Academic literature on the topic 'Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)"
1
Fernández-Peña, Laura, Boutaina Z. El Mojahid, Eduardo Guzmán, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. "Performance of Oleic Acid and Soybean Oil in the Preparation of Oil-in-Water Microemulsions for Encapsulating a Highly Hydrophobic Molecule." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5040050.
Full textAbstract:
This work analyzes the dispersion of a highly hydrophobic molecule, (9Z)-N-(1,3-dihydroxyoctadecan-2-yl)octadec-9-enamide (ceramide-like molecule), with cosmetic and pharmaceutical interest, by exploiting oil-in-water microemulsions. Two different oils, oleic acid and soybean oil, were tested as an oil phase while mixtures of laureth-5-carboxylic acid (Akypo) and 2-propanol were used for the stabilization of the dispersions. This allowed us to obtain stable aqueous-based formulations with a relatively reduced content of oily phase (around 3% w/w), that may enhance the bioavailability of this molecule by its solubilization in nanometric oil droplets (with a size range of 30–80 nm), that allow the incorporation of a ceramide-like molecule of up to 3% w/w, to remain stable for more than a year. The nanometric size of the droplet containing the active ingredient and the stability of the formulations provide the basis for evaluating the efficiency of microemulsions in preparing formulations to enhance the distribution and availability of ceramide-like molecules, helping to reach targets in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
2
Thonglerth, P., P. Sujaridworakun, and O. Boondamnoen. "Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticles Water-based Dispersion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this work, an attempt was made to stabilize ZnO NPs as water-based dispersion. The dispersing agents used are 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and oleic acid (OA). These dispersing agents were combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to facilitate better dispersion stability. Different wt% content of modified ZnO NPs such as 0.2, 0.4, 1 and 3% w/v was used at a fixed ratio of ZnO NPs:SDS:dispersing agent. The highest dispersion stability was achieved at 1% w/v content of modified ZnO NP, whereas some precipitate was observed at 3% w/v. The result reveals that sonication at 30 minutes produced the highest dispersion stability whereas extended sonication led to re-agglomeration of ZnO NPs. The optimum ratio of ZnO NPs:SDS:dispersing agent which produced about 98% dispersion stability was at 1:0.25:0.2. The zeta potential (ZP) values of ZnO NPs/GPTMS, ZnO NPs/PVA, and ZnO NPs/OA dispersions are -51, -29 and -15 mV, respectively. The ZP values was influenced by the electrical charge surrounding the particles which was also caused by the functional group of the dispersing agents. However, the stabilization mechanisms of modified ZnO NPs in water was complicated. It did not only depend on the electrostatic value but also on electrosteric stabilization caused by the steric effects hindering the dispersing agents. Interactions between the dispersing agents and ZnO NPs was confirmed through FTIR analysis.
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Guevara, Mairis, Ronald Mercado, Katty Vega, Antonio Cardenas, and Ana Forgiarini. "Rheology and Phase Behavior of Surfactant–Oil–Water Systems and Their Relationship with O/W Nano-Emulsion’s Characteristics Obtained by Dilution." Nanomanufacturing 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3010002.
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In order to study the relationship between the rheology of a surfactant’s concentrated dispersions and the oil and water liquid crystals from which O/W nanoemulsions (NEs) can be produced by water dilution, the phase diagram of a model SOW (surfactant–oil–water) system was constructed. The dispersion’s compositions to be characterized by rheology were chosen in the diagram’s regions that contain liquid crystal phases. For this, the dilution lines S/O = 25/75, 55/45, and 70/30 with a water content of 20 and 40 wt% (corresponding to surfactant concentrations between 15 and 55 wt%) were chosen. By adding these dispersions to a water pool, NEs were obtained, and it was shown that droplet size distribution depends on the amount of the liquid crystal phase in the initial dispersion and its rheology. The study of the oscillatory amplitude of the dispersion showed a linear viscoelastic plateau (G’ > G”) and a softening deformation region (G” > G’), indicating a viscoelastic behavior of the dispersions. The study was carried out at a constant temperature of 30 °C, and the results show that rheological characterization by itself is not enough to predict that monomodal droplet distributions are obtained. However, the presence and quantity of lamellar liquid crystal phase are important to obtain monodisperse and kinetically stable NEs.
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Lewis, Alun, Per S. Daling, Tove Strøm-Kristiansen, Atle B. Nordvik, and Robert J. Fiocco. "WEATHERING AND CHEMICAL DISPERSION OF OIL AT SEA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-157.
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ABSTRACT Small-scale laboratory methods were used to simulate the weathering processes that occur when crude oil is spilled at sea. Changes caused by evaporation and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsification were studied separately. W/o emulsions were assessed for chemical dispersibility using the Institut Français du Petrole (IFP) and Mackay-Nadeau-Steel-man (MNS) methods. Larger scale experiments were performed in a meso-scale flume. Crude oil was weathered for three days and then sprayed with dispersant. The results show that emulsion breaking is an important part of the mechanism of chemical dispersion. IFP, MNS, and Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) tests, conducted on w/o emulsions recovered from the flume, produced much lower levels of dispersion than did treatment in the flume. The standard test procedures do not permit emulsion breaking to proceed to the extent observed in the flume. A sea trial also was conducted. Preliminary evaluation of the results shows that dispersant application partially broke the w/o emulsion that had rapidly formed. Dispersion proceeded at a slow rate but the treated slick was removed from the surface more rapidly than the control slick. The degree of dispersion was difficult to quantify by visual observation due to the weather conditions. A combination of remote sensing, surface sampling, and subsurface fluorometry provided a more reliable estimate.
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Cassen, Audrey, Jean-François Fabre, Eric Lacroux, Muriel Cerny, Guadalupe Vaca-Medina, Zéphirin Mouloungui, Othmane Merah, and Romain Valentin. "Aqueous Integrated Process for the Recovery of Oil Bodies or Fatty Acid Emulsions from Sunflower Seeds." Biomolecules 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020149.
