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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Environmental law Electroplating industry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Schoeman, J. J., J. F. van Staden, H. M. Saayman, and W. A. Vorster. "Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis for Electroplating Effluent Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0239.

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A South African developed tubular cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (RO) system from Membratek (Pty) Ltd was evaluated for the treatment of nickel rinse water and mixed electroplating effluent. Spiral wrap polyamide (DuPont) and thin film composite (FilmTec) membranes were evaluated for cadmium and chromium rinse water treatment, respectively. Preliminary laboratory results have shown that nickel rinse water should be treated economically with tubular RO. Approximately 92% of the rinse water could be recovered for reuse. The RO brine is of suitable quality for reuse in the electroplating process. Plant payback for a 5 m3/h nickel/water recovery RO plant was determined to.be 1.3 years (approximately 2 000 mg/ℓ Ni in feed). No severe membrane fouling was encountered during the investigation. However, membrane fouling can affect the process adversely and this will be studied further. Approximately 90% water, of suitable quality for reuse as rinse water in the plating process, could be recovered from mixed electroplating effluent. Effluent volume for subsequent treatment with lime was significantly reduced. It may also be possible to treat cadmium and chromium rinse waters with RO. Approximately 92% and 91% water, of suitable quality for reuse as rinse water, could be recovered with spiral wrap polyamide and thin film composite membranes, respectively. Membrane fouling was experienced during cadmium rinse water treatment. However, water flux could be restored by chemical cleaning. Very little fouling was experienced during chromium rinse water treatment. The fouling potential of the rinse waters for the membranes and subsequent cleaning procedures will be studied further. Preliminary results have shown that payback for 5 m3/h RO cadmium/water and RO chromium/water recovery plants should be 3 and 7 years, respectively. Reverse osmosis has been shown to be a very effective technology for water and chemical recovery and for effluent volume reduction. The electroplating industry causes serious pollution and wastes large volumes of water. Consequently, RO is a technology that may be applied to good effect in the electroplating industry to control pollution and to save scarce water.

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2

Zagorc-Koncan, J., and M. Dular. "Evaluation of Toxicity in Receiving Streams." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0736.

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A laboratory river model for the study of self-purification inhibition in a stream containing toxic substances is presented. It enables an engineering - technological prediction of the impact of toxic substances or wastewaters on dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in an organically polluted river downstream from the point of entry of toxic effluent thus providing rapidly and inexpensively significant design information to an environmental scientist or engineer. The method was applied to the toxicity evaluation of wastewaters from electroplating industry. The effects of copper, cyanide (representing two significant constituents of this type of wastewaters) and wastewater from electroplating industry on the biodegradation of organic municipal pollution in receiving stream were evaluated experimentally.

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3

Rosa Cláudio, Jair, and Pedro Alem Sobrinho. "Solidification of Electroplating Wastewater Treatment Sludges with Cement." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0123.

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At the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, the sludge resulting from treatment of electroplating industry wastewater is inadequately disposed of, generating environmental hazards. A possible way to solve this problem is the cementation of this sludge before disposal. From July,1986 to March, 1987, the authors developed laboratory tests on cementation of electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. Performed at the laboratories of Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and of CETESB, tests were conducted with three types of cement produced in Brazil - CPC - Portland Cement, POZ-pozzolanic cement and CAF - blast furnace cement. The tests had the following steps:characterization of electroplating industry wastewater treatment sludge and study of the sludge - cement mixtures;preparation of sludge - cement mixtures with water/cement ratios of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7;measurements of mixture consistency with Casagrande soil mechanics equipment;determination of leaching quality and resistance to compression of solidified specimen at the ages of 7 days, 28 days and 90 days;analytical determination of the sludge cement mixture;test for solubility in water at the age of 90 days;analytical determination of cyanide and heavy metals in the cure water of specimen. Results showed that solidification with cement is an efficient technology for the fixation of toxic metal ions such as Cd, Hg and Pb and other metals such as Cr, Ni, Cu or Zn present in large concentrations in electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. With the only exception of Al+++ the other metallicions determined in the leachate showed concentrations below drinking water standards. As to mechanical resistance after 90 days, the sludge - cement mixtures presented a performance similar to that of structural concrete.

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4

Yang, Jian She, and Lian Jun Li. "Research on Electroplating Wastewater Treatment and Operation Effect in Jiangmen." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2904.

