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Journal articles on the topic 'Water ferns'
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1
Indrayeni, Wiwik _., Ezi Anggraini, and Wirnelis Syarif. "Analisis Gizi Olahan Dari Sayuran Pakis Sebagai Potensi Daerah." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DAN KELUARGA 12, no. 01 (July 8, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jpk/vol12-iss01/737.
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Based on preliminary observations, fern is a plant that has mucus, contains a lot of liquid and is easily blackened. Therefore all this time, fern vegetables cannot be processed with various kinds of preparations. Vegetable fern can only be processed for clear vegetables and rendang only by the community, while vegetable ferns are often found in areas in Indonesia, especially in West Sumatra. Based on these observations, food preparations made from vegetable ferns were accepted and liked by the community, as well as souvenirs from various regions producing ferns. The purpose of this study is to vary the variety of processed from vegetable ferns and see the level of community preference for food preparations on vegetable ferns. In this study a nutritional analysis was done through a proximate test to see the nutritional content (Carbohydrates, Protein, Water and Fat) in the products produced. The expected results in this study are the products produced have good nutritional value and are suitable for public consumption
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Calkin, Howard W., Arthur C. Gibson, and Park S. Nobel. "Xylem water potentials and hydraulic conductances in eight species of ferns." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-079.
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Water potentials, flow rates, and anatomy of xylary elements were studied in eight species of ferns to assess the physical constraints that xylem structure presents to water flow. Comparisons were made among ferns of different leaf morphology as well as between a fern with vessels and ferns with tracheids only. Hydraulic conductance was measured by forcing a solution through excised plant segments. These hydraulic conductances were in close agreement with conductances calculated from water potential gradients and flows measured in intact plants. In three species, backflushing excised segments by forcing a basipetal flow increased subsequently measured conductances two- to six-fold, indicating that the xylem of these three species was partially blocked in intact plants. Hagen–Poiseuille estimates of conductance based on xylary element diameters were 1.8–2.7 times the conductances measured for excised segments. Hydraulic conductances of tracheids and vessels of ferns thus deviate from those of ideal capillaries of similar diameter to about the same extent as has been reported for tracheids in conifers and for vessels in dicotyledons.
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Mehltreter, Klaus, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, and José G. García-Franco. "Host preferences of low-trunk vascular epiphytes in a cloud forest of Veracruz, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 6 (October 19, 2005): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002683.
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The diversity, abundance and frequency of vascular epiphytes on the lower trunk were compared between two host groups of a Mexican cloud forest: angiosperm trees (n = 72) and tree ferns (n = 28). The bark of the five most frequent host trees and the root mantle of the two tree ferns were analysed for their thickness, water content, water retention capacity and pH. A total of 55 epiphyte species and 910 individuals were found on the 27 host species. On hosts with a dbh range of 5–10 cm, epiphytes were significantly more diverse (4.3±0.9 species per host) and more abundant (12.5±2.2 individuals per host) on tree ferns than on angiosperm trees (1.9±0.2 species per host and 3.9±0.6 individuals per host). However, these differences were not significant for the dbh class of 10–20 cm, because epiphyte numbers increased on angiosperm trees with larger host size, but not in tree ferns. Most epiphyte species had no preference for any host group, but four species were significantly more frequent on tree ferns and two species on angiosperm trees. The higher epiphyte diversity and abundance on tree fern trunks of the smallest dbh class is attributed to their presumably greater age and to two stem characteristics, which differed significantly between host groups, the thicker root mantle and higher water retention capacity of tree ferns. These bark characteristics may favour germination and establishment of epiphytes.
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de la Paix, Mupenzi Jean, Li Lanhai, Habumugisha Jean de Dieu, and Maina Nyongesah John. "Plant algae method for arsenic removal from arsenic contaminated groundwater." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.875.
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Field studies were carried out in Urumqi River Basin in Northwest China. The study focused on experimentation on a plant algae method that was tested by taking various water chemistries into consideration. The results from a greenhouse experiment evaluated for four doses of P (0, 100, 200, and 300 μmol/L) using two ferns (30 and 60 day old) on 15 L of contaminated groundwater per plant revealed that the biomass of 30-day old ferns gained was higher than 60-day fern. As solution-P increased from 0 to 450 μmol/L, Phosphorus concentration in the fronds increased from 1.9 to 3.9 mg/kg and 1.95 to 4.0 mg/kg for 30-d and 60-d ferns respectively. This study showed that the plant algae method may be a good solution to maximize arsenic uptake in the short term under normal climatic conditions.
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Lo Gullo, Maria A., Fabio Raimondo, Alessandro Crisafulli, Sebastiano Salleo, and Andrea Nardini. "Leaf hydraulic architecture and water relations of three ferns from contrasting light habitats." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 6 (2010): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09303.
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Leaf hydraulic architecture and water relations of three fern species were measured. The species selected were adapted either to deeply shaded (Woodwardia radicans), moderately shaded (Dryopteris affinis) or moderately sunny (Polystichum setiferum) habitats, as confirmed by microclimatic measurements performed in the field. Leaf water potential (Ψleaf) was lower and leaf conductance to water vapour (gL) was higher in P. setiferum than in the shade-adapted ferns. Leaf osmotic potential and water potential at the turgor loss point were lower in the sun-adapted species than in the other ferns. Leaf hydraulic resistance (Rleaf) was lowest in P. setiferum and Rleaf was correlated with gL across species. Low Rleaf was coordinated with low rachis hydraulic resistance (Rrachis). Low values of Rrachis in P. setiferum were not due to the presence of wide xylem conduits as checked on the basis of anatomical measurements, but to increased radial permeability of vascular bundles. This was a consequence of the absence of endodermis surrounding the vascular bundles in P. setiferum, which was observed in the rachis of shade-adapted species. We conclude that hydraulic adjustment of fern fronds is a key component of adaptation of pteridophytes to contrasting light habitats.
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Zhang, Qiang, Jun-Wen Chen, Bao-Gui Li, and Kun-Fang Cao. "Epiphytes and hemiepiphytes have slower photosynthetic response to lightflecks than terrestrial plants: evidence from ferns and figs." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 5 (September 2009): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740900618x.
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Abstract:Photosynthetic responses of 12 species including six fern species (Neottopteris nidus, Microsorum punctatum, Pseudodrynaria coronans, Asplenium finlaysonianum, Paraleptochilus decurrens and Tectaria fauriei) and seedlings of six fig species (Ficus curtipes, F. gibbosa, F. altissima, F. auriculata, F. oligodon and F. hookeriana) in different life forms to lightfleck were investigated, to test whether epiphytes and hemiepiphytes display a slower response to lightfleck and fast induction loss after a lightfleck compared with their terrestrial counterparts, and whether ferns display a slower response to lightfleck and slower induction loss compared to figs. The measurements of functional traits and physiological parameters were determined in a screenhouse of 4% full sunlight. Epiphytic ferns and hemiepiphytic figs had thicker leaves compared with their terrestrial counterparts. Compared with figs, ferns had thicker fronds, larger stomata with a low density, and lower stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity; ferns had lower light compensation point and dark respiration rate, conferring a positive carbon gain under low diffuse light beneath the canopy. The induction time to reach 90% maximum net photosynthetic rate (T90) upon the exposure to a saturated light varied strongly among life forms. Epiphytic ferns had slower T90 than terrestrial ferns (19.9–26.3 vs 5.9–16.3 min, respectively), and hemiepiphytic figs had slower T90 than terrestrial figs (13.1–20.4 vs 5.2–7.8 min, respectively). Compared with figs, ferns showed a slower response to lightfleck. Across ferns and figs, the induction time was negatively correlated with initial stomatal conductance. No significant difference in induction loss was found between two life forms within ferns or figs, whereas ferns had a significantly slower induction loss compared with figs. These results showed that the inherent conservative water use strategy of the epiphytes and hemiepiphytes constrain their lightfleck utilization.
