Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water Electrolysis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Water Electrolysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Electrolysis"

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Proost, Joris. "(Invited) Techno-Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341735mtgabs.

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Hydrogen production today Today, hydrogen is still mainly being used as a specialty chemical, including the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, and during steel and glass manufacturing where it is the preferred reducing gas during annealing and forming processes. The great majority of all these H2 is being produced by 2 large-scale chemical processes : steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification. Both of these processes are heavily CO2 intensive, SMR emitting up to 8 tons of CO2 per ton of H2 produced. Therefore, with the objective of reaching the CO2 emission targets already in today's fossil-based H2 production, the part of electrolytic hydrogen produced from renewable electricity should significantly increase. However, in order to meet the current global H2 demand of around 80 Mton/year, a total of 300 GW installed electrolyser capacity would already be needed today. Such instantaneous massive electrolyser deployment is not very realistic. Alternatively, a selection of technologically feasible market penetrations for electrolytic H2 needs to be made. In the ideal case, such a selection also implies that todays local H2 consumers, besides becoming local (on-site) producers of renewable electricity, also need to become local (on-site) producers of electrolytic H2, at a production scale which still allows to meet the stringent requirement of fossil parity. The cost of electrochemical hydrogen production As compared to an individual large-scale SMR production unit, typically corresponding to an electrolyser power equivalent well above 100 MW, the basic units of a water electrolyser are rather small-scale : both the geometrical area of the electrodes (a few m2 at most) and the number of electrodes that can be compiled in series in a single stack is relatively limited. As a result, the unit size of water electrolysers has long been limited to the kW-range, a typical on-site containerized production unit being a few 100 kW at most. However, in order to be able to realize the coupling to renewables, the power scale of water electrolysers needs to become at least of the same order of magnitude as the renewable electricity source itself, i.e. multi-MW. Such an electrolyser scale-up is typically being realised by increasing the number of cells per stack. However, from the state-of-the-art data that we recently collected from a number of electrolyser manufacturers, such a "keep-on-stacking" approach seems to have a practical limit at around 200 cells/stack [2]. Beyond that number, other balance-of-plant issues come into play. Therefore, for multi-MW applications, multi-stack electrolyser systems are typically being used. While it is technically feasible to produce electrolytic hydrogen with such multi-stack systems at the multi-MW scale (even >100MW), as was already demonstrated several decades ago, the critical question still remains at what price/cost this can be done today. In this respect, the 3 major parameters affecting the electrolytic H2 production cost are the operational time of the electrolyser, the cost of renewable electricity, and the electrolyser CAPEX. Hence, before becoming a realistic alternative production technology, there is a need for cheap(er) renewable electricity (well below 70 €/MWh) and the investment cost of electrolysers needs to be brought down (to about 500 €/kW). Luckily, with respect to all these requirements, significant progress has been made over the past years, as we will highlight in our presentation using the most recent data from both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The scale of fossil parity for electrolytic hydrogen An important techno-economic aspect then relates to the production scale required for obtaining fossil parity with electrolytic H2. Indeed, one might wrongly conclude that reaching the required reduction in electrolyser CAPEX down to about 500 €/kW would require very large-scale electrolytic H2 production units around 100 MW or above, on the same order of today's SMR units. However, our own recent data suggest that there might be a much smaller production scale for reaching such low CAPEX values. Indeed based on an extrapolation of the currently available CAPEX data for single-stack alkaline electrolysers, the level of 500 €/kW could already be reached at less than 10 MW [3]. Such a significant reduction in the scale required for fossil parity is directly related to the much steeper reduction in CAPEX that can be realised for single-stack as compared to multi-stack water electrolysis systems. Some promising implications of such small-scale fossil parity will be discussed during our presentation as well. [1] Global Hydrogen Review 2023, International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023 [2] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, 4406-4413 (2019) [3] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45, 17067-17075 (2020)
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Aliyev, A. Sh, R. G. Guseynova, U. M. Gurbanova, D. M. Babanly, V. N. Fateev, I. V. Pushkareva, and D. B. Tagiyev. "ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS." Chemical Problems 16, no. 3 (2018): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2018-3-283-306.

