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Proost, Joris. "(Invited) Techno-Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341735mtgabs.
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Hydrogen production today Today, hydrogen is still mainly being used as a specialty chemical, including the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, and during steel and glass manufacturing where it is the preferred reducing gas during annealing and forming processes. The great majority of all these H2 is being produced by 2 large-scale chemical processes : steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification. Both of these processes are heavily CO2 intensive, SMR emitting up to 8 tons of CO2 per ton of H2 produced. Therefore, with the objective of reaching the CO2 emission targets already in today's fossil-based H2 production, the part of electrolytic hydrogen produced from renewable electricity should significantly increase. However, in order to meet the current global H2 demand of around 80 Mton/year, a total of 300 GW installed electrolyser capacity would already be needed today. Such instantaneous massive electrolyser deployment is not very realistic. Alternatively, a selection of technologically feasible market penetrations for electrolytic H2 needs to be made. In the ideal case, such a selection also implies that todays local H2 consumers, besides becoming local (on-site) producers of renewable electricity, also need to become local (on-site) producers of electrolytic H2, at a production scale which still allows to meet the stringent requirement of fossil parity. The cost of electrochemical hydrogen production As compared to an individual large-scale SMR production unit, typically corresponding to an electrolyser power equivalent well above 100 MW, the basic units of a water electrolyser are rather small-scale : both the geometrical area of the electrodes (a few m2 at most) and the number of electrodes that can be compiled in series in a single stack is relatively limited. As a result, the unit size of water electrolysers has long been limited to the kW-range, a typical on-site containerized production unit being a few 100 kW at most. However, in order to be able to realize the coupling to renewables, the power scale of water electrolysers needs to become at least of the same order of magnitude as the renewable electricity source itself, i.e. multi-MW. Such an electrolyser scale-up is typically being realised by increasing the number of cells per stack. However, from the state-of-the-art data that we recently collected from a number of electrolyser manufacturers, such a "keep-on-stacking" approach seems to have a practical limit at around 200 cells/stack [2]. Beyond that number, other balance-of-plant issues come into play. Therefore, for multi-MW applications, multi-stack electrolyser systems are typically being used. While it is technically feasible to produce electrolytic hydrogen with such multi-stack systems at the multi-MW scale (even >100MW), as was already demonstrated several decades ago, the critical question still remains at what price/cost this can be done today. In this respect, the 3 major parameters affecting the electrolytic H2 production cost are the operational time of the electrolyser, the cost of renewable electricity, and the electrolyser CAPEX. Hence, before becoming a realistic alternative production technology, there is a need for cheap(er) renewable electricity (well below 70 €/MWh) and the investment cost of electrolysers needs to be brought down (to about 500 €/kW). Luckily, with respect to all these requirements, significant progress has been made over the past years, as we will highlight in our presentation using the most recent data from both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The scale of fossil parity for electrolytic hydrogen An important techno-economic aspect then relates to the production scale required for obtaining fossil parity with electrolytic H2. Indeed, one might wrongly conclude that reaching the required reduction in electrolyser CAPEX down to about 500 €/kW would require very large-scale electrolytic H2 production units around 100 MW or above, on the same order of today's SMR units. However, our own recent data suggest that there might be a much smaller production scale for reaching such low CAPEX values. Indeed based on an extrapolation of the currently available CAPEX data for single-stack alkaline electrolysers, the level of 500 €/kW could already be reached at less than 10 MW [3]. Such a significant reduction in the scale required for fossil parity is directly related to the much steeper reduction in CAPEX that can be realised for single-stack as compared to multi-stack water electrolysis systems. Some promising implications of such small-scale fossil parity will be discussed during our presentation as well. [1] Global Hydrogen Review 2023, International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023 [2] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, 4406-4413 (2019) [3] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45, 17067-17075 (2020)
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Aliyev, A. Sh, R. G. Guseynova, U. M. Gurbanova, D. M. Babanly, V. N. Fateev, I. V. Pushkareva, and D. B. Tagiyev. "ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS." Chemical Problems 16, no. 3 (2018): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2018-3-283-306.
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Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.
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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.
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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Alejandro O. Barnett, Thulile Khoza, Patrick Fortin, Sara Andrenacci, Alaa Y. Faid, Pål Emil England Karstensen, Svein Sunde, and Simon Clark. "An Open-Source Continuum Model for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362002mtgabs.
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Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis has the potential to produce green hydrogen at low cost by combining the advantages of conventional alkaline electrolysis and proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. The alkaline environment in AEM electrolysis enables the use of less expensive catalysts such as nickel, whereas the use of a solid polymer electrolyte enables differential pressure operation. Recent advancements in AEM performance and lifetime have spurred interest in AEM electrolysis, but many open research areas remain, such as understanding the impacts of water transport in the membrane and salt content in the electrolyte on cell performance and degradation. Furthermore, integrating electrolyser systems into renewable energy grids necessitates dynamic operation of the electrolyser cell, which introduces additional challenges. Computational modelling of AEM electrolysis is ideally suited to tackle many of these open questions by providing insight into the transport processes and electrochemical reactions occurring in the cell under dynamic conditions. In this work, an open-source, transient continuum modelling framework for anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is presented and applied to study electrolyzer cell dynamic performance. The one-dimensional cell model contains coupled equations for multiphase flow in the porous transport layers, a parameterized solution property model for potassium hydroxide electrolytes, and coupled ion and water transport equations to account for water activity gradients within the AEM. The model is validated with experimental results from an AEM electrolyser cell. We find that pH gradients develop within the electrolyte due to the production and consumption of hydroxide, which can lead to voltage losses and cell degradation. The influence of these pH gradients on potential catalyst dissolution mechanisms is explored and discussed. Finally, initial studies of transient operation will be presented. This work has been performed in the frame of the CHANNEL project. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under grant agreement No 875088. This Joint undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Some of this work has been performed within the MODELYS project "Electrolyzer 2030 – Cell and stack designs" financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project number 326809.
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Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.
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The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.
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Chen, Long, Xiaoli Dong, Fei Wang, Yonggang Wang, and Yongyao Xia. "Base–acid hybrid water electrolysis." Chemical Communications 52, no. 15 (2016): 3147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09642a.
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Zhang, Fan, Junjie Zhou, Xiaofeng Chen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yayun Zhao, Yulong Tang, Ziqi Tian, et al. "The Recent Progresses of Electrodes and Electrolysers for Seawater Electrolysis." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030239.
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The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis.
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Therkildsen, Kasper T. "(Invited) Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: An Industrial Perspective." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341692mtgabs.
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Electrolysers is a novel component in the energy system and is expected to play a key role in the transition to a fossil free energy system and supply Green Hydrogen to a number of small- and large-scale applications within a number of industries e.g. transportation, industry etc. with several hundreds of GW is projected to be installed towards 2030. Modularity and mass production are key factors for the large scale deployment of electrolysis as envisioned in Hydrogen Strategies across the World. However, a number of different design strategies and modularities can be chosen in order to achieve this. This talk focuses on fundamental aspects of alkaline electrolysis including industrial requirements for catalysts and diaphragms, how to develop an electrolyser product and the development of multi-MW alkaline electrolysers plants with factory assembled modules allowing rapid on-site installation in order to keep up with the pace needed to reach deployment targets.
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González-Cobos, Jesús, Bárbara Rodríguez-García, Mabel Torréns, Òscar Alonso-Almirall, Martí Aliaguilla, David Galí, David Gutiérrez-Tauste, Magí Galindo-Anguera, Felipe A. Garcés-Pineda, and José Ramón Galán-Mascarós. "An Autonomous Device for Solar Hydrogen Production from Sea Water." Water 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030453.