Full textAbstract:
An aqueous integrated process was developed to obtain several valuable products from sunflower seeds. With a high-shear rate crusher, high-pressure homogenization and centrifugation, it is possible to process 600× g of seeds in 1400× g of water to obtain a concentrated cream phase with a dry matter (dm) content of 46%, consisting of 74 (w/w dm) lipids in the form of an oil-body dispersion (droplet size d(0.5): 2.0 µm) rich in proteins (13% w/w dm, with membranous and extraneous proteins). The inclusion of an enzymatic step mediated by a lipase made possible the total hydrolysis of trigylcerides into fatty acids. The resulting cream had a slightly higher lipid concentration, a ratio lipid/water closer to 1, with a dry matter content of 57% consisting of 69% (w/w) lipids, a more complex structure, as observed on Cryo-SEM, with a droplet size slightly greater (d(0.5): 2.5 µm) than that of native oil bodies and a conserved protein concentration (12% w/w dm) but an almost vanished phospholipid content (17.1 ± 4.4 mg/g lipids compared to 144.6 ± 6 mg/g lipids in the oil-body dispersion and 1811.2 ± 122.2 mg/g lipids in the seed). The aqueous phases and pellets were also characterized, and their mineral, lipid and protein contents provide new possibilities for valorization in food or technical applications.
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Nunez, Cristian, Ramin Dabirian, Ilias Gavrielatos, Ram Mohan, and Ovadia Shoham. "Methodology for Breaking Up Nanoparticle-Stabilized Oil/Water Emulsion." SPE Journal 25, no. 03 (March 12, 2020): 1057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199892-pa.
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Summary A state-of-the-art portable dispersion characterization rig (P-DCR) is applied to study emulsions with Exxsol™ mineral oil (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Texas, USA), commercial distilled water, and hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (NPs) as emulsifiers. The emulsion is prepared in the P-DCR batch-separator vessel, whereby the separation kinetics are observed and recorded. In this study, emulsion breakup by the integration of oil extraction/water addition and a stirring process is investigated, which is formed with 25% water cut (WC) and 0.01% w/w hydrophobic NPs (dispersed in the oil phase). The experimental data are divided into three data sets: oil extraction only, oil-extraction/pure-water addition, and oil-extraction/water with hydrophilic NP addition. For oil extraction only (Data Set 1), the WC of the fluid mixture increases, and for a sufficient volume extraction, phase inversion occurs that results in a complete separation of the oil and water. The minimum final required NP concentration for a fast separation, defined as the minimum concentration of NP required to begin the phase separation of the emulsion, is approximately 0.0045%. The acquired data for oil-extraction/pure-water-addition (Data Set 2) result in a faster breakup of the emulsion, as compared with oil extraction only. The oil-extraction/pure-water-addition process increases the system WC faster, reaching the phase-inversion point sooner. For the oil-extraction/pure-water-addition, the final lowest WC and NP concentrations are approximately 37% and 0.006% w/w, respectively, for fast separation. Thus, it can be concluded that the NP concentration and the WC are related. Repetitive oil-extraction/pure-water-addition cycles enable determination of the combined effects of the WC and NP on the separation process. A relatively stable emulsion is reached after approximately 2 minutes from the beginning of each cycle, which enables determining whether a quick separation occurs at the current cycle. Data Set 3 (oil-extraction/water with hydrophilic NP addition) results reveal that dispersing hydrophilic NPs in water does not promote emulsion breakup. On the contrary, the NPs produce a slightly more stable emulsion. The separation process, however, does not differ significantly even for high hydrophilic NP concentrations, emphasizing the dominant role of the hydrophobic particles (dispersed in the base-case emulsion).
7
Wardhono, Endarto Yudo, Mekro Permana Pinem, Hadi Wahyudi, and Sri Agustina. "Calorimetry Technique for Observing the Evolution of Dispersed Droplets of Concentrated Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion during Preparation, Storage and Destabilization." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245271.
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In this work, the evolution of dispersed droplets in a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion during formation, storage, and destabilization was observed using a calorimetry technique. The emulsion was prepared by dispersing drop by drop an aqueous phase into an oil continuous phase at room temperature using a rotor-stator homogenizer. The evolution of droplets during (1) preparation; (2) storage; and (3) destabilization was observed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The samples were gently cooled-down below its solid-liquid equilibrium temperature then heated back above the melting point to determine its freezing temperature. The energy released during the process was recorded in order to get information about the water droplet dispersion state. The mean droplet size distribution of the sample emulsion was correlated to its freezing temperature and the morphology was followed by optical microscopy. The results indicated that the calorimetry technique is so far a very good technique of characterization concentrated W/O emulsions.
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Indirasvari K. S., Natalie, I. Dewa Gede Mayun Permana, and I. Ketut Suter. "STABILITAS MIKROEMULSI VCO DALAM AIR PADA VARIASI HLB DARI TIGA SURFAKTAN SELAMA PENYIMPANAN." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA) 7, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2018.v07.i04.p05.
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Microemulsion is a dispersion system developed from emulsions, which is an oil dispersion system in water, stabilized by a surfactant. Oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion is an emulsion system suitable for encapsulation and carrier of lipophilic components in the beverage industry. The food grade microemulsion formulation is limited by the type of surfactant that can be used. This research aims to obtain an o/w microemulsion formulation which is stable during storage using three surfactants. In this study, 3 types of food grade surfactants were used, Tween 80, Tween 20, and Span 80, and the oil used is Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). This research is done in two stages. The first stage of research was the determination of the best microemulsion of 5 variations of HLB: 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The second stage is the storage stability test of the microemulsion chosen in the first stage for 7 weeks with observation every week. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA. The results of the study shows that HLB 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 obtained by using 3 surfactants can produce microemulsions. The optimum HLB to obtain the best microemulsion stability is HLB 13. The microemulsion with HLB 13 obtained using 3 surfactants is stable during time of 7 weeks storage.
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Qu, Guanzheng, Jian Su, Tao Shi, Rui Guo, and Jiao Peng. "Effect Evaluation of Nanosilica Particles on O/W Emulsion Properties." Geofluids 2022 (May 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2339395.
Full textAbstract:
O/W emulsion reinforced by nanosilica particle has good application in hydrocarbon development. However, there are few reports on the influence of nanosilica particles on the oil-water interface of O/W emulsion. The effect of nanosilica particles on the interfacial properties of O/W emulsion was indirectly investigated by measuring the interfacial properties between aqueous dispersion of nanosilica particles and kerosene, and the properties of O/W emulsion reinforced by nanosilica particle were studied. The results showed that the aqueous dispersion of nanosilica particles could significantly reduce the interface tension (with kerosene) by more than 50%, and the interface tension between the aqueous dispersion and kerosene decreased with the increase in nanosilica content. The aqueous dispersion of nanosilica particles could significantly change rock wettability. When the content of nanosilica particles increased from 0.1% to 0.7%, the contact angle decreased from 44.89° to 27.62°. The surface tension of O/W emulsion prepared by the aqueous dispersion of nanosilica particles and kerosene was among 25 mN/m~30 mN/m. The contact angle was also particularly small, with an average of about 20.00°, a minimum of 12.50°. The salts had little effect on the interface tension of emulsions but had a significant influence on the contact angle and its stability. Magnesium salt could reduce the three-phase contact angle and increase the hydrophilic properties of O/W emulsion, while calcium salt had the opposite effect. Calcium salt and magnesium salt could reduce the stability of the emulsion, and calcium salt had a greater influence. The oil-water stratification adding either calcium salt or magnesium salt was about 1 day~3 days earlier than that without salts. In the experiment, when the content of nanosilica particles was among 0.3%~0.7%, the viscosity of O/W emulsion increased with the increase in nanosilica particles. When the content was 0.9%, the viscosity suddenly decreased, and the extent of reduction was about 21.7%. The findings of this study can help for better understanding the application of nanosilica particles in O/W emulsion, giving some suggestions for the application of nanoparticles in hydrocarbon development.