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Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.

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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.
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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Alejandro O. Barnett, Thulile Khoza, Patrick Fortin, Sara Andrenacci, Alaa Y. Faid, Pål Emil England Karstensen, Svein Sunde, and Simon Clark. "An Open-Source Continuum Model for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362002mtgabs.

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Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis has the potential to produce green hydrogen at low cost by combining the advantages of conventional alkaline electrolysis and proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. The alkaline environment in AEM electrolysis enables the use of less expensive catalysts such as nickel, whereas the use of a solid polymer electrolyte enables differential pressure operation. Recent advancements in AEM performance and lifetime have spurred interest in AEM electrolysis, but many open research areas remain, such as understanding the impacts of water transport in the membrane and salt content in the electrolyte on cell performance and degradation. Furthermore, integrating electrolyser systems into renewable energy grids necessitates dynamic operation of the electrolyser cell, which introduces additional challenges. Computational modelling of AEM electrolysis is ideally suited to tackle many of these open questions by providing insight into the transport processes and electrochemical reactions occurring in the cell under dynamic conditions. In this work, an open-source, transient continuum modelling framework for anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is presented and applied to study electrolyzer cell dynamic performance. The one-dimensional cell model contains coupled equations for multiphase flow in the porous transport layers, a parameterized solution property model for potassium hydroxide electrolytes, and coupled ion and water transport equations to account for water activity gradients within the AEM. The model is validated with experimental results from an AEM electrolyser cell. We find that pH gradients develop within the electrolyte due to the production and consumption of hydroxide, which can lead to voltage losses and cell degradation. The influence of these pH gradients on potential catalyst dissolution mechanisms is explored and discussed. Finally, initial studies of transient operation will be presented. This work has been performed in the frame of the CHANNEL project. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under grant agreement No 875088. This Joint undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Some of this work has been performed within the MODELYS project "Electrolyzer 2030 – Cell and stack designs" financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project number 326809.
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Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.

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The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.
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Chen, Long, Xiaoli Dong, Fei Wang, Yonggang Wang, and Yongyao Xia. "Base–acid hybrid water electrolysis." Chemical Communications 52, no. 15 (2016): 3147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09642a.

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Zhang, Fan, Junjie Zhou, Xiaofeng Chen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yayun Zhao, Yulong Tang, Ziqi Tian, et al. "The Recent Progresses of Electrodes and Electrolysers for Seawater Electrolysis." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030239.

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The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis.
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Therkildsen, Kasper T. "(Invited) Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: An Industrial Perspective." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341692mtgabs.

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Electrolysers is a novel component in the energy system and is expected to play a key role in the transition to a fossil free energy system and supply Green Hydrogen to a number of small- and large-scale applications within a number of industries e.g. transportation, industry etc. with several hundreds of GW is projected to be installed towards 2030. Modularity and mass production are key factors for the large scale deployment of electrolysis as envisioned in Hydrogen Strategies across the World. However, a number of different design strategies and modularities can be chosen in order to achieve this. This talk focuses on fundamental aspects of alkaline electrolysis including industrial requirements for catalysts and diaphragms, how to develop an electrolyser product and the development of multi-MW alkaline electrolysers plants with factory assembled modules allowing rapid on-site installation in order to keep up with the pace needed to reach deployment targets.
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González-Cobos, Jesús, Bárbara Rodríguez-García, Mabel Torréns, Òscar Alonso-Almirall, Martí Aliaguilla, David Galí, David Gutiérrez-Tauste, Magí Galindo-Anguera, Felipe A. Garcés-Pineda, and José Ramón Galán-Mascarós. "An Autonomous Device for Solar Hydrogen Production from Sea Water." Water 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030453.