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Hydrogen production from water electrolysis is one of the most promising approaches for the production of green H2, a fundamental asset for the decarbonization of the energy cycle and industrial processes. Seawater is the most abundant water source on Earth, and it should be the feedstock for these new technologies. However, commercial electrolyzers still need ultrapure water. The debate over the advantages and disadvantages of direct sea water electrolysis when compared with the implementation of a distillation/purification process before the electrolysis stage is building in the relevant research. However, this debate will remain open for some time, essentially because there are no seawater electrolyser technologies with which to compare the modular approach. In this study, we attempted to build and validate an autonomous sea water electrolyzer able to produce high-purity green hydrogen (>90%) from seawater. We were able to solve most of the problems that natural seawater electrolyses imposes (high corrosion, impurities, etc.), with decisions based on simplicity and sustainability, and those issues that are yet to be overcome were rationally discussed in view of future electrolyzer designs. Even though the performance we achieved may still be far from industrial standards, our results demonstrate that direct seawater electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ≈7% can be achieved with common, low-cost materials and affordable fabrication methods.
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Reimanis, Madars, Jurijs Ozoliņš, Juris Mālers, and Vizma Nikolajeva. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH IN WATER." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 3, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol2.1031.
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Use of the TinO2n-1 electrode for water electrolysis process promotes the destruction of organic matter as shown by the changes in permanganate index different values of electrolysed and non electrolysed solution. Using the TinO2n-1 electrode in the electrolysis process with the presence of chlorine and bromine ions can create a lasting disinfectant effect that was demonstrated by the sharp decrease in the number of bacterial colony forming units in electrolysed solutions. Using the TinO2n-1 electrode in the electrolysis process with the presence of iodine ions can create a bacteriostatic effect which was maintained for at least 10 days in electrolysed solutions
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Heizmann, Sören, and Chiara Manfletti. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Cathode-Vapour-Feed PEM-Electrolyser for Space Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 25 (November 22, 2024): 2002. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02252002mtgabs.
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Water electrolysis is experiencing growing interest due to its importance in the transition to a carbon-neutral transportation sector and even in spaceflight it can play a vital role. Here, its typical application has been the oxygen generation for the life support of astronauts onboard a spacecraft or the International Space Station. However, in recent years the application of electrolysis for a new form of spacecraft propulsion is receiving increasing attention, as well. This technology is called Water Electrolysis Propulsion (WEP). So far highly toxic and expensive propellants have been used for in-space propulsion, like hydrazine-derivatives and dinitrogen tetroxide. However, with a constantly growing number of satellite-launches per year, the spaceflight industry is searching for more inexpensive solutions which do not entail the corresponding safety hazards and engineering challenges of these conventional propellants. WEP is currently considered to be one of the most promising solutions for these issues. Within such a system a satellite is filled on ground with pure water. Once launched into space an electrolyser, powered by the satellite’s solar panels, is used to split the water into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen which are stored in intermediate storage tanks at pressures of up to 100 bar. Subsequently the gases can be combusted in a rocket engine to generate thrust and to propel the spacecraft for various propulsive needs. One of the core components of such a system is the electrolyser. In order to be competitive, an electrolyser type has to be found, which is lightweight, able to operate in zero-gravity and is able to pressurize the gases without the need for additional mechanical pumps. Currently the most promising electrolyser type is the so-called Cathode-Vapour-Feed (CVF) PEM electrolyser. Here a conventional PEM electrolyser is operated in cathode feed and modified by integrating a second membrane (Water Feed Barrier) between the electrolysis membrane and the water inlet. In order for the electrolyser to operate, the water has to diffuse through this Water Feed Barrier (WFB) and is subsequently present in a vapour state at the electrolysis membrane. Therefore, no phase separators are needed and the electrolyser is able to operate independently and unaffected by gravity. Furthermore, a low voltage is applied on the Water Feed Barrier slightly exceeding the Nernst-Voltage. Hence the WFB is effectively acting as an electrochemical pump which allows the generation of the gases at higher pressures than the water inlet pressure. This conceptual change is however introducing several unconventional mechanisms and phenomena that have to be considered during the design of such a device. However, previous research on the CVF technology has been very limited due to its niche application so far and most of these phenomena and mechanisms remain unanalysed. This paper is aiming to contribute towards the closure of this knowledge gap. The working principle and the theory behind these additional phenomena appearing in the CVF electrolyser are presented. These are the significantly affected mass transport of the water towards the anode side of the electrolysis membrane, the gas diffusion through both membranes and its effect on the electrolyser’s performance, as well as the mutual interaction between the applied voltages on the three electrodes. Furthermore, many researchers have used the same membrane type for the WFB as for the electrolysis membrane, although it serves a different purpose and is exposed to different operating conditions. Therefore, special attention will be devoted to the determination of the optimal membrane type for the WFB since barely any research has been conducted on this topic. In addition, a proof-of-concept electrolyser has been built and tested in a parameter study to validate the theoretical considerations. The experimental findings on the effect of membrane selection for the WFB, distance between the membranes and impact of flow field topology are presented and discussed. Therefore, the paper contributes towards a more targeted development of space electrolysers in the future. Figure 1
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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Jenny S. Østenstad, Xavier Raynaud, and Alejandro O. Barnett. "Modelling of a Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell with Liquid-Fed Cathode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01361979mtgabs.
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Conventional proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysers use much thicker membranes (>175 µm) than their PEM fuel cell counterparts (<25 µm), which reduces hydrogen crossover but also reduces electrolyzer efficiency due to the increased Ohmic resistance1. Reduction of hydrogen crossover is critical in conventional systems to avoid buildup of hydrogen in the anode above the lower explosive limit. Due to the use of liquid water at the anode in conventional systems, the anode cannot be flushed with air or an inert gas to reduce the hydrogen concentration. If the liquid water supply is moved to the cathode, the anode can be easily purged with air, reducing the safety concern related to hydrogen crossover. Proof-of-concept experiments2 have demonstrated the viability of this approach, but many open questions remain regarding the interplay between water transport, water consumption, membrane hydration, and cell performance, as well as understanding what components and properties are most important in improving the efficiency of such a device. In this work, a framework for modelling of PEM electrolysis cells will be outlined, with special attention to wet and dry anode conditions. The model will be used to provide guidance for optimizing system performance while contributing to understanding of local processes inside an electrolysis cell such as water transport, heat generation, reaction distribution, and bubble formation. We study the impact of various design and operational choices, such as membrane thicknesses, PTL structure, air feed humidity, and differential pressure operation, on the rate of water transport from cathode to anode and on overall cell polarization performance. Using these results, we provide design recommendations for PEM electrolysers with liquid-fed cathodes. Finally, progress towards an open-source implementation of this model will be discussed. This work has been performed within the HOPE (Revolutionizing Green Hydrogen Production with Next Generation PEM Water Electrolyser Electrodes) and HYSTACK (Low cost, high efficiency PEM electrolyser stack) projects financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project numbers 325873 and 321466, respectively. Ayers, K. et al. Perspectives on Low-Temperature Electrolysis and Potential for Renewable Hydrogen at Scale. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 10, 219–239 (2019). Barnett, A. O. & Thomassen, M. S. Method for producing hydrogen in a PEM water electrolyser system, PEM water electrolyser cell, stack and system. Patent No.: WO 2019/009732. EP3649276B1. US11408081B2.
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Park, Habin, Chenyu Li, and Paul Kohl. "Durability and Performance of Poly(norbornene) Anion Exchange Membrane Alkaline Electrolyzer with High Ionic Strength Anolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341792mtgabs.
