Academic literature on the topic 'Water Environmental law Electroplating industry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water Environmental law Electroplating industry"
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Schoeman, J. J., J. F. van Staden, H. M. Saayman, and W. A. Vorster. "Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis for Electroplating Effluent Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0239.
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A South African developed tubular cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (RO) system from Membratek (Pty) Ltd was evaluated for the treatment of nickel rinse water and mixed electroplating effluent. Spiral wrap polyamide (DuPont) and thin film composite (FilmTec) membranes were evaluated for cadmium and chromium rinse water treatment, respectively. Preliminary laboratory results have shown that nickel rinse water should be treated economically with tubular RO. Approximately 92% of the rinse water could be recovered for reuse. The RO brine is of suitable quality for reuse in the electroplating process. Plant payback for a 5 m3/h nickel/water recovery RO plant was determined to.be 1.3 years (approximately 2 000 mg/ℓ Ni in feed). No severe membrane fouling was encountered during the investigation. However, membrane fouling can affect the process adversely and this will be studied further. Approximately 90% water, of suitable quality for reuse as rinse water in the plating process, could be recovered from mixed electroplating effluent. Effluent volume for subsequent treatment with lime was significantly reduced. It may also be possible to treat cadmium and chromium rinse waters with RO. Approximately 92% and 91% water, of suitable quality for reuse as rinse water, could be recovered with spiral wrap polyamide and thin film composite membranes, respectively. Membrane fouling was experienced during cadmium rinse water treatment. However, water flux could be restored by chemical cleaning. Very little fouling was experienced during chromium rinse water treatment. The fouling potential of the rinse waters for the membranes and subsequent cleaning procedures will be studied further. Preliminary results have shown that payback for 5 m3/h RO cadmium/water and RO chromium/water recovery plants should be 3 and 7 years, respectively. Reverse osmosis has been shown to be a very effective technology for water and chemical recovery and for effluent volume reduction. The electroplating industry causes serious pollution and wastes large volumes of water. Consequently, RO is a technology that may be applied to good effect in the electroplating industry to control pollution and to save scarce water.
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Zagorc-Koncan, J., and M. Dular. "Evaluation of Toxicity in Receiving Streams." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0736.
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A laboratory river model for the study of self-purification inhibition in a stream containing toxic substances is presented. It enables an engineering - technological prediction of the impact of toxic substances or wastewaters on dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in an organically polluted river downstream from the point of entry of toxic effluent thus providing rapidly and inexpensively significant design information to an environmental scientist or engineer. The method was applied to the toxicity evaluation of wastewaters from electroplating industry. The effects of copper, cyanide (representing two significant constituents of this type of wastewaters) and wastewater from electroplating industry on the biodegradation of organic municipal pollution in receiving stream were evaluated experimentally.
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Rosa Cláudio, Jair, and Pedro Alem Sobrinho. "Solidification of Electroplating Wastewater Treatment Sludges with Cement." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0123.
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At the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, the sludge resulting from treatment of electroplating industry wastewater is inadequately disposed of, generating environmental hazards. A possible way to solve this problem is the cementation of this sludge before disposal. From July,1986 to March, 1987, the authors developed laboratory tests on cementation of electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. Performed at the laboratories of Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and of CETESB, tests were conducted with three types of cement produced in Brazil - CPC - Portland Cement, POZ-pozzolanic cement and CAF - blast furnace cement. The tests had the following steps:characterization of electroplating industry wastewater treatment sludge and study of the sludge - cement mixtures;preparation of sludge - cement mixtures with water/cement ratios of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7;measurements of mixture consistency with Casagrande soil mechanics equipment;determination of leaching quality and resistance to compression of solidified specimen at the ages of 7 days, 28 days and 90 days;analytical determination of the sludge cement mixture;test for solubility in water at the age of 90 days;analytical determination of cyanide and heavy metals in the cure water of specimen. Results showed that solidification with cement is an efficient technology for the fixation of toxic metal ions such as Cd, Hg and Pb and other metals such as Cr, Ni, Cu or Zn present in large concentrations in electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. With the only exception of Al+++ the other metallicions determined in the leachate showed concentrations below drinking water standards. As to mechanical resistance after 90 days, the sludge - cement mixtures presented a performance similar to that of structural concrete.
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Yang, Jian She, and Lian Jun Li. "Research on Electroplating Wastewater Treatment and Operation Effect in Jiangmen." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2904.