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Hydrogen production from water electrolysis is one of the most promising approaches for the production of green H2, a fundamental asset for the decarbonization of the energy cycle and industrial processes. Seawater is the most abundant water source on Earth, and it should be the feedstock for these new technologies. However, commercial electrolyzers still need ultrapure water. The debate over the advantages and disadvantages of direct sea water electrolysis when compared with the implementation of a distillation/purification process before the electrolysis stage is building in the relevant research. However, this debate will remain open for some time, essentially because there are no seawater electrolyser technologies with which to compare the modular approach. In this study, we attempted to build and validate an autonomous sea water electrolyzer able to produce high-purity green hydrogen (>90%) from seawater. We were able to solve most of the problems that natural seawater electrolyses imposes (high corrosion, impurities, etc.), with decisions based on simplicity and sustainability, and those issues that are yet to be overcome were rationally discussed in view of future electrolyzer designs. Even though the performance we achieved may still be far from industrial standards, our results demonstrate that direct seawater electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ≈7% can be achieved with common, low-cost materials and affordable fabrication methods.
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Reimanis, Madars, Jurijs Ozoliņš, Juris Mālers, and Vizma Nikolajeva. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH IN WATER." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 3, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol2.1031.

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Use of the TinO2n-1 electrode for water electrolysis process promotes the destruction of organic matter as shown by the changes in permanganate index different values of electrolysed and non electrolysed solution. Using the TinO2n-1 electrode in the electrolysis process with the presence of chlorine and bromine ions can create a lasting disinfectant effect that was demonstrated by the sharp decrease in the number of bacterial colony forming units in electrolysed solutions. Using the TinO2n-1 electrode in the electrolysis process with the presence of iodine ions can create a bacteriostatic effect which was maintained for at least 10 days in electrolysed solutions
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Electrolysis"

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Stemp, Michael C. "Homogeneous catalysis in alkaline water electrolysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/MQ45844.pdf.

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Engel, Johanna Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Advanced photoanodes for photoassisted water electrolysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89856.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2014.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
127
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 189-199).
With continuously growing energy demands, alternative, emission-free solar energy solutions become ever more attractive. However, to achieve sustainability, efficient conversion and storage of solar energy is imperative. Photoelectrolysis harnesses solar energy to evolve hydrogen and oxygen from water, thereby enabling energy storage via chemical means. Hematite or [alpha]-Fe₂O₃ has emerged as a highly promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical cells. While significant improvements in its performance have recently been achieved, it remains unclear why the maximum photocurrents still remain well below their theoretical predictions. This study investigates the defect chemistry and conduction mechanism of hematite in order to understand and improve this material's shortcomings. A defect model for donor doped hematite was derived and its predictions conformed by the electrical conductivity of ilmenite hematite solid solution bulk samples as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The enthalpies of the Schottky defect formation and the reduction reaction for hematite were determined as 13.4 eV and 5.4 eV, respectively. In addition, a temperature independent value for the electron mobility of 0.10 cm2/Vs for 1% Ti donor doped hematite was derived. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of nanometer scale, epitaxially grown thin films of the ilmenite hematite solid solution system was characterized by electrical impedance spectroscopy. This work reports a detailed correlation between the electrical conductivity of the undoped hematite, the 1 atom% Ti doped hematite and the thin films with higher ilmenite content and the conditions under which they were annealed (20° C=/< T =/< 800° c and 10-4 atm =/< po2 =/< atm). Hematite's room temperature conductivity can be increased from ~10-11 S/cm for undoped hematite films by as much as nine orders of magnitude by doping with the Ti donor. Furthermore, by controlling the non-stoichiometry of Ti-doped hematite, one can tune its conductivity by up to five orders of magnitude. Depending on processing conditions, donor dopants in hematite may be compensated largely by electrons or by ionic defects (Fe vacancies). The electron mobility of the film was determined to be temperature independent at 0.01 cm2/Vs for the < 0001 > epitaxial film containing a Ti donor density of 4.0 x 1020 cm-3. Finally, the photoelectrochemical performance of these materials was tested by cyclic voltammetry and measurements of their quantum efficiencies. The 1% Ti doped hematite thin film exhibited the highest photocurrent density of these dense, thin films at 0.9mA/cm2 with an applied bias of 1.5V vs. RHE. The IPCE of this sample reached 15% at wavelengths between 300nm and 350nm after an annealing treatment at 580° for 36 h. The solid solution containing 33% ilmenite preformed nearly as well as the doped hematite. The performance decreased with higher ilmenite concentrations in the solid solution. For all samples containing any ilmenite, the onset potential shifted to lower values by ~200mV after the annealing treatment. The increase in charge carrier density upon reduction of Ti doped hematite was conformed by a Mott-Schottky analysis of the hematite/electrolyte interface. In contrast, only minor changes in the carrier density were observed when reducing an undoped hematite photoanode. Changes in slope of the Mott-Schottky plots revealed the presence of deep trap states in the hematite films. In-situ UV-vis spectroscopy displayed a pronounced optical signature corresponding to the existence of such deep levels. These results highlight the importance of carefully controlling photoanode processing conditions, even when operating within the material's extrinsic dopant regime, and more generally, provide a model for the electronic properties of semiconducting metal oxide photoanodes.
by Johanna Engel.
Ph. D.
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Kopecek, Radovan. "Electrolysis of Titanium in Heavy Water." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5023.

