Journal articles: 'Water Extraction Pattern'

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Brown, Hamish E., Derrick J. Moot, Andrew L. Fletcher, and Peter D. Jamieson. "A framework for quantifying water extraction and water stress responses of perennial lucerne." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 8 (2009): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08415.

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A generic framework was developed and validated for predicting the water extraction and water stress responses of perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa) to improve existing crop models. Perennial forages have roots established throughout a soil profile so require a different approach to quantify water extraction patterns than annual crops. Two years of experimental data from two fields in New Zealand, each containing dryland and irrigated lucerne crops, were analysed to develop the theory of the water extraction framework. This showed that the temporal pattern of water extraction was consistent and each year commenced in the shallowest layer and progressed downward. Water extraction from each soil layer was quantified as the minimum of soil water supply and crop demand for that layer. For each soil layer, water demand was represented by transpiration demand (the product of potential evapotranspiration and crop cover) minus the sum of water extraction in overlying layers. This approach gave accurate descriptions of water extraction patterns over a range of rainfall and irrigation situations. Water supply from each soil layer (l) was quantified as the product of plant-available water and an extraction rate constant (kll). The kll of lucerne could not be calculated using the traditional curve-fitting procedure so kll was calculated by integrating the water extraction framework described above with a soil water balance and fitting kll to minimise residuals for water extraction predictions in each soil layer. This gave kll values that decreased from 0.035/day in the 0–0.2 m layer of soil to 0.01/day in the deepest layer measured (1.8–2.3 m). The water extraction framework was validated against another 3 years of dryland and irrigated lucerne data and gave accurate predictions of water extraction patterns throughout the soil profile. Water stress was quantified from actual transpiration relative to transpiration demand (T/TD). The most sensitive variable was leaf area expansion, which decreased from an optimum at T/TD = 1 to zero at T/TD = 0.2, followed by radiation-use efficiency, which decreased from an optimum at T/TD = 1 to zero at a T/TD of zero. The framework for quantifying water extraction and the techniques determined for identifying appropriate parameters to measure and characterise the framework are expected to be generally applicable to perennial forages in a wide range of environments.

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Zhao, Haifeng, Dibo Hou, Pingjie Huang, and Guangxin Zhang. "Periodic pattern extraction and anomaly detection for free chlorine in drinking water network." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (2015): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.003.

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Water contamination events are threatening the safety of drinking water. Free chlorine is widely used as the disinfectant in drinking water, which can be used as a surrogate parameter to provide indications of potential contaminants. In this article, the periodic fluctuation of free chlorine is studied and the fluctuation pattern is extracted by the singular vector decomposition method, and an anomaly detection scheme for free chlorine is proposed and tested. Firstly, the normal periodic pattern and current pattern of free chlorine are both extracted from the historical and online data, and then the difference between the current data pattern and the normal data pattern are compared with thresholds for anomaly declaration. The single point detection and data series detection are investigated for the purpose of short-term and long-term inspection. Further, the anomaly data treatment and the detection method using sub-patterns are discussed. Performance tests show that the proposed method is sensitive to the anomaly data, and is effective to detect anomalous condition in typical contamination scenes.

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Robertson, M. J., S. Fukai, M. M. Ludlow, and G. L. Hammer. "Water extraction by grain sorghum in a sub-humid environment. I. Analysis of the water extraction pattern." Field Crops Research 33, no. 1-2 (1993): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90095-5.

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Mawarni, Drajat Indah, Wibawa Endra Juwana, IGNB Catrawedarma, et al. "Statistical Characterization of Bubble Breakup Flow Structures in Swirl-Type Bubble Generator Systems." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 23, no. 1 (2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.78558.

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The bubble breakup pattern on a swirl-type bubble generator (MBG) with water and air fluids was experimentally studied. The bubble breakup pattern was analyzed visually and characterized using several parameters such as Pressure Drop (∆P), Kolmogorov Entropy, Standard Deviation, and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform), which were taken from the extraction of pressure signals at the water inlet and outlet of the bubble generator. The wavelet spectrum of the measured signal was shown to identify the overall bubble breakup pattern, and the wavelet variance vector is proposed as a character vector to identify the bubble breakup pattern. The results show that there were three types of different flow breakup patterns: (1) static breakup, (2) dynamic breakup, and (3) tensile breakup. The observed bubble breakup sub-patterns can be categorized into tensile, moderate tensile, high tensile, dynamic, low dynamic, static, and high static sub-patterns. The static clustered breakup pattern has the highest wavelet energy compared to the tensile and dynamic clustered breakup.

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Makarov, Artyom E., Albert H. H. Nugmanov, Igor Yu Aleksanyan, Pavel D. Osmolovskiy, and Kirill O. Dmitriev. "Kinetic Research of the Water-Soluble Substances Extraction from Persimmon Pulp." Food Industry 9, no. 3 (2024): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2500-1922-2024-9-3-6.

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Persimmon fruits are dietary food products with a high proportion of biologically active compounds and a wide range of trace elements and vitamin complexes, as well as polysaccharides and dietary fibers. However, the preservation of harvested fruits is a problem due to complexity and high costs. For this reason, the modern approach implementation to the processing of raw materials of plant origin and the production of food materials based on it enable to preserve the beneficial characteristics of persimmon fruits, significantly. A man run the extraction intensification on the basis of information about its statics, kinetics and hydrodynamics. The study aimed at determining the kinetic patterns and specific yield of water-soluble substances from the persimmon pulp based on the rational ratio determination of the extractant and the extraction object (hydromodule). The authors indicated the rational hydromodule in the mass transfer process during the experimental series, where the target function was the highest specific yield of the target components. There were two versions of the kinetic pattern study of the extraction process: with and without ultrasound. The study results revealed the kinetic patterns and determined the specific yield of water-soluble substances from persimmon pulp on the basis of a rational hydromodule. The resulting form of the mass transfer intensity curve is typical with certain specifics for such materials and extraction methods defining the distribution coefficient value, the component extraction selectivity of the persimmon fruit pulp, as well as the conditions for extraction, which determine its mechanism. All this indicates the utility of the traditional extraction method improvement, in particular, when using ultrasound.

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Nguyen, D. D. "WATER BODY EXTRACTION FROM MULTI SPECTRAL IMAGE BY SPECTRAL PATTERN ANALYSIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXIX-B8 (July 28, 2012): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxix-b8-181-2012.

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Legarreta-González, Martín Alfredo, César A. Meza-Herrera, Rafael Rodríguez-Martínez, et al. "Selecting a Time-Series Model to Predict Drinking Water Extraction in a Semi-Arid Region in Chihuahua, Mexico." Sustainability 16, no. 22 (2024): 9722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16229722.