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Anion exchange polymer electrolytes enable low-temperature alkaline water electrolysis for reliable green hydrogen production. Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) with alkaline electrolytes has several advantages over the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis using acid-based polymer electrolytes. The advantages include low-cost catalysts, all hydrocarbon non-fluorinated polymer membrane, and low-cost cell components. Long-term durability of AEMWEs in high pH operation has been challenging, although there have been significant performance improvements. AEMWE operated at low hydroxide anolyte provides improved chemical stability. In this study, an understanding of the high ionic-strength anolyte is provided along with demonstration of the AEMWE performance and durability. Anion exchange poly(norbornene) solid polymer electrolytes show high-performance, durable membrane electrode assemblies for alkaline electrolysis. Covalently bonded, self-adhesive solid polymer ionomers were used in electrodes for durable electrolysis. Hydration problem with the low pH alkaline anolyte in dry-cathode AEMWE is presented. The effect of anolyte concentration and mobile cations on the cathode electrolysis performance using a low hydroxide anolyte was investigated. High ionic strength anolyte was prepared by changing the mobile cation concentration while maintaining a constant anolyte pH. The mechanism of cathode hydration improvement through use of a high ionic strength anolyte is presented. Long-term durability with the optimal high ionic strength electrolyte is discussed.
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Wahyono, Y., R. Irviandi, N. K. Lo, M. I. A. Rahman, F. Herdiansyah, B. T. Haliza, A. H. Nurauliyaa, et al. "Producing Fe and Cu ions and oxides in water with electrolysis as artificial liquid waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1098, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012032.
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Abstract Water - in the context of an inland water source - is complex when used as an object of research. Often when using river water samples, researchers struggle to find the desired composition. Therefore, a simple and controlled method is needed to produce test samples with specific substance compositions. This study aims to use electrolysis to produce artificial heavy metal waste. Iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) provided the electrodes and water the electrolytes. Electrolysis of water with Fe electrodes produced Fe3+ ions and Fe(OH)3 precipitation. Electrolysis of water with Cu electrodes produced Cu2+ ions and Cu(OH)2 precipitation. Electrolyte samples were collected at intervals of 30 min for 180 min and were tested with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Fe and Cu concentrations increased during electrolysis. Electrolysis can therefore be used to produce artificial heavy metal waste cheaply and on a small scale.
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Şahin, Mustafa Ergin. "An Overview of Different Water Electrolyzer Types for Hydrogen Production." Energies 17, no. 19 (October 2, 2024): 4944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17194944.
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While fossil fuels continue to be used and to increase air pollution across the world, hydrogen gas has been proposed as an alternative energy source and a carrier for the future by scientists. Water electrolysis is a renewable and sustainable chemical energy production method among other hydrogen production methods. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a popular and expensive method that meets the high energy requirements of most industrial electrolyzers. Scientists are investigating how to reduce the price of water electrolytes with different methods and materials. The electrolysis structure, equations and thermodynamics are first explored in this paper. Water electrolysis systems are mainly classified as high- and low-temperature electrolysis systems. Alkaline, PEM-type and solid oxide electrolyzers are well known today. These electrolyzer materials for electrode types, electrolyte solutions and membrane systems are investigated in this research. This research aims to shed light on the water electrolysis process and materials developments.
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Choi, Dongnyeok, and Kwon-Yeong Lee. "Experimental Study on Water Electrolysis Using Cellulose Nanofluid." Fluids 5, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040166.
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Hydrogen energy is considered to be a future energy source due to its higher energy density as compared to renewable energy and ease of storage and transport. Water electrolysis is one of the most basic methods for producing hydrogen. KOH and NaOH, which are currently used as electrolytes for water electrolysis, have strong alkalinity. So, it cause metal corrosion and can be serious damage when it is exposed to human body. Hence, experiments using cellulose nanofluid (CNF, C6H10O5) as an electrolyte were carried out to overcome the disadvantages of existing electrolytes and increase the efficiency of hydrogen production. The variables of the experiment were CNF concentration, anode material, voltage applied to the electrode, and initial temperature of the electrolyte. The conditions showing the optimal hydrogen production efficiency (99.4%) within the set variables range were found. CNF, which is not corrosive and has high safety, can be used for electrolysis for a long period of time because it does not coagulate and settle over a long period of time unlike other inorganic nanofluids. In addition, it shows high hydrogen production efficiency. So, it is expected to be used as a next-generation water electrolysis electrolyte.
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Guo, Hao, Hyeon-Jung Kim, and Sang-Young Kim. "Research on Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis Using a Rotating Magnetic Field." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010086.
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In this paper, the effect of rotating magnetic fields on hydrogen generation from water electrolysis is analyzed, aiming to provide a research reference for hydrogen production and improving hydrogen production efficiency. The electrolytic environment is formed by alkaline solutions and special electrolytic cells. The two electrolytic cells are connected to each other in the form of several pipes. The ring magnets are used to surround the pipes and rotate the magnets so that the pipes move relative to the magnets within the ring magnetic field area. Experimentally, the electrolysis reaction of an alkaline solution was studied by using a rotating magnetic field, and the effect of magnetic field rotation speed on the electrolysis reaction was analyzed using detected voltage data. The experimental phenomenon showed that the faster the rotation speed of the rotating magnetic field, the faster the production speed of hydrogen gas.
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Arakcheev, Evgeny N., V. E. Brunman, M. V. Brunman, A. V. Konyashin, V. A. Dyachenko, and A. P. Petkova. "Complex technology for water and wastewater disinfection and its industrial realization in prototype unit." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-2-137-143.
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Usage of complex automated electrolysis unit for drinking water disinfection and wastewater oxidation and coagulation is scoped, its ecological and energy efficiency is shown. Properties of technological process of anolyte production using membrane electrolysis of brine for water disinfection in municipal pipelines and potassium ferrate production using electrochemical dissolution of iron anode in NaOH solution for usage in purification plants are listed. Construction of modules of industrial prototype for anolyte and ferrate production and applied aspects of automation of complex electrolysis unit are proved. Results of approbation of electrolytic potassium ferrate for drinking water disinfection and wastewater, rain water and environmental water oxidation and coagulation are shown.
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Hayashi, Toru, Nadège Bonnet-Mercier, Akira Yamaguchi, Kazumasa Suetsugu, and Ryuhei Nakamura. "Electrochemical characterization of manganese oxides as a water oxidation catalyst in proton exchange membrane electrolysers." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 5 (May 2019): 190122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190122.
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The performance of four polymorphs of manganese (Mn) dioxides as the catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers was examined. The comparison of the activity between Mn oxides/carbon (Mn/C), iridium oxide/carbon (Ir/C) and platinum/carbon (Pt/C) under the same condition in PEM electrolysers showed that the γ-MnO 2 /C exhibited a voltage efficiency for water electrolysis comparable to the case with Pt/C, while lower than the case with the benchmark Ir/C OER catalyst. The rapid decrease in the voltage efficiency was observed for a PEM electrolyser with the Mn/C, as indicated by the voltage shift from 1.7 to 1.9 V under the galvanostatic condition. The rapid deactivation was also observed when Pt/C was used, indicating that the instability of PEM electrolysis with Mn/C is probably due to the oxidative decomposition of carbon supports. The OER activity of the four types of Mn oxides was also evaluated at acidic pH in a three-electrode system. It was found that the OER activity trends of the Mn oxides evaluated in an acidic aqueous electrolyte were distinct from those in PEM electrolysers, demonstrating the importance of the evaluation of OER catalysts in a real device condition for future development of noble-metal-free PEM electrolysers.
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Prits, Alise-Valentine, Martin Maide, Ronald Väli, Mona Tammemägi, Huy Quí Vinh Nguyen, Rainer Küngas, and Jaak Nerut. "Bridging the Gap between Laboratory and Industrial Scale Electrochemical Characterisation of Raney Ni Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341816mtgabs.
