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 113, no. 1 (January 1987): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1987)113:1(82).
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Draper, Stephen E. "International Duties and Obligations for Transboundary Water Sharing." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 123, no. 6 (November 1997): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1997)123:6(344).
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Lilienthal, Gary. "Water rights and correlative duties in New South Wales." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 46, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2020.1756882.
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Takano, Akiko. "Due Diligence Obligations and Transboundary Environmental Harm: Cybersecurity Applications." Laws 7, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws7040036.
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This paper analyzes the due diligence obligations with regard to transboundary harm in international water law and their application to cybersecurity by clarifying the definition of due diligence in light of the procedural duties in recent International Court of Justice (ICJ) cases. The paper explores whether states have responsibilities to prevent transboundary harm caused by nonstate actors. The existing literature on due diligence obligations in international water law and cybersecurity was reviewed, along with ICJ cases relating to procedural duties (international co-operation, environmental impact assessments, and information sharing). The findings confirm that, although procedural duties may be less onerous in cyberspace than in the environment, such duties indeed exist, albeit to a lesser degree. The differences may be accounted for by the fact that customary law related to the environment is already well developed. This study clarifies the concept of due diligence by focusing on procedural duties and examining the definition of due diligence in cyber operations. Due diligence obligations are crucial for states seeking to prevent transboundary harm and are an evolving principle of international law.
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Howell, Charles. "The Moral Duties of Parenthood." Philosophy of Education 66 (2010): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47925/2010.156.
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Soyapi, Caiphas Brewsters. "Water Security and the Right to Water in Southern Africa: An Overview." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (January 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a1650.
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The southern African region’s water-related problems are quite diverse. From the struggles of indigenous communities in Botswana to the cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe; from the difficulties of poor communities in accessing basic water services to the disputes between municipal councils and individual well-to-do water users, it is abundantly evident that water security is a goal/vision that needs to be pursued by governments. Yet, much of the holistic scholarly focus on water security within the region has been on transboundary water management, to the exclusion of local/national water constitutional frameworks. Through four cases from Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe the paper addresses selected aspects of the varied water issues, in particular the constitutional right to water and how that impacts on water security within the region. The literature and case law reviewed in the paper indicate that while there are benefits to constitutionalising the right to water as a fundamental right, courts are still able to read the right to water into existing rights, especially the right to life. However, reading in has its own limitations, including that courts sometimes leave hanging/unpronounced government duties/responsibilities where the right to water is not provided for. Accordingly, the paper attempts to show that while the right to water could be read into other existing rights like the right to life, water security could be better achieved through an independent constitutional human right to water, which creates constitutional duties on the state.
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Tursunov, Ravshan. "INFORMATION ON THE ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AND WATER DISTRIBUTION IN TASHKENT IN “PAST AND CURRENT HISTORY OF TASHKENT” BY A.I. DOBROSMYSLOV." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-01-04.
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This article examines the ecological situation in the Tashkent region in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, the duties and responsibilities of irrigators, canal elders and mirabs in the distribution of water resources and water.
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Vinti, Clive. "A SPRING WITHOUT WATER: THE CONUNDRUM OF ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES IN SOUTH AFRICAN LAW." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (September 22, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a723.
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The Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement), permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties for as long and to the extent necessary to counteract dumping which is causing injury subject to the proviso that they must be terminated after five years unless a sunset review has been initiated. Sunset review has the purpose of either permitting or terminating the continuation of an anti-dumping duty. This is significant because if the sunset review is not initiated prior to the expiry of the five year period, the anti-dumping duties will be terminated.Therefore, this places a greater emphasis on the determination of the precise date of commencement of the anti-dumping duties. This is because an incorrect determination of the date of imposition of the anti-dumping duty has obvious financial implications for the interested parties. To this end, the Supreme Court of Appeal in South Africa has delivered two salient judgments in this regard: firstly, in Progress Office Machines CC v SARS, and then more recently, in Association of Meat Importers v ITAC. These two cases hinge on the interpretation of the date of 'imposition' of definitive anti-dumping duties particularly where provisional measures are involved, which invariably determines the date of expiry of the duties as espoused by Regulations 38 and 53 of the International Trade Administration Commission Anti-Dumping Regulations.This paper contends that these two judgments are conflicting and riddled with inconsistencies. Secondly, the paper contends that the SCA has in the recent AMIE case, virtually rewritten its earlier judgment of Progress Office Machines. Lastly, the paper shows that the approach of South African courts on whether the Anti-Dumping Agreement is binding on South African law, is fraught with uncertainty and an ambivalence .The case analysis also reflects on the impact of the newly minted but yet to be implemented, Customs Duty Act, with a view to assess the impact of the new legislation on the issues currently plaguing the anti-dumping regime of South Africa.
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Feng, Wang, and Liu. "Dilemmas in and Pathways to Transboundary Water Cooperation between China and India on the Yaluzangbu-Brahmaputra River." Water 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102096.
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The Yaluzangbu-Brahmaputra River is a hotspot for the discussions on regional security. The interactions on water between China and India are key to realizing water-related 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets in the basin. Using a series of secondary literature information, and the method of event studies, we created a timeline of the Sino-Indian relation events since the 1950s, analyzed the correlations among the contents, the duties by each side, the events of water cooperation, and the diplomatic events between them. We found the following dilemmas hamper water cooperation: (1) The scopes of, and steps towards, transboundary water cooperation are hampered by patchy Sino-Indian diplomatic relations; and (2) there is a lack of motivation for China to cooperate with India without benefits sharing, given that China has undertaken more duties and has often received negative feedback. However, we also found the following pathways toward improving water cooperation: (1) A national cooperation mechanism on transboundary rivers has been established, which may be beneficial for further water cooperation; and (2) a channel for interdisciplinary dialogue should be encouraged to bridge the disparate outlooks and improve interactions between policymakers and scientific experts.