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In this paper, I use the ion exchange method for treatment of electroplating heavy metal ions in waste water and I also use a single-stage rinsing and resin enrichment combined form of management, whose wastewater contains Cu2+, Cr6+and Ni2+. The process can ensure the cleaning quality, good treatment effect, which recovers the energy of nickel sulfate and copper sulfate and its returning rate reaches as 90%. That achieved the goal without discharge of nickel, copper, environment and economic benefits. Electroplating wastewater composition is very complicated, in addition to cyanide (CN-) wastewater and effluent. Wastewater with heavy metal electroplating is the potential harmful categories in the industry. According to the heavy metal wastewater containing heavy metal element classification, it can generally be divided into Cr containing nickel wastewater, wastewater containing cadmium (Ni), (Cd) wastewater, wastewater containing copper (Cu), zinc(Zn), gold(Au) from wastewater, wastewater containing silver(Ag). Electroplating wastewater treatment is widespread attention at home and abroad, which has various developed management technology and management of toxic to nontoxic, changing harmful wastewater into harmless water. Then we can recover those precious metals. Water recycling and other measures are helpful to eliminate and reduce the emission of heavy metals. With the rapid development of electroplating industry and increasing requirements of environmental protection, current electroplating wastewater treatment has begun to enter into the clean production process. According to total circular economy integration phase, the recycling of resources is the main development direction [1].
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Verma, Shiv Kumar, Vinita Khandegar, and Anil K. Saroha. "Removal of Chromium from Electroplating Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 17, no. 2 (April 2013): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000170.
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Cláudio, J. R. "Solidification of Metal Finishing Slurry with Cement." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0385.
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From July, 1986 to March, 1987, the author developed laboratory, tests on cementation of electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. Perfomed at the laboratories of Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and of CETESB, tests were conducted with three types of cement produced in Brazil: CPC - Portland Cement, POZ pozzolanic cement and CAF - blast furnace cement. The tests had the following steps:–characterization of electroplating industry wastewater treatment sludge and study of the sludge - cement mixtures;–preparation of sludge - cement mixtures with 3 different water/cement ratios;–measurements of mixture consistency with Casagrande soil mechanics equipment;–determination of leaching quality and resistance to compression of solidified specimen at 3 ages;–analytical determination in the sludge-cement mixture;–test for solubility in water;–analytical determination of cyanide and heavy metals in the cure water of specimen. Results showed that solidification with cement is an efficient technology for the fixation of toxic metal ions such as Cd, Hg and Pb and other metals such as Cr, Ni, Cu or Zn present in large concentrations in electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. With the only exception of Al+++ the other metallic ions determined in the leachate showed concentrations below drinking water standards. As to mechanical resistance after 90 days, the sludge - cement mixtures presented a performance similar to that of structural concrete.
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Venkobachar, C. "Metal Removal by Waste Biomass to Upgrade Wastewater Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0277.
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As a pretreatment, biosorption is evaluated for its ability to remove heavy metals from electroplating and chrome tannery effluents before these are mixed with domestic wastewater for biological waste treatment. The biosorptive capacities of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by waste biomass like excess sludge from activated sludge unit (S), Ganoderma lucidum (M)–a wood-rotting fungus, and Asperigillus niger (A) from fermentation industry are evaluated.
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Yang, X. J., A. G. Fane, and S. MacNaughton. "Removal and recovery of heavy metals from wastewaters by supported liquid membranes." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0109.
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The removal and recovery of Cu, Cr and Zn from plating rinse wastewater using supported liquid membranes (SLM) are investigated. SLMs with specific organic extractants as the liquid membrane carriers in series are able to remove and concentrate heavy metals with very high purity, which is very promising for recycling of heavy metals in the electroplating industry. A technical comparison between the membrane process and the conventional chemical precipitation process was made.
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Machado, Tiele Caprioli, and Marla Azário Lansarin. "Wastewater containing Cr(VI) treatment using solar tubular reactor." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 7 (July 18, 2016): 1698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.344.