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The most mature water electrolysis technology is alkaline electrolysis, where an aqueous solution of KOH is used as the electrolyte. While this technology has been used for decades, there is still a lot of potential to improve the performance of these devices. Much research is focused on the optimisation of the electrodes containing novel catalyst materials that lower the activation energy barrier of the electrolysis process. However, one of the issues described by Ehlers et al.1 is that the current academic electrolysis research is done under conditions that are far from practical (e.g. at low current densities, room temperature, and dilute electrolytes). In this study, we characterise a commercial Raney nickel electrode in various setups using a systematic series of experiments, including a typical laboratory-scale three-electrode setup, two different flow-cell setups and a 10-kW electrolysis stack of 17 cells. In addition to the cell geometry (electrode area ranging from 1 cm2 to 960 cm2), the varied measurement conditions include temperature (ranging from room temperature to 80 degrees Celsius), pressure (from atmospheric pressure to ), electrolyte concentration (from 0.1 M to 30 wt% KOH), and the level of Fe impurities in the electrolyte. The resulting electrochemical data received from different measurement setups and measurement conditions are compared, and insights about the challenges related to correlating laboratory experiments to industrial-scale experiments are provided. Figure 1. Alkaline electrolysis measurement setups with the typical measurement conditions used to study Raney nickel electrodes within this work – a typical laboratory-scale three-electrode setup (a), two different flow-cell setups (b, c) and a 10-kW electrolysis stack of 17 cells (d). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Applied Research Program of Enterprise Estonia ("Developing and Validating Alkaline Electrolysis Stack Technology with Nanoceramic Electrodes", RE.5.04.22-0109) and by the Estonian Research Council (EAG273 "Highly active electrodes for precious metal free alkaline electrolysers" (1.09.2023−31.08.2024)). References J. C. Ehlers, A. A. Feidenhans’l, K. T. Therkildsen, and G. O. Larrazábal, ACS Energy Lett., 8, 1502–1509 (2023). Figure 1
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Guo, Hao, and Sangyoung Kim. "Effect of Rotating Magnetic Field on Hydrogen Production from Electrolytic Water." Shock and Vibration 2022 (September 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9085721.
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In order to reveal the influence of magnetic field on electrochemical machining, a research method of the influence of rotating magnetic field on hydrogen production from electrolytic water is proposed in this paper. Firstly, taking pure water as electrolyte, this paper selects rigid SPCE water molecular model, constructs the molecular dynamics model under the action of magnetic field, and simulates it. In this paper, the thermodynamics, electric power principle, and electrolytic reaction of hydrogen production from electrolytic water are analyzed, and the working processes of alkaline electrolytic cell, solid oxide electrolytic cell, and solid polymer electrolytic cell are analyzed. Based on solid polymer electrolytic cell, the effects of membrane electrode performance, diffusion layer material, contact electrode plate, electrolytic temperature, and electrolyte types on hydrogen production are analyzed. The experimental results show that the heteroions in the lake electrolyte significantly affect the performance of the membrane electrode, and the number of heteroions in the electrolyte should be controlled during the experiment. The hydrogen production capacity and energy efficiency ratio of the unit are basically not affected by different water flow dispersion. When dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte is selected in the experiment, the concentration should be 0.1%–0.2%; After the proton exchange membrane enters the stable period after the activation period, with the increase of the electrolysis time of tap water, (24 h) the membrane electrode will weaken the catalyst activity and reduce the electrolysis efficiency in the electrolysis process. Furthermore, the correctness of rotating magnetic field on hydrogen production from electrolytic water is verified.
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Abdalnasser, Mubeen. "Enhance Hydrogen Production from Water Using 532 Lasers." Wasit Journal for Pure sciences 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2024): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/wjps.482.
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ABSTRACT: hydrogen production via water electrolysis under the influence of laser sounds fascinating with its unique properties, was particularly effective in promoting hydrogen production. The mechanism by which the laser promotes hydrogen production The electrolytic cell used in this work contains 270 ml of distilled water stimulated with different amounts of alcohol (2 ml - 4 ml - 6 ml - 8 ml - 10 ml). This chamber consists of two vertically oriented cylinders. Inside each cylinder there are graphite electrodes, each measuring 10 x 5 x 7 mm3, connected to the positive and negative terminals of a direct current power source, in addition to using a green laser source (532). An efficiency study was conducted using a green laser with a wavelength of 532 nanometers as an optical light source for water analysis through electrolysis. Results were obtained using both the standard electrolysis method and with the green laser source (532 nm). In the case of standard electrolysis, we obtained (When adding 5 ml of cohol, we get 6.63 hydrogen ), while (Adding 10 ml of ill we get 7.44 of hydrogen ) was obtained when using the laser source. The results indicate that using the laser source enhances hydrogen production significantly compared to standard electrolysis, demonstrating the laser's high effectiveness in electrolysis due to its non-absorptive property in water. This could have significant implications for renewable energy and hydrogen fuel production.
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Simonic, Marjana. "Disinfection of drinking and bathing water with oxyl." Chemical Industry 56, no. 2 (2002): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0202050s.
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An electrolysed solution of sodium chloride was examined for its disinfection potential in drinking and bathing water. The electrolysis of NaCl ((=1%) in tap water was performed at room temperature using a 10 A electric current in an electrolysis apparatus. Some laboratory tests were made, initially to determine the stability and efficiency of the disinfectant. Chemical and microbiological measurements of the treated water (according to DIN 19643 for bathing water) were then carried out before and after addition of the disinfectant agent.
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Reimanis, M., L. Mezule, J. Ozolins, J. Malers, and T. Juhna. "Drinking Water Disinfection with Electrolysis." Latvian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10161-012-0016-9.
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Nowadays electrochemical disinfection has gained an increasing attention as an alternative to conventional drinking water disinfection, since it is regarded as environmentally friendly, amendable to automation, inexpensive, easily operated and is known to inactivate a wide variety of microorganisms from bacteria to viruses and algae. We found that along with increasing the number of electrodes in our equipment from 2 to 24, the resistance of chlorine-generating electrolytic cell and specific work of electric current decreased. During the electrolysis the amount of generated Cl2 increased along with the increase of chloride ion concentration in the solution and the intensity of electric current. The technological process parameters (flow rate, current intensity) have been established to obtain a predetermined amount of generated chlorine during the electrolysis process. A comparison of flow and circulating (3 times) regimes for electrolysis of tap water with chloride ion concentration below 10 mg/L showed that circulation is necessary to generate active chlorine (above 1 mg/L). At the same time, when no circulation was performed, even a 0.9 A treatment was not enough to generate detectable levels of free chlorine. Electrochemical disinfection of tap water with non-stoichiometric titanium oxide electrodes was effective enough to inactivate both metabolically active and cultivable bacteria E. coli to undetectable levels within 15 minutes at 0.5 A current intensity.
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Franco, Alessandro, and Caterina Giovannini. "Recent and Future Advances in Water Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Generation: Critical Analysis and Perspectives." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (December 17, 2023): 16917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416917.
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This paper delves into the pivotal role of water electrolysis (WE) in green hydrogen production, a process utilizing renewable energy sources through electrolysis. The term “green hydrogen” signifies its distinction from conventional “grey” or “brown” hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, emphasizing the importance of decarbonization in the hydrogen value chain. WE becomes a linchpin, balancing surplus green energy, stabilizing the grid, and addressing challenges in hard-to-abate sectors like long-haul transport and heavy industries. This paper navigates through electrolysis variants, technological challenges, and the crucial association between electrolytic hydrogen production and renewable energy sources (RESs). Energy consumption aspects are scrutinized, highlighting the need for optimization strategies to enhance efficiency. This paper systematically addresses electrolysis fundamentals, technologies, scaling issues, and the nexus with energy sources. It emphasizes the transformative potential of electrolytic hydrogen in the broader energy landscape, underscoring its role in shaping a sustainable future. Through a systematic analysis, this study bridges the gap between detailed technological insights and the larger energy system context, offering a holistic perspective. This paper concludes by summarizing key findings, showcasing the prospects, challenges, and opportunities associated with hydrogen production via water electrolysis for the energy transition.