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Fernández-Peña, Laura, Sonia Gutiérrez-Muro, Eduardo Guzmán, Alejandro Lucia, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. "Oil-In-Water Microemulsions for Thymol Solubilization." Colloids and Interfaces 3, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids3040064.
Full textAbstract:
Essential oil compounds (EOCs) are molecules with well-known antimicrobial and antipest activity. However, such molecules possess limited solubility in water, making their handling difficult. This work aimed to enhance the distribution of a solid essential oil compound, thymol, using oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsions for its solubilization. The use of mixtures formed by an alkyl polyglucoside (APG) and soybean lecithin (SL) allowed for stabilization of the o/w microemulsions in a broad range of compositions, with the total concentration of the mixture of the two surfactants (APG+SL) and the APG:SL ratio both being essential for controlling the nature of the obtained dispersions. The microemulsions obtained using oleic acid as the oil phase and with compositions far from those corresponding to the onset of the emulsion region showed a good efficiency for thymol solubilization. This is an advantage from a stability point of view, as well as for ease of thymol preparation. The present work opens new alternatives for designing eco-sustainable formulations for EOC solubilization, with the possibility of preparing the formulations at the place of use, thereby saving transport costs and reducing the emission of pollutants.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)"
1
Deshpande, Kiran B. "Studies On Phase Inversion." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/285.
Full textAbstract:
Agitated dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid are widely used in chemical industry in operations such as liquid-liquid extraction, suspension polymerisation, and blending of polymers. When holdup of the dispersed phase is increased, in an effort to increase the productivity, at a critical holdup, the dispersed phase catastrophically becomes the continuous phase and vice versa. This phenomenon is known as phase inversion.
Although the inversion phenomenon has been studied off and on over the past few decades, the mechanism of phase inversion (PI) has yet not become clear. These studies have however brought out many interesting aspects of PI, besides unravelling the effect of physical and operational variables on PL Experiments show that oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) dispersions behave very differently, e.g water drops in w/o dispersions contain oil droplets in them, but oil drops in o/w dispersions contain none, dispersed phase hold up at which inversion occurs increases with agitation speed for w/o dispersions but decreases for o/w dispersions.
A common feature of both types of dispersions however is that as agitation speed is increased to high values, inversion holdups reach a constant value. A further increase in agitation speed does not change inversion hold up. Although this finding was first reported a long time ago, the implications it may have not received any attentions. In fact, the work reported in the literature since then does not even mention it. The present work shows that this finding has profound implications. Starting with the finding that at high agitation speed inversion hold up does not change with agitation speed, the present work shows that inversion hold up also does not change with agitator diameter, type of agitator and vessel diameter. In these experiments, carried out in agitated vessel, energy was introduced as a point source. The experiments carried out with turbulent flow in annular region of two coaxial cylinders, inner one rotating, in which energy is introduced nearly uniformly throughout the system, show that the inversion holdup remains unchanged. These results indicate that constant values of inversion holdups for a given liquid-liquid systems (o/w and w/o) are properties of the liquid-liquid systems alone, independent of geometrical and operational parameters. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the new findings.
Phase inversion is considered to occur as a result of imbalance between breakup and coalescence of drops. Electrolytes, which affect only coalescence of drops, were therefore added to the system to investigate the effect of altering coalescence of drops on phase inversion. The experiments performed in the presence of electrolyte KI at various concentrations indicate that addition of electrolyte increases the inversion holdup for both o/w and w/o dispersions for three types of systems: non polar-water, polar-water and immiscible organic-organic. Higher the concentration of electrolyte used, higher was the holdup required for phase inversion. These findings indicate that while the addition of electrolyte increases coalescence of drops in lean dispersions, it has exactly opposite effect on imbalance of breakage and coalescence of drops at high holdups near phase inversion point. The opposite effect of electrolytes in lean and concentrated dispersions could be explained qualitatively, but only in part in the light of a new theory, involving multi-particle interactions.
The phase inversion phenomenon is quantified in a simple manner by testing the
breakage and coalescence rate expressions available in literature. It has been found
that, equilibrium drop size (where breakage and coalescence events are in dynamic
equilibrium) approaches infinity near phase inversion holdup which is not an ex
perimentally observed fact. To capture the catastrophic nature of phase inversion,
two steady state approach is proposed. The two steady states namely the stable
steady state and unstable steady state, are achieved by modifying the expression
for coalescence frequency on the basis of (i) shear coalescence mechanism and, (ii)
recognising the fact that at high dispersed phase holdup the droplets are already in
contact with each other at all times and hence rendering the second order coales
cence process to a first order one. Using two steady states approach, catastrophic
phase inversion is shown to occur at finite drop size.
2
Deshpande, Kiran B. "Studies On Phase Inversion." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/285.
Full textAbstract:
Agitated dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid are widely used in chemical industry in operations such as liquid-liquid extraction, suspension polymerisation, and blending of polymers. When holdup of the dispersed phase is increased, in an effort to increase the productivity, at a critical holdup, the dispersed phase catastrophically becomes the continuous phase and vice versa. This phenomenon is known as phase inversion.
Although the inversion phenomenon has been studied off and on over the past few decades, the mechanism of phase inversion (PI) has yet not become clear. These studies have however brought out many interesting aspects of PI, besides unravelling the effect of physical and operational variables on PL Experiments show that oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) dispersions behave very differently, e.g water drops in w/o dispersions contain oil droplets in them, but oil drops in o/w dispersions contain none, dispersed phase hold up at which inversion occurs increases with agitation speed for w/o dispersions but decreases for o/w dispersions.