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Rowntree, J. K., and E. Sheffield. "Effects of asulam spraying on non-target ferns." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 12 (December 2005): 1622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-127.
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The systemic herbicide asulam is used extensively to control the weedy fern bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn). Other ferns were thought to be highly sensitive to asulam exposure, but there has been a dearth of experimental evidence. Eight fern species were exposed to asulam spray at three different application rates or a control of water. Asulam was applied at the recommended field application rate for bracken clearance, and at two further rates corresponding to 10 and 50 m downwind of an aerial spray event. Damage was assessed over two seasons. All ferns tested were severely damaged by exposure to the highest application rate, but sensitivity varied between species. Maximum damage occurred 1 year after spraying, and limited signs of recovery could be seen by the second season. The effects of adding the adjuvant Agral® to applications of asulam were tested on the threatened pteridophyte Pilularia globulifera L. No damage additional to that caused by exposure to asulam was observed. This work supports the view that 50 m buffer zones are sufficient to protect sensitive ferns from the effects of aerial spraying with asulam, provided that drift-reducing nozzles are used and the manufacturer’s application guidelines are observed.
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Gibson, Arthur C., Howard W. Calkin, and Park S. Nobel. "Hydraulic Conductance and Xylem Structure in Tracheid-Bearing Plants." IAWA Journal 6, no. 4 (1985): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000957.
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To understand water flow in tracheary elements, hydraulic conductances per unit length were measured and then compared with theoretical values calculated from xylem anatomical measurements using the Hagen -Poiseuille relation for nine species of pteridophytes, including Psilotum and eight species of ferns. In ferns the water potential gradients were essentially constant from the root tips to the distal portion of the leaf rachises, although somewhat larger gradients were found from the petiolule onward. Although tracheid number and diameter apparently controlled water flow in xylem, estimates of hydraulic conductance per unit length predicted from tracheid numbers and diameters were generally twice those actually measured from plants under steady-state conditions. A model was developed to account for this discrepancy for Pteris vittata, indicating that pit membrane resistances may contribute 70% of the total resistance to water flow in this fern. This may account for the generally observed deviation of tracheid performance from that predicted for ideal capillaries of uniform diameter.
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Rahaman, Sabdar, Pankaj Kumar Singh, Protip Basu, Sohini Gupta, Monojit Basu, and Sayak Ganguli. "Isolation and Computational Characterization of Glutathione Peroxidase Gene from an Aquatic Fern - Salvinia molesta ." International Letters of Natural Sciences 51 (February 2016): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.51.58.
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Pteridophytes and more specifically ferns represent a large but threatened group of plants which often serve as important environmental markers for pollution. Reports regarding stress responses in ferns are rare, apart from a few studies involving the ecological distribution and molecular marker studies. This work isolates a glutathione peroxidase enzyme from an aquatic fern widely distributed in fresh and polluted water bodies adjacent to sources of environmental polluted sources. Further computational analyses were performed to study the structure of the protein encoded by the open reading frame. Results indicate the presence of a large number of binding pockets which serve as important binding sites in the interactions with the cognate ligands.
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Gibson, A. C., H. W. Calkin, D. O. Raphael, and P. S. Nobel. "Water relations and xylem anatomy of ferns." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007995.
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SynopsisThe entire soil-plant-atmosphere continuum must be analysed to elucidate how xylem anatomy relates to water flow in plants. Measurements of water potential gradients and volume of water flow per unit time are needed to obtain values of hydraulic conductance per unit length. By comparing values of hydraulic conductance per unit length along the plant, the regions where xylem structure restricts water flow can be determined. Previous studies of fern water relations demonstrated that very large water potential gradients occurring in stipes of certain ferns were closely correlated with reduced conducting area of stipe xylem. A new study on Cyrtomium falcatum showed that the water potential gradient was relatively small and constant along the stipe and rachis; however, a much larger gradient occurred from the rachies into the pinnae. Hydraulic conductance per unit length varied with the leaf area to be supplied, leading to the fairly constant water potential gradient along the rachis.. The measured hydraulic conductance per unit length was only half the value predicted from the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. Although the Hagen-Poiseuille equation overestimated the measured value by a factor of 2, it did support the assumption that conduit number and lumen diameter are the principal determinants of water conductance in the xylem.
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Takahashi, Tsuneya. "Influence of Liquid Water Content and Temperature on the Form and Growth of Branched Planar Snow Crystals in a Cloud." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 11 (October 29, 2014): 4127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0043.1.
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Abstract How liquid water content (LWC) and temperature affect the growth of branched planar snow crystals is poorly understood. To address this issue, a vertical supercooled cloud tunnel was used to grow 167 individual snow crystals for 10 min under nearly constant conditions. The LWC varied within 0.07–0.76 g m−3 and average temperature varied from −12.4° to −16.3°C, with the latter varying by at most 0.2°C per run. The crystal habits are divided mainly by temperature, warm to cold, into nine regions: sector above −12.5°C; then broad branch to −13.0°C; and then stellar, dendrite, and fern to −14.5°C. Then the pattern reverses, with dendrite to −14.8°C, stellar to −15.7°C, broad branch to −16.1°C, and finally sector. From −13.3° to −13.8°C, stellar changes to dendrite with LWC increase as well as with temperature decrease. From −13.8° to −14.5°C, dendrites coexist with ferns below an LWC of 0.25 g m−3, but only ferns exist at higher LWC. At other temperatures, a higher LWC does not produce greater side-branch development. Nevertheless, an increase of LWC produces heavier crystals (particularly crystals larger than 1 mm across), despite the crystal diameters being independent of LWC. Stellars at −14.9°C have the maximum mass and diameter, whereas ferns at about −14.3°C have the maximum basal-plane area and minimum fall speed. The apparent crystal density varies with temperature, with two local minima for stellars near −13.3° and −15.3°C and a local maximum for ferns near −14.2°C.
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Johnson, Thomas H., Steven J. Schmitt, and Karen S. Renzaglia. "Diversity of Sperm Cell Architecture in Ferns." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600028336.