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Taylor, Paul. "Independent judgement and the voice of the dissenting director." Nursing and Residential Care 22, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2020.22.8.11.
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Directors have defined duties and obligations in law, and a failure to observe them can land an individual in hot water. In particular, directors must use their own independent judgement when making decisions. Paul Taylor explains
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Wescoat, James L. "The ‘duties of water’ with respect to planting: toward an ethics of irrigated landscapes." Journal of Landscape Architecture 8, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2013.864070.
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Thanju, Jeewan Parsad. "Our Rights and Duties in Water resources, Question on Water and Compendium of law related to Conservation and utilization of water resources in Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 13 (March 13, 2014): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v13i0.10063.
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Bárdos, Zoltán. "Survey on the Flood-Prevention of Municipal Governments during the Danubian Flood of the Century." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2014.3.5.
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Given the risk of flood, inland water and local damage caused by water in Hungary, it is essential in most of the settlements to prepare for the protection of the inhabitants, the prevention and reduction of the damages. The protection against the damage caused by water — according to Law LVII of 1995 on water management — is the duty of the state organs and the local municipal governments. In this article I study the duties of the settlements on water damage defence according to the laws of local governments and water management. I analyse the application of the amended laws during the protective activity of settlements in Fejér County hit by the Danubian flood in 2013.
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Newman, Anne. "Putting Parental Duties in Their Place: What About Children’s Rights?" Philosophy of Education 66 (2010): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47925/2010.165.
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Robina-Ramírez, R., L. S. Sañudo-Fontaneda, and S. McCallum. "Human dignity as a mediator effect for the rights and duties of accessing water and sanitation." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 75, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2020.1724208.
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Zub, Igor. "Shooting sports as the means of professional-applied physical training at maritime University." BIO Web of Conferences 26 (2020): 00043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600043.
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Training specialists of water transport at maritime University presents a complex of knowledge and skills. They are necessary for the specialists in order to fulfill their professional duties. Apart from special subjects an important stage of training becomes professional-applied physical training. Its complexes are formed from different kinds of sport or during going in for professional-applied kinds of sport and provide professionally important qualities development, which define during professiograms creation according to each specialty. During water transport specialists’ professiograms analysis it is seen that the general professionally important qualities are vestibular apparatus steadiness and statokinetic resistance. These qualities help specialists of water transport realize their job duties during pitching. One of the kinds of sport, the effectiveness of which depends on statokinetic resistance, is shooting sports. Shooting sports is a separate kind of sport, but as a kind of sport it is included into the complex of marine all-round competitions. Marine all-round competitions are professional-applied kind of sport for the specialists of water transport. They provide necessary professionally important qualities development. Shooting sports is the means of the following things development: statokinetic resistance, the ability to focus attention, psycho-emotional resistance. It is important during extreme situations. The conclusion, received as a result of scientific works analysis, helps to define the place of this kind of sport in the training diagram of marine all-round athletes, for getting the effect of positive transfers in the training process.
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du Plessis, Anél. "A Government in Deep Water? Some Thoughts on the State's Duties in Relation to Water Arising from South Africa's Bill of Rights." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 19, no. 3 (November 2010): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2010.00692.x.
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Garvit Chutani, Saras Garg, Tushar Arora and Sakshi Jh. "Blockchain for Improved Water Resource Management." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 9, no. 01 (January 25, 2023): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0901009.
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One of the main issues over the ages has been the lack of water. The water supply networks are now being affected by the increased deployment of IOT technology and devices. The development of a trustworthy, auditable, and transparent traceable system like Blockchain is the product of creative research. Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, introduces a fresh, creative strategy for the development of centralized, distrust-free systems. The use of blockchain technology eliminates corruption since it can keep track of every transaction. Blockchain has built-in capabilities for fault tolerance, immutability, transparency, and full transaction tracing for records that are saved, as well as for digital asset representation and transaction executions. The blockchain-based water management system described in this study is completely decentralized, with IoT devices collecting data as it is setup and adding it to the blockchain. We use the Ethereum blockchain to represent a supplier to consumer use case in our blockchain-based water management system. We also talk about the network's participants' duties in the water management system. Finally, we assessed the benefits of blockchain-based water management over existing ones and showed how it might benefit contemporary society.
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May, A. "The benefits of drinking water quality regulation – England and Wales." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.893.
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This paper aims to demonstrate that the regulation of drinking water quality in England and Wales has been successful in securing the improvements to drinking water quality resulting in better performance against EU and national standards. The water industry in England and Wales went through a major change in 1989 when suppliers were privatised and the government set up a robust regulatory regime. The regime was necessary as the industry was, as a result of privatisation, a monopoly with customers having no choice of supplier, unlike what was later available with other utilities such as gas or electricity. The regime would protect the interests of the consumer, the environment and public health through the quality of the product. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), as established in 1990, had to ensure the implementation of the European Drinking Water Directive (DWD) that had been transposed into national legislation. The aim of the DWD is to ensure that all EU Member States provide drinking water of a prescribed quality. In England and Wales, a body was required to oversee the performance of the industry against those standards, reporting to the Government and the European Commission. Through acts and legislation, the set up of the industry, the duties of the suppliers and regulators and the powers available to the regulators were established. The improvements to drinking water quality since privatisation were achieved by massive investment of the privatised water industry overseen by an independent regulator with clear duties and the powers to inspect, enforce and prosecute. The DWI's achievements show that to improve quality performance with the ability to report in detail how the improvements were made with extensive data evidence, a special regulator is required. The DWI advises policy departments and Ministers and when there are serious concerns regarding a threat to human health through drinking water, the highest level of regulatory power is the creation of new legislation, for example, the Cryptosporidium regulations that are unique to the UK. The DWI is more than what is traditionally thought of as a regulator because it has a single remit — drinking water quality — and its style of regulation has been key to improved drinking water quality in England and Wales.