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The purpose of these studies was to determine if results similar to those of Fleischmann and Pons could be obtained using a titanium cathode instead of palladium in an electrolysis in a heavy water cell. The electrolyte consists of D20 and H2S04• Two experiments have been performed to examine the features of this electrolysis. As titanium shows the same properties to attract hydrogen, it seemed possible that excess heat could be produced. Radiation was monitored, and the surface of the titanium cathode was examined before and after electrolysis for any changes in the morphology and composition, hoping to discover new elements that can be created only by fusion reactions in the cell, i.e. by transmutation. The heat and radiation effects have been evaluated in comparison to a control cell, using the same electrolyte and current. The only difference was the cathode, which was of platinum. It appears that excess heat is produced during electrolyses of heavy water with a titanium cathode. The amount of this excess heat was 750 cal in a one hour period, an energy gain of 44%. No significant emission of any of the products associated with a "classical" deuterium-deuterium fusion was observed during either experiment, i.e. heat but no radiation. Unexpected elements were found in both experiments, i.e. K. Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Remarkable is the fact that the new elements always occur very close in the periodic table to an impurity element, i.e. Cu and Zn.
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Zaczek, Christoph. "Electrolysis of Palladium in Heavy Water." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5051.

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Following several reports in the past few years about compositional changes on palladium used as a cathode in heavy water electrolysis, the purpose of this research project was to reproduce this results. Two experiments were performed using two cells connected in series, an experimental cell and a control cell. Both experiments used platinum anodes, the experimental cell had a palladium cathode and the control cell had a platinum cathode. The electrolyte was D20 with H2S04. Radiation was monitored during both experiments. Also temperature and voltage were recorded for both experiments, to allow statements about excess heat of the experimental cell in comparison to the control cell. Both experiments had problems with unequal electrolyte loss, so that no statements about excess heat could be made. No significant radiation was detected in either experiment. Also no compositional changes on the palladium cathodes after electrolysis in both experiments could be detected. Impurities in grain-shaped defects on the palladium cathode before the experiment were found in either experiment. These impurities were Si, Ca, 0, and sometimes also Mg, Na and Fe. Localized findings of Au and Pt, in a distance of 1-2μm to each other, were made on the palladium cathode from the second experiment before electrolysis. Spot, grain-shaped and longitudinal defects were found on the original palladium foil used for the cathodes in either experiment No evidence for fusion, or any other nuclear reaction in the crystal lattice of palladium, used as cathode in heavy water electrolysis, was observed.
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Sathe, Nilesh. "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1147975951.

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Rasten, Egil. "Electrocatalysis in water electrolysis with solid polymerelectrolyte." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1177.