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As the effects of global climate change intensify, it is increasingly important to implement more effective water management practices, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Meoqui, Chihuahua, situated in the arid northern center of Mexico. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal time-series model for analyzing the pattern of water extraction volumes and predicting a one-year forecast. It was hypothesized that the volume of water extracted over time could be explained by a statistical time-series model, with the objective of predicting future trends. To achieve this objective, three time-series models were evaluated. To assess the pattern of groundwater extraction, three time-series models were employed: the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), Prophet, and Prophet with extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The mean extraction volume for the entire period was 50,935 ± 47,540 m3, with a total of 67,233,578 m3 extracted from all wells. The greatest volume of water extracted has historically been from urban wells, with an average extraction of 55,720 ± 48,865 m3 and a total of 63,520,284 m3. The mean extraction volume for raw water wells was determined to be 20,629 ± 19,767 m3, with a total extraction volume of 3,713,294 m3. The SARIMA(1,1,1)(1,0,0)12 model was identified as the optimal time-series model for general extraction, while a “white noise” model, an ARIMA(0,1,0) for raw water, and an SARIMA(2,1,1)(2,0,0)12 model were identified as optimal for urban wells. These findings serve to reinforce the efficacy of the SARIMA model in forecasting and provide a basis for water resource managers in the region to develop policies that promote sustainable water management.

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Xiao, Cong, Yuzhu Chen, Teng Ma, and Wen Xiong. "Impact of Pressure on Arsenic Released from Pore Water in Clayey Sediment." Toxics 10, no. 12 (2022): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120738.

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Overpumping can cause arsenic to be released from the pore water in clayey aquitards into aquifers. The amount of water pumped during groundwater exploitation may change over time, leading to different soil-compaction rates or patterns. However, the impact of pressure on the release of arsenic during the compaction of a clayey aquitard is poorly understood. We performed a laboratory-compaction experiment using clayey sediment to identify the effects of compaction rates and patterns on arsenic release by analyzing the chemical characteristics and arsenic species present in pore water samples collected at different stages of the compaction experiment. A rapid (PV increased linearly) and a slow (PV increased exponentially) water-release patterns were recognized according to the compaction rate. We observed that arsenic concentrations in the slow pattern (6.7 to 36.4 μg/L) were considerably higher than those in the rapid pattern (7.6 to 16.1 μg/L). Furthermore, concentrations were the highest in the accelerated compaction pattern (16.8 to 47.4 μg/L), followed by those in the constant and decelerated patterns (4.3 to 14.4 μg/L). Overall, compaction rate and pattern did not alter the arsenic-release mechanism; however, they did alter the moisture content of the sediment at each stage, which indirectly led to differences in the released arsenic concentrations. These results suggest that pumping rates and patterns must be considered to prevent arsenic contamination in groundwater-extraction scenarios.

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Matthews, R. B., D. Harris, R. C. Nageswara Rao, J. H. Williams, and K. D. R. Wadia. "The Physiological Basis for Yield Differences between Four Genotypes of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea) in Response to Drought. I. Dry Matter Production and Water Use." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 2 (1988): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015945.

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SUMMARYFour genotypes of groundnut grown with limited irrigation in a medium depth Alfisol in Central India transpired similar total amounts of water (220–226 mm) over the season, but produced different amounts of shoot dry matter (390–490 g m−2). The extraction front of Kadiri 3 moved most rapidly down the soil profile which may have enabled it to maintain the fastest rates of transpiration when soil water depletion was greatest. Tap root extension rates of Kadiri 3 in the first 32 days after sowing were also the fastest. NC Ac 17090 was more efficient than the other genotypes in extracting water immediately after irrigation from the upper 40 cm of the soil, but this had little value in determining the pattern of water availability in this experiment. Differences in the water extraction characteristics of these genotypes explain little of the variation in dry matter:water ratio, and do not account for the major variation in harvest index associated with drought.

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Chung, Tsair-Wang, and Irwan Saleh Kurniawan. "Analysis of Antioxidant Property from Water Extraction of Garcia Mangostana Using Response Surface Methodology." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 14, no. 4 (2023): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2023.14.4.804.

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Mangosteen (Garcia mangostana) is an exotic fruit that can be found widely in Southeast Asia. Mangosteen pericarp contains bioactive compound that has pharmacological properties, including antioxidants, anticarcinogenic, and also suggested its applicability for skincare products. Water extraction is more applicable for industry due to simple process, low cost, and neutral reaction. In this study, water extraction on the pericarp of mangosteen was applied and the operating parameters were discussed by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for high recovery of antioxidant extract from the mangosteen pericarp. The experimental design used three factors, solid-to-liquid ratio (g/ml), temperature (oC) and extraction time (hour), were analyzed to discuss two responses, DPPH radical scavenging effect (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Under the operating conditions, the highest FRAP is 0.818 abs at the factors of 1:10 (g/ml), 65 oC, and 3-hour. DPPH is significantly high for all RSM pattern. The optimum parameters determined by using RSM are at 1:10 (g/ml), 59.74 oC, and 2.87 hours with DPPH 81.01% and FRAP 0.789 abs.

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Zhou, Yi, Christopher J. Lambrides, Matthew B. Roche, Alan Duff, and Shu Fukai. "Temporal and spatial patterns of soil water extraction and drought resistance among genotypes of a perennial C4 grass." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 4 (2013): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12270.

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The objective of this study was to investigate patterns of soil water extraction and drought resistance among genotypes of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) a perennial C4 grass. Four wild Australian ecotypes (1–1, 25a1, 40–1, and 81–1) and four cultivars (CT2, Grand Prix, Legend, and Wintergreen) were examined in field experiments with rainfall excluded to monitor soil water extraction at 30–190 cm depths. In the study we defined drought resistance as the ability to maintain green canopy cover under drought. The most drought resistant genotypes (40–1 and 25a1) maintained more green cover (55–85% vs 5–10%) during water deficit and extracted more soil water (120–160 mm vs 77–107 mm) than drought sensitive genotypes, especially at depths from 50 to 110 cm, though all genotypes extracted water to 190 cm. The maintenance of green cover and higher soil water extraction were associated with higher stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and relative water content. For all genotypes, the pattern of water use as a percentage of total water use was similar across depth and time We propose the observed genetic variation was related to different root characteristics (root length density, hydraulic conductivity, root activity) although shoot sensitivity to drying soil cannot be ruled out.

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Syafitri, Riri, and Farida Arianti. "BAGI HASIL PENGAMBILAN AIR NIRA DALAM TINJUAN FIQH MUAMALAH (Studi di Jorong Koto Dalimo Nagari Supayang)." JISRAH: Jurnal Integrasi Ilmu Syariah 2, no. 3 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v2i3.4965.

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This study examines the implementation of profit sharing in cooperation to extract sap water in Jorong Koto Dalimo Nagari Agarng which is close to the Musaqah (agricultural cooperation) contract in the form of managing sap water into palm sugar. The agreed terms of profit sharing are that within seven days of sap-water extraction, six days of sap-water extraction are for the manager and one day for the sap tree owner. the agreed profit sharing is in the form of palm sugar. The problem is that there is a disproportionate pattern of profit sharing between the owner of the sap tree and the manager of the sap water, the profit sharing is more dominant to the manager. This research uses field research. The data were obtained through interviews and observations, and then the data were narrated descriptively. The result achieved is that the implementation of cooperation in extracting sap water with a profit sharing agreement of 6:1 is punished proportionally and is allowed in Islam because it has fulfilled the principle of justice in sharing the results.