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Feng, Xiao Li, and Bao Yun Qiu. "Optimal Operation for Source Parallel Pumping Stations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1445.
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Pumping station transfers water from Yangtze River, and the head of is varied frequently within a wide range due to the tidal water. Taking Jiangdu parallel pumping stations in China as a case, under the premise of pumping certain volume of water per day, considering head varying and time-varying electrical price, mathematical models were established aiming at the minimum operation cost and solved with Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization. The number of running pump units and pump unit operation duties were determined in different time periods. The results indicate that operation cost of optimal operation schemes considering time-varying electrical price and adjusting blade angles is saved 13.72% than that of not considering.
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Haileslassie, Zbelo. "Promoting Federalism, IWRM, and Functional Approach to Water Governance under Ethiopian Water Laws." Mizan Law Review 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 384–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v13i3.3.
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Integrated functional approach to water governance in a federal state structure can avoid vertical and horizontal conflicts. There are queries on how functional approach to water governance can be promoted in the context of federal state structure. Other concerns include linkages, the meditating factor demanding for reconciling competing water uses, integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM). This article assesses the existing governance framework and its suitability to promote functional approach to water governance, reconciliations and policy options. There are inconsistencies in the Constitution, Federal water management laws, river basin high councils and authority’s laws, policies, strategies and the regulation that establishes and defines the powers and duties of the Ethiopian Basin Development Authority. Moreover, there are missing links and integrations, centralizing tendencies and failures to accommodate and harmonize pluralistic and diversified local practices. The water laws need to integrate both the bottom-up approach (by empowering the grassroots and bringing efficient, equitable, and sustainable use of water) and top-down form of governance (to harmonize the inter-local linkages among and within regional states). The inter-state basin governance needs reform and the over-centralized role of the government to designate water institutions should be controlled. Reconciliation is mandatory for better empowerment, cooperation and harmonization at all linkages, levels and types of inter-governmental relations.
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Federalism, IWRM-IRBM, Functional approach, Water governance linkages, Reconciliation, Harmonization
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Penati, Beatrice. "Continuities and Novelties in Early Soviet Law-Making about Central Asian Water." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 4 (May 16, 2019): 674–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341491.
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AbstractThis article analyses the drafting process and underlying principles of early Soviet legislation on water rights and taxation on water in Central Asia. While the new Bolshevik ideology provided an ideal justification to enact the State-centric, technocratic principles implicit in the Tsarist Turkestan “water law” of 1916, it took a very long time for the Soviet regime to produce a comprehensive legislation that would explicitly replace the local pre-existing customs which had survived in the colonial period. This is surprising especially in the light of the continuity in personnel in the government agencies that governed land and water resources across the 1917 revolution. Two possible reasons for this slowness were the early Soviet “decolonisation” imperative and the inertial persuasion that the legislator could not fully grasp the intricacies of water-related rights and duties.
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Bulto, Takele Soboka. "Towards Rights-Duties Congruence: Extraterritorial Application of the Human Right to Water in the African Human Rights System." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 29, no. 4 (December 2011): 491–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934411102900405.
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Harremoës, Poul. "Water ethics – a substitute for over-regulation of a scarce resource." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (April 1, 2002): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0157.
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Water scarcity is increasing due to increasing demand and diminishing resources. The water scarcity issues have to be distinguished according to availability and applicability, because urban water use does not consume water, but pollutes it. Water scarcity may be regulated by “command and control” and more recently by “economical instruments”. Water ethics is an important, but frequently ignored element in regulation. Equity in availability and applicability of water is the important ethical issue at all levels, from local community to the global scale. The distribution of rights and duties is problematic and no easy solutions are in sight, but attention and awareness are essential. The ethical community has been expanded from a human dimension to include an ecological dimension, which aggravates the dilemma. There have been too many surprises in water quality development, due to unforeseen negative effects of activities in the modern society. Decision making relative to complex systems is frequently marred by uncertainty and ignorance. In such cases, solutions have to be robust, flexible and adaptable to unforeseen changes.
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Boorman, D. B., R. J. Williams, M. G. Hutchins, E. Penning, S. Groot, and J. Icke. "A model selection protocol to support the use of models for water management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2007): 634–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-634-2007.
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Abstract. Models are widely used to assist water managers in their duties, yet there is little advice to help water managers select a model appropriate to their particular application. The advice that is available is specific to either the application type or models considered, focused on one aspect of model application, e.g. goodness-of-fit comparisons between observations and simulations and unrealistic, e.g. in separating model selection from wider aspects of the intended application. This paper proposes a model selection protocol that recognises the particular requirements of the application, the roles of individuals associated with modelling studies, and the importance of establishing an informed dialogue between them. Establishing this common understanding at the outset of any modelling study is highly important in securing a successful outcome to the modelling process.
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Kalmah, Kalmah, Endang Larasati, Hartuti Purnaweni, and Kismartini Kismartini. "Policy Content Analysis of Rawapening Lake Management Team." Technium Social Sciences Journal 38 (December 9, 2022): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v38i1.7894.
