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1
Templin, Julia S. "Zababdeh: A Palestinian Water History." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/911.
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This study explores the historical evolution of the water situation in Palestine at a local level in the West Bank village of Zababdeh. The thesis examines Palestine's geography and the historical relationship of Zababdeh's people with this environment. A sudden shift in this relationship took place during the second half of the 20th century, particularly after the advent of Israeli occupation. The thesis also addresses the Palestinians' involvement, or lack thereof, in water politics of the West Bank during the 20th century. The pattern of neglect has left Palestinians in a weak position to secure safe and reliable water supplies for villages like Zababdeh. Though some have speculated that the water situation in Palestine will one day lead to violent conflict, the example of Zababdeh's water history shows that such conflict has not yet occurred because the village's inhabitants experienced many new water-related conveniences under Israeli occupation. The new conveniences left Zababdeh's people relatively contented and without incentive to fight over water. The study finds that water is an underlying, and sometimes overt stress that has been exacerbating the conflict in Palestine for decades and will continue to foster instability in the region until the people of Palestine all have safe, consistent, and sufficient supplies of water for their needs.
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MacFarlane, Dana. "Walter Benjamin and art history." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419285.
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DeBano, Leonard F., and Peter F. Ffolliott. "Riparian History of the Southwest." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296571.
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Nilsson, David. "Water for a few : a history of urban water and sanitation in East Africa." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Department of Philosophy and the History of Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4173.
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Grant, Duncan. "The politics of water supply: the history of Cape Town's water supply 1840-1920." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29964.
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This dissertation examines the development of Cape Town's water supply between 1840 and 1920. The thesis examines the effect that the augmentation water supply had on municipal politics and the development of the municipality of Cape Town. It is argued that the high cost of water supply, arising out of Cape Town's geographic situation, had a major impact on its municipal government. In the nineteenth century the dominant class was divided between merchants who wanted water and the rentier classes who had to pay for it. In the subsequent political struggle for control of the municipality, the working class, which supported the rentier class were alienated. As a result, they resisted municipal improvement, delaying a solution to the water problem until the twentieth century. Chapter One examines the period from 1840 to 1900 where water supply was related to attempts to bring about municipal and sanitation reform. While this succeeded, by the late 1890's ratepayers reacted against excessive municipal spending, ultimately to the detriment of planned water schemes in the hinterland. Chapter Two argues that in the period between 1900 and 1910 businessmen attempted to link water supply to the unification of the municipalities of the Cape Peninsula. This resulted in a struggle between the city and the suburbs for over the control of the water resources of the hinterland. Chapter Three examines municipal unification in 1913 and the repercussions it had for water supply. The focus falls on a municipal referendum in 1917 in which the class divisions of half a century were a factor in the choice of a hinterland water scheme. The dissertation concludes that water is important for explaining class divisions in municipal politics. It is suggested that the impact of water on municipal history is not unique, but in Cape Town's experience it was prolonged and intense. A further conclusion is that it affected the process of municipal unification between 1902 and 1913, shaping the form of the modern city. A wide range of sources were used including municipal archive material and government reports and commissions. Newspapers and cartoons have been used extensively as they were instruments in the struggle for reform. Comparisons are drawn with the experience of overseas cities in an attempt to provide a coherent model for understanding the place of water supply in urban history. The dissertation represents an attempt to provide a better understanding of Cape Town's history during this period and therefore relates municipal history to wider political, economic and social changes taking place. It also complements recent histories on sanitation, race and municipal politics which fall in this period.
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Fan, Chaojun. "Revealing the hydrological history of Mars." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2008/Chaojun_Fan_032808.pdf.
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Cohen, P. M. "History of water management on the Welsh River Dee." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546714.
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Ffolliott, Peter F., Daniel G. Neary, and Gerald J. Gottfried. "A Brief History of the Hydrology Section." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296616.
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Young, Don W. "The History of Cattle Grazing in Arizona." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296478.
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Armstrong, Michael P. "Life History of the Goosefish, Lophius americanus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617580.
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Mann, Gregory. "California's Water Problems: How A Desert Region Gets Enough Water To Survive." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/543.
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The issue of gaining access to enough water in California has shaped how the state has developed and it has been one of the most important and divisive political issues for all of its residents. In a state where “75 percent of the demand for water originates south of Sacramento, although 75 percent of water supply in the state comes from north of the capital city,” the decision of who should get access to the limited supply of water is fiercely contested between opposing parties who all feel that they have a right to the water necessary to keep them alive. But with the amount of useable water slowly declining and an ever-growing population with greater demand for water, there is no easy compromise or solution that solves the problem of how water should be distributed.
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Ffolliott, Peter F., Leonard F. DeBano, and Malchus B. Jr Baker. "A Short History of the Arizona Watershed Program." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296489.
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Pfenning, Brenda. "Seasonal life-history adaptation in the water strider GERRIS LACUSTRIS." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2008/2790/.
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EIZIRIK, JULIA RIPOLL. "WALTER BENJAMIN AND THE INTENSITY OF HISTORY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7789@1.
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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIROO objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o trabalho do historiador, segundo Walter Benjamin, como a construção de uma interpretação. Apesar de construída, a interpretação não é arbitrária - ela deve ser capaz de apresentar a verdade histórica. Para tanto, ela é aproximada da contemplação filosófica. O objeto da contemplação é a idéia, que não deve ser entendida como algo restrito ao âmbito do pensamento, mas sim como Ser. A idéia é Ser porque arrasta consigo elementos materiais. Isso não significa, todavia, que ela possa então ser encontrada no mundo empírico. Pelo contrário, os elementos materiais só se apresentam para a faculdade mimética. Ela é capaz de perceber semelhanças entre elementos aparentemente heterogêneos, colocando-os em um estado de tensão. A idéia é a imagem formada por essa configuração, na qual encontramos a verdade histórica.