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Plunkett, G. M., and R. C. Muchow. "Water extraction by sugarcane on soils of the Ord Irrigation Area." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 5 (2003): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02043.

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Sugarcane is a new commercial crop in the Ord River Irrigation Area and irrigation management strategies are required for profitable production with minimal environmental consequences such as rising ground water. Knowledge of soil water properties and sugarcane water requirements is a necessary prerequisite for best-practice irrigation. Accordingly, soil water measurements were taken to quantify the amount and depth pattern of water extraction by sugarcane on the Ivanhoe Plain in the Ord River Irrigation Area.The drained upper limit and crop lower limit of extraction were measured on 4 soil types. The amount of soil water available to the sugarcane plant varied between soil types, ranging from 226 to 167 mm in a 2.0 m profile. Sugarcane extracted water down to 1.8 m at the Central and Northern Ivanhoe sites, down to 1.6 m at the Southern Ivanhoe site, but only down to 1.0 m at the Aquitaine site. The pattern of water use over time was determined at 2�sites and showed higher crop water use before the wet season and much lower crop water use after the wet season. There was considerable reduction in the ratio of crop water use to Class A pan evaporation after the wet season. Lower irrigation frequency after the wet season on maturing crops will improve irrigation efficiency and reduce impacts on the environment.This knowledge of the different soil water properties of the 4 soil types can be used with crop growth models to develop recommendations for best-practice irrigation management of sugarcane across the Ord River Irrigation Area. These recommendations need to account for the high soil water extraction capability of sugarcane growing in this environment.

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Desmiaty, Yesi, Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami, Fahleni Fahleni, Shafa Nur Hamidah, and All Dillah Agit Shafira. "Temperature-Dependent Variations in Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemical Profiles of Passiflora edulis Leaf Extracts." Trends in Sciences 22, no. 6 (2025): 9772. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.9772.

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Passiflora edulis leaves contain bioactive compounds and have beneficial and important biological activities. The focus of this research is to pinpoint the optimum water extraction temperature and methods for the greatest antioxidant activity and phytochemical content. Dry powder of P. edulis leaves was extracted using aqueous solvents with temperature variations i.e., maceration (TR), 40 °C (T40), 60 °C (T60), decoction (TD), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). All extracts were compared for antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS), compound content (total polyphenolic and flavonoid content), marker assay (saponin assay using Liebermann-Burchard reagent, and quercetin assay using TLC-densitometry), and determination of the fingerprint pattern of compounds through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. The antioxidant capacity demonstrated that the extract activity was dose-dependent at all procedure temperatures. Our data showed that decoction (TD) enhanced the antioxidant capacity and also levels of water-soluble flavonoids, polyphenolic, and quercetin compounds. However, the best saponin content was obtained at T60. The FTIR spectra showed the same pattern of all extract functional groups. Therefore, the increasing extraction temperature is directly related to the increase of flavonoid and polyphenol content and their antioxidant activities. HIGHLIGHTS Passiflora edulis leaf has many phytoconstituents that have different bioactivities. The extraction method and temperature will impact the quantity of phytoconstituents extracted. Decoction produced the highest antioxidant activity, while 60 °C gave the best saponin content. FTIR analysis showed similar spectral patterns in all extracts. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Thoma, s., S. Fukai, and GL Hammer. "Growth and yield response of barley and chickpea to water stress under three environments in southeast Queensland. II. Root growth and soil water extraction pattern." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950035.

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Root growth and water extraction of two barley cultivars, Corvette (early maturing), Triumph (late maturing) and one cultivar of chickpea (Amethyst at Redland Bay and Borwen at Hermitage) were compared under three environments: April sowing and July sowing at Redland Bay and June sowing at Hermitage Research Station, south-east Queensland. This work was designed to explain differences in dry matter production in terms of root growth and water uptake during the crop growth, which relied only on stored soil moisture. In the April sowing where all crops grew well during the early stages of growth, decline in soil water with time for the whole profile was similar among all crops. In the winter sowings (June, July), total water use was less in chickpea than in barley, particularly during early stages when chickpea growth was poor. Water extraction patterns of two barley cultivars were similar in all experiments, though the late-maturing Triumph extracted slightly more water than early maturing Corvette towards maturity. Water extraction front velocities of the three crops were similar in each experiment. At Redland Bay, the water extraction front velocities varied from 1.4 to 1.6 cm day-1 in the April sowing and 2.3 to 2.4 cm day-1 in the July sowing, while they varied from 2.0 to 2.3 cm day-1 at Hermitage. However, descent of the water extraction front commenced later in chickpea than in barley when sown in winter months, and this resulted in lower total water use in chickpea, particularly at Hermitage. In both sowings at Redland Bay total root length increased rapidly to about 60 days after sowing in barley, whereas the increase was slower in chickpea. Root length density was high in the upper soil layers, and this was associated with high extractable soil water. In deeper layers both root length density and extractable soil water decreased. For a given root length density chickpea extracted more water than barley. These results indicate that the differences in root growth and water extraction by the two barley crops were rather small and were unlikely to be the reason for the differences in total dry matter production. Chickpea on the other hand appeared to be susceptible to low temperatures during early stages of growth, and this caused poor growth of both shoots and roots.

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Katuwal, Krishna B., Youngkoo Cho, Sukhbir Singh, Sangamesh V. Angadi, Sultan Begna, and Michael Stamm. "Soil water extraction pattern and water use efficiency of spring canola under growth-stage-based irrigation management." Agricultural Water Management 239 (September 2020): 106232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106232.

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SAMUI, R. P., M. J. Mc FARLAND, and J. W. WORTHINGTON. "Water extraction pattern and transpirational losses of peach trees Under well-watered and drying cycles." MAUSAM 47, no. 3 (2021): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v47i3.3746.

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Mature peach trees [Prunus Persica (L.) Batsch] grown in weighing lysimeters were subjected to soil moisture stress by shutting off irrigation. Initially transpiration (T) was at potential rate when available soil moisture in the active root zone was near field capacity. Rapid changes in soil moisture under drying cycles caused gradual decrease in transpirational rate. When 0 to 60 cm soil layer reached permanent wilting point, there was a sharp decline in water use. Mature peach trees require barest minimum of 10 mm of water for their metabolic activity. A regression model has been developed to estimate transpirational loss of peach from available soil profile water. 

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Diao, Haoyu, Philipp Schuler, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Matthias Saurer, and Marco M. Lehmann. "Technical note: On uncertainties in plant water isotopic composition following extraction by cryogenic vacuum distillation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 22 (2022): 5835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5835-2022.