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Rawapening lake is one of multifunction lake in central java province. It is one of the priority lake in Indonesia. Rawapening Lake has been degraded due to its function. The most visible impacts are the decreasing of physical and chemical quality of the lake water and the decreasing of the lake carrying capacity. There have been several policies of Lake management in Indonesia, but most of lakes condition in Indonesia are still degrading. The Governor Decision number 610 was issue in 2019. This policy is about establishment of Rawapening Lake management team form multi stakes holder which consist of steering team, implementing team which consist of five working groups. Since the establishment of Rawapening lake management team, reportedly there has been positive changes in Rawapening condition. The content of this policy can be the key to sustainable lake management in Indonesia. The content analysis of the Rawapening management team is subjected in to three focuses as follows: the duties of steering team, the duties of implementing team, what have the working group done as part of the implementing team.
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Jenkins, James O. "A policy development perspective on drinking water policy." Water Policy 14, no. 2 (September 27, 2011): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.029.
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This paper seeks to address the lack of knowledge in the water industry of how policy development can be understood to have shaped the development and application of European Union (EU) drinking water policy. In particular, the paper develops a comparative understanding of how policy development can be viewed as having affected the development and application of the Drinking Water Directive (80/778/EEC) in England/Wales and the Republic of Ireland. As a result of this focus, the paper explores policy development issues relating to conflicting interests, invalid causal theories, political symbolism, lack of attention to detail by policy makers, and the allocation of duties and resources. It is subsequently established that consideration of these issues is useful in fostering a focused understanding of how policy development may have affected policy application. Despite the significant changes which took place with regard to the development of the current Drinking Water Directive (98/883/EC), the paper concludes by arguing that greater attention should be accorded the conflicting interests and abilities of Member States during the development of EU water policy, particularly if attempts are to be made to identify measures targeted at improving the application of EU water policy in a diverse political and economic union of member states.
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Njiru, Dickson K., and Dr Gladys Bunyasi. "EFFECT OF INTERNAL CONTROLS ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF WATER COMPANIES IN KENYA (A CASE OF WATER COMPANIES IN TANA WATER SERVICES BOARD)." American Journal of Finance 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajf.81.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of internal controls on financial performance of water service Providers in Kenya a case study of Water Companies under Tana Water services Board region in Kenya.Methodology: The study used a descriptive survey study research design. The population of the study was 22 Members of the audit committee, 22 Finance Managers, 22 internal auditors and 22 senior accountants in WSPs in TWSB region as at December 2014. The study conducted a purposive sampling of the selected members of the Audit Committee, Finance/ Commercial Managers, Internal Auditors and Senior Accountants in the selected WSPs. The study used primary method of which was obtained by use of structured questionnaires. The data was prepared in readiness for analysis by editing, handling blank responses, coding, categorizing and keyed into statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer software for analysis. The particular descriptive statistics included frequencies and percentages while the particular inferential statistics included correlation analysis and regression. Correlation analysis was to establish the association between the variables while a multiple linear regression model was used to test the significance of the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The data was represented in form of tables and pie charts.Results: The study found that segregation of duties, cash reconciliation, inventory audits and cost management influence the performance of water companies under Tana water services Board. The findings revealed a strong positive relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study also recommended that the managers of water companies should adopt efficient management practices. This will help improve the financial performance of the water companies. The study also recommended that the managers address various challenges affecting internal control systems in the water companies. The challenges hindered effective financial performance of the organizations.
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Qumbu, Bronwen. "The Role of the Courts in Advancing Water Security in South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (September 29, 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a9004.
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This article explores the role which courts could play in promoting water security in South Africa. As the country is one of the driest on the continent, its water security issues remain at the forefront of the service delivery conundrum. Therefore, issues of water security often need to be litigated to arrive at a favourable and just outcome. This is where the focus of this article lies. Based on a critical analysis of the legal framework governing water security and relevant case law, the article argues that courts could promote water security by discharging certain duties. Firstly, the courts must uphold the applicable law by weighing the rights and interests that relate to water and must then make reasonable, just and equitable findings. Secondly, the courts must solve water-related disputes between parties by interpreting and applying the applicable laws and policies. It is submitted that by executing these two functions, the courts contribute to a deeper understanding of the water security discourse. Finally, it is argued that through the execution of their traditional judicial functions, courts contribute to the making of law that directly affects water security.
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Blackstock, Kirsty L., Elizabeth A. Kirk, and Alison D. Reeves. "Sociology, Science and Sustainability: Developing Relationships in Scotland." Sociological Research Online 10, no. 2 (July 2005): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1097.
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This paper considers the application of the sociological imagination during the analysis of data collected during an ethnographic study of an environmental regulator, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). SEPA is tasked with implementing the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Scotland, which will radically alter the regulation of water use. Applying a sociological imagination allowed the researcher to advocate for a more interdisciplinary and equitable understanding of sustainable water use when feeding back initial research results at the end of the data collection period. The researchers introduced socialised definitions of the environment, which linked social justice and ecological concerns. These insights provided a challenge to the traditional bio-physical science focus of the organisational participants, for whom sustainability is a relatively new addition to their duties. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of developing these interdisciplinary relationships in the future.
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Adhitia, Adhitia, Idham Idham, and Fadlan Fadlan. "Tugas dan Kewenangan Vts Batam dalam Pengawasan Lalu Lintas Pelayaran Di Selat Singapura." Wajah Hukum 6, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v6i1.706.