A common feature of both types of dispersions however is that as agitation speed is increased to high values, inversion holdups reach a constant value. A further increase in agitation speed does not change inversion hold up. Although this finding was first reported a long time ago, the implications it may have not received any attentions. In fact, the work reported in the literature since then does not even mention it. The present work shows that this finding has profound implications. Starting with the finding that at high agitation speed inversion hold up does not change with agitation speed, the present work shows that inversion hold up also does not change with agitator diameter, type of agitator and vessel diameter. In these experiments, carried out in agitated vessel, energy was introduced as a point source. The experiments carried out with turbulent flow in annular region of two coaxial cylinders, inner one rotating, in which energy is introduced nearly uniformly throughout the system, show that the inversion holdup remains unchanged. These results indicate that constant values of inversion holdups for a given liquid-liquid systems (o/w and w/o) are properties of the liquid-liquid systems alone, independent of geometrical and operational parameters. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the new findings.
Phase inversion is considered to occur as a result of imbalance between breakup and coalescence of drops. Electrolytes, which affect only coalescence of drops, were therefore added to the system to investigate the effect of altering coalescence of drops on phase inversion. The experiments performed in the presence of electrolyte KI at various concentrations indicate that addition of electrolyte increases the inversion holdup for both o/w and w/o dispersions for three types of systems: non polar-water, polar-water and immiscible organic-organic. Higher the concentration of electrolyte used, higher was the holdup required for phase inversion. These findings indicate that while the addition of electrolyte increases coalescence of drops in lean dispersions, it has exactly opposite effect on imbalance of breakage and coalescence of drops at high holdups near phase inversion point. The opposite effect of electrolytes in lean and concentrated dispersions could be explained qualitatively, but only in part in the light of a new theory, involving multi-particle interactions.
The phase inversion phenomenon is quantified in a simple manner by testing the
breakage and coalescence rate expressions available in literature. It has been found
that, equilibrium drop size (where breakage and coalescence events are in dynamic
equilibrium) approaches infinity near phase inversion holdup which is not an ex
perimentally observed fact. To capture the catastrophic nature of phase inversion,
two steady state approach is proposed. The two steady states namely the stable
steady state and unstable steady state, are achieved by modifying the expression
for coalescence frequency on the basis of (i) shear coalescence mechanism and, (ii)
recognising the fact that at high dispersed phase holdup the droplets are already in
contact with each other at all times and hence rendering the second order coales
cence process to a first order one. Using two steady states approach, catastrophic
phase inversion is shown to occur at finite drop size.
3
Bucciarelli, Elia. "Liquid-liquid dispersion in mechanically agitated vessel." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Find full textAbstract:
L’argomento trattato è lo studio di due liquidi immiscibili all’interno di un recipiente agitato.
Una nuova tecnica di misura delle dimensioni delle particelle viene presentata, la tecnica sperimentata è non invasiva in quanto tutti gli strumenti di misura sono stati posizionati esternamente al vessel.
Il recipiente conteneva una dispersione di olio siliconico in acqua, i test sono stati condotti in assenza di coalescenza.
Il sistema è agitato in un primo test da una girante Rushton e in un secondo da una girante con denti; esso consiste in un recipiente cilindrico dal diametro T=300mm in vetro, questo vessel è stato inserito in un secondo recipiente, anch’esso in vetro ma dalla geometria cubica, riempito di acqua per ridurre problemi legati alla distorsione ottica dovuta alla cilindricità delle pareti del vessel agitato.
Il recipiente è stato posto tra una fotocamera ad alta velocità e una lampada avente lo scopo di illuminare la dispersione. Sono state quindi relazionate le reali dimensioni in mm delle gocce, con i pixel della fotocamera nella fase di calibrazione; la taratura è stata effettuata tramite l’utilizzo di speciali sfere solide monodimensionali.
L’analisi della dispersione in esame consisteva nella cattura di più set di immagini ad intervalli di tempo prestabiliti, solo dopo che la dispersione fosse arrivata all’equilibrio.
La foto sono state quindi salvate in stack ed analizzate da un apposito codice che è stato scritto per il programma di analisi di immagini utilizzato: ImageJ. La possibilità di implementare macro in ImageJ rende molto flessibile questo programma, caratteristica fondamentale in questo lavoro in quanto lo studio di questi liquidi ha richiesto un notevole numero di test per ottenere una corretta interpretazione delle dimensioni delle gocce.
Segue infine l’analisi dei dati ottenuti, alcune correlazioni riportate in letteratura sono state verificate statisticamente a partire dai risultati ottenuti.
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Carlile, Katherine. "Lipase-catalysed reactions in W/O microemulsion systems." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267466.
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Kennelly, Timothy Robert. "An investigation of the combustion of oil sand derived bitumen-in-water emulsions." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/246.
Full textAbstract:
Dwindling conventional oil resources has caused exploration efforts to focus elsewhere. Bitumen from oil sands has emerged as one of the primary unconventional oil resources in use today. Quadrise Canada Corporation has harnessed this unconventional oil by developing their bitumen-in-water emulsion known as MSAR (Multi-Phase Superfine Atomized Residue). Fuel-in-water emulsions are linked to a combustion phenomenon known as micro-explosion, which are associated with an increase in combustion efficiency and decrease in harmful emissions. A study has been conducted of the MSAR fuel to help advance the optimization and modeling of its use in spray combustors so as to best harness the potential. Quantitative and qualitative data has been obtained during combustion experiments of the fuel that will attribute to this end. Additionally, a simplified statistical model is presented based on the governing equations to describe the atomization that occur as a result of micro-explosions of the MSAR fuel as well as a simple model to represent internal force needed for a micro-explosion to occur. The results of this study continue to reinforce the understanding that micro-explosions cannot be attributed to one overriding physical principal, but rather are th result from variations in turbulent, dynamic, and thermal forces.
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Ma, Tiezheng. "Oxidation Kinetics of Methyl Linoleate and α-Linolenate in Bulk and Oil-in-water Emulsion Systems." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188751.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第18313号
農博第2038号
新制||農||1020(附属図書館)
学位論文||H26||N4820(農学部図書室)
31171
京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 安達 修二, 教授 河田 照雄, 教授 保川 清
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Fürtjes, Theresa Verfasser], and Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schreml. "Impact of a pH 5 Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion on Skin Surface pH / Theresa Fürtjes ; Betreuer: Stephan Schreml." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:355-epub-367214.
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Fürtjes, Theresa [Verfasser], and Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Schreml. "Impact of a pH 5 Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion on Skin Surface pH / Theresa Fürtjes ; Betreuer: Stephan Schreml." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152437542/34.