The objective of this dissertation is to understand the task of the historian, according to Walter Benjamin, as the construction of an interpretation. Although constructed, interpretation is not arbitrary - it must be capable to present historical truth. To accomplish such task, the interpretation should get closer to philosophical contemplation. The object of contemplation is the idea, that should not be understood as something restricted to the scope of thought, but as Being. The idea is Being because it carries material elements inside. This does not mean, however, that it could be found in empirical world. On the contrary, material elements appears only for the mimetic faculty. This faculty is capable to perceive similarities between elements apparently heterogeneous, placing them in a tension state. The idea is the image formed by this configuration, in which it is found historical truth.
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Gottfried, Gerald J., and Daniel G. Neary. "THE SIERRA ANCHA EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, ARIZONA: A BRIEF HISTORY." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621696.
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The availability of adequate and reliable water supplies has always been a critical concern in central Arizona since prehistoric times. The early European settlers in 1868 initially utilized the ancient Hohokam Indian canal system which drew water from the Salt River. However, the river fluctuated with periods of drought and periods of high flows which destroyed the diversion structures. The settlers proposed a dam to store water and to regulate flows. In 1903, the Salt River Water Users Association was formed and an agreement was reached with the U.S. Government for the construction of a dam on the Salt River at its junction with Tonto Creek. The Salt River drains more than 4,306 square miles (mi2) from the White Mountains of eastern Arizona to the confluence with Tonto Creek. Tonto Creek drains a 1,000-mi2 watershed above the confluence. The agreement was authorized under the Reclamation Act of 1902. The Theodore Roosevelt Dam was started in 1905, completed in 1911, and dedicated in 1911 (Salt River Project 2002). The dam has the capacity to store 2.9 million acre-feet (af) of water. However, between 1909 and 1925, 101,000 af of sediment were accumulated behind Roosevelt Dam (Rich 1961). Much of it came from erosion on the granitic soils from the chaparral lands above the reservoir, and much of the erosion was blamed on overgrazing by domestic livestock. Water users were concerned that accelerated sedimentation would eventually compromise the capacity of the dam to hold sufficient water for downstream demands. The Tonto National Forest was originally created to manage the watershed above Roosevelt Dam and to prevent siltation. The Summit Plots, located between Globe, Arizona, and Lake Roosevelt were established in 1925 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to study the effects of vegetation recovery, mechanical stabilization, and plant cover changes on stormflows and sediment yields from the lower chaparral zone (Rich 1961). The area initially was part of the Crook National Forest which was later added to the Tonto National Forest. The Summit Watersheds consisted of nine small watersheds ranging in size from 0.37 to 1.23 acres (ac). Elevations are between 3,636 and 3,905 feet (ft). The treatments included: exclusion of livestock and seeding grasses, winter grazing, hardware cloth check dams, grubbing brush, sloping gullies and grass seeding. Protection from grazing did not pro
duce changes in runoff or sedimentation. Treatments that reduced surface runoff also reduced erosion. Hardware cloth check dams reduce total erosion, and mulch plus grass treatments checked erosion and sediment movement. Runoff was reduced by the combined treatments (Rich 1961). The Summit Watersheds were integrated into the Parker Creek Erosion-Streamflow Station in 1932.
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Bunting, L. "The recent water quality history of Lough Neagh : a palaeoecological investigation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419563.
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Charles, Matthew. "Speculative experience and history : Walter Benjamin's Goethean Kantianism." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2009. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/3449/.
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My thesis explicates and defends what I term an implicit Goetheanism present in the philosophy of Walter Benjamin. It begins by examining Benjamin’s early critique of the Kantian and neo-Kantian concept of experience and argues that a Goethean theory of the primal phenomenon provides the phenomenological model for Benjamin’s radical transformation of the neo-Kantian Idea. I analyse the importance of Goethe’s aesthetics of science for Benjamin’s critical development of Early German Romanticism and suggest that Goethe’s tender empiricism provides the intellectual backdrop to Benjamin’s later materialism. The chromatic-linguistic model of experience which informs Benjamin’s earliest writings is shown to develop into a dialectics of refractive expression, one that has import consequences for his concept of history and his unorthodox version of cultural materialism. My final chapter examines the influence of Goethe upon what it argues is Benjamin’s quasi-Jungian criticism of Marxism, defending the importance of Jung’s semiotic critique of Freud’s theory of dream symbolism and its relevance for a materialist interpretation of ideology. The relationship between the Goethean and Jungian concepts of synthesis explains Benjamin’s proximity to a Jungian concept of the unconscious, it is argued, which is justified on the condition that a critique of Jung distinguishes the archaic image from Benjamin’s dialectical image. This is performed in the final chapter through a consideration of the allegorical and the technological in Jung and Benjamin’s differing receptions of Goethe’s Faust. The existential component of Goethe’s speculative concept of experience provides Benjamin with the resources for thinking of a dialectic of historical completion and incompletion, it is concluded, which is necessary for a philosophical informed cultural materialism.
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Bohman, Anna. "Framing the water and sanitation challenge : A history of urban water supply and sanitation in Ghana 1909 - 2005." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of economic history, Umeå university, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-32855.