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Sutka, Andris, Martins Vanags, and Mairis Iesalnieks. "Decoupled Electrolysis Based on Pseudocapacitive Auxiliary Electrodes: Mechanism and Enhancement Strategies." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 54 (December 22, 2023): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02542543mtgabs.
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Hydrogen is the way for connecting the renewable energy plants and consumers. However, achieving cheap, widespread hydrogen production and storage is complicated task. For hydrogen production the alkaline and acidic membrane electrolysers are used most widely. The membrane electrolysers have their limits, for example high standard potential of water splitting reaction, moderate efficiency, high cost and low durability. Decoupling oxygen evaluation reaction (OER) and hydrogen evaluation reaction (HER) is promising strategy to avoid using of membrane. Water electrolysis in separate cells was reported in 2017 by A. Landman et al., reaching the efficiency of 58% [1]. In 2022, we reported for the first time the amphoteric decoupled electrolysis by combining acid and alkaline cells [2]. The efficiency was enhanced due to reduced standard potential for water splitting by realizing HER in acidic environment but OER in alkaline. For maintaining decoupled amphoteric electrolysis, we connected acid and alkaline cell with the primary Pt electrodes and pseudocapacitive auxiliary electrodes (AE). For acid cell the AE electrode based on WO3 was used while for the alkaline cell electrodes based on Ni(OH)2. In proposed electrolyser two separate working cycles can be distinguished – different chemical processes occur at different polarities applied between primary Pt electrodes. The potential for gas generation depends on the polarity of the applied potential due to different chemical processes. In both polarities, hydrogen and oxygen are generated in separate cells. At the first cycle, ions are diffusing into the AEs and gases are generated with the Faradaic efficiency of 98 % and energetical efficiency of 43 %. At the second cycle, ions are released from AEs and gasses are generated with the Faradaic efficiency of 98 % and energetical efficiency of 201 %, providing the total energetical efficiency for whole operation of 71 %. Herein we will discuss the effect of acid OER catalyst or the structure and composition of AEs on the performance of decoupled electrolysis, illuminating the pathways for bringing this concept as the main strategy for water splitting. References [1] A. Landman, H. Dotan, G.E. Shter, M. Wullenkord, A. Houaijia, A. Maljusch, G.S. Grader, A. Rothschild, Photoelectrochemical water splitting in separate oxygen and hydrogen cells, Nature Materials 16 (2017) 646-651. [2] M. Vanags, G. Kulikovskis, J. Kostjukovs, L. Jekabsons, A. Sarakovskis, K. Smits, L. Bikse, A. Šutka, Membrane-less amphoteric decoupled water electrolysis using WO3 and Ni(OH)2 auxiliary electrodes, Energy Environ. Sci., 15 (2022) 2021-2028.
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Symes, Mark. "(Invited) Decoupling Strategies in Electrochemical Water Splitting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01361950mtgabs.
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The storage of renewably-generated energy as hydrogen via the electrolysis of water is a fundamental cornerstone of a sustainable hydrogen economy. Conventional electrolysers usually require stable power inputs in order to operate effectively and safely and so may be unsuited to harnessing renewable power, which is often intermittent and diffuse. Decoupled Electrolysis (see, for example: Nature Chem. 2013, 5, 403-409; Science, 2014, 345, 1326-1330; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 6707–6710; Joule, 2018, 2, 1390-1395; Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 2002453; Electrochim. Acta, 2020, 331, 135255) has the potential to overcome some of the challenges surrounding electrolysis using low and/or sporadic power inputs (especially those related to gas crossover) as the decoupling of the two half reactions of water splitting allows the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions to be performed at different times, in different places and at rates that are not linked to each other. In this talk, we shall give an overview of decoupled electrolysis using liquid redox mediators and also explore the use of decoupling agents in other contexts such as redox flow batteries (Nature Chem. 2018, 10, 1042-1047) and electrosynthesis (Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 1093-1096). Figure 1
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Nomura, Rina, Megumi Akashi, Satoshi Matsumoto, and Takeshi Kondo. "Water Treatment Using Boron-Doped Diamond Powder-Packed Electrolysis Flow Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (November 22, 2024): 4609. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674609mtgabs.
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Water treatment by electrolysis can decompose persistent organic compounds, such as low-molecular-weight organic compounds in urine, which cannot be decomposed by microbial water treatments, into H2O and CO2. Anodic oxidation is being considered for use as one of the processes in the water reclamation system required for manned space exploration. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes can generate efficiently OH radical, which is a strong active oxidizing species, when high potential is applied in aqueous solution. In addition, BDD electrodes are known to be useful as electrode materials for electrolytic water treatment because of their physical and chemical stability. However, BDD electrodes are usually thin films, so their shape, size, and the configuration of electrolytic cells are restricted. Boron-doped diamond powder (BDDP)-packed electrolysis flow cell has been reported to be useful for water treatment with high efficiency because of the large electrode surface area. In this study, the BDDP-packed electrolytic flow cell with a closed system was developed for improvement of the decomposition efficiency. BDDP was prepared by using commercially available diamond powder with a particle size of 40-60 μm as a substrate material and depositing a BDD layer on its surface by microwave plasma CVD. The BDDP-packed electrolytic flow cell is as shown in Figure 1a. A plastic cylinder with an inner diameter of 1 cm was bonded to a glass filter (particle holding capacity: 20-25 μm, diameter: 10 mm), and a Pt wire was placed as a current collector above the filter. 0.8 g of BDDP was packed into the filter without a binder so that it was in full contact with the current collector. Electrolysis of 50 mL of 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution containing 50 μM methylene blue (MB) was performed for 60 min at a constant voltage of 5 V. The MB concentration after electrolysis was estimated by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the electrolyte was measured before and after electrolysis. The result of MB constant voltage electrolysis with the BDDP-packed electrolysis flow cell is shown in Fig. 1b. MB was not sufficiently decomposed at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The reason for this is thought to be that the bubbles generated on the BDDP surface caused insufficient contact between the BDDP. When the flow rate was increased to 20.0 mL/min to flush out all bubbles, about 90% MB degradation was achieved in 15 min and about 99% in 30 min. The higher the flow rate, the faster the MB concentration decreased. These results suggest that the closed BDDP-packed electrolysis flow cell allows bubbles generated on the electrode surface to be quickly flushed out with the treated water. The COD of the electrolyte before and after the electrolysis was measured and it ranged from 42.2 to 21.9. The decrease in COD suggests that part of MB was completely converted to CO2. In the future, we intend to quantitatively clarify the urine treatment capacity of the cell and apply it to a water recovery system in space. Figure 1
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Vora, Shailesh, and Mark Williams. "Projections for Solid Oxide Electrolysers for Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-03, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-031185mtgabs.
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Vora, Shailesh, and Mark Williams. "Projections for Solid Oxide Electrolysers for Water Electrolysis." ECS Transactions 103, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10301.0233ecst.
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Chen, Yao, and George Zheng Chen. "Alternate water electrolysis." Next Sustainability 3 (2024): 100029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nxsust.2024.100029.
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Dilrukshi, Ekanayaka Achchillage Ayesha, Takeshi Fujino, and Shun Motegi. "Behavior of bentonite in an aqueous electrolytic solution – evaluation of electrolytic aggregation for adsorption capacity of Cd2+ ions onto bentonite." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 12 (June 18, 2018): 2841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.277.