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Among land plants, lower vascular plants produce the most elaborate of all male gametes. in order to characterize the degree of variability in sperm cell architecture among ferns, this scanning electron microscope study was undertaken on three highly disparate genera: Ceratopteris(a derived leptosporangiate fern) Angiopteris(a derived eusporangiate fern) and Psilotum(a putatively basal eusporangiate fern).Mature gametophytes were placed in 0.01M phosphate buffer (pH ca. 7.2) or distilled water until spermatozoids were released. Gametophyte portions were removed and the spermatozoid suspension fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.05M phosphate buffer. Post-fixation utilized 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide for lhr, followed by rinsing and dehydration in ethanol (10 min @ 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The dehydrated pellet was suspended in 100% hexamethyldisilazane, immediately centrifuged and the pellet deposited onto clean glass coverslips. Specimens were dried at 60°C, sputtered with ca. 350 A of palladium/gold and imaged in a Hitachi S570 SEM.
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C.H, Kavitha, Meenu Krishnan, and Murugan K. "RESILIENCE OF FERNS: WITH REFERENCE TO DESICCATION AND REHYDRATION STRESS OFFER NEW INSIGHTS." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj209.
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Ferns are one of the oldest vascular plants in existence and they are the second most diverse group of vascular plants followed to angiosperms. To unravel fern success has focused on the eco-physiological power and stress tolerance of their sporophyte and the gametophyte generations. In this context, those insightsencompass plant water relations, as well as the tolerance to and recovery from drought or desiccation stresses in the fern life cycle are reviewed. Lack of secondary xylem in ferns is compensated by selection for efficient primary xylem composed of large, closely arranged tracheids with permeable pit membranes.Protection from drought-induced hydraulic failure appears to arise from a combination of pit membrane traits and the arrangement of vascular bundles. Features such as tracheid-based xylem and variously sized megaphylls are shared between ferns and more derived lineages, and offer an opportunity to compare convergent and divergent hydraulic strategies critical to the success of xylem-bearing plants. Similarly the synthesis and accumulation of sugar, proline and stress proteins along with the production of pool of polyphenols add strength to desiccation stress. Thus, it can possible to suggest that selection acted on the physiology in a synchronous manner that is consistent with selection for drought tolerance in the epiphytic niche, and the increasingly diverse habitats of the mid to late Cenozoic.
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Iksan, Muhamad, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Agus Alim, Samritin Sam, and La Aba Aba. "The Ability of Ferns to Accumulate Heavy Metals (Hg, Pb And Cd) In The Waters of The Gorontalo River." International Journal of Applied Biology 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v3i1.5930.
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Sustainable development can be caused by more human’s activity. This activity, it will have an impact on the surrounding environment which can disrupt the stability of the ecosystem, one of which is the river water ecosystem. The research aims to determine the ability of ferns in accumulating heavy metals so that they can be used as indicators of the depletion of river waters ecosystem environments and can be used as fitoremediant areas of waters which accumulate heavy metals. This research is descriptive quantitative. Retrieval of initial data or sample in this study used survey methods and random sampling techniques, testing samples by using the Ranger X-ray Flourenciece (XRF) method. Based on the results of the study that, ferns can accumulate heavy metals, the parts that accumulate are located below the root surface and above the soil surface, namely stems and leaves. In the roots have more amount in accumulating heavy metals than in the stem and leaves, this is because the metal is indicated on the soil. From these results, it can be concluded that ferns can be used as water purification plants in river ecosystems that are indicated by heavy metals.
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Busuttil, Katerina. "Water ferns reveal the secret to underwater success." Materials Today 13, no. 7-8 (July 2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(10)70121-8.
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Zivkovic, Suzana, M. Popovic, Jelena Dragisic-Maksimovic, Ivana Momcilovic, and D. Grubisic. "Dehydration-related changes of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in fronds of the resurrection fern Asplenium ceterach L." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 4 (2010): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1004071z.
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Asplenium ceterach belongs to a group of poikilohydric ferns and it can recover uninjured from an almost completely dehydrated state. In our study, short term dehydration (24h) at four different water potentials, resulted in moderate water loss (partial desiccation) in fern tissue. The main phenolic acids represented in A. ceterach were chlorogenic (CGA) and caffeic acid (CA) and their content decreased during the dehydration process. For the first time, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isoforms were determined in the rustyback fern. The results exhibit the presence of numerous anionic POD isoforms, with pI ranging from 4.4 to 5.8, but none of the cationic isoforms was detected. Two PPO isoforms were identified, one anionic with pI 6.3 and one cationic with pI of about 9.0. Short-term dehydration brought about a remarkable increase in POD and PPO activity using CGA as a substrate. Changes in enzyme activity and content of substrates during dehydration may play an important role in the adaptation of the rustyback fern to water deficit, and increase the overall plant resistance to stress conditions.
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Jacono, Colette C., and David M. Johnson. "Water-clover Ferns, Marsilea, in the Southeastern United States." Castanea 71, no. 1 (March 2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/05-1.1.
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Collinson, Margaret E., Selena Y. Smith, Johanna H. A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, David J. Batten, Johan van der Burgh, Judith Barke, and Federica Marone. "New Observations and Synthesis of Paleogene Heterosporous Water Ferns." International Journal of Plant Sciences 174, no. 3 (March 2013): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668249.
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Huang, Jianwei W., Charissa Y. Poynton, Leon V. Kochian, and Mark P. Elless. "Phytofiltration of Arsenic from Drinking Water Using Arsenic-Hyperaccumulating Ferns." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 12 (June 2004): 3412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0351645.
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Schwerbrock, Robin, and Christoph Leuschner. "Foliar water uptake, a widespread phenomenon in temperate woodland ferns?" Plant Ecology 218, no. 5 (February 21, 2017): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-017-0711-4.
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Rabert, Claudia, Karla Inostroza, Silvana Bravo, Néstor Sepúlveda, and León A. Bravo. "Exploratory Study of Fatty Acid Profile in Two Filmy Ferns with Contrasting Desiccation Tolerance Reveal the Production of Very Long Chain Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acids." Plants 9, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111431.
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Lipids are fundamental components of cell membranes and play a significant role in their integrity and fluidity. Alteration in lipid composition of membranes has been reported to be a major response to abiotic environmental stresses. This work was focused on the characterization of frond lipid composition and membrane integrity during a desiccation–rehydration cycle of two filmy fern species with contrasting desiccation tolerance: Hymenophyllum caudiculatum (less tolerant) and Hymenophyllum plicatum (more tolerant). The relative water content decreased without differences between species when both filmy ferns were subjected to desiccation. However, H. plicatum reached a higher relative water content than H. caudiculatum after rehydration. Fatty acids profiles showed the presence of a very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid during the desiccation–rehydration cycle, with eicosatrienoic acid being the most abundant. Additionally, propidium iodide permeation staining and confocal microscopy demonstrated that, following the desiccation–rehydration cycle, H. plicatum exhibited a greater membrane integrity than H. caudiculatum. The lack of some very long chain fatty acids such as C22:1n9 and C24:1n9 in this species contrasting with H. plicatum may be associated with its lower membrane stability during the desiccation–rehydration cycle. This report provides the first insight into the fatty acid composition and dynamics of the membrane integrity of filmy ferns during a desiccation–rehydration cycle. This could potentially play a role in determining the different levels of desiccation tolerance and microhabitat preferences exhibited by Hymenophyllaceae species.