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Duncan, Samuel Prescott. "‘We Have Drunken Our Water for Money’: The Political Economy of Bottled Water, 1940-1995." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1275601437.
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Ye, Shirley. "Business, Water, and the Global City: Germany, Europe, and China, 1820-1950." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11176.
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The dissertation examines the evolving role of Germans under the auspices of European imperialism in modern China's hydraulic management and economic globalization. In the early nineteenth-century, Germans were on the margins of both the Chinese and British Empires, connecting former frontier regions to the major hubs of Asian trade. Over the nineteenth-century there was a large expansion of trade on the coast, where Qing authority had to contend with an emerging international maritime legal and economic order, and German shippers before national unification had a niche as carriers of domestic Chinese trade. As transport technology changed, western shipping interests clamored for the Chinese state to undertake material changes on China's waterways to develop new port infrastructure. Galvanized by a series of natural disasters as well as a dramatic increase in trade, Chinese officials began to collaborate with Western officials and engineers to manage infrastructure projects. Germans in particular played a key role in the transnational transfer of technology. All the while, late Qing and Republican Chinese governments gained increasing control over the internationally-staffed water conservancy organizations. With the First World War, Europeans, preoccupied with their own conflict, shifted their attention away from China, and Americans took up where the Europeans had left off in the financing and advising of hydraulic projects. Yet, German modernity continued to have an enduring influence in visions for China's economic globalization, hydraulic infrastructure, and state power.History
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Charlesworth, Susanne Margaret. "The pollution history of two urban lakes in Coventry, UK." Thesis, Coventry University, 1994. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/aa9839e0-9c56-11af-ddf7-28d6797af1bb/1.
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Human society has influenced the environment for at least the last 15000 years but, since the Industrial Revolution, the resultant environmental impacts have been widely used in many studies for reconstructing this impact over medium timescales (tens to hundreds of years). Few long-term studies of hydrological change exist and sediments are useful as surrogates for direct monitoring since they are sensitive to change within the catchment. This study uses the properties of urban lake sediments in order to reconstruct environment pollution history. The two principal objectives of this study were the reconstruction of historical atmospheric, point source and diffuse heavy metal pollution in an urban environment and the evaluation of the lake-sediment record as a source of proxy hydrological data over the last 100-150 years. A paired lake-catchment study was undertaken by comparing the records contained in a closed and an open lake. The closed lake (Swanswell Pool) is situated in the centre of the city of Coventry where the main source of pollution is atmospheric. This site provides a contrast to an open basin (Wyken Pool) with a multi-source catchment in addition to atmospheric influx. Trends in urban lake sediment cores indicate increasing heavy metal concentrations upcore, with cultural enrichment factors for individual heavy metals of between 55.4 and 2.6. Storage of heavy metals in the catchment of the closed basin were significant, although it was found that up to 85% of the Zn and 90% of the Pb were actually stored in the lake sediments. Catchment sources contributed up to 5 times more than the atmosphere in the Wyken Slough catchment. Heavy metals budgets were calculated, and these showed that loadings of metals have increased by up to 7.5 times between 1850 and the present day. Sequential digestion of the lake sediments at both sites showed that the important fractions containing heavy metals were Fe and Mn oxides and organic matter. The heavy metals associated with these fractions could be remobilised with changing environmental conditions, but an analysis of contemporary water quality indicated that, at present, suitable Eh and pH conditions for remobilisation did not occur. It was concluded that these urban lakes do preserve the heavy metals record and can provide surrogate data on medium-term environmental change. However, the complex mixture of materials associated with urban sedimentation resulted in a lack of correlation between heavy metals and mineral magnetic properties in either lake, and in the catchment of Wyken Slough. Hence mineral magnetic properties of sediments in urban catchments do not appear to be a suitable surrogate for heavy metals analysis. Urban lakes appear to provide a much-neglected opportunity for palaeolimnological reconstruction over a period when little directly monitored data exists.
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Alfaro, Alicia E. "Prehispanic Water Management at Takalik Abaj, Guatemala." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547711.
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Land and water use at archaeological sites is a growing field of study within Mesoamerican archaeology. In Mesoamerica, similar to elsewhere in the world, landscapes were settled based partially upon the characteristics of the environment and the types of food and water resources available. Across Mesoamerica, landscape concepts were also important to religious beliefs and ritual activity in a manner that may have had the potential to influence the power dynamics of a site. This thesis focuses on the management of water at the site of Takalik Abaj in Guatemala during the Middle to Late Preclassic periods (c. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 250) in order to analyze potential ritual and political functions of the water management system. Using spatial data within GIS, this thesis examines the flow of water across the site as directed by its topographical features. The archaeological record of Takalik Abaj and comparisons to water management systems at other Mesoamerican sites are also used to investigate the functions of the water management system. Thesis findings suggest that the water management system of Takalik Abaj was multi-faceted and that ritual functions tied to the control of water may have contributed to the identities and power of the elite.
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Smith, S. Andrew Enticknap, and ANDREW_SMITH@acdi-cida gc ca. "Water First : a political history of hydraulics in Vietnam's Red River Delta." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050314.135921.