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In this paper, I use the ion exchange method for treatment of electroplating heavy metal ions in waste water and I also use a single-stage rinsing and resin enrichment combined form of management, whose wastewater contains Cu2+, Cr6+and Ni2+. The process can ensure the cleaning quality, good treatment effect, which recovers the energy of nickel sulfate and copper sulfate and its returning rate reaches as 90%. That achieved the goal without discharge of nickel, copper, environment and economic benefits. Electroplating wastewater composition is very complicated, in addition to cyanide (CN-) wastewater and effluent. Wastewater with heavy metal electroplating is the potential harmful categories in the industry. According to the heavy metal wastewater containing heavy metal element classification, it can generally be divided into Cr containing nickel wastewater, wastewater containing cadmium (Ni), (Cd) wastewater, wastewater containing copper (Cu), zinc(Zn), gold(Au) from wastewater, wastewater containing silver(Ag). Electroplating wastewater treatment is widespread attention at home and abroad, which has various developed management technology and management of toxic to nontoxic, changing harmful wastewater into harmless water. Then we can recover those precious metals. Water recycling and other measures are helpful to eliminate and reduce the emission of heavy metals. With the rapid development of electroplating industry and increasing requirements of environmental protection, current electroplating wastewater treatment has begun to enter into the clean production process. According to total circular economy integration phase, the recycling of resources is the main development direction [1].

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5

Verma, Shiv Kumar, Vinita Khandegar, and Anil K. Saroha. "Removal of Chromium from Electroplating Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 17, no. 2 (April 2013): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000170.

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6

Cláudio, J. R. "Solidification of Metal Finishing Slurry with Cement." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0385.

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From July, 1986 to March, 1987, the author developed laboratory, tests on cementation of electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. Perfomed at the laboratories of Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and of CETESB, tests were conducted with three types of cement produced in Brazil: CPC - Portland Cement, POZ pozzolanic cement and CAF - blast furnace cement. The tests had the following steps:–characterization of electroplating industry wastewater treatment sludge and study of the sludge - cement mixtures;–preparation of sludge - cement mixtures with 3 different water/cement ratios;–measurements of mixture consistency with Casagrande soil mechanics equipment;–determination of leaching quality and resistance to compression of solidified specimen at 3 ages;–analytical determination in the sludge-cement mixture;–test for solubility in water;–analytical determination of cyanide and heavy metals in the cure water of specimen. Results showed that solidification with cement is an efficient technology for the fixation of toxic metal ions such as Cd, Hg and Pb and other metals such as Cr, Ni, Cu or Zn present in large concentrations in electroplating wastewater treatment sludges. With the only exception of Al+++ the other metallic ions determined in the leachate showed concentrations below drinking water standards. As to mechanical resistance after 90 days, the sludge - cement mixtures presented a performance similar to that of structural concrete.

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7

Venkobachar, C. "Metal Removal by Waste Biomass to Upgrade Wastewater Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0277.

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As a pretreatment, biosorption is evaluated for its ability to remove heavy metals from electroplating and chrome tannery effluents before these are mixed with domestic wastewater for biological waste treatment. The biosorptive capacities of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by waste biomass like excess sludge from activated sludge unit (S), Ganoderma lucidum (M)–a wood-rotting fungus, and Asperigillus niger (A) from fermentation industry are evaluated.

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8

Yang, X. J., A. G. Fane, and S. MacNaughton. "Removal and recovery of heavy metals from wastewaters by supported liquid membranes." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0109.

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The removal and recovery of Cu, Cr and Zn from plating rinse wastewater using supported liquid membranes (SLM) are investigated. SLMs with specific organic extractants as the liquid membrane carriers in series are able to remove and concentrate heavy metals with very high purity, which is very promising for recycling of heavy metals in the electroplating industry. A technical comparison between the membrane process and the conventional chemical precipitation process was made.

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9

Machado, Tiele Caprioli, and Marla Azário Lansarin. "Wastewater containing Cr(VI) treatment using solar tubular reactor." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 7 (July 18, 2016): 1698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.344.

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The hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), which is generated in the electroplating process, is toxic to most organisms and potentially harmful to human health. The method generally used for remediation of wastewater containing Cr(VI) employs chemicals with high toxicity. This work proposes an alternative technology for the treatment of these wastewaters, based on photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by alcohols under radiation, which is environmentally sustainable and economically viable. Initially, a batch reactor in laboratory scale was used to determine the best experimental conditions and its specific reaction rate was calculated. Based on these results, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. Tests were carried out with real wastewater from an electroplating industry containing Cr(VI). Tests conducted under sunlight showed a higher total Cr(VI) reduction than the tests with artificial radiation. The remediation of Cr(VI) from wastewater was 86.7% after 6 h of reaction under sunlight, indicating the high efficiency of the developed process.