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Carlquist, Sherwin, Edward L. Schneider, and Kevin F. Kenneally. "SEM Studies on Vessels in Ferns. 8. Platyzoma." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 2 (1999): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97120.
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Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vessels are demonstrated for roots and rhizomes of Platyzoma microphyllum R.Br. Because vessels are not in simple linear series, but have tips in contact with tips of other vessels, vessel elements may have several end walls, and each of these can bear a perforation plate. Vessels in roots are narrow, but have wide perforations. In rhizomes, perforation plates have a wide range of morphology. The most notable of these involves displacement and, frequently, fusion of adjacent bars of secondary wall material, so that large perforations tend to alternate with narrow perforations or with two or three fused bars. Porose pit membranes are present in narrower perforations. The presence of wide perforations achieved by means of bar displacement characterises not merely Platyzoma, but other ferns as well: Microgramma and Phlebodium. These three genera of ferns experience marked fluctuation in water availability, so that not only are vessels of potential value for rapid conduction during brief periods of water availability, but the presence of perforation plates conducive to such rapid conduction is of theoretical selective advantage as well. Stelar fibres that bear crystals on external surfaces of walls are reported for roots of Platyzoma. Such fibres have not been reported hitherto for ferns.
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Coutinho, Rennan Leite Martins, Isabella Rodrigues Lancellotti, Arthur Ribeiro Flores, and Marcelo Guerra Santos. "Influence of seasonality on macroinvertebrate diversity associated with the aquatic fern Salvinia biloba Raddi." EntomoBrasilis 13 (April 16, 2020): e0889. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0889.
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Abstract. The genus Salvinia is composed of fast-growing floating ferns, capable of surviving in different environmental conditions. Some authors suggest that the relationships between this genus and macroinvertebrates may serve as water quality indicators. The present study aimed to determine the influence of seasonality and water quality on macroinvertebrate diversity associated with the Salvinia biloba Raddi. Water and fern were collected in rainy and dry seasons and was conducted a microbiological analysis of the water, as well as, the area of fern cover on the water, richness, and density of macroinvertebrates. Microbiological analysis of the water detected > 5,700 CFU/mL (rainy season) and 175 CFU/mL (dry season) of heterotrophic bacteria and was positive for total thermotolerant coliforms. The S. biloba cover on the water surface was 100% in the rainy and 30% in the dry season. In the rainy season, 142 macroinvertebrates were identified, divided into 12 morphospecies, with a density of 434 individuals/m3. In the dry season, there were 419 individuals in 14 morphospecies, with a density of 2,076 individuals/m3 exhibited. The highest species density recorded in the rainy season was for Chironomidae sp.1 (Diptera) (57.71%) and Odonata Zygoptera sp.1 (17.44%), and in the dry season, Chironomidae sp.2 (73.98%) followed by Gerromorpha sp.1 (Hemiptera), with 9.54%. The Sørensen similarity index between the two seasons was 53.84%. The higher density of Gerromorpha sp.1 in the dry season may indicate an increase in environmental integrity.
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Holmlund, Helen I., Stephen D. Davis, Frank W. Ewers, Natalie M. Aguirre, Gerard Sapes, Anna Sala, and Jarmila Pittermann. "Positive root pressure is critical for whole-plant desiccation recovery in two species of terrestrial resurrection ferns." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 1139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz472.
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Abstract Desiccation-tolerant (DT) organisms can lose nearly all their water without dying. Desiccation tolerance allows organisms to survive in a nearly completely dehydrated, dormant state. At the cellular level, sugars and proteins stabilize cellular components and protect them from oxidative damage. However, there are few studies of the dynamics and drivers of whole-plant recovery in vascular DT plants. In vascular DT plants, whole-plant desiccation recovery (resurrection) depends not only on cellular rehydration, but also on the recovery of organs with unequal access to water. In this study, in situ natural and artificial irrigation experiments revealed the dynamics of desiccation recovery in two DT fern species. Organ-specific irrigation experiments revealed that the entire plant resurrected when water was supplied to roots, but leaf hydration alone (foliar water uptake) was insufficient to rehydrate the stele and roots. In both species, pressure applied to petioles of excised desiccated fronds resurrected distal leaf tissue, while capillarity alone was insufficient to resurrect distal pinnules. Upon rehydration, sucrose levels in the rhizome and stele dropped dramatically as starch levels rose, consistent with the role of accumulated sucrose as a desiccation protectant. These findings provide insight into traits that facilitate desiccation recovery in dryland ferns associated with chaparral vegetation of southern California.
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Paul, Sarah K., Kingsley W. Dixon, and Ben P. Miller. "The persistence and germination of fern spores in fire-prone, semi-arid environments." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14193.
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In addition to population regeneration, the spore phase provides ferns with a capacity for dispersal through space and time (if spores are able to survive for long periods), and buffers their populations against environmental extremes. Inhabiting dry and fire-prone environments provides specific challenges to ferns, and the traits of fern spores in relation to these challenges are not well understood. Their shallow, dense and fibrous root networks mean that the loss or establishment of fern populations in disturbed ecosystems may influence soil stability, and indicate a keystone role in ecosystem function and ecological restoration. Here, we examine the requirements for, and limits of, spore persistence and germination of three Cheilanthes Syn.Fil. (Pteridaceae) species, namely, optimal conditions for spore germination and prothallial growth, sensitivity to temperature extremes and spore longevity. Viability of fresh spores was assessed following exposure to temperature extremes (–20 to 250°C) or after incubation at a range of temperatures (10−35°C) and in light or dark conditions. Viability of spores from herbarium voucher specimens was also assessed, covering 3–65 years of storage. Maximal germination occurred among spores incubated between 20°C and 30°C in light. Further temperature variation within this range resulted in a ×10 difference in prothallial size. Germination was unaffected by 10 min of exposure to temperatures up to 100°C, but was reduced after exposure to temperatures of −20°C and 110°C. Germination of herbarium-stored spores demonstrated longevity of up to 15 years. This longevity, combined with high spore density in field soils (including at depth to at least 10 cm), very high germination under ideal conditions, and microscopic size, describes a disturbance-mediated propagule persistence strategy. Spores are non-persisting and will germinate if exposed to light and water, but do persist if buried. Germinable spore can be found 5 cm below the soil surface, and can persist for at least 15 years, but the light requirement for germination means that persistent spores can achieve germination only if exhumed. Elucidating these traits reveals a unique pathway for plant persistence, and contributes to the development of the restoration capacity of arid-environment ferns.
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Roperto, Sante, Valeria Russo, Ayhan Ozkul, Aylin Sepici-Dincel, Paola Maiolino, Giuseppe Borzacchiello, Ioan Marcus, Iolanda Esposito, Marita Georgia Riccardi, and Franco Roperto. "Bovine papillomavirus type 2 infects the urinary bladder of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and plays a crucial role in bubaline urothelial carcinogenesis." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047662-0.