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Tenghe, Lovette Asobo. "Formulation and evaluation of polymeric micelles for improved oral delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and zidovudine using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6770.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmBackground: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and Zidovudine (AZT) are both nucleotide and nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs and NRTIs), respectively. They are used for the management and prevention of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. These drugs are faced with oral delivery challenges such as low intestinal permeability and extensive first pass liver metabolism for TDF and AZT, respectively. Their use may also be limited by dose-dependent adverse effects, which may result in treatment failure when patients become non-compliant and non-adherent to their prescribed antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. Non-compliance and non-adherence to ARV regimen may lead to drug resistance and a need for change in regimen, which can be very expensive, not only financially but in terms of morbidity and mortality. To solve such issues, a new drug can be formulated, or an existing drug can be modified. The development and formulation of a new drug is time consuming and expensive, especially with no available data and a high probability of failure. Modifying existing drugs is a cheaper, less time-consuming option with lower probability of failure. Such modification can be achieved via non-covalent interactions using various methods such as preparation of nano-particulates with polymeric micelles (a non-covalent interaction). Polymeric micelles offer a variety of polymers to choose from for drug modification purposes. Purpose: The aim of this study was to formulate polymeric nanoparticles of TDF and AZT using different ratios of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), characterize the formulated nanoparticles (using the following analyses: particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, hot stage microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy), analyze for stability during storage (2-8˚C) and determine the release rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulated nanoparticles. Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared using a modified version of the double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water) solvent evaporation and diffusion method. Two ratios of PLGA (50:50 and 85:15) were used to prepare four formulations (two each of TDF and AZT). Thereafter, the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the formulations were assessed by characterizing the nanoparticles for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, percentage yield, release profile and particle morphology, using the suggested analytical techniques. Results: For TDF-PLGA 85:15, TDF-PLGA 50:50, AZT-PLGA 85:15 and AZT-PLGA 50:50, nanoparticles of 160.4±1.7 nm,154.3±3.1 nm,127.0±2.32 nm and 153.2±4.3 nm, respectively, were recovered after washing. The polydispersity index (PDI) values were ≤0.418±0.004 after washing, indicating that the formulations were monodispersed. The zeta potential of the particles was -5.72±1 mV, -19.1 mV, -12.2±0.6 mV and -15.3±0.5 mV for TDF-PLGA 85:15, TDF-PLGA 50:50, AZT-PLGA 85:15 and AZT-PLGA 50:50 respectively after washing. The highest percentage yield was calculated to be 79.14% and the highest encapsulation efficiency obtained was 73.82% for AZT-PLGA 50:50, while the particle morphology showed spherical nanoparticles with signs of coalescence and aggregation for all formulated nanoparticles. The release profiles were biphasic; that is, an initial burst which indicated the presence of surface API followed by sustained release. Comparing the release profiles of AZT and TDF at pH 1.2 and 7.4, it was indicative that more AZT was released at pH 1.2 while more TDF was released at pH 7.4. On computing the release data further into various mathematical models, the Weibull model was found to be the best fit. The loaded nanoparticles showed an increase in stability after washing; however, they showed signs of gradual decrease in stability after 10 days of storage at 2-8°C. Conclusions: Relatively small, spherical and smooth nanoparticles were formulated. The nanoparticle release profile was indicative of sustained release; however, there was no conclusive indication that 48 hours duration was sufficient to release all encapsulated drug. Further studies with an increased API or polymer ratio in the formulation needs to be performed to determine if the encapsulation efficiency can be improved and in-vivo studies are required for a better understanding of the API release from formulations as well as its absorption in the body.
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Simon, Miriam [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Gradzielski, Michael [Gutachter] Gradzielski, and Dominique [Gutachter] Langevin. "Formation and characterization of complexes of oppositely charged oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion droplets and polyelectrolytes / Miriam Simon ; Gutachter: Michael Gradzielski, Dominique Langevin ; Betreuer: Michael Gradzielski." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212928210/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)"
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Gurgul, Henryk. Wpływ czynników fizycznych na rozprzestrzenianie się ropy w morzu. Szczecin: Wydawnictwa Nauk. Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 1986.
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Maj, Dorota. Modyfikujący wpływ roślinnych dodatków paszowych na użytkowość mięsną i ekspresję wybranych genów u królików w zależności od wieku i płci. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-29-8.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feed additives (algae, soybean, and sunflower oil) used in the rabbit feed on: growth indices and slaughter traits, pH, colour, texture, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability (TBARS) of the meat as well as FTO and FABP4 genes expression in the meat’s intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum), depending on the age and sex. The experimental material consisted of Termond White rabbits (n = 160, 80 females and 80 males). Animals were weaned on the 35th day of life, and housed in metal cages arranged in batteries (4 rabbits of the same sex in a cage). From weaning to 12 or 18 weeks of age, the rabbits were fed pellets ad libitum. Animals in the control group (C) received non-supplemented pellets throughout the experiment. In the other groups, the pellet contained 1% algae (A), 3% sunflower oil (OS), and 3% soybean oil(SO).The experimental diets were formulated to have similar protein and energy content. Diets were balanced by lowering the proportion of other feed components. The total share of all components remained at 100%. The results indicate that 3% vegetable oils (soybean or sunflower) supplementation of diets for growing rabbits leads to an increase of body weight and improvement of some of the slaughter traits, while 1% addition of algae to the feed causes deterioration of body weight and slaughter traits. The effect of oil additive depends on the animals’ age. Supplementation of the rabbits’ diet with algae (1%) or sunflower and soybean oils (3%) led to an increase in the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 18 weeks of age (approx. 3%), but had no effect on the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 12 weeks of age. Feeding pellets with either 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae additive to the rabbits did not significantly change the chemical composition of the meat. Protein content increased and intramuscular fat content decreased with age, while ash and water content were similar. The feed additives significantly differentiated meat acidity without deteriorating meat quality. Diet modification has not affected negatively meat colour. 24 h after the slaughter, the colour of rabbit meat was similar across the studied feeding groups. Correlation between diet and rabbits’ age was found. Meat texture (hardness, springiness and chewiness) of all rabbit groups slaughtered at 12 weeks of age was similar, and the shear for cewas greater in rabbits fed pellets with algae and soybean oil. At 18 weeks of age, rabbit meat from experimental groups had lower hardness and chewiness, compared to meat of the animals from the control group. Meat shear force was higher in the control group, and from algae-supplemented group. The correlation between diet and age was also found. The use of 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae as feed additives significantly reduced meat oxidative stability. Soybean or sunflower oil (3%) usedas feed additives favourably modified the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was increased, including linoleic acid, and PUFA/MUFA ratio was improved. The content of these acids decreased with age. The use of algae (1%) as a feed additive resulted in positive effect on the increase of n-3 fatty acid content (EPA and DHA) in meat intramuscular fat. Algae supplementation improved pro-health properties of meat, with low n-6/n-3 acid ratio (2.5), indicating that diet modification may affect the fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. The influence of diet and age on FTO and FABP4 gene expression in meat intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum) was found. FTO and FABP4 gene expression increased with age and was the highest in the group of rabbits with 1% algae supplementation in the diet. The effect of rabbits’ gender on growth, slaughter traits, meat quality and gene expression in rabbits was not observed. In conclusion, the use of natural feed additives, such as sunflower, soybean oil or algae, can improve the nutritional value of rabbit meat, without changing its chemical or physical properties, and therefore the meat can serve as functional food, with properties beneficial to human health. The results obtained in this study also indicate that the expression of FTO and FABP4 genes in rabbit muscles is regulated by dietary factors and age, which, in addition to cognitive significance, has practical implications for improving technological and dietary quality of rabbit meat.