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10

Sukumar, C., V. Janaki, Seralathan Kamala-Kannan, and K. Shanthi. "Biosorption of chromium(VI) using Bacillus subtilis SS-1 isolated from soil samples of electroplating industry." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 16, no. 2 (June 6, 2013): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-013-0636-0.

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11

Fath, Andreas, Frank Sacher, and John E. McCaskie. "Electrochemical decomposition of fluorinated wetting agents in plating industry waste water." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 7 (December 28, 2015): 1659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.650.

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Electrochemical decomposition of fluorinated surfactants (PFAS, perfluorinated alkyl substances) used in the plating industry was analyzed and the decomposition process parameters optimized at the laboratory scale and production scale of a 500-liter reactor using lead electrodes. The method and system was successfully demonstrated under production conditions to treat PFAS) with up to 99% efficiency in the concentration range of 1,000–20,000 μg/l (1 ppm–20 ppm). The treatment also reduced hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) ions to trivalent chromium (Cr3+) ions in the wastewater. If the PFAS-containing wastewater is mixed with other wastewater streams, specifically from nickel plating drag out solution or when pH values >5, the treatment process is ineffective. For the short chain PFAS, (perfluorobutylsulfonate) the process was less efficient than C6–C8 PFAS. The process is automated and has safety procedures and controls to prevent hazards. The PFAS were decomposed to hydrogen fluoride (HF) under the strong acid electrochemical operating conditions. Analytical tests showed no evidence of organic waste products remaining from the process. Conventional alternative PFAS removal systems were tested on the waste streams and compared with each other and with the-E-destruct (electrochemical oxidation) process. For example, ion exchange resin (IX resin) treatment of wastewater to complex and remove PFAS was found to be seven times more efficient when compared to the conventional activated carbon absorption (C-treat) process. However, the E-destruct process is higher in capacity, exhibits longer service life and lower operating costs than either IX or C-treat methods for elimination of PFAS from these electroplating waste streams.

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12

Matlalcuatzi, Sairi, and José L. Nava. "The use of a rotating cylinder electrode to recover zinc from rinse water generated by the electroplating industry." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 8 (April 1, 2012): 1406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.020.

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This work concerns the application of a laboratory scale rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) to recover zinc from rinse water generated by the electrolytic zinc process (initially 1,300, 4,400, 50, 20 mg L−1 of Zn(II), Fe(III), Ag(I) and Cr(VI), respectively, at pH 2), although it is also applicable to other electroplating industries. Experimental results demonstrated the convenience of the removal of ferric ions, as (Fe(OH)3(s)) by a pH adjustment to 4, before zinc electro recovery on the RCE. The generation of smooth zinc deposits on the RCE was obtained at Reynolds numbers within the range of 15,000 ≤ Re ≤ 124,000 and limiting current densities (JL) in the interval of −4.8 to −13 mA cm−2. The zinc recovery reached a conversion of 67% in 90 min of electrolysis for Re = 124,000 and J = −13 mA cm−2, 21% current efficiency, and energy consumption of 9.5 kWh m−3. The treated solution can be recycled back through the same rinsing process.

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13

Bandinelli, Romeo, Virginia Fani, and Bianca Bindi. "Electroplating and PVD Finishing Technologies in the Fashion Industry: Perspectives and Scenarios." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 4453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084453.

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This work deals with a comparison between electroplating and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) finishing technologies applied in the fashion industry, with a special focus on their environmental impacts. The goal of this work is to present and validate a Decision Support System (DSS) allowing companies to identify, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis, which of the two types of finishing processes is more suitable in comparison with specific KPIs. After an investigation on the literature and an industrial background regarding the two technologies, the model and, in particular, the sequence of activities that were conducted, are presented. Since LCA is an articulated process, requiring specific and adequate skills that are often unavailable within companies operating in this specific sector, a tool that facilitates LCA execution is a requisite. This tool, though potential publicity will facilitate the adoption of these approaches and sustainability as a driver in the selection of different production process strategies.

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14

Oskay, Kürşad Oğuz, and Mehmet Kul. "Optimizing the recovery of copper from electroplating rinse bath solution by hollow fiber membrane." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 1 (April 22, 2015): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.187.

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Abstract This study aimed to recover and remove copper from industrial model wastewater solution by non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSX). Two mathematical models were developed to simulate the performance of an integrated extraction–stripping process, based on the use of hollow fiber contactors using the response surface method. The models allow one to predict the time dependent efficiencies of the two phases involved in individual extraction or stripping processes. The optimal recovery efficiency parameters were determined as 227 g/L of H2SO4 concentration, 1.22 feed/strip ratio, 450 mL/min flow rate (115.9 cm/min. flow velocity) and 15 volume % LIX 84-I concentration in 270 min by central composite design (CCD). At these optimum conditions, the experimental value of recovery efficiency was 95.88%, which was in close agreement with the 97.75% efficiency value predicted by the model. At the end of the process, almost all the copper in the model wastewater solution was removed and recovered as CuSO4.5H2O salt, which can be reused in the copper electroplating industry.