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Bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) has been shown to infect and play a role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis of buffaloes grazed on pastures with ferns from the Marmara and Black Sea Regions of Turkey. BPV-2 DNA has been found in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder. Furthermore, this virus may be a normal inhabitant of the urinary bladder since BPV-2 DNA has also been detected in clinically normal buffaloes. The viral activation by fern immunosuppressant or carcinogen may trigger the urothelial cell transformation. The E5 oncoprotein was solely detected in urothelial tumours and appeared to be co-localized with the overexpressed and phosphorylated platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) β receptor in a double-colour immunofluorescence assay. Our results indicate that the E5–PDGF β receptor interaction also occurs in spontaneous tumours of the bubaline urinary bladder, revealing an additional role of BPV-2 in bladder carcinogenesis of buffaloes.
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Huang, Meng-Yuan, Shau-Lian Wong, and Jen-Hsien Weng. "Rapid Light-Response Curve of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Terrestrial Plants: Relationship to CO2 Exchange among Five Woody and Four Fern Species Adapted to Different Light and Water Regimes." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030445.
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The rapid light response of electron transport rate (ETRR), obtained from chlorophyll fluorescence parameters by short illumination periods (10–30 s) at each light level, can provide a rapid and easy measurement of photosynthetic light response in plants. However, the relationship between ETRR and the steady-state light response of CO2 exchange rate (AS) of terrestrial plants has not been studied in detail. In this study, we compared the ETRR and AS for five woody and four fern species with different light and/or water adaptations. Under well-watered conditions, a constant temperature (25 °C) and with stomatal conductance (gs) not being a main limiting factor for photosynthesis, ETRR and AS were closely related, even when merging data for regression analysis for a species grown under different light conditions and measured under different light intensity and air humidity. However, when Alnus formosana was treated with low soil water and air humidity, because of the decrease in AS mainly due to stomatal closure, the ETRR–AS relation was not so close. In addition, at both 100 and 2000 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), ETRR and AS were significantly correlated within a plant group (i.e., woody plants and ferns) regardless of the broad difference in AS due to different species or environmental factors. The results indicate that the relationship between the ETRR and AS is varied by species. We concluded that 1) ETRR could reflect the variation in AS at each irradiance level within a species under well-watered conditions and 2) ETRR at 100 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD (as the efficiency of light capture) or 2000 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD (as a maximum photosynthetic parameter) could be used to compare the photosynthetic capacity within a plant group, such as woody plants and ferns.
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Fernández-Marín, Beatriz, Miren Irati Arzac, Marina López-Pozo, José Manuel Laza, Thomas Roach, Matthias Stegner, Gilbert Neuner, and José I. García-Plazaola. "Frozen in the dark: interplay of night-time activity of xanthophyll cycle, xylem attributes, and desiccation tolerance in fern resistance to winter." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (February 22, 2021): 3168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab071.
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Abstract While most ferns avoid freezing as they have a tropical distribution or shed their fronds, wintergreen species in temperate and boreoalpine ecosystems have to deal with sub-zero temperatures. Increasing evidence has revealed overlapping mechanisms of desiccation and freezing tolerance in angiosperms, but the physiological mechanisms behind freezing tolerance in ferns are far from clear. We evaluated photochemical and hydraulic parameters in five wintergreen fern species differing in their ability to tolerate desiccation. We assessed frond freezing tolerance, ice nucleation temperature and propagation pattern, and xylem anatomical traits. Dynamics of photochemical performance and xanthophyll cycle were evaluated during freeze–thaw events under controlled conditions and, in selected species, in the field. Only desiccation-tolerant species, which possessed a greater fraction of narrow tracheids (<18 μm) than sensitive species, tolerated freezing. Frond freezing occurred in the field at –3.4 ± 0.9 °C (SD) irrespective of freezing tolerance, freezable water content, or tracheid properties. Even in complete darkness, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was down-regulated concomitantly with zeaxanthin accumulation in response to freezing. This was reversible upon re-warming only in tolerant species. Our results suggest that adaptation for freezing tolerance is associated with desiccation tolerance through complementary xylem properties (which may prevent risk of irreversible cavitation) and effective photoprotection mechanisms. The latter includes de-epoxidation of xanthophylls in darkness, a process evidenced for the first time directly in the field.
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Volkova, Liubov, Lauren T. Bennett, and Michael Tausz. "Effects of sudden exposure to high light levels on two tree fern species Dicksonia antarctica (Dicksoniaceae) and Cyathea australis (Cyatheaceae) acclimated to different light intensities." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 7 (2009): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09153.
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We examined the responses of two tree fern species (Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea australis) growing under shade or variable light (intermittent shade) to sudden exposure to high light levels. Steady-state gas exchange as well as dynamic responses of plants to artificial sunflecks indicated that difference in growth light environment had very little effect on the tree ferns’ capacities to utilise and acclimate to prevailing light conditions. Two weeks of exposure to high light levels (short-term acclimation) led to decreases in all photosynthetic parameters and more negative predawn frond water potentials, mostly irrespective of previous growth light environments. After 3months in high light levels (long-term acclimation), D. antarctica fully recovered, while C. australis previously grown under variable light, recovered only partially, suggesting high light level stress effects under the variable light environments for this species.
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Carpenter, Raymond J., Matthew P. Goodwin, Robert S. Hill, and Karola Kanold. "Silcrete plant fossils from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales: new evidence for climate change and monsoon elements in the Australian Cenozoic." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 5 (2011): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11037.
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Diverse Cenozoic (possibly latest Oligocene to mid–late Miocene) macrofossils from the Lightning Ridge opal fields are illustrated and discussed. Specimens identified to, or closely comparable with, extant taxa include ferns (Lygodium, Gleichenia and others), conifers now extinct in Australia (Dacrydium, Retrophyllum and Papuacedrus), Lauraceae (Cryptocarya/Cinnamomum), sclerophyllous Proteaceae (Banksia, Lomatia and Grevillea), Cunoniaceae/Elaeocarpaceae and Eucalyptus (and/or other Myrtaceae). Overall, at least four fern, three conifer and 30 angiosperm taxa are recognised. The climate supported many species with close relatives in wet Australasian habitats, including rainforests. However, a drier or more seasonal (?monsoonal) aspect is especially indicated by the presence of lobed leaves that resemble extant species of Brachychiton (Malvaceae), Erythrina (Fabaceae) and tribe Cercideae (Fabaceae). A degree of water stress is also suggested by the prevalence of narrow, toothed and/or deeply lobed angiosperm leaves.
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Wen, Yin, Wan-li Zhao, and Kun-fang Cao. "Global convergence in the balance between leaf water supply and demand across vascular land plants." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 10 (2020): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19101.
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Coordination between the density of veins (water supply) and stomata (demand for water) has been found in the leaves of modern angiosperms and also in ferns. This suggests that this coordinated development is not a unique adaptation of derived angiosperms that enables their high productivity. To test this, we compiled leaf vein and stomatal density data from 520 land vascular plant species including derived angiosperms, basal angiosperms, gymnosperms and ferns. We found global coordination across vascular land plants, although the relationships were not significant in gymnosperms and vessel-less angiosperms. By comparing the evolution of xylem conduit elements with variation in the density of veins and stomata and theoretical stomatal conductance among plant lineages, we found that the physiological advantage of modern angiosperms is associated with the emergence of xylem with low intraconduit resistance and leaves with high vein and stomata densities. Thus our results indicate two major events associated with surges in xylem hydraulic capacity in angiosperms: (1) the origin of vessels and (2) the emergence of vessels with simple perforation plates, which diminished physical limitations on stomatal conductance. These evolutionary innovations may have enabled derived angiosperms to be more productive and adaptive to the changing climate.