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Abstract. Recent studies have challenged the interpretation of plant water isotopes obtained through cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD) based on observations of a large 2H fractionation. These studies have hypothesized the existence of an H-atom exchange between water and organic tissue during CVD extraction with the magnitude of H exchange related to relative water content of the sample; however, clear evidence is lacking. Here, we systematically tested the uncertainties in the isotopic composition of CVD-extracted water by conducting a series of incubation and rehydration experiments using isotopically depleted water, water at natural isotope abundance, woody materials with exchangeable H, and organic materials without exchangeable H (cellulose triacetate and caffeine). We show that the offsets between hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios and expected reference values (Δ2H and Δ18O) have inversely proportional relationships with the absolute amount of water being extracted, i.e. the lower the water amount, the higher the Δ2H and Δ18O. However, neither Δ2H nor Δ18O values, were related to sample relative water content. The Δ2H pattern was more pronounced for materials with exchangeable H atoms than with non-exchangeable H atoms. This is caused by the combined effect of H exchange during the incubation of materials in water and isotopic enrichments during evaporation and sublimation that depend on absolute water amount. The H exchange during CVD extraction itself was negligible. Despite these technical issues, we observed that the water amount-dependent patterns were much less pronounced for samples at natural isotope abundance and particularly low when sufficiently high amounts of water were extracted (>600 µL). Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms causing isotope fractionation during CVD extraction of water. The methodological uncertainties can be controlled if large samples of natural isotope abundance are used in ecohydrological studies.

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Jacobson, Brent D., Don S. Murray, and John F. Stone. "Soil-Water Extraction Profiles of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Weed Species." Weed Technology 8, no. 2 (1994): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003863x.

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Soil-water profiles of cotton, several weeds, and bare soil were compared in research conducted in 1989 and 1990 near Perkins, OK. Neutron probe access tubes were installed prior to plant establishment to facilitate nondestructive volumetric water content determinations at selected depths throughout the season. Planting was in a double-circle pattern concentric around each neutron probe access tube. Phenological and soil-water data were collected weekly. As plants began to senesce, aboveground biomass yield data were collected. In 1989, rainfall frequently replenished soil-water in the upper soil profile. The plants used the recharge water to varying degrees, particularly late in the season. Common cocklebur and johnsongrass extracted soil-water from greater depths than cotton and velvetleaf throughout the season. In 1990, the largest differences detected between bare soil and weeds early in the season were measured for common cocklebur, devil's-claw, and silverleaf nightshade. Later in the season, however, there was little difference in soil-water content in the upper soil profiles for all species. Johnsongrass emerged later than the other species in 1990 which affected its relative soil-water extraction.

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Ong, Eng Shi, Charlene Jia Ning Pek, Joseph Choon Wee Tan, and Chen Huei Leo. "Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Effect of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE)." Antioxidants 9, no. 11 (2020): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111110.

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Quinoa is widely noted for its nutritional value. The seed is the main edible part of the plant and exists in at least three different colors: white, red and black. This study utilized a pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the extraction of phytochemicals from quinoa. Chemical fingerprints with LC/UV and LC/MS using a targeted approach and pattern recognition tools were used to evaluate the quinoa extracts. The antioxidant properties for various types of quinoa were evaluated using DPPH assay, ABTS assay and the cytoprotective effect of quinoa extracts were investigated in HMEC-1 cell line. Distinctive chemical profiles obtained from black and red quinoa were well correlated with the antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects. The combination of PHWE, chemical standardization with LC/UV and LC/MS, pattern recognition tools and biological assay provided an approach for the evaluation and eventual production of quinoa extracts for functional food.

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Wang, Longhuan, Binghao Jia, and Zhenghui Xie. "How climate change and groundwater extraction will shape the global terrestrial water cycle pattern." Journal of Hydrology 641 (September 2024): 131780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131780.

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Singleton, P. L., and D. Maudsley. "Pattern of water extraction by grapevines on two soils in the Waikato, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 24, no. 4 (1996): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1996.9513979.

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VIDHANA ARACHCHI, L. P., P. A. J. JAPA, R. B. MAPA, and H. SOMAPALA. "SOIL WATER EXTRACTION PATTERN OF COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) IN RELATION TO SOIL COMPACTION." COCOS 13 (August 11, 2010): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v13i0.2178.

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Pang, Mingkun, Hongyu Pan, Hang Zhang, and Tianjun Zhang. "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Groundwater on the Relative Permeability of Coal Bodies around Gas Extraction Boreholes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (2022): 13609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013609.

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Water infiltration in boreholes is a common problem in mine gas pre-extraction, where water infiltration can significantly reduce the efficiency of gas extraction and curtail the life cycle of the borehole. It is important to evaluate the effect of groundwater on the permeability of the coal body around a gas extraction borehole. In order to determine the seepage parameters of the fractured coal body system around the borehole, a water–gas two-phase seepage test was designed to determine the relative seepage parameters of the fractured coal media seepage system. The main conclusion is that the relative permeability of gas can be effectively increased by increasing the negative extraction pressure at the early stage of extraction to accelerate drainage to reduce the water saturation of the coal seam. Under the combined effect of porosity and seepage pressure, the relative permeability of gas and water in the fractured coal rock body shows three stages. The dependence of the total permeability on the effective stress is closely related to the stages in the evolution of the pore structure, and the total effective permeability decreases with the increase in the effective stress. A decrease in porosity can lead to a decrease in permeability and an increase in the non-Darcy factor. Through an in-depth analysis of the damage and permeability pattern of the coal body around the perimeter of the dipping borehole, the efficient and safe extraction of gas from dipping boreholes in water-rich mines is thus ensured.

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Liu, Yanguang, Guiling Wang, Gaofan Yue, Wei Zhang, Xi Zhu, and Qinglian Zhang. "Comparison of enhanced geothermal system with water and CO2 as working fluid: A case study in Zhacanggou, Northeastern Tibet, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 2 (2018): 736–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718795492.

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In the study, we analyzed the hot dry rock geothermal field of the Guide Basin in Qinghai Province, China. We used T2Well software—a coupled wellbore–reservoir simulator—to build a “wellbore–reservoir” coupled model with a “three-spot” well pattern (one injection and two production wells). We simulated several fixed flow rate cases in which water or CO2 is injected. The objectives of our present work are (1) to investigate the fluid flow and thermal processes of water circulating at well bottoms, wellbores, and wellheads; (2) to identify the changing parameters at all physical fields; (3) to understand the influence of injection rates on heat extraction; and (4) to measure the maximum heat extraction capacity of the Guide area. Water extracts more heat than CO2 at the same flow rate. However, water consumes more pressure in reservoir, and its pressure decreases more quickly as the flow rate increases. In contrast, CO2 is in a sense a better working fluid. CO2 consumes less pressure when it flows and can circulate automatically due to the siphon phenomenon. In this way, a lower injection pressure is required in a higher CO2 flow rate case. The density of CO2 is sensitive to both temperature and pressure and vice versa. Inside a wellbore, such interactions are extremely complicated. When the fluid rate is slow, a system could operate for 30 years and remain stable, and there is only a small decrease in temperature. However, with higher flow rate scenarios—namely 50, 75, and 100 kg/s—the reservoir will exhibit greater heat loss. The reservoir’s production temperature and extraction efficiency will drop dramatically. Therefore, for the Guide area, if a “three-spot” well pattern is used for geothermal extraction either with water or CO2 as the working fluid, the most appropriate flow rate is 50 kg/s.