Book chapters on the topic "Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)"
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Józsa, J. "Subsurface Shear Dispersion in River Oil Spill Modelling." In Computational Methods in Water Resources X, 1157–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9204-3_140.
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Murray-Smith, R., D. Gore, S. A. Flynn, I. Vance, and R. Stagg. "Development and Appraisal of a Particle Tracking Model for the Dispersion of Produced Water Discharged From an Oil Production Platform in the North Sea." In Produced Water 2, 225–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0379-4_21.
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Selem, Ahmed M., Nicolas Agenet, Martin J. Blunt, and Branko Bijeljic. "Formation of Water Micro-Dispersion in Oil as a Mechanism for Efficient Displacement in Low Salinity Waterflooding." In Album of Porous Media, 111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23800-0_91.
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Khond, V. W., V. M. Kriplani, S. D. Butaley, Amol Pitale, and Pramod Walke. "Experimental Analysis of Performance and Emissions of Nanofluid Dosed Pure Neem Biodiesel (PNB)—Eucalyptus Oil (EO)-Water (W)-Surfactant (S) Emulsion Fuel on Diesel Engine." In Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 2, 587–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2662-6_53.
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Patir, Khemnath. "Nanoemulsion and Its Application in Pesticide Formulation." In Handbook of Research on Nanoemulsion Applications in Agriculture, Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 401–24. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8378-4.ch018.
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A nanoemulsion is a colloidal dispersion that contains very small particles with size in the range of 20-200 nm, which may be of the oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) types depending on whether the oil is dispersed as droplets in water or vice versa. Pesticides play a critical role in controlling agriculture and ensuring food safety. In the future, the utilization of pesticides will become even more important to solve food security problems associated with providing an adequate food supply for the growing world population. Hence, development of new techniques for nanoemulsions formulation in the field of agriculture and forestry are necessary. In this chapter, the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanoemulsion in pesticides formulation are reviewed. In addition, the effect of antifungal or insecticidal and antimicrobial enhancement activity of nanoemulsions with size, composition, and stability are also discussed.
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Ricardo Quispe Infantes, Reynaldo, and Rolando Moisés Perca Gonzales. "Newton's Method in Matlab 19.0 to Minimize a Function of Direct Solar Infrared Radiation (2100nm to 4000nm)." In Data Science and Intelligent Computing Techniques, 149–56. 2023rd ed. Soft Computing Research Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56155/978-81-955020-2-8-13.
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This research work has as main objective to apply Newton's method in Matlab. 19.0 to minimize a nonlinear spread function infrared direct solar radiation (2100 nm to 4000 nm). The methodology that was applied consisted of the analysis of the components of direct infrared radiation: Rayleigh scattering, aerosols, water vapor between the atmosphere and the Earth, to generate a theoretical model of infrared radiation that depends on of the parameters: turidity coefficient ???? and length of the ozone layer ????, precipitable water vapor W. In the which this model was compared with experimental data through of a nonlinear Dispersion Function, that was minimized through Newton's method, obtaining as a result the theoretical model of infrared radiation using the parameters: ????= 0.9499, ???? = 1.0889 cm and predominant in W= 3.8342 cm. for the Costa Rica station, corresponding to a cloudy white sky atmosphere without the presence of an ozone hole with a considerable presence of water vapor.
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Dickinson, Eric, Jane Evison, Richard K. Owusu, and Qinghong Zhu. "Studies of Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W) Multiple Emulsions: Stabilization and Controlled Nutrient Release." In Food Colloids and Polymers, 276–79. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698270.276.
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Florence, Alexander T., and Toshimitsu Yoshioka. "Nonionic Surfactant Vesicle-in-Water-in-Oil (v/w/o) Systems." In Handbook of Nonmedical Applications of Liposomes, 199–208. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351072724-11.
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Chouaibi, Moncef. "Preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) clove essential oil nanoemulsion: Characterization and stability." In Clove ( Syzygium Aromaticum), 559–71. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85177-0.00016-1.
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Atesmen, M. Kemal. "Solar Energy Storage in Water." In Case Studies in Transient Heat Transfer With Sensitivities to Governing Variables, 57–63. ASME, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.886786_ch8.
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World energy consumption in 2040 is estimated to be 1.7 × 1017 W-hr/year. Solar energy will provide about 10% of this world energy consumption while replacing coal and oil. In this chapter, incoming solar energy that is processed in a solar collector to energize flowing water will be optimized for energy usage as shown in Figure 8-1. This solar energy usage optimization process starts with the knowledge of solar radiation energy that is available at a particular location and at a particular time on Earth. Hourly averaged direct and diffuse solar energy measured data, shown in Figure 8-2, that are incident on a horizontal surface at Fort Peck, Montana on 16 July 2015 will be used, see Ref. [12], (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Solar Radiation Database).
Conference papers on the topic "Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)"
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Alahmed, Nasser, and Ingebret Fjelde. "Modeling of Oil-In-Water Dispersion Injection for Enhancing Displacement Front Uniformity in Water-Flooded Heterogeneous Reservoirs." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214454-ms.