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Souhaly, Yuliana, M. Nur Matdoan, and S. I. A. Salmanu. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN VITAMIN A PADA DAUN PAKU-PAKU (Diplazium escelentum (Retz.)Sw.) BERDASARKAN PROSES PEMASAKAN." Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 4, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol4issue2page63-69.
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Background: The nails are plants that are often consumed by the community because they are effective in curing various diseases such as cough, asthma, fever, headache, diarrhea, and dysentery. Different cooking processes can affect the nutritional content of a food ingredient, one of which is vitamin A.
Method: This type of research is comparative, namely to compare the content of vitamin A found in ferns (Diplazium esculentum (Retz) Sw.) Based on the cooking process, namely boiling, steaming and stirring. Location of analysis of vitamin A content in the Basic Chemistry laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pattimura University. The subjects of the study were 4 g of ferns extract, each of which was carried out based on the cooking process, namely stir-fry, boiled and steamed.
Results: There is an effect of the cooking process on the content of vitamin A on ferns. The highest vitamin A content is found in the type of stir-fry cooking which is as much as 0,0594%, the type of steamed cooking is 0,0442% and the type of boiled cooking is 0,0243%. Sauteed vegetables have relatively low water content than those boiled or steamed.
Conclusion: The highest content of vitamin A in vegetable ferns (Diplazium escelentum (Retz.) Sw.) Was found in the cooking process of the type of stirring with a vitamin A content of 0.0594 with a duration of 10 minutes
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Tsutsumi, Chie, and Masahiro Kato. "Morphology and evolution of epiphytic Davalliaceae scales." Botany 86, no. 12 (December 2008): 1393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-098.
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The scales of most members of the Davalliaceae and related epiphytic, secondary-hemiepiphytic, and climbing ferns consist of a stalk and a shield, are dense, and are persistent on the long-creeping rhizomes. They differ from the sessile, mostly deciduous scales of the related terrestrial eupolypod ferns. The stalked scales first developed two-dimensionally and later produced the proximal part of the shield from near the base to comprise a peltate or pseudopeltate shield on a stalk. Anatomical observations showed variations in the cellular and histological features and the degree of stalk insertion into a rhizome concavity. A character-phylogenetic tree of scales suggested an evolutionary linkage between the stalked scale and the epiphytic life form in the lineage leading to Davalliaceae and Polypodiaceae. The elaborated scales of most species of the obligate-epiphytic Davalliaceae were similar to the sunken-stalked, peltate, absorbing, epiphyllous trichomes of some angiosperm epiphytes. These results suggest that the stalked scales may have significant roles such as protection against desiccation, external water storage, and absorption of water and nutrients.
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Mueanpun, Natnicha, Nuttapon Srisuk, Nattapat Chaiammart, and Gasidit Panomsuwan. "Nanoporous activated carbons derived from water ferns as an adsorbent for removal of paraquat from contaminated water." Materialia 15 (March 2021): 100986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100986.
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Williams, R. Dudley, and Nancy A. Reichert. "GROWTH AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS OF KENAF CORE AS THE MAJOR COMPONENT IN GREENHOUSE POTTING MEDIA." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 426c—426. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.426c.
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Two types of ground kenaf core (fresh and aged) were used in concentrations from 70% to 100% (v/v) in combination with peat for use as greenhouse potting media and were compared to two commercial mixes in completely randomized block designs. Greenhouse crops of Boston fern (Nephrolepis), impatiens, and pansies (Viola) were grown in the different mixes. Irrigation was conducted regularly, based primarily on the average need of all the plants. Kenaf-based media did not retain water as well as the commercial mixes. Consequently, impatiens and pansies displayed slower growth rates. However, no differences were noted for fern growth in 70% kenaf compared to commercial mixes. A second study on plants that were grouped by media type and watered as needed provided different results. Ferns grew equally well in all media, but impatiens grew best in 70% fresh kenaf. Kenaf-based media were less costly than the commercial mixes, and the cost decreased steadily as the kenaf proportion increased. The lower cost of kenaf coupled with the decreasing availability of peat should make kenaf-based media an attractive alternative to conventional greenhouse potting media.
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Williams, R. Dudley, Brian S. Baldwin, and Nancy A. Reichert. "Growth and Economic Assessments of Kenaf Core as the Major Component in Greenhouse Potting Media." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 912E—912. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.912e.
Full textAbstract:
Two types of ground kenaf core (fresh and aged) were used in concentrations from 70% to 100% (v/v) in combination with peat for use as greenhouse potting media, and were compared to two commercial mixes in completely randomized-block designs. Greenhouse crops of Boston fern (Nephrolepis), Impatiens, and pansies (Viola) were grown in the different mixes. Irrigation was conducted regularly, based primarily on the average need of all the plants. Kenaf-based media did not retain water as well as the commercial mixes; consequently, impatiens and pansies displayed slower growth rates. However, no differences were noted for fern growth in 70% kenaf compared to commercial mixes. A second study on plants that were grouped by media type and watered as needed provided different results. Ferns grew equally well in all media, but Impatiens grew best in 70% fresh kenaf. Kenaf-based media were less costly than the commercial mixes, and the cost decreased steadily as the kenaf proportion increased. The lower cost of kenaf, coupled with the decreasing availability of peat, should make kenaf-based media an attractive alternative to conventional greenhouse potting media.
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Horsley, Stephen B. "Mechanisms of interference between hay-scented fern and black cherry." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2059–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-257.
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Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtiapunctilobula Michx.) interferes with establishment of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) in the Allegheny hardwood forest of Pennsylvania. In stands where fern cover is dense, black cherry seeds germinate, but seedlings do not become established. Allelopathy was eliminated as the cause of interference in previous work; the present studies evaluated the resources of soil water, soil phosphorus, soil nitrogen, and light. The impact of hay-scented fern on the level of each resource, the availability of each resource to black cherry seedlings, and the growth response of black cherry seedlings to changes in resource availability were evaluated. Hay-scented fern had little effect on soil moisture levels, nor did it affect plant availability of soil water. The level of soil phosphorus was not reduced by the presence of hay-scented fern nor was phosphorus availability to black cherry seedlings less when they grew with fern. Both the speed and degree of mycorrhizal infection and the foliar phosphorus concentrations were similar in seedlings growing with or without fern cover. Hay-scented fern had no effect on rates of ammonium- or nitrate-nitrogen production nor was the soil concentration of ammonium affected. The presence of hay-scented fern significantly reduced the soil nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the first year after a shelterwood seed cut, but not in the second. Overstory tree roots were more important than hay-scented fern in removing soil nitrate. Availability of soil nitrogen was unaffected by the presence of hay-scented fern or overstory tree roots. Black cherry seedlings grew more where ferns were absent, regardless of whether overstory tree roots were present or absent. Competitive reduction in light was the key mechanism of fern interference with black cherry. Hay-scented fern caused dramatic reductions in both the photon flux density and the ratio of red to far-red light beneath it. Black cherry seedlings survived and grew poorly in the presence of fern foliage shade. Survival and growth similar to that above fern could be restored by restraining fern foliage, allowing light to reach black cherry seedlings from above.