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Between 1961 and 1976 Häi Hung province -- present day Häi Duong and Hung
Yên -- lost the equivalent of two entire districts of agricultural land. How could so
much land be abandoned under a collectivised agriculture system? And what role
did poor water control infrastructure play in creating such a situation?¶
I answer these questions by examining the historical patterns of hydraulic
development in northern Vietnam from the beginning of the 19th century until the
introduction of the Production Contract system in 1981. Underlying both the
French colonial and communist visions of modernity and economic development
was a belief that improving agricultural productivity, of which large-scale hydraulic
infrastructure was an important component, could catalyse growth in the rural
economy, which could then finance industrialisation. I argue throughout this thesis
that developing large-scale hydraulic infrastructure in the Red River delta has relied
upon the creation of a hydraulic bargain between the state and water users. This is
in contrast to Wittfogel's theory of the hydraulic state, insofar as developing
hydraulic infrastructure has depended upon the active political and economic
participation and support of water users, and not the absolute power of the state.
The political economic history of the hydraulic bargain highlights the relative
power of peasants to influence the direction of large-scale hydraulic development
and, as such, the shape of the Red River delta's wet-rice economy.
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Moores, John Edward. "Effects of Insolation on Habitability and the Isotopic History of Martian Water." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194111.
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Three aspects of the Habitability of the Northern Plains of Mars to organics and terrestrial-like microbial life were assessed. (1) Protection offered by small surface features and (2) the breakdown of rocks to form soils were examined using a radiative transfer computer model. Two separate sublimation experiments provided a basis to improve (3) estimates of the amount of available water today and in the past by determining the fractionation of HDO between present-day reservoirs.(1) UV radiation sterilizes the hardiest of terrestrial organisms within minutes on the Martian surface. Small surface features including pits, trenches, flat faces and overhangs may create "safe havens" for organisms by blocking much of the UV flux. In the most favorable cases, this flux is sufficiently reduced such that organic in-fall could accumulate beneath overhanging surfaces and in pits and cracks while terrestrial microorganisms could persist for several tens of martian years.(2) The production of soils on the surface is considered by analogy with the arid US Southwest. Here differential insolation of incipient cracks of random orientations predicts crack orientation distributions consistent with field observations by assuming that only crack orientations which shield their interiors, minimizing their water loss, can grow, eventually disrupting the clast.(3) Disaggregated water ice to simulate the polar caps was produced by flash freezing in liquid nitrogen and crushing. When dust was added to the mixtures, the D/H ratio of the sublimate gas was seen to decrease with time from the bulk ratio. The more dust was added to the mixture, the more pronounced was this effect. The largest fractionation factor observed during these experiments was 2.5. Clean ice was also prepared and overlain by dust to simulate ground ice. Here, the movement of water vapor was modeled using an effective diffusivity that incorporated both adsorption on grains and diffusion. For low temperatures (<-55°C) a significant difference between the diffusivities of H2O and HDO was observed. This suggests adsorptive-control within the regolith as energies of interaction are 60-70kJmol-1. This ability of the martian regolith to preferentially adsorb HDO decouples the ice table and polar caps from the atmosphere and allows for geographic variations in the D/H ratio on Mars.
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Lefevre, Robert E., and Daniel G. Neary. "Rucker Lake: A History of Recent Conditions Affecting a Southeastern Arizona Watershed." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296538.
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Luo, Jiangang. "Life history of the bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, in Chesapeake Bay." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616754.
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In lower Chesapeake Bay, the spawning season of the bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli in 1988 was from early May to mid-September. Spawning was temporally synchronized and lasted for about 1.5 h each night. Spawning frequency per individual was every 4 d in early June and 1.3-1.9 d in other months. Batch fecundity was a linear function of fork length and body weight; regression slopes on 6 July and 4 August were significantly higher than those on 6 June and 31 August. Estimated mean total spawnings per female in 1988 was 54. Total egg production for a fish of average size was 45,110, which is equivalent to 346% of body biomass energy. Age determination based on lagenar otoliths showed that some fish spawned when as young as 2.5-3 months. Transport of the adult bay anchovy in darkness was studied in laboratory and field experiments. In a hydraulic flume, 99% of all fish were transported to the end of the flume in darkness at a current speed of 30 cm s&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}&. In field experiments, fish marked with neutral red dye and released in a creek at flood tide were recaptured 5.1 km upstream 4 h after release at night, and were recaptured within 200 m of the release site 3 h after release in daylight. This nocturnal transport phenomenon may help in understanding behavior and distribution of pelagic estuarine fishes. The standardized CPUE data show long-term population fluctuations on the order of ten fold. The bay anchovy population also has extensive seasonal variations. A Fourier analysis removed the seasonal (short-term) variation from the long-term data series. An autoregressive analysis of the residual series indicated that it contained a significant first-order autoregressive process component (r&\sp2& = 0.26, P &\le& 0.0066), which was interpreted as a spawner-recruit relationship. Cross-correlation analysis indicated that bay anchovy population abundance was positively correlated with winter water temperature (r = 0.663, P &\le& 0.0001) and river flow (r = 0.376, P &\le& 0.027), but negatively correlated with the abundances of white perch (r = &-&0.437, P &\le& 0.011), and the squared function of residual wind speed (r = &-&0.377, P &\le& 0.026). A multiple regression model indicated that temperature, white perch abundance and wind made significant contributions (accounting for 78% of the variation) to the model.
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Postaski, Lindsey L. "Life History and Ecology of the Freshwater Amphipods Gammarus pseudolimnaeus and Gammarus fasciatus in Southeastern Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626926.
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Damiano, Carla Ann. "Walter Kempowski's Familienchronik : history and the role of Erziehung." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3993.
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This thesis attempts to prove that Walter Kempowski writes historical fiction. For this reason he should be considered an important 20th century German author. This contention is based on the presence of historical references regarding the topic of Erziehung in the Kempowski Familienchronik.