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Abstract Due to the maturity of water-flooded oil reservoirs, as a consequence of heterogeneity, fluids move preferentially through the most permeable layers, leaving large volumes of mobile oil remain unswept. Injection of oil-in-water (O/W) dispersions can regulate the permeability contrast between these layers. Droplet size distribution and porous media heterogeneity are the principal features that characterize displacement front uniformity. The intent of this work is therefore to provide a fundamental insight into number of factors may influence the dispersion flow in porous media. The workflow in this study is comprised of three stages. First, O/W dispersions with low oil concentrations were prepared and characterized. Second, a series of O/W dispersion injection experiments was conducted. The objective of this stage was to evaluate the distribution of retained oil droplets, pressure drop and permeability reduction in different sandstone core-plugs. Finally, a mathematical model based on the experimental setup was developed to describe the dynamics of O/W dispersion flow. Finite element method (FEM) was employed to numerically solve the governing equations. The experimental results revealed that the number and size of retained oil droplets decay with the core depth and correspondingly in the effluent. Verification of the numerical model was performed by comparing the pressure drop and permeability reduction to the results of analytical solutions. The model showed good validation with the experimental data. The numerical results were closely match those of the analytical solutions. The current work presents a potentially efficient method of modelling to describe the dispersion flow in porous media. However, for field applications, further improvement to the model complexity is required.
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Gavrielatos, Ilias, Ramin Dabirian, Ram S. Mohan, and Ovadia Shoham. "Separation Kinetics of Oil/Water Emulsions Stabilized by Nanoparticles." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69112.
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A state-of-the-art, Portable Dispersion Characterization Rig (P-DCR) is used to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on oil-water emulsion formation and stabilization. Mineral oil and distilled water are used as the test fluids and separation profiles are obtained from the experiments using a sophisticated software. Spherical silica nanoparticles of average primary particle size of 20 nm were selected as the emulsifying agent, since silica is commonly found in the produced fluids. Nanoparticles of different wettabilities were used to investigate their effect on separation kinetics of solid stabilized emulsions in terms of solid particle concentration, wettability, initial dispersion phase, water-cut, and shearing time. In one series of experiments the emulsions were prepared with intermediate-wet nanoparticles. Both simple water-in-oil (W/O), as well as multiple oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsions were observed. Faster separation occurred when the particles were initially dispersed in oil. Increased nanoparticle concentration, as well as shearing time typically resulted in slower emulsion separation rates. Another series of experiments was performed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanoparticles. Very fast separation rates were observed when using hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and 25% water-cut regardless of solid concentration. However, when the water-cut was increased to 50% and 75% very stable emulsions were produced. Emulsions prepared using hydrophobic particles were the most stable across all water-cuts. For the case of 25% water-cut, no water coalescence was observed for a wide range of oil-wet nanoparticle concentrations. Oil creaming was promoted as the concentration of solids decreased, and the emulsions remained oil continuous and highly resistant to water coalescence even for very low solid concentration (100 ppm), resulting in a dispersed phase volume fraction as high as 93%. The effect of nanoparticles on the properties of pure fluids, namely, density, viscosity and surface/interfacial tension is also reported. The main findings of the study include the following: Nanoparticles, even at low concentrations, can significantly decrease separation rates of oil and water emulsions. The Portable Dispersion Characterization Rig (P-DCR) is recommended as an effective way to measure emulsion stability in the field.
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Raikulov, S., R. S. Mohan, and O. Shoham. "Nanoparticles Stabilized Oil Water Emulsion Flow." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214528-ms.
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Abstract Nanoparticles (NP) stabilized oil-water emulsion flow is studied experimentally and theoretically for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic NP, under Water Sweep (WS) and Oil Sweep (OS) conditions. Novel and highly accurate experimental data are collected for different NP concentrations and different pump speeds. The Legacy-Texaco skid flow loop is modified to enable data acquisition, and the microscopic camera is modified with Vector Control Module (VCM), as well. The phase inversion is measured utilizing a Circular Differential Dielectric Sensor (C-DDS), a Rectangular DDS (R-DDS), pressure transducer and mass flow meter. Droplet size distribution data are acquired with a microscopic camera for dilute dispersed-phase volume fractions. Data are acquired from all 5 instruments simultaneously. Hydrophilic NP, even at low concentrations, consistently delay the occurrence of phase inversion as dispersed phase fraction is increased. Concentration of 1 wt% hydrophilic NP delays the phase inversion up to 93% of organic volume fractions for o/w dispersions. The transient phase inversion period is shorter (1.5 to 2 min.) for hydrophilic NP emulsions; longer phase inversion durations (greater than 2 min) occur for the hydrophobic NP emulsions. With increase of hydrophobic NP concentration, the viscosity of mineral oil increases significantly. Hydrophobic NP stabilized emulsions (in higher concentrations) exhibit shear thinning behavior indicating that yield stress must be applied in order to initiate flow. Concentrations of 0.05 and 0.11 wt % of Hydrophobic NP cause early phase inversion at all 3 pump RPMs. However, at concentration of 0.5, 0.8 and 1 wt % lead to delay in phase inversion. Extension of Pereyra (2011) correlation for dMAX is carried out for NP stabilized emulsion flow. Log Normal distribution and modified Rosin Rammler distribution are recommended for prediction of the cumulative droplet size distributions of NP stabilized emulsions for OS flow. Optimized parameter sets are generated from experimental data for in both these distributions. Comparison between the acquired data and both log normal distribution and Rosin Rammler distribution predictions show Normalized Root-Mean-Square Deviation (NRMSD) discrepancy values less than 13%.
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Wang, Zhenjie, Tayfun Babadagli, and Nobuo Maeda. "Can We Generate Stable Pickering Emulsions Activating Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles in the Reservoir for Cost Effective Heavy-Oil Recovery?" In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200880-ms.