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15

Fane, A. G., A. R. Awang, M. Bolko, R. Macoun, R. Schofield, Y. R. Shen, and F. Zha. "Metal Recovery from Wastewater Using Membranes." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0233.

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This paper outlines the requirements for metal recovery from wastewater, with particular reference to electroplating. The technical features of three alternative membrane processes are described. Nanofiltration is shown to separate ionic species on the basis of coulombic interactions or hydrated ion size, which leads to either a ‘charge' pattern or a ‘hydration' pattern of rejection. These rejection patterns provide ion selectivity. Ultrafiltration (UF), coupled with ion-complexing polymers or ion exchange resin, also provides efficient removal of metal ions, at high flux. The effectiveness of the UF-resin process is considerably increased as the resin size is decreased. Solvent extraction in a Liquid Membrane Contactor (LMC), which is based on microporous hollow fibre modules with aqueous and organic phases circulating through the shell or fibre lumens, achieves high fluxes of metal ions. A limitation of the LMC is the need to avoid phase leakage. The factors governing the critical displacement pressure and the effective transmembrane pressure are discussed. An LMC with a high packing density of fibres in the shell is preferred. Finally, the paper discusses criteria for selection of ‘user friendly' technologies for the electroplating industry. The membrane technologies, particularly in combined form, score highly except in terms of simplicity. This aspect needs further development.

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16

Yapijakis, Constantine, and Fotios Papamichael. "Sources of Heavy Metals and their Impacts on Wastewater Treatment and Receiving Water Bodies' Quality – Case Study of a Metropolitan Area." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0075.

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In accordance with the USEPA General Pretreatment Regulations, New York City has conducted a comprehensive study to establish a local industrial pretreatment program. Heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Hg) were the only priority pollutants found to be consistently present in the wastewater, and electroplating industry is the major contributor, as previously suspected. Heavy metals do not affect the performance of the treatment plants, as their levels at all plants are below the reported threshold limits. On the other hand, the existing levels of heavy metals found in NYC sludges limit its disposal options. Pretreatment can significantly decrease the amounts of Cr, Ni, and Cd discharged into the Harbor by NYC treatment plants.

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17

Hassan, John. "The impact of EU environmental policy on water industry reform." European Environment 5, no. 2 (March 1995): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.3320050204.

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18

More, Anand Govind, and Sunil Kumar Gupta. "Removal of Chromium from Electroplating Industry Wastewater Using Bioelectrochemical System: Kinetic Study and Statistical Analysis." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 04020069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000571.

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19

Johnston, A., and A. Smith. "Environmental Performance Indicators: The Water Industry of England and Wales." Water and Environment Journal 15, no. 1 (March 2001): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2001.tb00302.x.

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20

Barros, Kayo Santana, Tatiana Scarazzato, Valentín Pérez-Herranz, and Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa. "Treatment of Cyanide-Free Wastewater from Brass Electrodeposition with EDTA by Electrodialysis: Evaluation of Underlimiting and Overlimiting Operations." Membranes 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10040069.

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Growing environmental concerns have led to the development of cleaner processes, such as the substitution of cyanide in electroplating industries and changes in the treatment of wastewaters. Hence, we evaluated the treatment of cyanide-free wastewater from the brass electroplating industry with EDTA as a complexing agent by electrodialysis, aimed at recovering water and concentrated solutions for reuse. The electrodialysis tests were performed in underlimiting and overlimiting conditions. The results suggested that intense water dissociation occurred at the cathodic side of the commercial anion-exchange membrane (HDX) during the overlimiting test. Consequently, the pH reduction at this membrane may have led to the reaction of protons with complexes of EDTA-metals and insoluble species. This allowed the migration of free Cu2+ and Zn2+ to the cation-exchange membrane as a result of the intense electric field and electroconvection. These overlimiting phenomena accounted for the improvement of the percent extraction and percent concentration, since in the electrodialysis stack employed herein, the concentrate compartments of cationic and anionic species were connected to the same reservoir. Chronopotentiometric studies showed that electroconvective vortices minimized fouling/scaling at both membranes. The electrodialysis in the overlimiting condition seemed to be more advantageous due to water dissociation and electroconvection.