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Development and optimization of the electrodes in a water electrolysis system using a polymer membrane as electrolyte have been carried out in this work. A cell voltage of 1.59 V (energy consumption of about 3.8 kWh/Nm3 H2) has been obtained at practical operation conditions of the electrolysis cell (10 kA ·m−2, 90 ◦C) using a total noble metal loading of less than 2.4 mg·cm−2 and a Nafion ® -115 membrane. It is further shown that a cell voltage of less than 1.5 V is possible at the same conditions by combination of the best electrodes obtained in this work.

The most important limitation of the electrolysis system using polymer membrane as electrolyte has proven to be the electrical conductivity of the catalysts due to the porous backing/current collector system, which increases the length of the current path and decreases the cross section compared to the apparent one. A careful compromise must therefore be obtained between electrical conductivity and active surface area, which can be taylored by preparation and annealing conditions of the metal oxide catalysts.

Anode catalysts of different properties have been developed. The mixed oxide of Ir-Ta (85 mole% Ir) was found to exhibit highest voltage efficiency at a current density of 10 kA · m−2 or below, whereas the mixed oxide of Ir and Ru (60-80 mole% Ir) was found to give the highest voltage efficiency for current densities of above 10 kA · m−2.

Pt on carbon particles, was found to be less suitable as cathode catalyst in water electrolysis. The large carbon particles introduced an unnecessary porosity into the catalytic layer, which resulted in a high ohmic drop. Much better voltage efficiency was obtained by using Pt-black as cathode catalyst, which showed a far better electrical conductivity.

Ru-oxide as cathode catalyst in water electrolysis systems using a polymer electrolyte was not found to be of particular interest due to insufficient electrochemical activity and too low electrical conductivity.

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Gurrik, Stian. "Performance of supported catalysts for water electrolysis." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18880.

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The most active catalyst for oxygen evolution in PEM water electrolysis is ruthenium oxide. Its major drawback as a commercial catalyst is its poor stability. In a mixed oxide with iridium, ruthenium becomes more stable. However, it would be favorable to find a less expensive substitute to iridium. In this work, the dissolution potential and lifetime of mixed oxides containing ruthenium and tantalum are investigated. In order to effectively determine what effects tantalum and particle size have on stability, only a small amount of tantalum is used, and the catalysts are supported by antimony doped tin oxide, ATO. This leads to a very small particle size, and makes it possible to investigate small amounts of catalyst where little new surface is made available during degradation.Catalysts were prepared with the normal polyol method by reducing RuCl3 and TaCl5 in ethylene glycol, EG, before the metal particles were deposited on the ATO support. The catalysts were investigated electrochemically with cyclic and linear voltammetry. Furthermore, the lifetime of four catalysts were determined by chronoamperometry at 1.455V vs. RHE. The compositions and loading of catalyst on the support were determined by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the particle sizes were measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In one synthesis, the reduction time and temperature were increased from 3 hours at 170&#9702;C to 4 hours at 190&#9702;C in order to increase the reduction rate. While this had no effect on the Ta composition, the catalyst got a fraction of amorphous phase not found in any of the other catalysts. The amorphous Ru0.9Ta0.1O2 particles had the largest particle size and the highest stability of the ones investigated. 10wt% water was added to the synthesis of an ATO-RuO2 catalyst in order to increase the particle size, but no significant effect was observed. Larger RuO2 particles and amorphous Ru0.9Ta0.1O2 particles were obtained by collecting them as unsupported catalysts.The addition of tantalum has a negative effect on the catalytic activity. When Ta is present, the dissolution potential of Ru at around 1.45V is slightly increased, but the degradation rate is increased above 1.49V. A large particle size in RuO2 has a significant positive effect on stability.
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Lumanauw, Daniel. "Hydrogen bubble characterization in alkaline water electrolysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0017/MQ54129.pdf.

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Iacomini, Christine Schroeder. "Combined carbon dioxide/water solid oxide electrolysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290073.