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The government, as well as all of us as rulers, managers and users of the sea, are responsible for regulating the flow of traffic to ensure that maritime activities run smoothly and safely. This requires defining channel and crossing functions, which can be done through the use of navigational hazard labeling and updating of water level conditions. The purpose of this study is to find out how the VTS legal duties and authorities are arranged in the supervision of shipping traffic in the Singapore strait, how the VTS Batam duties and authorities are carried out, and what factors hinder the VTS legal duties and authority in supervising shipping traffic in the strait. Singapore. This study collects primary data through fieldwork using a normative and sociological research approach. To collect primary data, descriptive technique is combined with a normative approach (legal research). For marine activities, some locations must be equipped with a Vessel Traffic Information System (VTS) or Radar Beacons for security and strategic considerations. The decision will be announced by the Minister as soon as all the shipping lane requirements have been met, and will be communicated to the maritime world through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), in accordance with the convention that has adopted the standard for the use of shipping lanes. reporting system of ships at sea to operators on land traffic monitoring. This equipment has a VTIS attached to it, enabling it to detect the ship's name, position, speed and course. This data is then entered into the system and continuously monitored.
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Ho, Erica W., Sophia Strohmeier-Breuning, Madeleine Rossanese, Dana Charron, David Pennise, and Jay P. Graham. "Diverse Health, Gender and Economic Impacts from Domestic Transport of Water and Solid Fuel: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 10355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910355.
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(1) Background: Water and solid fuel collection and transport are domestic duties for millions of households across the globe. People in areas with limited or no access to safely managed sources of water and household energy must fetch these resources on a frequent basis. The health, gender, and economic impacts associated with water and solid fuel collection labor have not been systematically reviewed. (2) Methods: Studies were identified through database searches and included using a list of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were summarized and grouped into one of eight thematic categories. (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that a diverse and heavy health burden is associated with water and solid fuel collection and transport. The literature also suggests that the provision of safely managed and accessible water and improved fuel options can mitigate these negative outcomes. Filling research gaps and utilizing results to guide policy and funding would likely be an effective way to ensure low- and middle-income countries are not left behind as the world strives to meet the sustainable development goals.
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Chivu, Oana Roxana, Augustin Semenescu, Claudiu Babis, Catalin Amza, Gabriel Iacobescu, Zoia Apostolescu, Valentin Petrescu, and George Mihail Adir. "The Impact of the Industrial Processing of Oil on the Rainfall Water Quality." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.1.5414.
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Rainfall is a major component of the environment and the main source of the air purification becouse of many pollutants increases who have the most varied sources: various human activities including industry and agriculture, and some household duties. Air purification by means of precipitation is achieved by numerous highly complex mechanisms. The final products of degradation of the pollutant in the air, which are generally harmless, can be reacted with each other in the presence of water, giving rise to the final compounds with a high toxicity. Thus, exhaust, mobile sources of noxious almost identical to those specific activities in the industrial processing of oil, contain lead which is the ideal catalyst for converting SO2 to sulfuric acid in the presence of rainwater, with all the disadvantages that they create. This paper will present an experimental research oabout how rainfall water quality is influenced by the activity of the industrial processing of oil, in a chemical plant in Constanta County.
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Sudenis, Robert. "SAFETY OF MASS EVENTS IN INTERNAL SEA WATERS." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XIV (November 2, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6129.
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Each country has an obligation to provide its society with a sense of broadly understood security. Public safety occupies a special place in this catalogue both in everyday life and at mass events. At such gatherings, the participant has the right to require decent entertainment, a good atmosphere, but above all the awareness that his property, health and life will not suffer. One has the right to expect this without wondering who is responsible for his safety at this place and time. Additionally, he has the right to believe that the event organizer has fulfilled all his duties. The above article focuses on changes in the approach to securing mass events and actions aimed at introducing statutory regulations on this issue. The manner in which the police conducted their duties due to imposed changes to the law on the security of mass events and the Police Act was analysed. The role of the Water Police Station in protection of public safety and order in waters intended for general use was also indicated, especially in the context of securing mass events of an artistic and entertainment nature.
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Hinck, Jo Ellen, Kimberly Chojnacki, Susan Finger, Greg Linder, and Kevin Kilbride. "A Geospatial Approach to Identify Water Quality Issues for National Wildlife Refuges in Oregon and Washington." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/112010-jfwm-043.
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Abstract Many National Wildlife Refuges (Refuges) have impaired water quality resulting from historic and current land uses, upstream sources, and aerial pollutant deposition. Competing duties limit the time available for Refuge staff to identify and evaluate potential water quality issues. As a result, water quality–related issues may not be resolved until a problem has already arisen. This study developed a geospatial approach for identifying and prioritizing water quality issues affecting natural resources (including migratory birds and federally listed species) within Refuge boundaries. We assessed the location and status of streams pursuant to the Clean Water Act in relation to individual Refuges in Oregon and Washington, United States. Although twelve Refuges in Oregon (60%) and eight Refuges in Washington (40%) were assessed under the Clean Water Act, only 12% and 3% of total Refuge stream lengths were assessed, respectively. Very few assessed Refuge streams were not designated as impaired (0% in Oregon, 1% in Washington). Despite the low proportions of stream lengths assessed, most Refuges in Oregon (70%) and Washington (65%) are located in watersheds with approved total maximum daily loads. We developed summaries of current water quality issues for individual Refuges and identified large gaps for Refuge-specific water quality data and habitat utilization by sensitive species. We conclude that monitoring is warranted on many Refuges to better characterize water quality under the Clean Water Act.
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Huda, Afton Ilman, and Tjipto Suwandi. "HUBUNGAN BEBAN KERJA DAN KONSUMSI AIR MINUM DENGAN DEHIDRASI PADA PEKERJA PABRIK TAHU." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 7, no. 3 (January 15, 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v7i3.2018.310-320.