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Allen, Leon H., Mary P. Brakke, and James W. Jones. "SIMULATION OF TRANSPIRATION OF CITRUS GOVERNED BY LEAF CONDUCTANCE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 609d—609. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.609d.

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A water flow model was developed which uses irradiance, leaf-to-air vapor concentration difference, and soil water potential to establish stomatal conductance. Water flow to the roots was computed using a linear approximation of radial flow through the soil toward the axis of the roots across concentric shells. Root length density and soil rooting volume within four separate layers or compartments were included in the model. The simulation was executed in small time step iterations. A small increment of transpiration was translated to a water content deficit at the root and then sequentially through the concentric shells to simulate water uptake and change of soil water potential. The change in soil water potential was used to increment changes in stomatal conductance and transpiration. The output of the model simulated the pattern of diurnal stomatal behavior observed in other types of experiments, as well as the total soil water extraction patterns of young potted citrus trees.

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Krishna, E. D. Gopala, Shaik Shamshoddin, DV Raju, and Raghu Ande. "Effect of cooling pattern on centrifugal casting mold stress–strain distribution through computational fluid dynamics and finite element method analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 23 (2018): 4357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218802933.

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A two-dimensional axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics model is developed to predict the transient temperature distribution in the ductile iron pipe as well as in the rotating mold during the horizontal centrifugal casting process. The transient temperature data of the mold generated from the computational fluid dynamics model has been applied as input to the finite element method based mechanical analysis to predict the stress and strain acting on the mold during cyclic thermal loading. The simulations have been performed for five different cases varying the cooling pattern of the mold to optimize the water flow rate and minimize the thermal strain developed in the mold. In the first three cases simulated, the water flow has been decreased only after extracting the cast pipe from the mold. In case 4, the flow rate has been decreased at the start of the casting, increased to 100% after 10 s and again decreased after the pipe extraction till the next cast. The water flow rate has been tripled in case five after the solidified pipe extraction from the mold. The computational fluid dynamics results have been validated against the measured temperature with an optical pyrometer at the plant, and the tangential stress calculated by finite element analysis model has been reasonably validated against the data available in the literature. From the results of computational fluid dynamics and finite element method analyses, case 4 experiences lower von Mises equivalent stress range and plastic equivalent strain at the critical region of the mold near socket section compared to other cases.

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Sahoo, Gagan, Harekrushna Behera, and Tai-Wen Hsu. "Wave-Power Extraction by an Oscillating Water Column Device over a Step Bottom." Mathematics 13, no. 7 (2025): 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13071067.

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This study investigates wave-power extraction by an oscillating water column (OWC) device over a porous-to-rigid step bottom using linearized water-wave theory. The interaction between water waves and the OWC device is analyzed by solving the governing boundary-value problem with the eigenfunction expansion method (EEM) and the boundary element method (BEM). The study examines the effects of key parameters, including the porous effect parameter of the bottom, OWC chamber width, and barrier height, on the device’s efficiency. The results indicate that the porous effect parameter significantly influences OWC performance, affecting resonance characteristics and efficiency oscillations. A wider OWC chamber enhances oscillatory efficiency patterns, leading to multiple peaks of full and zero efficiency. The efficiency shifts towards lower wavenumbers with increasing step depth and barrier height but becomes independent of these parameters at higher wavenumbers. Additionally, incident angle plays a crucial role, decreasing efficiency at lower angles and exhibiting oscillatory behavior at higher angles. Furthermore, susceptance and conductance follow an oscillatory pattern concerning the gap between the porous bottom and the OWC chamber as well as chamber width. The porous effect parameter strongly modulates these oscillations. The findings provide new insights for enhancing OWC efficiency with complex bottom topography.

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Rudjito, Reskandi C., Amparo Jiménez-Quero, Mahmoud Hamzaoui, Stéphane Kohnen, and Francisco Vilaplana. "Tuning the molar mass and substitution pattern of complex xylans from corn fibre using subcritical water extraction." Green Chemistry 22, no. 23 (2020): 8337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02897e.

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Soberano, Kristine T., Jeffric S. Pisueña, Shara Mae R. Tee, Jan Carlo T. Arroyo, and Allemar Jhone P. Delima. "Predictive soil-crop suitability pattern extraction using machine learning algorithms." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 6 (2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.06.002.

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Machine learning has experienced notable advancements in recent times. Furthermore, this field facilitates the automation of human evaluation and processing, leading to a reduced demand for manual labor. This research paper employs data mining techniques and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) to conduct an evaluation and classification of various algorithms for pattern extraction and soil suitability prediction. The study utilizes experimental data, data transformation, and pattern extraction techniques on diverse soil samples obtained from different regions of Negros Occidental, Philippines. Specifically, the Naive Bayes, Deep Learning, Decision Tree, and Random Forest algorithms are selected for the classification and prediction of soil suitability based on the available datasets. The assessment of soil-crop suitability is based on data sourced from the Philippine Rice Research Institute, considering 14 parameters including inherent fertility, soil pH, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, nutrient retention (CEC), base saturation, salinity hazard, water retention, drainage, permeability, stoniness, root depth, and erosion. The findings indicate that the Random Forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy rate at 94.6% and the lowest classification error rate at 5.4%, suggesting a high level of confidence in the model's predictions. The model's predictions reveal that most soil samples in the area are only marginally suitable for banana, maize, and papaya crops. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the majority of soil samples have a low fertility rating, which significantly impacts crop suitability. The information obtained from this study can serve as a basis for local farmers to develop improved soil management programs aimed at ensuring more productive soil. Simultaneously, it can contribute to active soil protection initiatives addressing issues such as acidity and salinity in Negros Occidental, Philippines.

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Irawan, Arif. "Effect of Fruit Maturity and Extraction Treatment on Germination Percentage of Langusei (Ficus minahassae (Teysm.et.Vr.) Miq))." Jurnal Wasian 7, no. 2 (2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v7i2.5397.

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Langusei (Ficus minahassae (Teysm.et.Vr.) Miq) is one of the endemic flora of Sulawesi which existence is increasingly threatened. Attempts to maintain the existence of Ficus minahassae species by understanding the cultivation techniques of the Langusei species, especially regarding the appropriate germination techniques, need to be addressed. This study aims to determine the level of fruit maturity and the appropriate extraction treatment for the germination of Langusei seeds. The experimental design used in this study was a complete randomization design which is arranged in a factorial pattern. The first factor is the classification of the level of seed maturity based on fruit color categories: 1) Orange-brown fruit, 2) Orange-reddish fruit, 3) Red fruit, and 4) Red-black fruit, while the second factor is the fruit extraction treatment which consists of: 1) Extraction with dry wind treatment for 24 hours, 2) Extraction with drying treatment for 12 hours, and 3) Extraction with water treatment for 24 hours. The results showed that the fruit maturity level and the appropriate extraction treatment to produce optimal Langusei seed germination were in the (orange-brown and orange-reddish fruit) (mature fruits prior to ripening) which was soaked in water for 24 hours.