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Solid oxide electrolysis of a mixture of water and carbon dioxide has many applications in space exploration. It can be implemented in propellant production systems that use Martian resources or in closed-loop life support systems to cleanse the atmosphere of facilities in extraterrestrial bases and of cabin spacecrafts. This work endeavors to quantify the performance of combined water and carbon dioxide electrolysis, referred to as "combined electrolysis", and to understand how it works so that the technology can be best applied. First, to thoroughly motivate the research, system modeling is presented that demonstrates the competitiveness of the technology in terms of electrolysis power requirements and consequential system mass savings. Second, to demonstrate and quantify the performance of the technology, experimental results are presented. Electrolysis cells were constructed with 8% by mol yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolytes, 50/50 by weight platinum/yttria-stabilized zirconia electrodes and chromium-alloy or alumina manifolds and tubing. Performance and gas chromatograph data from electrolysis of many different gas mixtures, including water, carbon dioxide, and a combined mixture of both, are presented. Third, to explain observations made during experiments and theorize about the phenomena governing combined electrolysis, data analyses and thermodynamic modeling are applied. Conclusions are presented regarding the transient response of combined electrolysis, the relative performance of it to that of other mixtures, how its performance depends on the water to carbon dioxide ratio, its effect on cell health, and its preference to water versus carbon dioxide. Procedures are also derived for predicting the composition of combined electrolysis exhaust for a given oxygen production rate, humidity content, and inlet flow rate. The influence of the two cell materials proves to be significant. However, in both cases it is proven that combined electrolysis does not encourage carbon deposition and the makeup of its products is governed by the water gas shift reaction. It is shown that the chromium-alloy system achieves water gas shift reaction equilibrium whereas the alumina system does not. Experimental observations support the argument that chromium oxide inside the chromium alloy cell forces its water gas shift reaction to equilibrium during electrolysis, influencing combined electrolysis performance.
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Ni, Meng, and 倪萌. "Mathematical modeling of solid oxide steam electrolyzer for hydrogen production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39011409.

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Books on the topic "Water Electrolysis"

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Cavaliere, Pasquale. Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8.

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Stemp, Michael Colin. Homogeneous catalysis in alkaline water electrolysis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1997.

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Hou, Junbo, and Min Yang. Green Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003368939.

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Nenner, T. Diaphragms for medium temperature advanced water electrolysis. Luxembourg: Commission ofthe European Communities Directorate-General Information Market and Innovation, 1985.

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Lumanauw, Daniel. Hydrogen bubble characterization in alkaline water electrolysis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Canadian Society of Civil Engineers., ed. Electrolysis in the city of Winnipeg. [Canada?: s.n., 1996.

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Kanarev, F. M. Water as a new source of energy. 2nd ed. Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University, 2000.

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Saur, Genevieve. Wind electrolysis: Hydrogen cost optimization. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Chen, Zhebo. Photoelectrochemical water splitting: Standards, experimental methods, and protocols. New York: Springer, 2013.

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H, Schubert F., Lee M. G, Life Systems Inc, and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center., eds. Impact of low gravity on water electrolysis operation: Final report. Cleveland, Ohio: Life Systems Inc., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water Electrolysis"

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Hine, Fumio. "Water Electrolysis." In Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering, 111–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0109-8_5.

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Lehner, Markus, Robert Tichler, Horst Steinmüller, and Markus Koppe. "Water Electrolysis." In Power-to-Gas: Technology and Business Models, 19–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03995-4_3.

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Naterer, Greg F., Ibrahim Dincer, and Calin Zamfirescu. "Water Electrolysis." In Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy, 99–152. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4938-5_4.

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Millet, Pierre. "PEM Water Electrolysis." In Hydrogen Production, 63–116. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527676507.ch3.

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Guillet, Nicolas, and Pierre Millet. "Alkaline Water Electrolysis." In Hydrogen Production, 117–66. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527676507.ch4.

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Ito, Kohei, Hua Li, and Yan Ming Hao. "Alkaline Water Electrolysis." In Green Energy and Technology, 137–42. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56042-5_9.

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Guth, Ulrich. "Water Vapor Electrolysis." In Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 2148–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_308.

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Cavaliere, Pasquale. "Photoelectrochemical Water Electrolysis." In Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production, 335–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8_9.

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Peng, Shengjie. "Alkaline Water Electrolysis." In Electrochemical Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting, 57–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4468-2_3.