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The hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), which is generated in the electroplating process, is toxic to most organisms and potentially harmful to human health. The method generally used for remediation of wastewater containing Cr(VI) employs chemicals with high toxicity. This work proposes an alternative technology for the treatment of these wastewaters, based on photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by alcohols under radiation, which is environmentally sustainable and economically viable. Initially, a batch reactor in laboratory scale was used to determine the best experimental conditions and its specific reaction rate was calculated. Based on these results, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. Tests were carried out with real wastewater from an electroplating industry containing Cr(VI). Tests conducted under sunlight showed a higher total Cr(VI) reduction than the tests with artificial radiation. The remediation of Cr(VI) from wastewater was 86.7% after 6 h of reaction under sunlight, indicating the high efficiency of the developed process.
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Sukumar, C., V. Janaki, Seralathan Kamala-Kannan, and K. Shanthi. "Biosorption of chromium(VI) using Bacillus subtilis SS-1 isolated from soil samples of electroplating industry." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 16, no. 2 (June 6, 2013): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-013-0636-0.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Environmental law Electroplating industry"
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Chan, Yiu-wing. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498538.
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Chan, Yiu-wing, and 陳耀榮. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252576.
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Herbstein, Tom Philip. "Insurance and the Anthropocene: like a frog in hot water." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16571.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis explores the relationship between the commercial insurance industry, global environmental change (GEC) and what Beck (1992; 1999) termed the 'risk society'. In recent decades, there have been growing concerns that many of the risks impacting contemporary society have undergone fundamental changes. Many of these risks are increasingly being linked to the unintended consequences of humankind's remarkable progress in science and technology, and have been described as debounded, given that they so often transcend both geographical and temporal boundaries (Beck 1992). Within the risk society, the commercial insurance industry - which relies on statistical (actuarial) analysis to help it assess and manage its risk exposure - has been described as demarcating the frontier barrier between bounded (i.e. insurable) and debounded (i.e. uninsurable) risk. However, this claim has been a highly contested one, leading to calls for more empirical data to help clarify how commercial insurance is actually responding under conditions of uncertainty. Of all the debounded risks, GEC has emerged as one of the risk society's most recognisable. Now understood to be a result of the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gasses, particularly since the onset of the industrial revolution, its impacts have risen so sharply in recent decades that it has prompted claims that Earth has moved away from the era of the Holocene and into the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002). Given that at least 40% of the cost of environmental catastrophes is now borne by commercial insurance, GEC provides an excellent opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of how the industry is responding to debounded risk at the risk society's frontier barrier. Early commentators suggested that the commercial insurance industry would be well motivated to respond proactively to GEC, by taking a more mitigative approach to managing its drivers at both the global and local levels. However, the industry, so far, has been described as more adaptive of its own business activities than mitigative. This raises questions about whether such claims are true across all three of the insurance industry's activities - as risk carriers, risk managers and as investors, why they have responded in such ways, and what implications this has for broadening our understanding of the complex relationship between commercial insurance, debounded risk and the risk society's frontier barrier. To consider these questions, a collective case study was undertaken with a variety of commercial insurance companies, re-insurers, asset managers, clients, brokers, industry associations and regulators across South Africa, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Belgium. The research identified how commercial insurers have indeed responded more by adaptation of their business activities than mitigation of the drivers of GEC. This is mainly through the use of defensive underwriting to help them manage their exposure. However, the research extends this analysis by highlighting some of the nuances of the industry's response. This includes its focus on centralisation, the influence of the existing paradigm framing its understanding of risk, and by highlighting the irony that the area of insurers' activities, initially believed to be most suited for responding to GEC (i.e. their investment portfolios), have, in practice, been the area recording the least response. In exploring why this is so, the study draws on understandings of the Anthropocene to argue that commercial insurers are finding their existing risk assessment tools progressively out-dated in a world where risk is no longer as predictable as it once was. This is further compounded by increasingly plural access to the risk society's science and technologies, which, in some instances, are undermining the role commercial insurance plays as society's primary financial risk manager. This raises questions around the role commercial insurance plays in demarcating the risk society's frontier barrier which, ultimately, has far broader implications for why so many of society's institutions are struggling to adapt to risk in the 21st Century.
Books on the topic "Water Environmental law Electroplating industry"
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Agency, Ireland Environmental Protection. Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for electroplating operations. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
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Storm water pollution control: Industry and construction NPDES compliance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
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Christie, Elizabeth. Pulping the law: How pulp mills are ruining Canadian waters with impunity. Toronto: Sierra Legal Defence Fund, 2000.
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Ontario. Effluent monitoring regulation: Ontario mineral industry, mining sector : Ontario Regulation 491/89 as amended by Ontario Regulation 44/90. Ontario: MISA, 1990.