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Irawan, Arif Irawan, Iwanuddin Iwanuddin Iwanuddin, Jafred Elsjoni Halawane Jafred, and Fuad Muhammad Fuad. "Effect of Fruit Maturity and Extraction Treatment on Germination Percentage of Langusei (Ficus minahassae (Teysm.et.Vr.) Miq))." Jurnal Wasian 7, no. 2 (2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.62142/qm2s0687.

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Langusei (Ficus minahassae (Teysm.et.Vr.) Miq) is one of the endemic flora of Sulawesi which existence is increasingly threatened. Attempts to maintain the existence of Ficus minahassae species by understanding the cultivation techniques of the langusei species, especially regarding the appropriate germination techniques, need to be addressed. This study aims to determine the level of fruit maturity and the appropriate extraction treatment for the germination of langusei seeds. The experimental design used in this study was a complete randomization design which is arranged in a factorial pattern. The first factor is the classification of the level of seed maturity based on fruit color categories: 1) Orange-brown fruit, 2) Orange-reddish fruit, 3) Red fruit, and 4) Red-black fruit, while the second factor is the fruit extraction treatment which consists of: 1) Extraction with dry wind treatment for 24 hours, 2) Extraction with drying treatment for 12 hours, and 3) Extraction with water treatment for 24 hours. The results showed that the fruit maturity level and the appropriate extraction treatment to produce optimal langusei seed germination were in the orange-brown and orange-reddish fruit (mature fruits prior to ripening) which was soaked in water for 24 hours.

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Lavudi, Harikrishna Naik, Seshagirirao Kottapalli, and Francisco M. Goycoolea. "Extraction, purification and characterization of water soluble galactomannans from Mimosa pudica seeds." EuroBiotech Journal 1, no. 4 (2017): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/04.07.

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Abstract Water soluble galactomannans from seed endosperm of Mimosa pudica L. was extracted and characterized (Fig. 1). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography results revealed the presence of 4-linked mannose backbone with galactose side chains linked at the C6 position. Scanning Electron Micrographs showed smooth, elongated and irregular granular structure of galactomannan. Structural analysis by Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy presented the Mannose to Galactose ratio while the X-ray diffraction studies showed the presences of A-type crystalline pattern of the galactomannan. Thermo Gravitimetric Analysis showed the three steps weight loss event and determined the thermal stability. The results showed that the extracted polysaccharides are typically amorphous, thermally stable and have desirable properties for industrial applications.

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P.K. KINGRA and R. K. MAHEY. "Moisture extraction pattern and ET-yield models in wheat under different management practices in central Punjab." Journal of Agrometeorology 15, no. 1 (2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v15i1.1438.

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Under water limiting conditions, evaluation of sensitivity of crop growth stages to evapotranspiration is indispensable for efficient and judicious use of irrigation water. The present investigation was carried out at the research farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2006-07 and 2007-08. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two planting methods i.e. flat planting (F) and planting on raised beds (B) and five irrigation levels. Flat planting method recorded higher soil moisture depletion / ET as compared to bed planting during both the years of investigation. During 2006-07, soil moisture depletion for rainfed and four post-sowing irrigation treatments was 256 and 376 mm for bed planted, whereas it was 285 and 402 mm for flat sown crop, respectively. Similarly during 2007-08, soil water depletion for the corresponding treatments was 286 and 437 mm for bed planted; whereas it was 337 and 467 mm for flat sown crop. Multiplicative and additive ET and yield models suggested reproductive growth to be the most sensitive crop growth stage to soil moisture.

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Raja, V., and K. C. Bishnoi. "Evapotranspiration, Water Use Efficiency, Moisture Extraction Pattern and Plant Water Relations of Rape (Brassica campestris) Genotypes in Relation to Root Development under Varying Irrigation Schedules." Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 2 (1990): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018238.

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SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Hisar, India during the autumn seasons 1984–85 and 1985–86 to study root characters, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, moisture extraction pattern and plant water relations of rape genotypes under varying irrigation schedules. Root volume and dry weight increased, while tap root and lateral root lengths decreased with irrigation. Increased irrigation frequency increased evapotranspiration but decreased water use efficiency. The relative water content and osmotic potential of the leaves increased with more frequent irrigation, but plant water retention capacity decreased. There were genotypic differences between the characters examined.

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Ma, Yuanyuan, Shibin Li, Ligang Zhang, Hao Li, and Zhaoyi Liu. "Numerical simulation on heat extraction performance of enhanced geothermal system under the different well layout." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 1 (2019): 274–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598719880350.

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China has hundreds of thousands of oil and water wells, about 30% of which have been abandoned currently. If we can convert abandoned wells into geothermal wells, it will save lots of money and reduce drilling and completion time greatly. In this paper, six enhanced geothermal system (EGS) well layout schemes are proposed based on the utilization of abandoned oil–water wells and common oilfield well pattern. Here six common injection-production well patterns in oilfield are combined to hot dry rock (HDR) production and the heat extraction performance is simulated. The results show that the injection well number and the location of injection wells have critical influence on the heat extraction performance. Under the same total injection mass flow rate, the injection well number is the key factor and the fracture area is the secondary factor on heat extraction when the HDR energy is enough. For electricity generation, the life span is 20.2, 19.2, 19.0, 19.2, 18.2 and 13.9 years, and the heat extraction ratio is 65.83, 57.35, 65.96, 62.79, 59.30 and 43.09% from case 1 to case 6, respectively. For heating demand, the life span is 30.0, 30.0, 29.9, 30.0, 29.8, and 27.7 years, the heat extraction ratio is 78.91, 69.63, 77.02, 75.92, 72.27 and 58.94% from case 1 to case 6, respectively. The total injection mass flow rate and injection temperature also have a negative effect on the heat extraction performance. Case 1 (row parallel well layout), Case 3 (four-spot well layout) and Case 4 (five-spot well layout) are a good choice both for electricity generation and heating demand. This study provides good guidance for the selection and optimization of different EGS well layout.

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Graves, Kathryn N., James W. Antony, and Nicholas B. Turk-Browne. "Finding the Pattern: On-Line Extraction of Spatial Structure During Virtual Navigation." Psychological Science 31, no. 9 (2020): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620948828.

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While navigating the world, we pick up on patterns of where things tend to appear. According to theories of memory and studies of animal behavior, knowledge of these patterns emerges gradually over days or weeks via consolidation of individual navigation episodes. Here, we discovered that navigation patterns can also be extracted on-line, prior to the opportunity for off-line consolidation, as a result of rapid statistical learning. Thirty human participants navigated a virtual water maze in which platform locations were drawn from a spatial distribution. Within a single session, participants increasingly navigated through the mean of the distribution. This behavior was better simulated by random walks from a model that had only an explicit representation of the current mean, compared with a model that had only memory for the individual platform locations. These results suggest that participants rapidly summarized the underlying spatial distribution and used this statistical knowledge to guide future navigation.