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21

Morris, Jonathan, and Martina McGuinness. "Liberalisation of the English water industry: What implications for consumer engagement, environmental protection, and water security?" Utilities Policy 60 (October 2019): 100939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2019.100939.

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22

GOWAN, M., and R. A. COMYNS. "Water in the China Clay Industry." Water and Environment Journal 1, no. 1 (August 1987): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01198.x.

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23

METCALFE, A. V. "Probabilistic Modelling in the Water Industry." Water and Environment Journal 5, no. 4 (August 1991): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00641.x.

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24

Peregudov, Yu S., A. V. Timkova, E. M. Gorbunova, and S. E. Plotnicova. "Use of ion-exchange fiber at the purification stage of wastewater of electroplating." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-330-336.

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In the electroplating industry, large volumes of water are used, which are polluted at various stages in the process. Waste water containing transition metal ions is not only a dangerous source of environmental pollution, but also valuable waste. Taking into account the problems associated with the ecology and the rational use of natural resources, it is necessary to create low- and non-waste production, in particular, to develop new technological processes and appropriate equipment, to introduce water-circulation cycles. This paper presents the results of a study of the sorption of copper (II) and nickel (II) cations by the FIBAN X-1 ion exchange fiber. Calorimetric studies of the thermal effects of the interaction of FIBAN X-1 fiber with solutions of copper (II) and nickel (II) nitrates were carried out. It is shown that the power, thermal effect and time of the process depend on the nature and concentration of metal ions in the solution. Based on the experimental data, the enthalpy of the process was calculated. The endothermic effect of the process is explained by the energy costs associated with dehydration effects and changes in the conformation of the polymer fiber chains. Sorption isotherms of these ions were obtained. It has been established that at all concentrations studied, Ni2 + ions under these conditions are absorbed by ion exchange fibers better than Cu2 + cations. The calculated sorption constants for copper (II) and nickel (II) are greater than 1. It is shown that the Langmuir equation describes the sorption isotherm better than the Freundlich equation. For deep purification of waste water from metal ions, it was proposed to use the fibrous sorbent FIBAN X-1.

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25

WOODCOCK, P. "Conservation in a Privatized Water Industry: The Anglian Water Experience." Water and Environment Journal 7, no. 1 (February 1993): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00809.x.

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26

BOON, P. J. "Environmental Impact Assessment and the Water Industry: Implications for Nature Conservation." Water and Environment Journal 5, no. 2 (April 1991): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00607.x.

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27

Valencia, Jacipt A. R., Jordi P. González, Iris Jimenez-Pitre, and Geomar Molina-Bolívar. "Physico-chemical treatment of waste water contaminated with heavy metals in the industry of metallic coatings." Journal of Water and Land Development 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0075.

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AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to determine the optimum conditions for physical-chemical treatment of waste water contaminated with heavy metals in the industry of metallic coatings. The industry uses substances such as: inorganic acids, alkalis, acidic and alkaline metal salts, that has a high water demand in the processes of flushing and cleaning the parts to be coated. According to the preliminary characterization of samples and reported in the literature theory, physico-chemical process was implemented for the removal of contaminants that consisted in chemical oxidation of CN-ions, followed by chemical precipitation made next to a coagulation/flocculation and subsequent adsorption on activated coal. Laboratory scale tests showed the optimal conditions of treatment including chemical oxidation by the addition of 4.15 cm3 of H2O2 (30%) per gram of CN, chemical precipitation with NaOH to a pH of 12, followed by coagulation/flocculation with Fe2(SO4)3 at a speed of 135 rpm for 3 min and 20 rpm for 20 min and finally the addition of 1.0 g of adsorbent previously activated at 700°C. From this study, it is clear that the adsorption on activated carbon is highly efficient in the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water from electroplating. However, it is also clear that the parallel application of the treatments, shown here, is more effective to completely remove contaminants such as lead, nickel, silver, and copper at laboratory scale, so it is recommended the simultaneous use of these physico-chemical processes.

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28

Li, Qi, Ya-Ni Wei, and Zheng-Ao Chen. "Water-CCUS nexus: challenges and opportunities of China’s coal chemical industry." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 18, no. 3 (October 14, 2015): 775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-1049-z.

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29

Lehmann, Robert G. "Environmental Research Careers in Industry." Journal of Environmental Quality 22, no. 3 (July 1993): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200030016x.

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30

Zhang, Huixin, Feng Wang, Xiuhong Jin, Yuchao Zhu, Xiaona Li, and Hongyong Zhou. "Chromium removal with cross-linked chitosan adsorption and base-precipitation combination." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 12 (June 1, 2013): 2768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.125.