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Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program (Ontario). The development document for the effluent monitoring regulation for the inorganic chemical sector. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of the Environment, 1989.
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Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for the production of cement. Ardcavan: Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
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Agency, Ireland Environmental Protection. Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for the chemical sector. Wexford: E.P.A., 1995.
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Agency, Ireland Environmental Protection. Integrated pollution control licensing. Ardcavan, Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.
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Agency, Ireland Environmental Protection. Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for the slaughter of animals. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
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Integrated pollution control licensing: BATNEEC guidance note for the extraction of alumina. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Water Environmental law Electroplating industry"
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Linenberg, Amos. "Continuous on Site Monitoring of VOCs in Water Sources." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4677.
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Public concern over the state of the environment is at an all-time high and rightfully so! Industry practice, recent government regulations and lax enforcement have allowed frightening practices to continue for too long. Industries must, by law, monitor the level of toxins they discharge into the environment. Collecting samples and sending them to an off-site laboratory for analysis is the normal practice to comply with present regulations. This protocol is not only a time-consuming and costly exercise, but does not provide continuous information for alerting the public and the authorities of a potential disaster. A water treatment plant is obligated to test water for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at frequencies that vary from a few times per week to once every three months. Authorities may test finished water as infrequently as once per year. This means that drinking water supplied or waste water discharged, between discrete analyses, is of unknown purity. Since September 11, 2001, an additional dimension, “water security”, has been added to the need for instantaneous analysis. Protection and preservation of water sources such as reservoirs, lakes and rivers from intentional and unintentional contamination, have become an issue, which involves homeland security. Here again, obtaining a fast and accurate response at all times is extremely important. Sentex Systems, Inc., which has specialized for several years in on site VOCs analysis, has developed a system by which online continuous analysis of VOCs in water is available. This system, which is based on the principle of in-situ purge and trap Gas Chromatography, will detect and analyze VOCs on site for most industrial and environmental applications, without the need for sample preparation, such as filtration. The system can continuously monitor process streams so that at any given time plant management knows what the VOC content is. The system, called the SituProbe, is already being used successfully in various industrial plants.
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Woerner, Joerg, Sonja Margraf, and Walter Hackel. "Remediation of a Uranium-Contamination in Ground Water." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7270.
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The former production site of NUKEM where nuclear fuel-elements were developed and handled from 1958 to 1988 was situated in the centre of an industrial park for various activities of the chemical and metallurgical industry. The size of the industrially used part is about 300.000m2. Regulatory routine controls showed elevated CHC (Chlorinated Hydro-Carbons) values of the ground water at the beginning of the 1990’s in an area which represented about 80.000 m2 down-gradient of locations where CHC compounds were stored and handled. Further investigations until 1998 proved that former activities on the NUKEM site, like the UF6 conversion process, were of certain relevance. The fact that several measured values were above the threshold values made the remediation of the ground water mandatory. This was addressed in the permission given by the Ministry for Nuclear Installations and Environment of Hesse according to §7 of the German atomic law in October 2000 [1]. Ground water samples taken in an area of about 5.000 m2 showed elevated values of total Uranium activity up to between 50 and 75 Bq/l in 2002. Furthermore in an area of another 20.000m2 the samples were above threshold value. In this paper results of the remediation are presented. The actual alpha-activities of the ground waters of the remediation wells show values of 3 to 9Bq/l which are dominated by 80 to 90% U-234 activity. The mass-share of total Uranium for this nuclide amounts to 0,05% on average. The authority responsible for conventional water utilisation defined target values for remediation: 20μg/l for dissolved Uranium and 10μg/l for CHC [2]. Both values have not yet been reached for an area of about 10.000 m2. The remediation process by extracting water from four remediation wells has proved its efficiency by reduction of the starting concentrations by a factor of 3 to 6. Further pumping will be necessary especially in that area of the site where the contaminations were found later during soil remediation activities. Only two wells have been in operation since July 2002 when the remediation technique was installed and an apparatus for direct gamma-spectroscopic measurement of the accumulated activities on the adsorbers was qualified. Two further remediation wells have been in operation since August 2006, when the installed remediation technique was about to be doubled from a throughput of 5 m3/h to 10 m3/h. About 20.000 m3 of ground water have been extracted since from these two wells and the decrease of their Uranium-concentrations behaves similar to that of the two other wells being extracted since the beginning of remediation. Both, total Uranium-concentrations and the weight-share of the nuclides U-234, U-235 and U-238 are measured by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry) besides measurements of Uranium-Alpha-Activities in addition to the measurement of CHC components of which PCE (Perchlor-Ethene) is dominant in the contaminated area. CHC compounds are measured by GC (Gas Chromatography). Down-gradient naturally attenuated products are detected in various compositions. Overall 183.000m3 of ground water have been extracted. Using a pump & treat method 11 kg Uranium have been collected on an ion-exchange material based on cellulose, containing almost 100 MBq U-235 activity, and almost 15 kg of CHC, essentially PCE, were collected on GAC (Granules of Activated Carbon). Less than 3% of the extracted Uranium have passed the adsorber-system of the remediation plant and were adsorbed by the sewage sludge of the industrial site’s waste water treatment. The monthly monitoring of 19 monitoring wells shows that an efficient artificial barrier was built up by the water extraction. The Uranium contamination of two ground water plumes has drastically been reduced by the used technique dependent on the amounts of extracted water. The concentration of the CHC contamination has changed depending on the location of temporal pumping. Thereby maximum availability of this contaminant for the remediation process is ensured. If locations with unchanged water quality are detected electrochemical parameters of the water or hydro-geologic data of the aquifer have to be taken into further consideration to improve the process of remediation.