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Schriwer, Charlotte. ""From water every living thing" : water mills, irrigation and agriculture in the Bilād al-Shām : perspectives on history, architecture, landscape and society, 1100-1850 AD." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7080.
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This work explores the role of the watermill in the history and society of Jordan, Syria and Cyprus from the 12th to the 19th century. Previous studies in this area have been limited, and have usually assumed the watermills in the Levant to date from the Ottoman period. This work aims to suggest that many of the mills still extant today in fact date from an earlier period. A review of the historical documentation and archaeological material is the main background of this study, while an examination of the watermills themselves aims to provide a permanent record of these before they disappear due to rural and urban development. A review of available reference material regarding the role of the mill in Levantine economy and society from the medieval to late Ottoman periods emphasises the importance of the watermill in rural and urban areas of the Levant in a historical period of fluctuating economic stability. The reference material consists mainly of historical accounts by travellers and chroniclers, legal documents such as treaties, charters and waqf documents, as well as archaeological, environmental and socioeconomic studies of the Levant from the medieval to the early modem period. The broad nature of this study aims to form a basis for future research with a more detailed focus in these disciplines.
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Leiva, Martinez Carlos. "Population genomics, phylogeographic history, and evolutionary patterns in Antartic shallow-water benthic invertebrates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668297.
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Benthic organisms inhabiting the shallow waters of the Southern Ocean are considered excellent models to study evolutionary processes, population connectivity patterns, and adaptation. They have evolved in an extreme environment, with expanding and retreating periods following glacial cycles, in an alternation pattern. Repeated rounds of population fragmentation in glacial refugia during glacial cycles followed by expansions and secondary contacts during interglacials were the main evolutionary force that brought Antarctic shallow-water ecosystems to their current state. In my PhD dissertation I have investigated in detail these singular evolutionary histories left in the genomes of our target species. Besides the past geological events, currently, threats from global warming arrive to the isolated southernmost continent. Indeed, coastal waters off West Antarctica are some of the most affected oceanic regions of the planet by global warming, with rather pessimistic projections for the near future. Considering this and the increasing local threats to which shallow-water ecosystems are exposed, it is fundamental to develop a well-connected network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) throughout the Southern Ocean. Despite genetic connectivity is not usually considered in MPA planning, population genetic studies can provide extremely valuable information to design connected MPA networks. In my dissertation I have also disentangled gene-flow patterns of Antarctic shallow-water benthic invertebrates, aiming to help to improve the current status of Southern Ocean MPAs.
In order to achieve my goals, I combined information coming from ‘traditional’ genetic markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq), transcriptomes, and draft-level genomes. A wide range of species presenting different reproductive modes was selected in order to test whether this factor plays a role on connectivity and evolutionary patterns in the explained scenario of glacial alternations: the brooding congeneric nemerteans Antarctonemertes valida, A. riesgoae, and A. unilineata; the demosponges Dendrilla antarctica and Mycale acerata, which present lecithotrophic larvae; and the annelids Pterocirrus giribeti (new species described in the Chapter 1 of my PhD dissertation) and Neanthes kerguelensis, that presumably presents planktotrophic larvae.
Our results regarding the evolutionary history of our target species revealed different glacial-refugium strategies independent of their reproductive mode, and generalised signals of bottleneck events. Moreover, blurred species boundaries were detected for the Antarctonemertes lineages, with a central role of glacial cycles in their introgressive evolutionary history. Additionally, we identified adaptive genes for particular glacial-refugium strategies and for the rise of prezygotic barriers during speciation and reinforcement events. Our connectivity results confirmed that genetic connectivity in the Southern Ocean is not determined by a priori dispersal abilities resulting from different reproductive strategies. We revealed an overall high gene flow along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), which is particularly exceptional for sponges and brooding species. Interestingly, loci under divergent selection were identified for D. antarctica despite admixture, broadly differentiating between the populations of Northern and Southern WAP. We suggest that ongoing natural selection is governed by differences in sea-ice extent and duration, exhibiting the vulnerability of the WAP benthic ecosystems due to the decline in the sea ice predicted for the near future. Finally, we demonstrated that long-distance connectivity did not surpass the regional WAP scale, supporting the implementation of an MPA covering the WAP and the coastal waters off the South Orkneys.
Overall, the studies presented in my PhD dissertation represent a step forward in understanding global forces and processes affecting the evolutionary history of Antarctic marine organisms. We illustrated the adaptability of shallow-water benthic invertebrates to the natural changes of the Southern Ocean, while manifesting their vulnerability to future global warming. Remarkably, we highlight the importance of using population genetic data of various benthic invertebrate species to implement MPA networks in one of the most threatened areas of the planet by global warming. The results of my thesis will be fundamental to address the suitability and effectiveness of an MPA network comprising the already implemented MPA at South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands and the proposed MPA covering the WAP and the South Orkney Islands, essential for the survival of Antarctic marine ecosystems.
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Barrett, Thomas. "The history of water and other associated volatiles in howardite-eucrite-diogenite meteorites." Thesis, Open University, 2018. http://oro.open.ac.uk/55620/.