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Cavaliere, Pasquale. "Electrolysis Economy." In Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production, 793–830. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water Electrolysis"

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Emam, Abdelrahman, Mohammad O. Hamdan, Bassam Abu-Nabah, and Emad Elnajjar. "Electrolyzers Parameters Impacting Alkaline Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production." In 2024 7th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Green Energy (CEEGE), 163–67. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceege62093.2024.10744076.

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Puteanus, Simon, Stefan Wettengel, Markus Meißner, and Steffen Bernet. "Multipulse Rectifiers for Large Scale Water-Electrolysis - Reactive Power and Harmonics." In 2024 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), 1–8. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecceeurope62508.2024.10751917.

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Qiao, Shikang, Yutong Wu, and Junbo Zhou. "Simulation of alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production system based on Aspen Plus." In 2024 3rd International Conference on Energy, Power and Electrical Technology (ICEPET), 493–96. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepet61938.2024.10626880.

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Lai, Fei, Tongtong Zhang, Jian Song, and Jinzhi Zhou. "Comparative analysis of solar-driven PEM water electrolysis systems for hydrogen production." In 2024 3rd International Conference on Energy Transition in the Mediterranean Area (SyNERGY MED), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/synergymed62435.2024.10799243.

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Chullen, Cinda, Dennis B. Heppner, and Martin Sudar. "Advancements in Water Vapor Electrolysis Technology." In Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/881041.

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Mabrak, Hassan, Siham Elmazouzi, Driss Takky, Youssef Naimi, and Ilhami Colak. "Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis: Review." In 2023 12th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrera59003.2023.10269356.

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Shahreza, Mahmoud Saleh, Ibrahim M. Albayati, and Aliyu Aliyu. "Patterned Electrodes for Hydrogen Production in Alkaline-Water Electrolysis." In ASME 2024 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2024-146211.

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Abstract Over the last decade, there has been a re-emergence of hydrogen as a clean fuel for the energy transition towards net-zero carbon emissions. Hence, significant interest has been shown in low-carbon and green hydrogen to power this transition. Water electrolysis has been identified as the most common method for green hydrogen production. However, increasing cell faradaic efficiencies for deployment at scale involves improving every part of the system, e.g., the electrodes. Recent investigations have suggested that the surface structure of electrodes can affect hydrogen evolution by increasing the active surface area of reaction. Yet, this has been explored with micro-pillars and micro-pits which have complex manufacturing processes. Hence, this study investigates surface macro-pits and patterns as more suitable replacements for industrial application. Steady-state, multi-phase computational simulations were carried out to investigate the characteristics hydrogen evolution over flat and macro-dimpled electrodes. Two current densities in alkaline-water electrolysis were explored. The results show that macro-dimples significantly eliminate static gas pockets when compared to flat electrodes suggesting more dynamic bubble detachment. Furthermore, dimple size also affects the HER process. In summary, the results hint at macro-patterns being promising in controlling hydrogen bubble evolution for better electrolytic cell performance for green hydrogen production.
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Dominguez, Rodrigo, Enrique Calderón, and Jorge Bustos. "Safety Process in electrolytic green hydrogen production." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001634.