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A novel technique for a complete removal of both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) ions, namely cross-linked chitosan (CCTS) adsorption and base-precipitation combination, was studied in this work in great detail. The optimum conditions for Cr(VI) adsorption onto CCTS were determined as a function of pH, CCTS dosage and contact time, while Cr(III) precipitation was investigated as a function of pH value. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models were applied to describe the Cr(VI) adsorption isotherm on CCTS. The Langmuir model agreed much better with experimental data than the Freundlich and D–R by a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.994. The capacity and ΔGo of CCTS for Cr(VI) were 70.4 mg/g and −26.6 kJ/mol respectively, indicating the feasible and spontaneous nature of the Cr(VI) sorption process. This combined technique was applied for real wastewater treatment from the electroplating industry and obtained a one-off retention in solution not more than 0.5 mg/L for both Cr(VI) and Cr total. These results meet the Chinese standards for effluent discharge.

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31

Choudhury, S. H., S. L. Yu, and Y. Y. Haimes. "Assessing the Risk of Noncompliance in Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1992): 1411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0584.

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This paper presents an integrated methodology that allows determining the probability of noncompliance for a given wastewater treatment plant. The methodology applies fault-tree analysis, which uses failure probabilities of individual components, to predict the overall system failure probability. The methodology can be divided into two parts : risk identification and risk quantification. In risk identification, the key components in the system are determined by analyzing the contribution of individual component failures toward system failure (i.e., noncompliance). In risk quantification, a fault-tree model is constructed for the particular system, component failure probabilities are estimated, and the fault-tree model is evaluated to determine the probability of occurrence of the top event (i.e., noncompliance). A list can be developed that ranks critical events on the basis of their contributions to the probability of noncompliance. Such a ranking should assist managers to determine which components require most attention for a better performance of the entire system. A wastewater treatment plant for treating metal-bearing rinse water from an electroplating industry is used as an example to demonstrate the application of this methodology.

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Yılmaz, Selehattin, Melike Türe, Murat Sadıkoglu, and Ali Duran. "Determination of total Cr in wastewaters of Cr electroplating factories in the I.organize industry region (Kayseri, Turkey) by ICP-AES." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 167, no. 1-4 (June 30, 2009): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1045-z.

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Wills-Johnson, Nick, Alan Lowdon, and Hudson Bell. "Access and competition in the water industry." Water Policy 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0006.

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Access regimes, coupled with entry in the contestable sectors of the relevant industries, have facilitated substantial competition in the electricity and gas industries in many countries, but water has yet to benefit from such competition. In the UK, access codes in the water industry have been in place since September 2000, and a bill is currently before the UK Parliament to open the retailing and abstraction sectors of the water industry to competition. Will the UK, and other countries which subsequently follow it in reform, be likely to see substantial increases in competition in the water industry as a result of these reforms? This paper argues that it will not, as water is an economically different product to electricity and gas, with few of the attributes inherent in electricity and gas which have attracted entry to the competitive sectors of these industries. Moreover, potential environmental externalities associated with access regimes in water, but not in electricity and gas, suggest caution before establishing comprehensive access regimes in water.

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Wang, Laili, Fangli Chen, Yuelei Shen, Sisi Liu, and Yiduo Yang. "WATER FOOTPRINT OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF CHINA." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 20, no. 2 (2021): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2021.024.

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35

Nester, Anatolyi, Larisa Tretyakova, Liudmyla Mitiuk, Natalya Prakhovnik, and Arkadii Husev. "Remediation of Soil Containing Sludge Generated by Printed Circuit Board Production and Electroplating." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 76, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.4.25460.

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This paper examines the environmental conditions at the premises of printed circuit boards (PCBs) manufacturers, which have electroplating plants. It provides a brief overview of the key aspects of adverse environmental impacts of wastes generated by PCB manufacture and electroplating plants. The aim of this research was to improve the test method for evaluation of wastewater effect on the soil salinity at the premises of PCBs manufacturers. The object of research was the process of extraction and use of copper from wastewater generated by PCBs manufacture and electroplating. As an example, the process of sludge formation during PCBs etching has been reviewed. With the etching line capacity of 14 m2/h, one-shift manufacturing process will result in the production of up to 2,500 kg of sludge monthly. For enterprises with capacities of 2,000–4,000 m2 circuits, this means annual accumulation at their premises of up to 70 tons of wastes in the form of sludge. Estimates suggest that the upper half-meter layer of the aeration zone will be qualified as slightly saline in one year after accumulation of the sludge. In subsequent years, the salt content will increase and saline soil can be found at the depths of 1.5–2 m over ten years of storage. The authors of this paper propose to treat spent etching solutions applying regeneration technology in order to reduce the amount of sludge. With this technology, it is possible to use the extracted metal as a secondary raw material for copper production and re-use the regenerated solution in PCBs etching. This paper provides estimated hazard indices calculated for the storage of sludge at the manufacturer’s premises before and after the implementation of the proposed technology. With regards to findings of the study, it has been proposed to reuse copper recovered from wastes as a raw material for the industry.