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Zwieniecki, Maciej A., and Charles K. Boyce. "Evolution of a unique anatomical precision in angiosperm leaf venation lifts constraints on vascular plant ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1779 (March 22, 2014): 20132829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2829.
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The main role of leaf venation is to supply water across the photosynthetic surface to keep stomata open and allow access to atmospheric CO 2 despite evaporative demand. The optimal uniform delivery of water occurs when the distance between veins equals the depth of vein placement within the leaf away from the evaporative surface. As presented here, only angiosperms maintain this anatomical optimum across all leaf thicknesses and different habitats, including sheltered environments where this optimization need not be required. Intriguingly, basal angiosperm lineages tend to be underinvested hydraulically; uniformly high optimization is derived independently in the magnoliids, monocots and core eudicots. Gymnosperms and ferns, including available fossils, are limited by their inability to produce high vein densities. The common association of ferns with shaded humid environments may, in part, be a direct evolutionary consequence of their inability to produce hydraulically optimized leaves. Some gymnosperms do approach optimal vein placement, but only by virtue of their ability to produce thick leaves most appropriate in environments requiring water conservation. Thus, this simple anatomical metric presents an important perspective on the evolution and phylogenetic distribution of plant ecologies and further evidence that the vegetative biology of flowering plants—not just their reproductive biology—is unique.
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Beeson, Richard C., Roger Kjelgren, and Jianjun Chen. "Daily Water Requirement of Container Grown Davallia bullata and Nephrolepis exaltata and Implication in Irrigation Practices." Water 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082190.
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Container crop production has become increasingly popular, but daily water requirements of those crops from transplanting to marketable or harvestable stages are largely unavailable. To address this concern, daily water consumption of two container-grown fern species, Davallia bullata and Nephrolepis exaltata from initial transplanting to marketable size were studied using a canopy closure model. Daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of D. bullata ranged from 4.6 mL to 76.5 mL with an average of 29.0 mL per plant per day. The mean cumulative ETA was 13.2 L during 431 days of production spanning from 8 November 2006 to 4 February 2008. Two crops of N. exaltata were produced. Daily ETA per N. exaltata plant produced in crop 1 varied from 19.0 to 241.2 mL with an average of 69.5 mL, and daily ETA of crop 2 differed from 5.7 to 136.8 mL with a mean of 74.0 mL. Both crops had a cumulative ETA of 9.4 L. Such differences in daily ETA and cumulative ETA between the two fern species raised further concern of irrigation practices in commercial foliage plant production as multiple species are commonly produced in one greenhouse and share the same irrigation schedule. Comparing daily ETA and cumulative ETA values of the ferns with the other studied foliage plants indicated that daily ETA and cumulative ETA are species specific. Therefore, to improve irrigation efficiency, daily ETA and cumulative ETA values of major container-grown plants should be established. Implementing the research-based daily ETA and cumulative ETA in container plant production should reduce irrigation water leaching and runoff and conserving freshwater resources.
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Zhang, Shi-Bao, Mei Sun, Kun-Fang Cao, Hong Hu, and Jiao-Lin Zhang. "Leaf Photosynthetic Rate of Tropical Ferns Is Evolutionarily Linked to Water Transport Capacity." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2014): e84682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084682.
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Mehltreter, Klaus, and Mónica Palacios-Rios. "Phenological studies of Acrostichum danaeifolium (Pteridaceae, Pteridophyta) at a mangrove site on the Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 2 (February 10, 2003): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003171.
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A population of the giant leather fern Acrostichum danaeifolium was observed during an 18-mo period at La Mancha (19°36′00″N, 96°22′40″W), Veracruz, Mexico. The study site was 230 m from a brackish-water lagoon, in the understorey of the mangroves, which are dominated by Avicennia germinans (Avicenniaceae). Acrostichum danaeifolium showed a clumped distribution pattern, and one third of the population became fertile during this time. Plants had a mean number of 9.4 ± 0.45 sterile leaves, which developed continuously at a rate of 14.6 ± 0.44 leaves y-1. The mean life span of sterile leaves was 7.7 mo. Although soil water was always available, phenological patterns of fertility, leaf production and leaf growth were strongly correlated with the seasonal climate. Individual leaf growth and leaf size increased significantly during the rainy season. Fertile leaves emerged exclusively from April to August and had a mean life span of 4.1 mo. Spore release was restricted to the wet season, when conditions for germination were favourable. Environmental triggers of fertility are discussed and phenological patterns are compared with ferns and angiosperms from other habitats.
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Kato, Masahiro, and Ryoko Imaichi. "Leaf anatomy of tropical fern rheophytes, with its evolutionary and ecological implications." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-022.
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Rheophytes are restricted to stream beds that are regularly flooded by swift-running water after rains and are morphologically characterized by having narrow, (ob)lanceolate leaves – leaflets (stenophylls) and other features that are adapted to the unique habitat, decreasing resistance to the swift-running water. The present study characterized anatomically the leaves of fern rheophytes. Generally, the mesophyll cells of rheophytes are less expanded, and therefore their intercellular spaces are smaller than those of related dryland species. Furthermore, frequency of occurrence of stomata per unit leaf area is greater, the cuticular layer is thicker, and the epicuticular wax deposits on the leaf epidermis are denser in at least some rheophytes than in related dryland species. It can be assumed that the stenophylls of the rheophytes are produced by developmental events, including weaker cell expansion than in dryland species, and that a phylogenetic decrease in cell expansion in leaves was involved in the origin of stenophylls from broader leaves of ancestral dryland species. The leaf anatomical features are discussed in relation to the ecological specificity of the rheophytes. Key words: evolution, flood resistance, intercellular space, leaf anatomy, rheophytic ferns, stenophyll.
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Williamson, M. R., J. H. Blake, S. N. Jeffers, and S. A. Lewis. "First Reports of Aphelenchoides fragariae on Royal Fern and on Hosta and Other Hosts in South Carolina." Plant Disease 84, no. 5 (May 2000): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.5.593d.
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In September 1999, royal ferns (Osmunda regalis L.) at a South Carolina wholesale nursery were found to be infected by foliar nematodes. Lesions were brown, vein-limited, and often fan shaped. As severity increased, affected leaflets became totally necrotic. Nematodes were extracted by excising and dicing symptomatic leaf sections and placing them in water for up to 24 h. Ten adult nematodes from each of two fern plants were examined microscopically and determined to be Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos) Christie. This is the first report of this nematode infecting royal fern. In August 1996, leaves from several cultivars of Hosta spp. with yellow to tan, vein-limited lesions were submitted from The South Carolina Botanical Garden (Clemson, SC) to the Clemson University Plant Problem Clinic for diagnosis. Nematodes were extracted and examined as described above and identified as A. fragariae. This is the first report of this nematode infecting Hosta spp. in South Carolina. Since 1996, foliar nematodes have been recovered from hostas at several wholesale nurseries in South Carolina. Aphelenchoides spp. also have been detected previously in commercially produced ornamental plants in South Carolina, including a Begonia sp. in 1988; Polygonum bistorta L. ‘Super-bum’ (snakeweed) in 1997; and a Polystichum sp. (holly fern) in 1997. All plants exhibited angular or vein-limited, necrotic lesions typical of foliar nematode infections.