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Dehidration can significantly impact the workers of Tahu UD Sumber Kencana Factory due to workplace climate of warm environments. In addition, high metabolism also occurs because of job duties. Workers who inadequate hydrated while working lead to dehydration. This study aims to reveal the relationship of hydration status between workload and water intake. By applying observational research with cross sectional approach, this study obtained 14 workers in tahu (tofu) and cincau production. Workload data was collected by using 10 pulse measurement method by Kilbon (1992), while water intake measurement was conducted with observation sheet of NIOSH (2011). The urine colors chart by Armstrong (1994) and Armstong (1998) was used to indicate the hydration status of workers. The results showed that workload measurement included in mild and moderate category, whereas water intake measurement was mostly indicated workers in low category. Assessing the worker’s hydration status signified varied findings that were included mild, moderate, and severe category. The statistic analysis of Spearman’s rank correlation showed that the workload had low relation to dehydration (r = 0.094) and had high relation between water intake and hydration (r = 0.882). According to results, it can be concluded that dehydration is more likely to occur to workers with low water intake while working.Keywords: dehydration, water intake, workload
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Ragothaman, Srinivasan C., William Wilcox, and Thomas L. Davies. "Garbage In, Garbage Out Waste Disposal Incorporated: An Audit Case." Issues in Accounting Education 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2003.18.3.307.
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Waste Disposal Incorporated (WDI) became a major player in both the domestic and international trash collection industries during the late 1990s by aggressively acquiring a large number of local haulers. The company also diversified into recycling, water treatment, energy, power, and lawn care. This rapid expansion initially resulted in substantial profits and a skyrocketing stock price for WDI. The financial market's desire for continued growth put intense pressure on the company to meet higher profit expectations. Increased government regulation of the waste industry and growing competition from smaller garbage haulers hindered WDI's ability to meet those expectations. When extensive cost-cutting measures failed to achieve their desired results, WDI's management turned to other strategies to keep the company at the top of the industry. In this case, you will follow Jane Sweeny, an audit manager employed by Alfred Peterson LLP, as she completes her duties as manager of the WDI 1999 year-end audit. Included in these duties is a review of the financial records, management's accounting practices, and other relevant details of WDI's audit. The review raises some doubts about the reasonableness of WDI's financial statements in Jane's mind. Jane also discusses her concerns with Peterson's engagement partner and the WDI controller.
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Olivelle, Patrick. "Long-distance trade in ancient India: Evidence from Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 1 (January 2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464619892894.
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Much of the significant data for long-distance and maritime trade across South Asia in the ancient period comes from archaeological sources. Nevertheless, textual sources too have some significant things to say about material culture and trade in the ancient world. In a special way, texts give insights into what people thought about trans-regional trade, the globalisation of the ancient world, both the good and the bad that came with it, insights that cannot be culled solely from archaeological data. This article’s focus is on the Arthaśāstra, which Kauṭilya wrote around middle of the first century ce, drawing on sources that predate him by a century or more. The Arthaśāstra does not have a separate section on trade, but trade data are scattered over at least four areas: (a) the treasury and its need for luxury goods: pearls, gems, diamonds, coral, sandalwood, aloe, incense, skins and furs, and cloth; (b) military needs: horses and elephants; (c) developing and guarding land and water routes and shipping; and (d) duties and taxes on imported goods. Significant data on trade are also provided in Kauṭilya’s discussion of trade routes and their protection, as well as data on duties and taxes on imported goods.
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Priedeman, Douglas K., Michael A. Garrabrant, James A. Mathias, Roger E. Stout, and Richard N. Christensen. "Performance of a Residential-Sized GAX Absorption Chiller." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 123, no. 3 (March 14, 2001): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1385519.
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This research effort involved experimentally testing an advanced-cycle, ammonia-water absorption chiller with a cooling capacity of 17.6 kW (5 refrigeration tons (RT)). The system was a generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle and was sized for residential and light commercial use, where very little absorption equipment is currently used. The components of the cycle were assembled with instrumentation, including flow meters, pressure transducers, and thermocouples. The findings of the research were cycle cooling load and coefficient of performance (COP), as well as many component heat duties and working fluid state points throughout the cycle. The COP of the chiller at essentially full load was measured at 0.68. A simulation of the GAX cycle was performed with a computer program that predicted the heat duties of each component and the cooling load of the cycle. The simulation of the GAX cycle and experimental testing compared closely. Existing market research shows that significant business opportunities exist for a GAX heat pump or chiller with a cooling COP of 0.70 or greater. The work performed in this study consisted of testing a GAX cycle with a COP that approached the target value of 0.70 and identified improvements that must be made to reach the target COP value.
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Abas Olwol, Jasper, Eliab Byamukama Mpora, Isaac Newton Kayongo, and Benson Tukundane. "The Effect of Accountability on Performance of National Water and Sewerage Corporation in Uganda." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 03 (March 26, 2022): 3199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i3.em6.
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The paper confirms that the effect of accountability on performance of national water and sewerage corporation in Uganda. Accountability can increase performance of an organization through implementing mechanisms which improve performance of individuals in those organizations. Such mechanisms include performance appraisals and specification of duties and responsibilities for each individual employee. The study was guided by objective to examine the effect of accountability on performance of national water and sewerage corporation in Uganda.
The study adopted a descriptive correlational and cross-sectional survey design, involving mainly a quantitative approach and supplemented with a qualitative approach. The model is statistically significant, implying that all the three constructs of accountability taken together significantly affect performance of NWSC (F=64.119, sig. = 0.000). These results imply that, there are many other factors which influence performance of NWSC, other than accountability. According to the findings of this study, components like transparency significantly improve performance of an organization. In order to improve accountability and eventually the performance of the entire organization, management should put more emphasis on implementation of the control environment component of internal controls.
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He, Wenkai. "Public Interest and the Financing of Local Water Control in Qing China, 1750–1850." Social Science History 39, no. 3 (2015): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.63.