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Recent in situ measurements of volatiles (H2O, Cl and F), particularly in lunar and martian samples, have changed our understanding of the volatile inventory of the inner Solar System. Whilst this has provided a wealth of data for these planetary bodies, currently little is known about the history of volatiles in other bodies in the inner Solar System. The howardite, eucrite, diogenite (HED) meteorites form the largest suite of rocks representing a differentiated basaltic asteroid (4 Vesta) and are some of the oldest igneous rocks in the Solar System. Understanding their volatile histories, therefore, can help us to constrain some of the processes that operated on Vesta early in Solar System history. Using the NanoSIMS 50L, six eucrites were analysed for their apatite H2O abundance and hydrogen isotopes, whilst seven eucrites (five of which were also investigated for H) were analysed for their apatite Cl content and isotopic composition. Apatite H2O abundances range from ~ 30 to ~ 3500 ppm and are associated with a weighted average δD value of - 34 ± 67 ‰. No systematic variations or correlations are observed in H2O abundance or δD value with eucrite geochemical trend or metamorphic grade. These results are comparable to published literature and confirm the striking homogeneity in the H-isotopic composition of water in eucrites, and are consistent with a common source of water in the inner Solar System. Chlorine abundance in apatite ranges from ~ 25 to 4900 ppm and the δ37Cl values range from – 3.98 to + 35.6 ‰. Samples with lower H2O content typically were enriched in δ37Cl, however, no obvious correlation between δ37Cl and δD values is seen. Cl isotope fractionation is likely to have occurred for some samples via magmatic degassing of ZnCl2. The observed variation in Cl isotopes, particularly the residual eucrites, however, remains enigmatic.
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Hake, Sandra. "The Mission of Supplying Maputo with Freshwater : A political and environmental water history." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325463.
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Hirai, Narisato. "Development of fresh water adaptability in temperate bass during the early life history." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149929.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第9643号
農博第1271号
新制||農||847(附属図書館)
学位論文||H14||N3675(農学部図書室)
UT51-2002-G401
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 田中 克, 教授 坂口 守彦, 助教授 田川 正朋
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Nathues, A., T. Platz, M. Hoffmann, G. Thangjam, E. A. Cloutis, D. M. Applin, Corre L. Le, et al. "Oxo Crater on (1) Ceres: Geological History and the Role of Water-ice." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625818.
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Dwarf planet Ceres (empty set similar to 940 km) is the largest object in the main asteroid belt. Investigations suggest that Ceres is a thermally evolved, volatile-rich body with potential geological activity, a body that was never completely molten, but one that possibly partially differentiated into a rocky core and an ice-rich mantle, and may contain remnant internal liquid water. Thermal alteration and the infall of exogenic material contribute to producing a (dark) carbonaceous chondritic-like surface containing ammoniated phyllosilicates. Here we report imaging and spectroscopic analyses of data on the bright Oxo crater derived from the Framing Camera and the Visible and Infrared Spectrometer on board the Dawn spacecraft. We confirm that the transitional complex crater Oxo (empty set similar to 9 km) exhibits exposed surface water-ice. We show that this water-ice-rich material is associated exclusively with two lobate deposits at pole-facing scarps, deposits that also contain carbonates and admixed phyllosilicates. Due to Oxo's location at -4802 m below the cerean reference ellipsoid and its very young age of only 190 ka (1 sigma: +100 ka, -70 ka), Oxo is predestined for ongoing water-ice sublimation.
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Saluta, Gabrielle G. "Effects of Life History and Physical Variables on Winter Distribution of Blue Crabs in Chesapeake Bay." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617930.
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Davies, Rosalind Anne. "Subjects of history : the prose writings of Sir Walter Raleigh." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267988.
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Johnson, Tai Elizabeth. "The Shifting Nature of Food and Water on the Hopi Indian Reservation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612155.
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On the southern escarpment of Black Mesa lie the longest continually inhabited settlements in North America. In a land where water is scarce and fierce winds move shifting dunes of sand, the Hopi people continue to dry farm fields of blue corn, irrigate terrace gardens, and tend livestock in one of the world's most biologically diverse food systems. Rooted in an intimate knowledge of local resources and ecology, Hopis produced the majority of food consumed in their communities well into the 1930s. Over the course of the twentieth century a cataclysm of social, economic, and environmental forces reshaped Hopi food and water systems, shifting the use and management of Hopi resources including labor, crops, livestock, and water. As Hopi relationships with these resources changed, so too did the production and consumption of Hopi foods. Farming, ranching, and gardening declined, as did agrobiodiversity. Food from the grocery store replaced food from the fields, contributing to rates of diabetes and obesity significantly higher than the national average. At the same time domestic and industrial development of Hopi ground and surface water transformed Hopi water systems. Today Hopi agriculturalists report declines in the water resources upon which agricultural success depends. These declines are limiting the decision and ability of Hopis to continue traditional agricultural practices. The persistent and long-term ecological observations of farmers, gardeners, and ranchers who continue to interact with these specific resources and the local environment through their agricultural practices are valuable in understanding ecological change over time, including how natural resource development and climate change are affecting traditional subsistence practices.
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Connors, Michael E. "Tudo pela patria : the Brazilian Navy's drive to blue water /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FConnors.pdf.
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Medzini, Arnon. "The river Jordan : the struggle for frontiers and water 1920-1967." Thesis, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299479.
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Luk, Gary Chi-hung. "The Opium War, overlapping empires, and China's water borders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7390858e-60d2-4b92-9cff-156ea7d763f8.