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Abstract In this study, we used aqueous solutions containing 1 mg/L of Cd2+ for electrolysis while varying the current density (CD), amount of bentonite added and the effective submerged area to investigate the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ ions onto bentonite by electrolytic aggregation. The adsorption of Cd2+ ions increased with increasing amount of bentonite added to the electrolytic solution. The addition of bentonite also regulated the pH of the electrolytic solution during the electrolysis process in addition to the hydrolysis of water. The maximum adsorption capacities at equilibrium (qe) for current densities of 3.14 and 7.49 mA/cm2 (i.e. for 2 and 1 L electrolytic solutions) with 0.2 g of bentonite were 4.54 and 2.92 mg/g, respectively. The removal of Cd2+ (RCd) clearly depended on the pH of the electrolytic solution. Moreover, qe decreased with increasing amount of bentonite used for electrolytic aggregation. The findings of this study will be useful for understanding the aggregation of clay particles under electrolysis and their adsorption behaviors.
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Aoki, Hidemitsu, Masaharu Nakamori, Nahomi Aoto, and Eiji Ikawa. "Wafer Treatment Using Electrolysis-Ionized Water." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 1, No. 10 (October 15, 1994): 5686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.5686.
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Zainul, Rahadian, Efran Ustia Rahmad, Rida Oppi Ramadhani, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Yohandri, Amalia Putri Lubis, and Ganefri. "Optimizing hydrogen gas concentration using response surface methodology (RSM) with design expert 6.0.9 application." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1281, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1281/1/012025.
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Abstract The MQ-8 sensor will be used in this investigation to estimate the maximum hydrogen gas concentration generated during the dry cell generators’ electrolysis procedure. The process of water electrolysis involves breaking down the water molecule H2O using direct electric current, into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Utilizing DC generators with 4/4 plate electodes (Cu/Al) as the cathodes and NaNO3 solutions as the electrolytes, hydrogen gas production by electrolysis is achieved. 0.6 amps and 2 volts are employed in this electrolysis procedure for a duration of 1 hour. The ideal conditions for hydrogen gas concentration are NaNO3 1 M concentration and 60 minutes with a maximum hydrogen concentration of 143.393 ppm generated. The hydrogen gas concentration verification result value is 144 ppm.
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Iwamoto, Yuhiro, Kotaro Chimura, Yasushi Ido, Yosuke Ishii, and Balachandran Jeyadevan. "Application of Water-Based Ferrofluid for Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 56 (August 28, 2023): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01562728mtgabs.
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A combination of renewable energies and water electrolysis has been attracting much attention as an environmentally-friendly method to produce hydrogen, which has been expected as promising future energy storage and carrier media. And micro-gravity induces the adsorption of gas-bubbles on the surface of electrodes and this leads the declination of water electrolysis. In the present study, a new method which has the potential to dramatically enhance the water electrolysis efficiency was proposed by utilizing the magnetic buoyancy. Using water-based ferrofluids as an electrolyte and directly electrolyzing them in the presence of inhomogeneous magnetic fields enhance the desorption of gas-bubbles adsorbed on electrodes. When non-magnetic bodies are placed in the ferrofluid and are exposed to an inhomogeneous magnetic field, the magnetic buoyancy force acts on the non-magnetic bodies. Because the gradient of the magnetic field gives the magnetic buoyancy force, the non-magnetic body moves as the non-magnetic body is ejected from the magnetic field. When the water-based ferrofluid is used as an electrolyte and magnets are placed nearby electrodes, the magnetic buoyancy force acts on the bubbles (H2 and O2) generated from the surface of the electrodes, resulting in the water electrolysis enhancement. However, the effect of the magnetic fields on the water electrolysis using the ferrofluid is not well understood. In the present study, to understand the effect of the magnetic field on the water electrolysis, the chronoamperometry measurements in the presence of the magnetic field was carried out. The results showed that the water electrolysis is found to be enhanced by increasing the magnetic field intensity due to the magnetic buoyancy force. The present study showed that our proposed method has a great potential to enhance the water electrolysis substantially. In addition, we investigated the effect of magnetic field strength on the water electrolysis process by a dynamic impedance method. The Nyquist plot was obtained by the dynamic impedance method. The tested electrolyte was a water-based ferrofluid adding Na2SO4 with 0.1 mol/L. When the magnetic field intensity increases, Z Re decreases, which represents that the resistance in the water electrolysis becomes smaller. The equivalent circuit fits the experimental data well, resulting in that it is possible to divide the whole resistance into the charge-transfer and solution resistances. The charge-transfer resistance dramatically decreases with the magnetic field strength, while the solution resistance doesn't change. This phenomenon explains that the magnetic buoyancy sufficiently enhances the bubble desorption, resulting in the water electrolysis enhancement.
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Wahab, Abdul, Rene Pfeifer, Zahid Ali Zafar, and Jiri Cervenka. "Influence of Salt Concentration on Electrochemical Stability Window in Aqueous Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024687mtgabs.
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The thermodynamic limit of water electrolysis restricts the output voltage of aqueous metal ion batteries (MIBs) due to the low electrochemical stability window of water (1.23 V) in dilute electrolytes. It occurs due to the electrolysis of free water molecules into O2 or H2. Such value is unfortunately too low for many applications. For effective utilization of this technology, the ESW needs to be expanded to at least 2 V to achieve high energy density in metal batteries. Interestingly, water electrolysis can be suppressed by binding free water content with high concentrations of salts in highly concentrated water-in-salt electrolytes. In this work, low-cost non-flammable aqueous Zn(ClO4)2 electrolytes have been studied for their electrochemical behaviour at different concentrations. The electrolytes have been evaluated via Raman spectroscopic analysis to examine the modification in local water structures associated with increasing salt concentration. We also used linear sweep voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode to determine the electrochemical stability window of the electrolytes. Electrochemical results indicate the existence of two distinct regions in the concentration behavior of the onset potential for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at a cut-off current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. In dilute electrolytes, the overpotential in OER increases with a low slope with increasing concentration, while there is a sharper overpotential increase at higher salt concentrations in the water-in-salt electrolytes. Raman spectroscopic analysis provides evidence of this electrochemical stability expansion as being a result of the disruption of the hydrogen bonding network present in pure water. A more compact and strongly coordinated ion hydration structure occurs in the water-in-salt electrolytes. In this way, a significant increase in oxidative stability and a decline in the Zn oxidation overpotential has been achieved in the highly concentrated water-in-salt electrolytes. Our results indicate that the Zn(ClO4)2 water-in-salt electrolytes offer more efficient Zn redox reactions and a higher electrochemical stability window than the diluted aqueous electrolytes, which is particularly beneficial for the development of high-voltage aqueous Zn ion batteries [1]. References [1] Z. A. Zafar, G. Abbas, K. Knížek, M. Šilhavík, P. Kumar, P. Jiříček, J. Houdková, O. Frank, J. Červenka, J. Mater. Chem. A 10 (2022) 2064-2074.
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Nakagami, Ayuka, Shohei Tada, and Ryuji Kikuchi. "Intermediate-Temperature Steam Electrolysis Using Phosphate-Based Thin Film Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3409. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483409mtgabs.