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Ghosh, Arpita, Manisha Ghosh Dastidar, and T. R. Sreekrishnan. "Response surface modeling of bioremediation of acid black 52 dye using Aspergillus flavus." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 12 (March 21, 2017): 2864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.167.

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Bioremediation is an efficient process to remove metals and dyes from solutions using different micro-organisms. In the present study, the efficiency of growing Aspergillus flavus (isolated from the effluent of an electroplating industry) to treat a synthetic solution of acid black 52 dye (a trivalent chromium complex dye) was investigated. Maximum removal of dye and chromium was observed to be 390 and 17.22 mg/L, respectively, at an initial dye concentration of 750 mg/L and at pH 4.5 in 50 hours in a batch bioreactor. The biomass concentration was reduced from 4.1 to 0.4 g/L with increasing dye concentration from 100 to 2,000 mg/L. The response surface modeling for color removal was performed using the range of initial dye concentration 200–400 mg/L, pH 4–6 and time 35–50 hours. The optimum conditions for maximum color removal (76.52%) were observed at initial dye concentration: 200 mg/L, pH: 4.75 and time: 50 hours. The deviation (−0.02%) showed a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values of color removal. The scanning electron microscopic and energy dispersive X-ray analyses indicated bioremediation of the dye.

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Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Ethiopia: The Environmental Aspects of Policy and Practice in the Ethiopian Floriculture Industry." Environmental Policy and Law 50, no. 4-5 (March 12, 2021): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-200239.

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The floriculture sector is booming in Ethiopia, making the country the second largest flower exporter in Africa and one of the largest suppliers of flowers globally. Despite the enormous advantages of the Ethiopian floriculture industry to the country’s economy, the industry’s unsustainability related to environmental and human rights is growing. Failure to protect the environment can have profound negative impacts on long-term economic development and human rights, including the right to life, adequate food, water and housing. The floriculture industry has been identified as having the potential to grow and contribute positively to the agricultural transformation and economy of Ethiopia. Policy, laws and regulations play a vital role in the implementation of any regulatory objective. During the last decade, Ethiopia has developed many policies and laws that link to improving the environment, and the flower farm industry itself has adopted self-regulation and standards, enhancing the protection of workers and the environment. But there is increasing evidence that the economic benefits of the flower industry come at the expense of the environment. So, what is the impact of these State and non-State regulations on a safe and clean environment? This paper aims to analyse how, why and under what circumstances environmental policy implementation might work or fail, by investigating the challenges for the floriculture industry relating to the intensive use of pesticides and water, and inappropriate waste disposal in the policy implementation process. It is safe to say that Ethiopia has developed a lot of legislation on the environment but the challenge of effective monitoring and enforcement remains. This paper concludes with recommendations, based on the fact that the principles of environmental rights, the right to life and the right to development cannot be realised in the absence of the right to a healthy environment.

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HOPKINSON, PETER, ANTHONY SAMMUT, and MICHAEL WHITAKER. "THE STANDARDISATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THE UK WATER INDUSTRY?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 01, no. 03 (September 1999): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333299000235.

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The ability to utilise corporate environmental reports to benchmark environmental performance requires the development and inclusion of standardised environmental performance indicators. Most systems for benchmarking corporate environmental reports are measures of environmental activities rather than performance. The UK Water Industry has considerable experience in measuring and reporting standardised environmental performance indicators to the regulator and publishing corporate environmental reports. An analysis of corporate environmental reports shows that the inclusion of industry standardised environmental performance indicators is patchy and inconsistent. Moreover, slight differences in units of measurement make comparisons very difficult. A new set of standardised environmental performance indicators developed by the water industry itself, shows similar findings when compared against corporate environmental reports. At the current time corporate environmental reports cannot be used to benchmark performance. There is no reason why corporate environmental reports could not be adjusted to include the two sets of standardised environmental performance indicators examined. In their absence there seems to be little purpose in benchmarking corporate environmental reports.

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39

Chang, Jing-Song, Kuang-Chung Yu, Li-Jyur Tsai, and Shien-Tsong Ho. "Spatial distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediment of Yenshui river, Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0459.