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This thesis explains the relationships between the British Expedition to China, the Qing state, and the Chinese maritime and river population during the Opium War (1839-1842). Drawing on scholarship on borderlands and frontiers as well as a variety of textual and visual sources, the thesis argues that the Opium War transformed vast coastal and waterway regions in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces into what can be conceptualized as "water borders." These water borders were initially characterized by the existence of the Qing Empire's sea frontier, where the Qing rulers, with the "inner-outer paradigm" in mind, strove to maintain control over those labeled as "outer barbarians," "Han evildoers," "villainous fishers," and the "Dan." The rise of a British wartime frontier in China and its adverse effects on local transportation as well as Chinese regional and international trade, however, destabilized southeast China's socioeconomic order. With the Qing forces weakened, Chinese piracy was unleashed, and given limited British naval power, there was an absence of any militarily hegemonic power in southeast China's waters. The British occupation and naval blockade, moreover, resulted in the emergence of overlaps and interstices of the Qing and British empires. On the one hand, the British Expedition and the Qing state conflicted over managing Chinese merchant craft and their trade. On the other hand, subject to neither Qing nor British control, many Chinese people living along the coast and rivers took advantage of the wartime opportunities and expanded their activities and networks to fissures of Qing control and the newly opened interstitial space. The thesis engages with Opium War studies by 're-reorienting' the war toward the coast and revealing the war's three "inner" aspects, namely the Qing efforts to "tame" the sea frontier, British rule in wartime China, and the Qing-British conflicts over controlling Chinese littoral people. The thesis, moreover, contributes to scholarship on late imperial and modern Chinese littoral societies. It argues that while the war marked the beginning of an unprecedented-scale interaction of Chinese coastal and riverine people with Westerners in China, the evolution of Chinese littoral societies during the war was in fact a continuation of the preceding centuries. The Opium War, the thesis argues, brought about one of the most dramatic political-social upheavals in late imperial littoral China. Furthermore, the thesis revisits British imperialism in late imperial and modern China by looking at the origins of the British "formal empire," limitations of British power, and wartime aids of the "indigenous" population for the British. The thesis also reassesses the significance of the Opium War in the history of the Qing Empire. It argues that for the Qing state, its anti-opium campaign and anti-British war in 1839-1842 constituted one of the recurrent threats on the maritime frontier for the empire's first two centuries. It also highlights some aspects of similarities and linkage of the Qing Empire's maritime and inland borders. Furthermore, the thesis reevaluates the Qing's state capacity during the Opium War and in the following years, highlighting its partial ability to control the empire's littorals. Last but not least, the water border framework constructed in the thesis serves to underscore some aspects of continuity in the political and socioeconomic development of late imperial southeast China, and to facilitate comparison between different frontiers in the Qing Empire, Southeast Asia, and beyond.
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Pearce, Ariel Leah. "Fresh Water Scenes in Minoan Art." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/451958.
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Art HistoryPh.D.
The goal of this dissertation is to provide a comprehensive study of scenes of fresh water in Minoan art from the Middle Minoan II (MM II) through the Late Minoan I (LM I) periods. This dissertation addresses and fills the gap in the scholarship regarding the depiction of riparian environments and the special place of these depictions in Aegean art. It also attempts to clarify the use and function of riverscapes across chronological periods. Rivers, marshes, streams, and springs, appear on a variety of media and fulfil multiple functions from MM II onward. Images of fresh water were used as topographical markers, ornamentation and decoration, and for religious purposes. Moreover, several images suggest that the Minoans may have believed that the realm for the goddess (or one of the goddesses) was a lush, riverscape. A second goal of this dissertation is to clarify and dispose of the term “Nilotic” as a label for images of fresh water in the Aegean. Since its introduction into the literature of Aegean studies in the beginning of the 20th century, the term “Nilotic” has been used inconsistently to describe Aegean scenes of fresh water that may or may not contain Egyptian elements. This assumption has led some scholars to state that Aegean riverscapes are ultimately derived from Egyptian scenes of fishing and fowling because they share similar iconographic elements. Unfortunately, the process of synthesis is important to the understanding of Aegean riverscapes, and iconographic similarities are somewhat superficial. Furthermore, the term has been used without regard for a long-standing tradition of the depiction of riparian environments in Bronze Age Aegean art. To fully address both goals of this project, the origin of individual iconographic elements has been traced through various media, including glyptic art, pottery, and wall painting. Wall paintings from the Cyclades and some Late Helladic IA scenes have been included when appropriate. Whenever possible, categories of riverscapes have been grouped together, but each wall painting, has been examined and interpreted individually. Some unique, highly pictorial, and detailed images in other media have also been addressed separately. Parallels in Egyptian and, in some cases, Near Eastern art have been sought to determine the validity of the term “Nilotic,” and a special study of Egyptian scenes of hunting in the marshes has been conducted in comparison to Aegean scenes. Iconography, synthesis, and context have all been taken into consideration.
Temple University--Theses
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Ali, Ayesha. "Water Politics in a Water-Scarce Landscape : Examining the Groundwater Debate in California’s Central Valley." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414194.
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The history of California is in many ways a story about water, and the outsized effect that droughts, floods, and seasonal precipitation rates have had on the political and economic development of the state over the past 170 years. This thesis uses discourse analysis of historical and ongoing negotiations that have been presented in federal and state reports, narratives, case laws and legislation to explore how the discourse around water politics has been shaped in the state. From this, an antiessentialist environmental history develops around the relationship between overdrafted groundwater basins in the Central Valley and the agriculture industry located there. Finally, this thesis explores what the future of a waterscape built during the capitalization of modern society may look like as we move towards a new regime of nature.
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Gomez, Rocio. "Poisoning the Well: Mining, Water, and Public Health in Zacatecas, Mexico (1880-1942)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332848.