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Hydrogen has been regarded as a key energy medium toward the realization of a carbon-neutral society. Currently, hydrogen is mostly derived from fossil fuel without capturing CO2, and does not contribute to carbon neutrality at all. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis powered by renewable electricity is attracting attention as an effective method for "green hydrogen" synthesis that does not emit CO2 in hydrogen production and utilization processes. As a water electrolysis device, we are working on solid-state electrolytic cells with a phosphate-based electrolyte operative at intermediate temperatures from ca. 100 to 300⁰C. This system offers excellent mass transfer characteristics of water (steam) in the electrode catalyst layer and superior electrode reaction kinetics due to an elevated temperature. In addition, it is applicable to electrochemical reduction of N2 and CO2 to NH3 [1] and hydrocarbons [2], respectively. Several studies using phosphate-based electrolytic cells reported steam electrolysis in the intermediate temperature range [3, 4]. So far, thick disk-type electrolyte and composites with polymers have been employed in steam electrolysis to maintain ionic conductivity and stability under high water vapor pressures, which resulted in high applied voltage and large ohmic loss. Therefore, we aimed to develop a highly efficient steam electrolytic cell at intermediate temperature and to reduce the effective resistance of the electrolyte by developing thin film electrolyte comprising of CsH5(PO4)2/SiP2O7, which exhibits high proton conductivity in the temperature range of 100 to 300°C. Thin film of the electrolyte was synthesized on a porous substrate, and the conductivity and stability of the electrolyte have been investigated. Steam electrolysis cell was fabricated using developed thin film electrolyte, and electrochemical performance of the cell was evaluated in steam electrolysis at intermediate temperatures. [1] Y. Yuan, S. Tada, R. Kikuchi, Mater. Adv., 2, 793 (2021). [2] N. Fujiwara, S. Tada, R. Kikuchi, iScience, 25, 105381 (2022) [3] N. Fujiwara, H. Nagase, S. Tada, R. Kikuchi, ChemSusChem, 14, 417 (2021) [4] P. Bretzler, E. Christensen, R.W. Berg, N.J. Bjerrum, Ionics, 28, 3421 (2022)
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Kuleshov, V. N., S. V. Kurochkin, N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Gavriluk, M. A. Klimova, and S. E. Smirnov. "Hydrophilic fillers for anione exchange membranes of alkaline water electrolyzers." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338902030.
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Alkaline water electrolysers are widespread in many industries, including systems with hydrogen cycle of energy storage. One of the problems of modern alkaline water electrolysers is insufficient purity of generated electrolysis gases relative to electrolysis systems with solid-polymer electrolyte. In this regard, work on modification of existing porous diaphragms is actively carried out. One new area of research is the impregnation of new hydrophilic fillers into the composition of existing diaphragms and the transition to ion-solvate membranes. In this work the synthesis of zirconium hydroxide hydrogel inside a porous diaphragm with the hydrophilic filler TiO2 was carried out. This synthesis makes it possible to obtain a membrane with anion-exchange properties. A possible mechanism of OH- hydroxyl ion transfer by immobilized K+ ion was also proposed. The obtained results demonstrated the resistance of the membrane to concentrated alkaline solutions.
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Miller, Hamish Andrew, Karel Bouzek, Jaromir Hnat, Stefan Loos, Christian Immanuel Bernäcker, Thomas Weißgärber, Lars Röntzsch, and Jochen Meier-Haack. "Green hydrogen from anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: a review of recent developments in critical materials and operating conditions." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 5 (2020): 2114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se01240k.
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Hydrogen production using water electrolysers equipped with an anion exchange membrane, a pure water feed and cheap components (catalysts and bipolar plates) can challenge proton exchange membrane electrolysis systems as the state of the art.
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Pollet, Bruno G., and Shankara S. Kalanur. "Applications of Ferric Oxide in Water Splitting by Electrolysis: A Comprehensive Review." Molecules 29, no. 21 (October 22, 2024): 4990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29214990.
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In water electrolysis, the use of an efficient catalyst derived from earth-abundant materials which is cost-effective and stable is essential for the economic sustainability of hydrogen production. A wide range of catalytic materials have been reported upon so far, among which Fe2O3 stands out as one of the most credible candidates in terms of cost and abundance. However, Fe2O3 faces several limitations due to its poor charge transfer properties and catalytic ability; thus, significant modifications are essential for its effective utilization. Considering the future of water electrolysis, this review provides a detailed summary of Fe2O3 materials employed in electrolytic applications with a focus on critically assessing the key electrode modifications that are essential for the materials’ utilization as efficient electrocatalysts. With this in mind, Fe2O3 was implemented in a heterojunction/composite, doped, carbon supported, crystal facet tuned system, as well as in metal organic framework (MOF) systems. Furthermore, Fe2O3 was utilized in alkaline, seawater, anion exchange membrane, and solid oxide electrolysis systems. Recently, magnetic field-assisted water electrolysis has also been explored. This comprehensive review highlights the fact that the applicability of Fe2O3 in electrolysis is limited, and hence, intense and strategically focused research is vital for converting Fe2O3 into a commercially viable, cost-effective, and efficient catalyst material.
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Riester, Christian Michael, Gotzon García, Nerea Alayo, Albert Tarancón, Diogo M. F. Santos, and Marc Torrell. "Business Model Development for a High-Temperature (Co-)Electrolyser System." Fuels 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3030025.
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There are increasing international efforts to tackle climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, the use of electrolytic hydrogen as an energy carrier in decentralised and centralised energy systems, and as a secondary energy carrier for a variety of applications, is projected to grow. Required green hydrogen can be obtained via water electrolysis using the surplus of renewable energy during low electricity demand periods. Electrolysis systems with alkaline and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology are commercially available in different performance classes. The less mature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) promises higher efficiencies, as well as co-electrolysis and reversibility functions. This work uses a bottom-up approach to develop a viable business model for a SOEC-based venture. The broader electrolysis market is analysed first, including conventional and emerging market segments. A further opportunity analysis ranks these segments in terms of business attractiveness. Subsequently, the current state and structure of the global electrolyser industry are reviewed, and a ten-year outlook is provided. Key industry players are identified and profiled, after which the major industry and competitor trends are summarised. Based on the outcomes of the previous assessments, a favourable business case is generated and used to develop the business model proposal. The main findings suggest that grid services are the most attractive business sector, followed by refineries and power-to-liquid processes. SOEC technology is particularly promising due to its co-electrolysis capabilities within the methanol production process. Consequently, an “engineering firm and operator” business model for a power-to-methanol plant is considered the most viable option.
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Corda, Giuseppe, Antonio Cucurachi, Stefano Fontanesi, and Alessandro d’Adamo. "Three-Dimensional CFD Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 13, 2023): 5968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165968.
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The energy shift towards carbon-free solutions is creating an ever-growing engineering interest in electrolytic cells, i.e., devices to produce hydrogen from water-splitting reactions. Among the available technologies, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis is the most promising candidate for coping with the intermittency of renewable energy sources, thanks to the short transient period granted by the solid thin electrolyte. The well-known principle of PEM electrolysers is still unsupported by advanced engineering practices, such as the use of multidimensional simulations able to elucidate the interacting fluid dynamics, electrochemistry, and heat transport. A methodology for PEM electrolysis simulation is therefore needed. In this study, a model for the multidimensional simulation of PEM electrolysers is presented and validated against a recent literature case. The study analyses the impact of temperature and gas phase distribution on the cell performance, providing valuable insights into the understanding of the physical phenomena occurring inside the cell at the basis of the formation rate of hydrogen and oxygen. The simulations regard two temperature levels (333 K and 353 K) and the complete polarization curve is numerically predicted, allowing the analysis of the overpotentials break-up and the multi-phase flow in the PEM cell. An in-house developed model for macro-homogeneous catalyst layers is applied to PEM electrolysis, allowing independent analysis of overpotentials, investigation into their dependency on temperature and analysis of the cathodic gas–liquid stratification. The study validates a comprehensive multi-dimensional model for PEM electrolysis, relevantly proposing a methodology for the ever-growing urgency for engineering optimization of such devices.
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Thimmappa, Ravikumar, Darren Walsh, Keith Scott, and Mohamed Mamlouk. "Diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate protic ionic liquid electrolytes for water electrolysis." Journal of Power Sources 449 (February 2020): 227602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227602.
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He, Rongwang, Peng Li, Deng Chen, Zhi Deng, Biao Wang, and Yuanpeng Yu. "Three-dimensional numerical simulation of two-phase flow in a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell and study of the effect of flow channel depth." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2826, no. 1 (August 1, 2024): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2826/1/012024.