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Distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments from heavily polluted section of Yenshui river, located in the southern Taiwan, are presented. Sediment cores of seven sites were separated into several cuts and analyzed with both sequential extraction procedure (SEP) to realize the heavy metal contents (including Cr, Co, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu and Cd) among binding fractions of different sediment depth and multivariate analysis (MA) to conduct the correlations of heavy metal variation in depth profile. Results show that distribution of heavy metals in depth profile of sediment is not identical among different sites. Levels of Zn, Cr, Cu and Ni were higher than other metals, and within the ranges of 30–200 mg/Kg, 8–160 mg/Kg, 5–130 mg/Kg, 10–100 mg/Kg, respectively. The major binding forms of Zn, Cr and Cu in sediment were ‘bound to carbonates’, ‘bound to Fe oxides’ and ‘bound to organic matter’ respectively. And, the percentages of different heavy metal binding forms were not significantly varied in depth profile. Results of principal component analyses (PCA) demonstrate that Cr, Ni and Cu were clustered, which indicate these metals had similar loadings in sediment profile, and might be discharged from the same pollution source of electroplating industry.

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40

HYDE, R. A. "Application of Granular Activated Carbon in the Water Industry." Water and Environment Journal 3, no. 2 (April 1989): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01505.x.

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41

WEST, P. A., and R. LOCKE. "Occupational Risks from Infectious Diseases in the Water Industry." Water and Environment Journal 4, no. 6 (December 1990): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01464.x.

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42

STOKES, R. "Accreditation of Products and Services for the Water Industry." Water and Environment Journal 7, no. 3 (June 1993): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00845.x.

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43

Belmonte-Urena, Luis J., and Isabel M. Roman-Sanchez. "APPRAISAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION OF WATER IN THE WINE-PRODUCING SPANISH INDUSTRY." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 12, no. 10 (2013): 1979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2013.247.

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44

She, Ying, Yaobin Liu, Yangu Deng, and Lei Jiang. "Can China’s Government-Oriented Environmental Regulation Reduce Water Pollution? Evidence from Water Pollution Intensive Firms." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197841.

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China’s environmental regulation regime remains mainly government-oriented, consisting of the government environmental investment policy and the command–control policy. This paper first improves the traditional environment Copeland-Taylor model by including the above two types of government-oriented environment instruments. Then, based on a comprehensive firm-level dataset, we examine the effects of government-oriented environmental instruments on firms’ water pollutant emission abatement in the Yangtze River Economic zone. We find robust evidence of a significant decrease of 2.99% in chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) discharge and of 3.55% in ammonia nitrogen(NH3) discharge of firms in response to the government environmental investment policy, whereas the command–control instrument shows little effect on firms’ water pollutant emission reduction. Our results are robust when using alternative measurements for two types of environmental instruments. Additionally, we also find there exist heterogeneous effects across sub-samples: (1)comparing with large and medium firms, small and micro firms are more liable to be influenced by the two types of government-oriented environmental instruments; (2) the effect of two types of government-oriented environmental instruments is obviously significant in the intensive-water-pollution industry, whereas it is not obvious in clean industry; (3) the effect of government environmental investment is obvious on state-owned enterprises and domestic joint ventures, whereas the command–control policy has effectively reduced the water pollutant discharge for domestic joint ventures and private firms. Finally, this study also presents some future policy implications.

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Tebbutt, R. J., J. A. Guy, R. J. Cochin, and J. N. Lester. "Investment Appraisal in the Water Industry of England and Wales." Water and Environment Journal 16, no. 2 (May 2002): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2002.tb00378.x.

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46

Hall, Jim W., Mohammad Mortazavi‐Naeini, Edoardo Borgomeo, Bill Baker, Helen Gavin, Meyrick Gough, Julien J. Harou, et al. "Risk‐based water resources planning in practice: a blueprint for the water industry in England." Water and Environment Journal 34, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12479.

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Gavine, F. M., D. S. Rennis, and D. Windmill. "Implementing Environmental Management Systems in the Finfish Aquaculture Industry." Water and Environment Journal 10, no. 5 (October 1996): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1996.tb00062.x.

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Drabble, Nancy. "Law: Pesticide Legislation Reform: Accord between Industry and Environmentalists." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 27, no. 10 (December 1985): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1985.9931315.

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49

TURPIN, T., and FRANCES FREARS BSc. "EC and UK Legislation on Environmental Assessment and its Effect on the UK Water Industry." Water and Environment Journal 7, no. 3 (June 1993): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00846.x.

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50

CLAPHAM, G. S., and P. LOWE. "The Procurement and Testing of Process Plant for the Water Industry." Water and Environment Journal 5, no. 3 (June 1991): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00622.x.

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