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After the Mining Code of 1884, Zacatecas residents saw the mining industry encroach on their water sources and menace the public health of the city. The Code allowed for the privatization of land by foreign nationals, denouncements of mines, and water rights to local sources. Municipal officials and residents soon faced a shortage of drinking water and firewood as severe drought settled in the region, along with a devastating monetary crisis. Residents voiced public health concerns with cholera, floods, and abattoirs and pushed for investment in water infrastructure, rabies vaccines, and drainage projects. Miners established unions to represent their claims in injuries and to have silicosis-tuberculosis recognized as an occupational disease. Using public and private archives, newspapers, union documents, and government correspondence, this study demonstrates how municipal officials and mining companies understood public health and occupational health, and to what extent residents tolerated the industry's hold on water. While the historiography of the city emphasizes the economics of colonial silver mining, this study examines the social and environmental links between the industry and the city as mining companies blocked union activity and water management efforts.
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Spooner, Kaleigh Jean. ""History Real or Feigned": Tolkien, Scott, and Poetry's Place in Fashioning History." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6476.
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Most critics of The Lord of the Rings correlate Tolkien's work to ancient texts, like Beowulf, the Elder Edda, and medieval romances. While the connection between these traditional materials and Tolkien is valid, it neglects a key feature of Tolkien's work and one of the author's desires, which was to fashion a sort of history that felt as real as any other old story. Moreover, it glosses over the rather obvious point that Tolkien is writing a novel, or at any rate a long work of prose fiction that owes a good deal to the novel tradition. Therefore, through careful attention to the formal textures of Tolkien's work, melding together both genre criticism and formal analysis (and with a sound understanding of literary history), I argue that Tolkien's work follows a more modern vein and aligns with the nineteenth-century historical novel, the genre pioneered by Sir Walter Scott. The projects of Tolkien and Scott parallel one another in many respects that deserve critical attention. This essay begins the discussion by addressing just one, somewhat surprising, point of comparison: the writers' use of poetry. I observe that Tolkien and Scott utilized poetry in similar ways, and I parse the poems into three distinct categories: low culture poems, high culture poems, and poems which straddle the divide between the two. All of this demonstrates how each piece of poetry, written in an antique style, saturates the texts with historic atmosphere and depth. This lends a sense of authenticity and realism to Scott's works, and later it buttresses Tolkien's attempts to foster "the dust of history" and create an illusion of authenticity and realism for Middle Earth's (imaginary) past.
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Koroglu, Nuri Tunga. "The Environmental History Of Land And Water Usage In The Modernity Period Of Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605991/index.pdf.
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The thesis is an attempt to write the environmental history of the Modern Turkey from the second half of the 19th century to today. The central research focus and aim of the thesis is to explore the role of the modernity project at the transformation of the environment of Turkey during the republican period. For this, water and soil resources are taken to the core of the research, as both water and soil have the potential to highlight the transformative impacts of modernity project in most detail.
Because of this, the conceptual framework of environmental history has been examined to outline its characteristics within the environmental sciences. Next, the development of the modern though has been scrutinized by the means of the transforming relation between human and nature, and through the development of human culture and society. For this, the shift from biological evolution to cultural evolution and its outcomes have been summarized. Finally, and the emerge of modernity and the development of the market society has been highlighted to define the relation between nature and human in according to the supply and demand relation in society.
An institutional analysis is adopted to analyze the social, political and ideological forces that influenced the environmental impacts of the modernity project of Turkey. The impact of modernity project is analyzed through the relation between the increasing demand for natural resources, and the organization of supply processes within the modernization of Turkey.
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Kehoe, Terence Patrick. "The persistence of cooperation : government regulation of Great Lakes water pollution, 1960-1978 /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487864485227853.
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Adams, Beverly Ann. "The body in the water : religious conflict in Hertford, 1660-c.1702." Thesis, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326270.
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Haines, Michael Stuart. "Britain's distant water fishing industry, 1830-1914 : a study in technological change." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3489.
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Mallea, Amahia K. "Rivers running through an urban environmental history of the Kansas Cities and the Missouri River /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5889.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 13, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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DeJong, David Henry. "The Sword of Damocles: Pima Agriculture, Water Use and Water Rights, 1848-1921." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195634.
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This study identifies the historical factors that impacted Pima agriculture, water use and water rights in south-central Arizona between 1848 and 1921. Federal land and resource policies, especially federal Indian policies, impacted the dynamics of Pima agriculture and water use during these crucial years when the federal government utilized economic liberalism to open the West to homesteading and facilitate the development of the region's vast resources.As an agricultural people, the Pima did not passively accept these policies and events. Rather, they proved adaptive, demonstrating their resourcefulness in important ways. In response to water deprivation and infringement of their water rights, the Pima reduced the amount of land they cultivated. While before 1880 they had increased their cultivated acreage and expanded their trade networks, in the years after they creatively found ways to keep land in production despite water shortages. As the water crisis deepened, the Pima abandoned their least productive lands. In the midst of great deprivation, they relocated (or abandoned) a number of villages and scores of fields in an attempt against great odds to maintain their agricultural economy. To make the most of their diminishing water resources, the Pima adapted by growing small grains such as wheat and barley, even when these crops no longer proved to be economically viable in Arizona. While not new to their crop rotation, the Pima relied almost exclusively upon these crops by the 1910s since they required considerably less water than others.Because the Pima had prior and paramount rights to the water and were wrongfully deprived of their rights to the use of water, their water rights struggle raised a metaphorical Damoclean sword above the heads of those non-Indian farmers who used the water. This study, therefore, focuses on the history of water use and agricultural production among the Pima Indians between 1848 and 1921 and argues that without infringement of their rights to water, the Pima would have equaled and perhaps surpassed the local agricultural economy.