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Abstract The flow channel play a critical role in water-gas transfer within an electrolysis cell, directly impacting its mass and heat transfer capacity. While most studies concentrate on the overall shape and structure of the flow channel, limited attention has been given to its dimensions. This paper investigates the influence of various operational conditions and changes in flow channel depth on the electrolytic cell using a three-dimensional numerical model of PEMEC. Results indicate that higher temperatures enhance electrolysis cell performance, whereas the impact of water inlet velocity on the polarization curve is insignificant. Under constant inlet velocity, increasing the depth of the flow channel improves mass and heat transfer as well as electrolysis performance, whereas, under constant water flow rate, changes in inlet velocity have a greater effect than alterations in flow channel depth.
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Fei, Danxiong, Wenwen Fan, Zhenlan Dou, and Chunyan Zhang. "Mathematical model and dynamic simulink simulation of PEM electrolyzer system." E3S Web of Conferences 441 (2023): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344102012.
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Hydrogen, being the most abundant element in the universe, holds great promise as an energy carrier for decarbonizing various economic sectors. In particular, green hydrogen production through water electrolysis is essential for achieving this goal, with polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers playing a crucial role. PEM water electrolyzers are known for their rapid response, enabling them to effectively adapt to fluctuations in renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, rapid load changes can result in the rapid build-up of heat within the electrolytic cell, leading to a sharp increase in temperature and potentially harming the cell. To address this challenge, we developed an electrolysis water system model using MATLAB and validated its accuracy through experiments. This model allowed us to explore the factors influencing stack temperature and propose a fast and secure dynamic process control strategy. By laying the groundwork for subsequent control studies on PEMEC (Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell) stacks and systems, this research facilitates further progress in their control and regulation.
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Hong, Zhen Wei, Chun-I. Lee, and Chun-Jern Pan. "Nickel-Based Metal-Organic Framework Materials with Mixed Ferrocene-Based Ligands As Anodic Catalysts for Water Electrolysis and Urea Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341887mtgabs.
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Water electrolysis is a highly promising technology for hydrogen production, generating green hydrogen with no greenhouse gas emissions. The water electrolysis reaction involves two half-reactions: hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution. While oxygen evolution in water electrolysis involves a four-electron transfer requiring higher overpotential and thus leading to energy consumption. Urea electrolysis offers lower theoretical energy consumption than water electrolysis, making them a key technology in future electrolytic hydrogen production processes. Conventional anodic catalysts, such as Ir and Ru, exhibit good performance in oxygen evolution, but being precious metals, they face limitations due to high cost and limited abundance. Its is crucial to find an active, durable and cost-effective anode catalyst for realistic application. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, due to their high porosity, large surface area, and unique structural features, have emerged as promising materials for water electrolysis. However, their relatively poor stability is a drawback that needs to be overcome. In herein, we design the mixed ligand strategy for synthesizing the MOF materials. Ferrocene-based ligands, ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (Fd), combing with terephthalic acid (H2BDC) as the mixed ligands for this study. The MOF catalysts, namely Ni-BDC and Ni-BDC-Fd, was synthesized using a simple one-step hydrothermal method with ferrocenedicarboxylic acid and terephthalic acid. Raman spectra revealed the presence of Fe-O, originating from the iron in Fd, demonstrating a structural transformation during the hydrothermal process. XRD analysis also confirmed the existence of FeO. The SEM images showed nanosheets and nanoneedles morphologies for Ni-BDC, while a dense nanofiber structure for Ni-BDC-Fd demonstrating the effect of 2nd ligand on the MOF structure. Electrochemical tests were conducted in 1 M KOH electrolyte and 1 M KOH + 0.5 M urea electrolyte, including oxygen evolution reaction (OER), urea oxidation reaction (UOR). The overall reaction comprising the same catalysts for the anode and the cathode side is performed to examine the real electrolysis performance. Results showed that the addition of Fd enhanced OER and UOR activity in alkaline and urea electrolytes. Ni-BDC-Fd achieved 1.483 V vs. RHE and 1.386 V vs. RHE at 65 mA/cm-2 driving potential for OER and UOR, respectively, requiring a smaller potential than Ni-BDC to achieve the same current density. To verify that the performance improvement was not solely due to iron, NiFe-BDC was synthesized by adding iron nitrate, showing inferior UOR performance compared to Ni-BDC-Fd but superior OER performance to NiFe-BDC. This indicated that the performance improvement resulted from structural changes rather than just the presence of iron atoms. Ni-BDC-Fd exhibited the lowest Tafel slope in OER, indicating a faster reaction rate due to the increased active surface area during OER. After continuous catalysis for 80 hours in the alkaline water electrolysis cell and urea electrolysis cell, a significant improvement in the loss of potential was observed. These results suggest that the addition of ferrocene dicarboxylic acid altered the structure of Ni-BDC, maintaining an appropriate interlayer distance. This not only enhanced its catalytic performance but also improved its catalytic stability, demonstrating a promising strategy for preparing metal-organic framework materials for electrocatalysis applications. Figure 1
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Huck, Marten, Lisa Ring, Karsten Küpper, Johann Klare, Diemo Daum, and Helmut Schäfer. "Water splitting mediated by an electrocatalytically driven cyclic process involving iron oxide species." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 19 (2020): 9896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03340e.
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The water splitting reaction mediated by an electrocatalytically driven cycle with suspended iron oxide species enables significantly lower overpotentials for the oxygen evolution reaction compared to classic electrolysis of clear electrolytes.
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Yang, Jie, Yi Lu Liu, and Qi Hua Wu. "Treatment Dyeing Organic Wastewater by Titanium Dioxide Prepared with Ion Liquids for Environmental Protection." Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.88.
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The dyeing wastewater is processed by photoelectric catalytic oxidation with nickel foam electrode of titanium dioxide， which is prepared with ion liquid. The main influence factors including electrode distance, electrolysis voltage, pH and electrolytic time were studied in processing waste. Results show the optimal operating condition is the electrode gap of 1.0 cm, pH value of 4.4, electrolysis voltage of 5.0V and 100 mg∙L-1 dosages of Na2SO4 in 120 minutes electrolysis time under the irradiation of ultraviolet light . The effect of processing the wastewater with catalytic electrolysis can be greatly improved in water cycle system with continuous air, flocculent and activated carbon. Consequently the removal rate of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)is 78.69%, and the decolored rate is 97.02%. The COD of the processed wastewater is within 100.0 mg∙L-1, and meets the first national emission standards. It is expected that the method will have good prospect in protecting the water resources and environment.
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Debbah, Djobeir, Billel Rebai, Hakim Fatmi, Touam Lakhemissi, Messas Tidjani, Belgacem Mamen, Bessem Kaghouche, and Mohamed Walid Aziz. "Computational analysis of hydrogen bubble formation and dynamics in electrolytic systems using COMSOL." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (December 2, 2024): e11379. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-600.
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This study explores the numerical modeling of hydrogen bubble dynamics in electrolytic processes, utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics software. The focus is on the development of precise computational models to simulate the processes of bubble formation, growth, and movement in water electrolysis systems, which are crucial for optimizing hydrogen production. Using 2D axisymmetric modeling, the research applies several interface-capturing techniques, including phase field, level set, and moving mesh methods, to accurately capture the behavior of hydrogen bubbles in various operational conditions. By analyzing these dynamics, the study aims to improve the understanding of bubble-related phenomena in electrolysis, such as formation patterns, bubble size, and the terminal velocities of rising hydrogen bubbles. Additionally, the effects of density differences between hydrogen and water are examined to assess their impact on the overall efficiency of electrolysis. The results indicate that the moving mesh method offers the best performance in accurately modeling bubble dynamics, providing insights that can contribute to the optimization of electrolysis processes for efficient hydrogen production.
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Lalvani, S. B., and P. Rajagopal. "Lignin‐Augmented Water Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 139, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): L1—L2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2069212.
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