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The article objective is to analyze the electrolytic process of green hydrogen production from process safety and process safety management (PSM) points of views. The green hydrogen through water electrolysis production of is emerging as one of the main and best alternatives to replace the use of fossil fuels and thus mitigate environmental pollution and its consequences to the planet. For this purpose, the principles of the electrolysis process were established, as well as the different ways to carry it out, among which are: Alkaline electrolysis (AE); Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and High-Temperature electrolysis (HTE). Its associated hazards and risks were mentioned, and the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) was calculated for the three electrolysis methods, obtaining similar results with each other. In addition, the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE) PSM standard and the main international standards must be applied to electrolytic hydrogen production systems, such as: ISO 31000:2018 ; ISO 15916:2015 and ISO 22734:2019, was observed. Like other fuels, hydrogen processes production must be managed with preventive measures avoid events may have negative consequences to people, structures, and surrounding environment.
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Geng, Jiafeng, Di Su, Tongkun Deng, Luotong Mo, Haojie Li, Lanwen Hu, and Chenyu Guo. "Optimization of A Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic Direct-Coupled Alkaline Water Electrolysis Setup by Experiment Method and Simulink Modeling." In SAE 2024 Vehicle Powertrain Diversification Technology Forum. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-7102.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Photovoltaic water electrolysis hydrogen production technology has garnered significant attention due to its zero carbon emissions and its potential to address the issue of grid fluctuations associated with solar power generation. However, the direct coupling technology for photovoltaic electrolyzer system remains underdeveloped, leading to the predominance of indirect coupling methods. This limitation results in a low overall conversion efficiency, which significantly hinders the application and promotion of this technology. In this paper, we first constructed a set of miniaturized photovoltaic water electrolysis devices, utilizing commercial photovoltaic modules and self-manufactured electrolyzer, and subsequently tested the operational characteristics of both components. Based on the experimental results, we established a simulation model for direct coupling of photovoltaic water electrolysis. This model incorporates the concept of supplying photovoltaic power to the electrolytic cells through DC conversion via an MPPT controller. This approach is deemed more operationally feasible compared to traditional series-parallel adjustment methods for electrolytic cells. The experimental findings also indicate that the series connection of electrolytic cells is necessary, with the number of cells not being too small to avoid fluctuations. In this paper, a configuration of six cells was selected as the final optimization solution. Additionally, we tested the adaptability of the system across a wide range of radiation intensities. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed solution and configuration can effectively adapt to variations in radiation intensity.</div></div>
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Sakurai, Masato, Mitsuo Oguchi, Takeshi Hoshino, Shoichi Yoshihara, and Mitsuru Ohnishi. "Study of Air Revitalization and Water Electrolysis..." In 56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-05-a1.p.04.

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Reports on the topic "Water Electrolysis"

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Xu, Hui, Judith Lattimer, Yamini Mohan, and Steve McCatty. High-Temperature Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1826376.

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Lin, Rui. The Application of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2024014.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Hydrogen has gained global recognition as a crucial energy resource, holding immense potential to offer clean, efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly energy solutions. Through water electrolysis powered by green electricity, the production of decarbonized “green hydrogen” is achievable. Hydrogen technology emerges as a key pathway for realizing the global objective of “carbon neutrality.” Among various water electrolysis technologies, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) stands out as exceptionally promising. It boasts high energy density, elevated electrolysis efficiency, and the capacity for high output pressure, making it a frontrunner in the quest for sustainable hydrogen production.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>The Application of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis</b> delves into the challenges and trends ahead of PEMWE—from fundamental research to practical application—and briefly describes its relative characteristics, key components, and future targets. The cost-effectiveness of PEMWE is illustrated and the report explores the potential for deeper integration into various industries, such as renewable energy consumption and hydrogen for industrial purposes. It further points the current trends, concluding with a series of recommendations for consideration by government, industry stakeholders, and researchers.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Kopecek, Radovan. Electrolysis of Titanium in Heavy Water. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6899.

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Zaczek, Christoph. Electrolysis of Palladium in Heavy Water. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6927.

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Kim, Yu Seung. Scalable Elastomeric Membranes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1423967.

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Linkous, C. A., R. Anderson, and R. W. Kopitzke. Development of solid electrolytes for water electrolysis at intermediate temperatures. Task 3 report; Annual report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564091.

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Valat, Mathieu. Elemental and Isotopic Measurements on Palladium After Heavy Water Electrolysis. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.60.

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Scott, C. D., J. E. Mrochek, E. Newman, T. C. Scott, G. E. Michaels, and M. Petek. A preliminary investigation of cold fusion by electrolysis of heavy water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5241344.

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Mukundan, Rangachary. Accelerated Stress Test (AST) Development for Advanced Liquid Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1844102.

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Wang, Jia X., and Michael Furey. Low Noble Metal Content Catalysts/Electrodes for Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1104660.

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