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Emslie, Julian, Chris Gill, and Keith Wright. "Assessment Method to Account for the Rise Time of Complex Waveforms in Stainless Steel Environmental Fatigue Crack Growth Calculations." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63497.
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The reference Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) rate behaviour for austenitic stainless steel in a deaerated Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) environment is provided in ASME Section XI Code Case N-809. This FCG law is dependent on temperature, R ratio and environment, which is defined through a load rise time parameter. The basis for this law is contained within a large dataset of testing carried out by various industry sources. Code Case N-809 defines rise time as the time for which the stress is increasing during a stress cycle, based on specimen testing in which sawtooth loading (typically 85% rise/15% fall) was primarily used. However it was found from testing of more complex waveforms carried out by Amec Foster Wheeler, which is reported in a separate paper at this conference, that the FCG rate is not always well characterised by this definition of rise time and was often found to be overly conservative. A number of different waveforms were considered, including simplified two-stage linear waveforms where the loading rate is different in the top and bottom half of the cycle, and those more representative of plant transients. This paper presents a method to account for the environmental enhancement of complex waveforms with variable loading rate by weighting the loading rate according to its position within the loading cycle. In this way an effective rise time can be obtained for use in Code Case N-809. This method was found to give good agreement with the experimental data generated using complex waveforms.
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Gupta, Vandana, Athira Nair, and Saurabh Pandey. "A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER USING CHICKEN FEATHERS." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/44.
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Since the last few decades, environmental remediation through a sustainable approach is gaining importance. One such attempt has been made in the present work to remove heavy metals from industrial effluents using one of the most prominent animal wastes, the chicken feathers. Biosorption has been a promising technique to remove heavy metals from industrial effluents. In the present work, cleaned but untreated chicken feathers were used to remove Cu(II) ions from electroplating industry wastewater. The physicochemical characteristics like colour, pH, ash content, iodine number and bulk density of chicken feathers were also determined. The FT-IR spectrum of chicken feathers did not show a recognizable difference after biosorption which indicated physical adsorption. The adsorption isotherm study showed that the Freundich isotherm model was the best fit as compared to Langmuir isotherm model. The results obtained were supported statistically by using Chi-square test. In the desorption study, EDTA was found to be a most effective desorbing agent in comparison with acid, alkali and deionized water. Thus, the present work explores the efficiency of chicken feathers to act as biosrbent as remove heavy metals from industrial effluents in a simple, economic and sustainable manner
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Nottoli, Emmanuelle, Philippe Bienvenu, Didier Bourlès, Alexandre Labet, Maurice Arnold, and Maité Bertaux. "Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclide (10Be, 41Ca, 129I) Concentrations in Nuclear Waste by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96054.