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River works constituted the largest civil expenditure of the Qing state. In theory, the fiscal responsibility of the Qing state only stretched to major conservancy efforts of the Yellow River and Grand Canal, as well as the construction and maintenance of major river banks and irrigation initiatives. Smaller projects were funded and managed by local communities. Nonetheless, this division of funding between the state and local society was blurred in practice. Since the early eighteenth century, the Qing state routinely advanced the monies to pay for major repair and reconstruction of nonstate water-control projects; the communities who benefited from the finished project returned the investment to the state through extra duties on land taxes. This special method for financing hydraulic projects was frequently used in the first half of the nineteenth century when the Qing state experienced increasing fiscal difficulties. By examining the application of this financing method in different places and under varying circumstances between 1750 and 1850, this paper argues that the legitimation of state power through public good provision was the major justification of this policy.
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Petrig, Anna, and Maria Stemmler. "ARTICLE 16 UNESCO CONVENTION AND THE PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 69, no. 2 (April 2020): 397–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000081.
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AbstractDeep-water technology and commercial interests have put the protection of underwater cultural heritage under considerable pressure in recent decades. Yet the 2001 UNESCO Convention has the potential to fend off the threat—if fully implemented. This article sets out the legislative duties States Parties have under one of the Convention's core provisions: Article 16. It requires States Parties to take a triad of legislative measures: they must enact prohibitions, impose criminal sanctions and establish corresponding jurisdiction over their nationals and vessels. In addition, the comprehensive protection of underwater cultural heritage also necessitates measures covering acts of corporate treasure hunters, even though this is not required by the Convention itself.
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Grönwall, Jenny, and Kerstin Danert. "Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm." Water 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020419.
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Globally, some 2.5 billion people depend solely on groundwater to satisfy their daily drinking water needs. The reliance on this resource and its centrality to realize the human right to ‘safe’ drinking water has increased manifold, but this is yet to be fully acknowledged globally or by governments and political leaders at the national level. This paper analyses the interface of international human rights law, as corresponding to the obligations and responsibilities of different actors, regarding groundwater resources planning, management and protection. Drawing on the literature, we discuss the State’s duties to respect, protect and fulfil this right especially in relation to the freedom of end-users to self-supply from groundwater sources; the training and regulation of non-State service providers including drillers and private vendors; and health and safety concerns. Interpreting the State’s duty to ‘fulfil’ through direct water service provision ‘as a last resort’, this paper suggests that self-provision is the original norm for enjoying the right to water. This has significant implications for the State’s role in raising awareness concerning point source protection and aquifer recharge for water resources management and in decisions concerning water allocation. By ignoring self-provision, which is primarily from groundwater, the State is not only missing a tremendous opportunity but is jeopardizing the water security of future generations.
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JAWAD, NAEEM, ADNAN MAZARI, AKCAGUN ENGIN, HAVELKA ANTONIN, and KUS ZDENEK. "Analysis of thermal properties, water vapor resistance and radiant heat transmission through different combinations of firefighter protective clothing." Industria Textila 69, no. 06 (January 1, 2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.069.06.1463.
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This experimental work is an effort to seek the possibility of improvement in thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing at different levels of heat flux density. Improvement in thermal protective performance means enhancement in the time of exposure against the heat flux, which will provide extra time to firefighters to perform their duties without suffering from severe injuries. Four different multilayer combinations of firefighter protective clothing were investigated. Each combination consists of outer shell, moisture barrier and thermal liner. Aerogel sheet was also employed as a substitute to thermal barrier. Initially, properties like thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, and water vapor resistance of multilayer fabric assemblies were investigated. Later on these combinations were exposed to different levels of radiant heat flux density i.e. at 10, 20 and 30 kW/m2 as per ISO 6942 standard. It was noted that those combinations in which aerogel blanket was used as thermal barrier acquire greater thermal resistance, water vapor resistance and have less transmitted heat flux density values.
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Balasubramanya, Soumya, Joseph P. G. Price, and Theodore M. Horbulyk. "Impacts Assessments without True Baselines: Assessing the Relative Effects of Training on the Performance of Water User Associations in Southern Tajikistan." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 03 (July 2018): 1850007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x18500078.
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Conducting rigorous evaluations of whether the process of creating new institutions affects their performance of mandated duties presents several challenges. Not only is assignment to process often not random, but when the process of creating new institutions starts, outcomes and other performance-influencing covariates are not measurable because the yet-to-be created institutions are not functioning at baseline. This paper compares the performance of 74 ‘treated’ water user associations (WUAs) in Tajikistan that were created using a longer training process with 67 ‘control’ WUAs that were created using shorter training, to assess the impact of training on WUA performance of mandated duties. First, propensity scores were constructed to estimate the probabilities of being ‘treated’ by treatment status. These results guided the application of the difference-in-difference technique with right-hand side covariates in a context where field measures of outcomes and other performance-influencing covariates were made after the new institutions were created and functioning. The first measures were taken within 12–18 months of the new institutions being functional and the second measures were taken 24 months after the first. This choice of methods introduces a bias due to measurement error causing an underestimate of the treatment effects, while controlling for biases due to time-invariant and time-varying unobservables. An alternative method that only compared the differences in outcomes at a single point in time after the new institutions were created would have provided an inaccurate estimate of the effects of the intervention. This is a context in which methods such as synthetic controls are impossible to employ due to the nature of the intervention, other macroeconomic structural changes, and severe data restrictions. The methodology employed here generates evidence that, while biased toward generating an underestimate of effect, can still be useful and informative for policy and management purposes, and for evaluating the impact of process on the functioning of new institutions in transition settings.
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Sani, Yahaya, and Miklas Scholz. "Gender and Other Vulnerabilities to Water–Energy Accessibility in Rural Households of Katsina State, Northern Nigeria." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 7499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127499.