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Badjadi, Mohammed Ali, Hanhua Zhu, Cunquan Zhang, and Muhammad Hamza Naseem. "Enhancing Water Management in Shale Gas Extraction through Rectangular Pulse Hydraulic Fracturing." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (2023): 10795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410795.

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Although conventional hydraulic fracturing techniques have revolutionized shale gas development, they have raised concerns regarding water management and environmental impacts. This research introduces an innovative step-rectangular pulse hydraulic fracturing method to optimize water usage and reduce environmental hazards in shale gas extraction. The method involves the application of lower-energy fluid in a step-rectangular pulse pattern, which results in higher pressures, more intricate fractures, and improved water management. A comprehensive analysis of the propagation and attenuation characteristics of this technique is conducted using a combination of a two-dimensional pulse transient flow equation with damping, software numerical simulations, and theoretical analysis. The study reveals that the step rectangular pulse hydraulic fracturing method offers superior pressurization and more complex fracture networks in shale reservoirs while lowering water consumption by 20% less than conventional methods and increasing shale gas production by 12%. Through identifying optimal pulse parameters, this research provides valuable guidance for field implementation, promoting efficient water management and environmental sustainability in hydraulic fracturing operations. This novel approach to hydraulic fracturing has the potential to significantly advance the industry’s efforts to address water management challenges and mitigate environmental risks associated with shale gas extraction.

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KOVACS, KENT, and ALVARO DURAND-MORAT. "THE INFLUENCE OF ON- AND OFF-FARM SURFACE WATER INVESTMENT ON GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION FROM AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 49, no. 3 (2017): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2016.39.

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AbstractThe use of surface water to replace groundwater for irrigation is often viewed as an effective approach for reducing groundwater overdraft on an agricultural landscape. However, the availability of surface water does not necessarily lead to groundwater conservation in practice. The expected increase in the aquifer volume in the presence of surface water does not occur unless the off-farm water price is low enough to generate a significant shift away from groundwater. There is a change in the crop pattern toward more irrigation-intensive crops, and the net effect can be a rise in groundwater extraction.

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Jariyah, Jariyah, Ely Kurniati, and Silvana Dwi Nurherdiana. "Study of pectin extraction from pedada fruit and kepok banana peel." Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering 5, no. 1 (2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.afssaae.2022.005.01.4.

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This work represents a comprehensive analysis of pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) as a less desirable fruit, but valuable content such as pectin which obtained through extraction using microwave assisted extraction (MEA) method. Pectin is a water-soluble fiber widely used as a functional component in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The analysis focuses on the comparison profile of pectin from pedada fruit and Kepok banana peel. In addition, the effect of the concentration of the extracting solvent on the methoxyl levels of pectin was also evaluated using the chemometric method (partial least square (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA)). PLS was performed to determine the methoxyl content which plays a role in determining the pectin type. While PCA was to determine the pectin classification pattern based on the fruit supply location and the extracting solvent. The results showed that the PLS of extracted pectin of pedada fruit and Kepok bananas peels showed an R2 value of 1. This means that the pectin data model of each sample using the MAE method was in good classification. In addition, the PCA results show that the pectin extraction data plots are close together between samples in the quadrant, indicating the same characteristics and quality of pectin.

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Shanmugam, Leninisha, and Vani Kaliaperumal. "Junction-aware water flow approach for urban road network extraction." IET Image Processing 10, no. 3 (2016): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2015.0263.

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Lilley, J. M., and S. Fukai. "Effect of timing and severity of water deficit on four diverse rice cultivars I. Rooting pattern and soil water extraction." Field Crops Research 37, no. 3 (1994): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)90099-x.

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Zorel, J. A., S. F. Aquino, A. L. Sanson, W. Castro-Borges, and S. Q. Silva. "Evaluation of EPS extraction protocols from anaerobic sludge for gel-based proteomic studies." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 4 (2015): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.244.

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Despite the importance of anaerobic sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), their characterization is limited to information regarding their chemical classes and molecular size. This work explores the possibility of using proteomic techniques to study the proteins present in this matrix. Thus, this paper compares eight EPS extraction methods regarding extraction yield, protein/carbohydrate ratio, size distribution profile and suitability to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses. Despite the differences found in quantification and size exclusion chromatography assays, the band profile found for all methods was very similar. Considering the band pattern, extraction time and background level, heating method followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation proved to be the most appropriate method for gel-based analyses of anaerobic sludge EPS proteins.

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Maigoda, Tonny Cortis, Hari Hariadi, Sri Widowati, Dedi Sugandi, and Mita Ramadiyanti. "Effect of variation ultrasound time and trehalose concentration on physicochemical characteristics durian monthong (Durio Zibethinus) powder produced by freeze dryer." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 8, no. 2 (2025): 1591–98. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i2.5519.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in extraction time and trehalose concentration on the physicochemical characteristics of durian monthong powder extract using the freeze-drying method. The research design used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with a 3x3 factorial pattern consisting of 2 (two) factors with 2 (two) replications, resulting in 18 experimental units. These include extraction time (W) with 3 levels, namely w1 (90 minutes), w2 (120 minutes), and w3 (150 minutes), and trehalose concentration (K) with 3 levels, namely k1 (10%), k2 (20%), and k3 (30%). The responses contained in this study are physical responses and chemical responses. Physical responses include dissolving time, solubility, yield, camba density, hygroscopicity, color intensity, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) test. Chemical responses include water content, protein content, fat content, total sugar content, vitamin C content, antioxidant activity content, and aromatic compound analysis. The results showed that the effect of extraction time affects the response of solubility time, yield, color intensity, water content, protein content, total sugar content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity. The concentration of trehalose significantly affects the response of dissolving time, solubility, yield, camba density, hygroscopicity, color intensity, water content, protein content, total sugar content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity. The interaction between extraction time and trehalose concentration affects the response of solubility time, yield, color intensity, water content, protein content, total sugar content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity. Treatment w1k1 (extraction time 90 minutes and trehalose concentration 10%) provided the best sample results in product quality.

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Pilehforooshha, Parastoo, and Mohammad Karimi. "An integrated framework for linear pattern extraction in the building group generalization process." Geocarto International 34, no. 9 (2018): 1000–1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1458253.

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Pu, Hai, Liqiang Zhang, Xu Dong, Tao Jing, and Xu Junce. "Simulation of the Extraction Efficiency of Coalbed Methane under Water Injection: A Gas-Liquid-Solid Coupling Model." Geofluids 2020 (September 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1475316.