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Radiological characterization of nuclear waste is essential for storage sites management. However, most of Long-Lived RadioNuclides (LLRN), important for long-term management, are difficult to measure since concentration levels are very low and waste matrices generally complex. In an industrial approach, LLRN concentrations are not directly measured in waste samples but assessed from scaling factors with respect to easily measured gamma emitters. Ideally, the key nuclide chosen (60Co, 137Cs) should be produced by a similar mechanism (fission or activation) as the LLRN of interest and should have similar physicochemical properties. However, the uncertainty on the scaling factors, determined from experimental and/or calculation data, can be quite important. Consequently, studies are performed to develop analytical procedures which would lead to determine precisely the concentration of LLRN in nuclear waste. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of three LLRN: 129I (T1/2 = 15.7×106 a), 41Ca (T1/2 = 9.94×104 a) and 10Be (T1/2 = 1.387×106 a) in spent resins used for primary fluid purification in Pressurized Water Reactors using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) for measurement. The AMS technique combined mass spectrometry and nuclear physics to achieve highly efficient molecular and elemental isobars separation. Energies of several Million Electron-Volt transferred to the ions in the first accelerating part of specifically developed tandem accelerators lead to molecular isobars destruction through interaction with the argon gas used to strip the injected negative ions to positive ones. At the exit of the tandem accelerator, the energy acquired in both accelerating parts allows an elemental isobars separation based on their significantly different energy loss (dE) while passing through a thickness of matter dx that is proportional to their atomic number (Z) and inversely proportional to ions velocity (ν) according to the Bethe-Block law (1). (1)dEdx=k*Z2ν2 The use of a particle accelerator in conjunction with a selective ion source, mass and energy filters and a high-performance detector thus allow unambiguously identifying and measuring analyte concentration against much more abundant interfering isobars. The development of AMS and of related applications have recently been extensively reviewed [1–3]. Up to now, the potentialities of the accelerator mass spectrometry technique were explored for the measurement of cosmogenic radionuclides produced in the Earth’s environment either in the atmosphere or in the Earth’s crust (in situ-production). Many applications aiming to date and/or quantify Earth surface processes have been developed in the fields of geology, geomorphology and planetary sciences as well as archeology paleoanthropology and biomedicine. The present study extends the scope of AMS to nuclear industry. Because AMS facilities are not widely accessible and difficult to handle, LLRN concentrations in nuclear waste are usually determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and radiometric techniques. However for the measurement of very low LLRN concentrations, AMS becomes the most effective measurement method with detection limits of 105–106 atoms per sample. In this study, AMS measurements were performed using the French AMS national facility ASTER located at the Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE). The challenge was to define a chemical treatment procedure allowing the measurement of the three nuclides, 10Be, 41Ca and 129I, by AMS. Each method selection was based on three main requirements: 1) a quantitative recovery in solution of Be, Ca, I and key radionuclides after resin mineralization, 2) a selective extraction from the sample matrix and the separation from β-γ emitters (3H, 14C, 55Fe, 59Ni, 60Co, 63Ni, 90Sr, 125Sb, 134Cs, 137Cs) and isobars, 3) the precipitation of each element under the best suited forms (i.e. AgI, CaF2, BeO) for AMS measurements. The chosen methods were optimized on synthetic solutions and finally applied for the determination of the three LLRN concentrations in spent resins from a 900 MWe Nuclear Power Reactor.
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Mann, Jonathan, Chris Currie, David Tice, and Norman Platts. "A Critical Review of Recent Fatigue Crack Growth Data in Relation to ASME Code Case N-809." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93563.
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Abstract ASME Code Case N-809 provides Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) expressions for austenitic stainless steels operating in a primary water environment within a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR). The code case currently contains different expressions for nominally low-carbon (304L, 316L) and conventional (304, 316) grades. Since the original work that provided the technical basis for N-809 was completed, an increased amount of FCG data has become available through industry testing, particularly for low-carbon stainless steels. A large database is now available that contains significantly more data than the one used in the original development of the code case. The data cover a wider range of testing conditions (temperature, loading rate, and mean stress) and represent a more diverse population of material types, including multiple heats. In this paper, the N-809 laws are re-analysed in terms of these new data, with a focus on each of the environmental dependencies that are currently included in the law. In particular, alternative R-ratio expressions from the literature are shown to provide an improved description of the effect of R-ratio for nominally low-carbon materials. The statistical distribution of FCG rates and the treatment of partially retarded data are also investigated as part of the derivation of revised descriptions of best-fit and bounding FCG rates. The analysis highlights a small amount of potential non-conservatism in the current N-809 description of best-fit FCG rates at higher R-ratios. The current description of upper-bounding behaviour is shown to still be valid, however significant over-conservatism exists at lower R-ratios.