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Water and energy are essential resources for all people. However, despite the availability of sufficient water and energy resources, men and women continue to be subject to unequal rights to both water and energy in terms of access, allocation, gathering, and quality of resources. Socio-economic parameters, which include gender, income, and location, are determinant factors of water and cooking energy accessibility in this study. The research aims to assess the accessibility of water and cooking fuels across female-headed households, and evaluate particular vulnerabilities and challenges faced by women and children in rural areas of Katsina State in circumstances of water and energy insecurities. A study involving a questionnaire covering 550 rural households across 11 areas in Katsina State, north-western Nigeria, was conducted. A Pearson product correlation analysis was performed to measure the strength of association between the respondents educational level and income. A chi-square test of independence was carried out to measure the degree of dependence of the households’ resources accessibility. The authors assessed the disproportionate threats and health risks linked to fetching water and gathering of fuel resources. The research findings indicate that water and energy uncertainty among women in rural households is due to unequal responsibilities associated with water- and energy-related household duties that are potentially linked to disadvantages for females, including violence, security threats, diseases, and disempowerment. To address these challenges, water and energy interventions, and important pathways for beneficial change, are proposed for rural regions in sub-Saharan Africa. This should lead to more gender equity associated with water and energy.
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Seydhoseini, Shamsosadat, Fahime Fathi Lahali, and Amir Hassan Susaraie. "The investigation of the relation between ergonomics level and the quality of giving services based on servqual Model." Journal of Management and Accounting Studies 8, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol8iss1pp1-8.
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Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the relation between ergonomics level and the quality of giving services to the users in water and waste water Co. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of objective and from the view of method is descriptive-survey research. The sample population is the staffs of water and waste water Co. (the subject of Ergonomics) and the users of the company (the subject of services quality). 171 samples were selected randomly for ergonomics subject and 384 samples for service quality. Data collection tool was questionnaire and Ergonomic questionnaire was divided into administrative and technical questionnaires. From the view of the staffs, services quality questionnaire of Servqual model was distributed. Results: To determine the correlation between the variables, Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The results of the research indicated the lack of relation between ergonomics level and the quality of giving services in water and water waste company. Conclusion: Theoretical inference of the research was that observing ergonomic principles increases services quality and theoretically, if an employee is not comfortable in this duties, it is possible not to do the work correctly or a person who is tired in work place, some problems such as low precision during work, less physical and mental performance speed and considerable mistakes in his reports are created.
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Ptak, Emilia Noel, Morten Graversgaard, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Tommy Dalgaard. "Nitrate Management Discourses in Poland and Denmark—Laggards or Leaders in Water Quality Protection?" Water 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092371.
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The most significant source of nitrate pollution in the European Union (EU) is attributed to agricultural activities, which threaten drinking water, marine, and freshwater resources. The Nitrates Directive is a key feature of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which seeks to reduce nitrate pollution from agricultural sources. Yet, weak compliance by Member States (MS) diminishes the legitimacy of the EU environmental acquis and undermines efforts to achieve environmental objectives. This study examines the nitrate management discourse in Poland to identify influencing factors that impact governance capacity and overall compliance performance. The empirical investigation is based on nine stakeholder interviews, three written correspondences, and a literature review that collectively comprise an evaluation study. A comparison in governance approaches between Poland and Denmark provides a calibration in assessing performance respective to another MS. The findings categorize both Poland and Denmark as “laggard” in WFD compliance. This case contributes new insights in identifying 6 enabling and 13 constraining factors affecting the ability of MS to fulfill their implementation duties. The findings demonstrate that divergent stakeholder views based on historical and cultural norms require a differentiated approach tailored to domestic conditions for effective fulfillment of the objectives set forth in EU environmental legislation.
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Crowhurst, Georgina. "Receivers’ Liability for Contamination in the UK." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 15, Issue 2 (February 1, 2006): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2006003.
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This article provides guidance on non-administrative receivers’ liability for contamination, including contaminated land, water pollution, escapes of hazardous substances and management asbestos in the UK. Statutory and common law liabilities are critically assessed.In England and Wales receivers have statutory duties under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IIA) in respect of contaminated land.Regarding liability for the remediation of contaminated land, a receiver is personally liable only for acts and omissions that it is unreasonable for a person acting as a receiver to do or make (Environmental Protection Act 1990, s.78X(3)).A receiver will usually expect to be indemnified by the mortgagee for any liability for unreasonable acts and omissions in relation to contaminated land. However, in the absence of indemnification, appropriate insurance cover may be available.Insurance should be considered because although receivers have a limited liability under the contaminated land regime (Environmental Protection Act 1990, Part IIA), environmental claims could also occur under the Water Resources Act 1991 or common law.
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Nikitina, A. "REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF PILOTS OF INLAND WATERWAYS IN THE USSR IN THE EARLY 1930S." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7, no. 3 (December 12, 2022): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-1733-2021-7-3(2)-264-269.
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The article indicates that only after the adoption of the USSR Merchant Shipping Code of 1929, it was possible to determine the main components of the charter of inland water transport of 1930, including issues related to raft crews and pilots of raft breeders (Chapter 4 of the Charter). Chapter 5 of the charter established the circle of responsible bodies and the methods of their interaction, and chapter 6 on the issues of the coastline and marinas. The issues of the status, position, tasks and duties of pilots on inland waterways were not reflected in the charter, obviously because these pilots were subsequently included in the ship’s crews or were ordinary employees of various departments, having lost their independent status and separate organization. The resolution of the situation became possible in 1931-1932. with the allocation of water transport in a separate People’s Commissariat. After that, an active process of regulating the activities of river pilots by various interested departments began.