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Coalbed methane is always a major hidden danger that affects mining safety in coal mines. In the study of coal seam water injection to control gas disaster, the increase of free water content is helpful to destroy the integrity of coal seam and to promote the flow of gas in fractures. However, when the free water fills the fracture space, it will increase the flow resistance of gas, and then will reduce the gas extraction efficiency. At present, there is currently no mathematical model describing the effects of coal seam water injection that combines these two aspects on gas drainage. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to study the differences in mechanical property changes under wetting conditions with different coal samples. The experimental results show that the elastic modulus and compressive strength decrease as an exponential function with increasing water pressure. Based on the experimental results, a gas-liquid-solid coupling model including effective stress change and gas desorption is established and used to predict a field gas extraction application. According to the results of the numerical model, In the plastic failure zone of coal seam, the permeability increases, the elastic modulus drops and gas migrates faster. In the water wetting zone, the free water occupies the fracture space, which blocks the gas migration channel. The overall effect of water injection on gas extraction depends on which impact plays a dominant role. The established gas drainage model is validated by field data and can reflect the pattern of borehole damage and gas drainage under water injection.

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Nam, Dong-Geon, Mina Kim, Jeong-Sook Choe, and Ae-jin Choi. "Effects of High-Pressure, Hydrothermal, and Enzyme-Assisted Treatment on the Taste and Flavor Profile of Water-Soluble Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract." Foods 11, no. 4 (2022): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11040508.

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Ginger, a plant widely consumed worldwide, is used as a spice or to enhance the flavor of foods. In this study, the taste characteristics (gingerol, shogaol, and amino acid) of extracts treated with various solubilizing methods were objectively compared. In addition, an E-nose confirmed the flavor pattern combined with principal component analysis (PCA) between each extract gas chromatogram-tandem mass spectrometry was performed to compare and analyze volatile compounds between extraction methods. As a result, high-pressure enzyme-assisted extraction (HPE) and hydrothermal enzyme-assisted extraction (HWE) treatment effectively improved the extraction yield of ginger and the contents of gingerol and shogaol and removed the bitter taste. In addition, radar charts of both E-nose and PCA provided the distribution of flavor substances in HPE and HWE products of ginger. After enzyme-assisted treatment, a strong fruity and piquant flavor was noted. In conclusion, it is suggested that ginger extract of enzyme-assisted treatment has increased flavor compounds and can be an excellent food material.

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Anbazhagan, Krithika, Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur, Kiran K. Sharma, Rekha Baddam, P. B. Kavi Kishor, and Vincent Vadez. "Changes in timing of water uptake and phenology favours yield gain in terminal water stressed chickpea AtDREB1A transgenics." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 1 (2015): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14115.

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Terminal drought causes major yield loss in chickpea, so it is imperative to identify genotypes with best suited adaptive traits to secure yield in terminal drought-prone environments. Here, we evaluated chickpea (At) rd29A:: (At) DREB1A transgenic events (RD2, RD7, RD9 and RD10) and their untransformed C235 genotype for growth, water use and yield under terminal water-stress (WS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. The assessment was made across three lysimetric trials conducted in contained environments in the greenhouse (2009GH and 2010GH) and the field (2010F). Results from the greenhouse trials showed genotypic variation for harvest index (HI), yield, temporal pattern of flowering and seed filling, temporal pattern of water uptake across crop cycle, and transpiration efficiency (TE) under terminal WS conditions. The mechanisms underlying the yield gain in the WS transgenic events under 2009GH trial was related to conserving water for the reproductive stage in RD7, and setting seeds early in RD10. Water conservation also led to a lower percentage of flower and pod abortion in both RD7 and RD10. Similarly, in the 2010GH trial, reduced water extraction during vegetative stage in events RD2, RD7 and RD9 was critical for better seed filling in the pods produced from late flowers in RD2, and reduced percentage of flower and pod abortion in RD2 and RD9. However, in the 2010F trial, the increased seed yield and HI in RD9 compared with C235 came along only with small changes in water uptake and podding pattern, probably not causal. Events RD2 (2010GH), RD7 (2010GH) and RD10 (2009GH) with higher seed yield also had higher TE than C235. The results suggest that DREB1A, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of several genes of abiotic stress response cascade, influenced the pattern of water uptake and flowering across the crop cycle, leading to reduction in the percentage of flower and pod abortion in the glasshouse trials.

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Zhu, Zhengtao, Yizhou Xiao, Huilin Wang, et al. "Landscape Pattern Evolution and Driving Forces in the Downstream River of a Reservoir: A Case Study of the Lower Beijiang River in China." Water 16, no. 20 (2024): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16202875.

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Human activities, such as reservoir construction and riverbed sand extraction, significantly influence the hydrological and sedimentary dynamics of natural rivers, thereby directly or indirectly affecting river landscape pattern distribution. This study primarily focused on the lower Beijiang River (LBR) in China, an area characterized by intensive human activity. River landscape patterns were studied using historical topographical data and time-series Landsat remote sensing images. Natural and anthropogenic factors were considered to explore the driving forces behind the evolution of landscape patterns. The results indicated that the topography of the LBR underwent significant downcutting from 1998 to 2020. The average elevation of the study area decreased by 3.6 m, and the minimum thalweg elevation decreased by 6.7 m. Over the past 30 years, the local vegetation showed a relatively stable spatial distribution, whereas the area of sand remained relatively stable before 2012, followed by a sudden decline, and tended to stabilize in the last decade. The water area exhibited a gradually increasing trend. The transition maps indicated that the spatial changes in sand were the most significant, with only 39.6% of the sand remaining unchanged from 1998 to 2009 and 32.3% from 2009 to 2020. The corresponding landscape patterns showed that the fragmentation degree of sand increased, with the mean patch size decreasing by 69.2%. The aggregation of water intensified, as its aggregation index increased from 93.31% to 95.41%, while the aggregation of vegetation remained relatively minor, ranging from 89.52% to 90.12%. The annual average temperature, annual average maximum temperature, and annual rainfall days had the strongest correlations with the vegetation landscape pattern indices. Additionally, human activities may have been the primary driver of the landscape pattern evolution of water and sand. The findings of this study have positive implications for the maintenance of the diversity and stability of river ecosystems.

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Belokurova, E. V., T. V. Alekseeva, L. A. Malakova, M. A. Sargsyan, and N. V. Sotnikov. "Systematic analysis of the succulent extraction process to improve bakery technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, no. 1 (2021): 012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012104.

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Abstract To improve the technology and extend the assortment of bakery products of preventive and functional orientation by introducing extracts of succulent plants, in particular aloe and kalanchoe, the authors have analyzed the process of extraction of vegetable materials and selected optimal conditions: process temperature - 100 °C, duration - 24 hours, the nature of the extractant - water, both for the aloe and kalanchoe extract. The study revealed that by adding the extracts to the semi-finished buns the quality of the products in organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters is not inferior to the control (without adding the plant extracts), and in some cases it becomes better, the optimum dosage is 8% of plant extracts of the amount of water in the dough. Based on the microstructure of the buns’ crumb it was found that the crumb with the addition of 8 % of plant extract in place of the amount of water in the recipe has a uniform structure, which was expressed in an increase in the pore diameter compared to other samples and a stable structure of micro-bridges between them. Such a micro pattern characterises the finished product, which has excellent quality parameters.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Extraction Pattern'

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