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Brownsey, PJ, and LR Perrie. "Taxonomic notes on the New Zealand flora: lectotypes in Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae (water ferns)." New Zealand Journal of Botany 52, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2014.887587.
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Andrade, Jose Luis, and Park S. Nobel. "Microhabitats and Water Relations of Epiphytic Cacti and Ferns in a Lowland Neotropical Forest1." Biotropica 29, no. 3 (September 1997): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00427.x.
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Vargot, E. V., O. G. Grishutkin, and O. N. Artaev. "RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS OF WETLANDS KRYACHEK LAKE AND NEIGHBORHOOD (ULYANOVSK REGION)." Samara Journal of Science 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20152111.
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Paper presents materials of comprehensive research (physical-geographical characteristics, plant cover, ichtyofauna) of Kryachek (Kryazh) Lake and of three worked-out bogs (Stanovoe, Lebyazhye and unnamed in 2 km to east of the Lyakhovka village) located near this lake. At present, all investigated water bodies are lakes with a more or less developed sphagnum-sedge, serge-calamagrostis-sphagnum quaking mires. Physiographic characteristics (surface of bottom for Kryachek Lake, pH of water, depth of lakes), plant cover and ichthyofauna of lakes were studied during researches. It was revealed that Kryachek Lake and depleted peatlands have a high floristic diversity relatively to other similar ecosystem (lakes, raised bogs and transition mires). Altogether 77 species of vascular plants from 48 genera and 32 families were revealed within studied objects. Among the studied flora, species of ferns, raised bogs, transition mires and, also, aquatic andlittoral-aquatic plant species are presented due to the presence of various microecotopes (young and formed quaking mires of raised bogs and transitional mires, fens, ditches, backwaters, shallow waters, deep areas). Studied wetlands are places of location many rare plants in forest-steppe-Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. et Koch, P. praelongus Wulf., Scheuchzeria palustris L., Eriophorum gracile Koch, Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh., C. limosa L., Hammarbya paludosa (L.) O. Kuntze, Salix lapponum L., S. myrtilloides L., Drosera rotundifolia L., Oxycoccus palustris Pers., Utricularia intermedia Hayne, U. minor L. Ichthyofauna of studied water bodies with sphagnum quaking mire is very poor. Altogether, four limnophilic fish species were registered (Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843), Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), C. carassius (Linnaeus, 1758), Misgurnus fossilis (Linnaeus, 1758)). This is explained by the peculiarities of physical-chemical environment settings (in particular, it is the dynamics of pH in the range of 4,3-6,4 within a water body) and a considerable distance from the rivers which are the main source of resettlement of different fish species.
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Holtum, Joseph A. M., and Klaus Winter. "Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 8 (1999): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99001.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was observed in three species of tropical ferns, the epiphytes Microsorium punctatum and Polypodium crassifolium and the lithophyte Platycerium veitchii. Polypodium crassifolium and P. veitchii exhibited characteristics of weak CAM. Although no net nocturnal CO2 uptake was observed, the presence of CAM was inferred from nocturnal increases in titratable acidity of 4.7 and 4.1 µequiv (g fr wt)–1 respectively, a reduction in the rates of net CO2 evolution during the first half of the dark period, and the presence of a CAM-like decrease in net CO2 uptake during the early light period. In M. punctatum net CO2 uptake during the first half of the dark period was accompanied by an increase in titratable acidity of 39.2 µequiv (g fr wt)–1 and a pronounced reduction in net CO2 uptake during the early light period. When water was withheld from P. crassifolium and M. punctatum, net CO2 uptake during the light was reduced markedly but there was no change in the extent or patterns of CO2 exhange in the dark. As a consequence, the proportion of carbon gained due to CO2 fixation in the dark increased from 2.8 and 10% to 63.5 and 49.3%, respectively (100% being net CO2 uptake during the light plus the estimated CO2 uptake during the dark). After 9 days without added water, dark CO2 uptake was responsible for the maintenance of a net 24 h carbon gain in P. crassifolium. Platycerium veitchii, P. crassifolium and M. punctatum exhibited carbon isotope ratios of between –25.9 and –22.6‰ indicating that carbon isotope ratios may not, by themselves, be sufficient for the identification of weak CAM. We suggest that CAM may be more prevalent in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns than currently envisaged.
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Pott, Christian, and Baoyu Jiang. "Plant remains from the Middle–Late Jurassic Daohugou site of the Yanliao Biota in Inner Mongolia, China." Acta Palaeobotanica 57, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 185–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2017-0012.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA late Middle–early Late Jurassic fossil plant assemblage recently excavated from two Callovian–Oxfordian sites in the vicinity of the Daohugou fossil locality in eastern Inner Mongolia, China, was analysed in detail. The Daohugou fossil assemblage is part of the Callovian–Kimmeridgian Yanliao Biota of north-eastern China. Most major plant groups thriving at that time could be recognized. These include ferns, caytonialeans, bennettites, ginkgophytes, czekanowskialeans and conifers. All fossils were identified and compared with species from adjacent coeval floras. Considering additional material from three collections housed at major palaeontological institutions in Beijing, Nanjing and Pingyi, and a recent account in a comprehensive book on the Daohugou Biota, the diversity of the assemblage is completed by algae, mosses, lycophytes, sphenophytes and putative cycads. The assemblage is dominated by tall-growing gymnosperms such as ginkgophytes, czekanowskialeans and bennettites, while seed ferns, ferns and other water- or moisture-bound groups such as algae, mosses, sphenophytes and lycophytes are represented by only very few fragmentary remains. The floral composition underlines the Callovian–Kimmeridgian age of the Yanliao Biota. The Daohugou/Yanliao flora is a typical member of the Middle to Late JurassicConiopteris-Phoenicopsisassemblage of north-eastern China, differing from the Early Cretaceous Jehol flora. Both floras probably belong to the same cycle of volcanism and sedimentation, although the Daohugou Bed is older than the Yixian Formation. The Yanliao fossil assemblage is placed in a larger palaeo-phytogeographical context and its relationships with Middle–Late Jurassic floras from north-eastern China, north-eastern and eastern Siberia and Japan are evaluated.
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Baer, Alex, James K. Wheeler, and Jarmila Pittermann. "Not dead yet: the seasonal water relations of two perennial ferns during California's exceptional drought." New Phytologist 210, no. 1 (December 11, 2015): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13770.
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Nagalingum, Nathalie S., Harald Schneider, and Kathleen M. Pryer. "Comparative Morphology of Reproductive Structures in Heterosporous Water Ferns and a Reevaluation of the Sporocarp." International Journal of Plant Sciences 167, no. 4 (July 2006): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503848.
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