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Abstract Activating naturally occurring nanoparticles in the reservoir (clays) to generate Pickering emulsions results in low-cost heavy oil recovery. In this study, we test the stability of emulsions generated using different types of clays and perform a parametric analysis on salinity, pH, water to oil ratio (WOR), and particle concentration; additionally, we report on a formulation of injected water used to activate the clays found in sandstones to improve oil recovery. First, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions generated by different clay particles (bentonite and kaolinite) were prepared for both bottle tests and zeta potential measurements, then the stability of dispersion was measured under various conditions (pH and salinity). Heavy crude oils (50 to 170,000 cP) were used for all experiments. The application conditions for these clay types on emulsion generation and stability were examined. Second, sandpacks with known amounts of clays were saturated with heavy-oil samples. Aqueous solutions with various salinity and pH were injected into the oil-saturated sandpack with a pump. The recoveries were monitored while analyzing the produced samples; a systematic comparison of emulsions formed under various conditions (e.g., salinity, pH, WOR, clay type) was presented. Third, glass bead micromodels with known amounts of clays were also prepared to visualize the in-situ behavior of clay particles under various salinity conditions. The transparent mineral oil instead of opaque heavy oil was used in these micromodel tests for better visualization results. Recommendations were made for the most suitable strategies to enhance heavy oil recovery with and without the presence of clay in the porous medium; moreover, conditions and optimal formulations for said recommendations were presented. The bottle tests showed that 3% bentonite can stabilize O/W emulsions under a high WOR (9:1) condition. The addition of 0.04% of NaOH (pH=12) further improved the emulsion stability against salinity. This improvement is because of the activation of natural surfactant in the heavy oil by the added alkali—as confirmed by the minimum interfacial tension (0.17 mN/M) between the oil and 0.04% of the NaOH solution. The sandpack flood experiments showed an improved sweep efficiency caused by the swelling of bentonite when injecting low salinity fluid (e.g., DIW). The micromodel tests showed a wettability change to be more oil-wet under high salinity conditions, and the swelling of bentonite would divert incoming water flow to other unswept areas thus improving sweep efficiency. This paper presents new ideas and recommendations for further research as well as practical applications to generate stable emulsions for improved waterflooding as a cost-effective approach. It was shown that select clays in the reservoir can be activated to act as nanoparticles, but making them generate stable (Pickering) emulsions in-situ to improve heavy-oil recovery requires further consideration.
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Xu, Limin, Ming Han, Fahd AlGhunaimi, and Mohammed Bataweel. "Salinity and Temperature Effects on Oily Produced Water Treatment Using Polyaluminium Chloride." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213688-ms.
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Abstract Polyaluminium chlorides (PAC) has replaced a large part of traditional aluminous coagulants for water treatment in recent years because of low dosage, high efficiency, low cost and convenient usage. This work studied the effects of salinity and temperature on the efficiency of PAC in removing oil and colloids from oily produced water (PW) and the potential of PAC for high salinity PW treatment. Minghua produced water (Di-MHPW) with salinity of 2,815 mg/L and high salinity produced water (HSPW) with salinity of 102,290 mg/L were used in this work. The efficiency of PAC and the optimal dosage were investigated by stability analyzer which allows a step-by-step vertical scanning of the dispersions. The separation time, floc volume and water quality after treatment could be obtained by stability analyzer. Transmission intensity was used to evaluate the oil-water separation in PW. High transmission intensity indicates low oil content. Without PAC, HSPW presented faster increase in transmission than low salinity PW indicating poorer stability. The zeta potential of oil drops and colloids in low salinity PW (2,815 mg/L) was −20.4mV. High salinity (102,290 mg/L) increased the zeta potential to −2.2mV, which makes the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion unstable than low salinity PW. With the addition of PAC, HSPW results in slightly lower transmission with less floc volume. This could be explained by the floc size after the addition of PAC in two PWs. The size of formed floc in HSPW was much smaller than that in MHPW leading to slower separation of floc from aqueous phase and lower transmission intensity. Increasing the temperature enhanced the PAC efficiency in removing oil and suspended solids in both high and low salinity PWs. However, the floc volume also increased especially in Di-MHPW resulting in less water volume. In HSPW, the temperature effect on floc volume was not obvious. Though high salinity reduces the performance of PAC in water treatment, it is still an efficient flocculant for HSPW treatment with high flocculation efficiency, small floc volume and short separation time. This work provides the insight of oily produced water treatment using PAC and the effect of salinity and temperature. The results are helpful to develop novel flocculants used for high salinity produced water treatment.
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Leask, Scott B., Vincent G. McDonell, and Scott Samuelsen. "Emulsion Jet in Crossflow Atomization Characteristics and Dynamics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75818.
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This work presents the atomization characteristics and dynamics of water-in-heptane (W/H) emulsions injected into a gaseous crossflow. W/H mixtures were tested while varying momentum flux ratios and aerodynamic Weber numbers. Different injector orifice diameters and orifice length-to-diameter ratios were used to test the generality of the results. The atomization properties of W/H mixtures were compared with properties of neat water and neat heptane to evaluate the effect of an emulsion on droplet sizing, cross-sectional stability and dispersion, and jet penetration depth. Liquid dynamics were extracted through analyzing instantaneous spray measurements and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) on high-speed video recordings of the atomization processes. Correlations were proposed to establish preliminary relationships between fundamental spray processes and test conditions. These correlations allowed for emulsion behavior to be compared with neat liquid behavior. The use of emulsions induces greater spray instability than through using neat liquids, likely due to the difficulty in injecting a stable emulsion. Neat liquid correlations were produced and successfully predicted various spray measurements. These correlations, however, indicate that injector geometry has an effect on spray properties which need to be addressed independently. The emulsions are unable to adhere to the neat liquid correlations suggesting that an increased number of correlation terms are required to adequately predict emulsion behavior.
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Aktas, Levent, and M. Cengiz Altan. "Cure Kinetics of Nanocomposites Prepared From Aqueous Dispersion of Nanoclay." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17080.
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The effect of nanoclay on the cure kinetics of glass/waterborne epoxy nanocomposites is investigated. First step in sample preparation involves dispersing Cloisite® Na+, a natural montmorillonite, in distilled water at 70°C with the aid of a sonicator. Then, desired amounts of dicyandiamide and 2-methyl imidazole, serving as cross-linkers, are mixed to the aqueous nanoclay solution. As the mixing continues, Epi-Rez 3522-W-60 waterborne epoxy resin is introduced to the solution and the compound is mixed for an additional 30 minutes. The nanoclay content of this batch is adjusted to be at 2wt%. An identical second batch, which does not comprise nanoclay, is also prepared to serve as the baseline data. Glass/waterborne epoxy prepregs containing 30% glass fibers are prepared from these batches and used to characterize the effects of nanoclay. The evolution of viscoelastic properties during curing are characterized by the APA2000 rheometer. Using the storage and loss moduli profiles during curing, gel time and maximum storage modulus are characterized. Effect of nanoclay on the glass transition temperature is determined by applying an additional temperature cycle following the cure cycle. In addition, mechanical performances of the samples are characterized by three point bending tests. Nanoclay is observed to yield 2-fold higher storage modulus during curing. Rate of curing is measured to be substantially slower for the samples comprising nanoclay. In addition, glass transition temperature improved by 5% to 99°C with the addition of nanoclay compared to 94.5°C for the samples without nanoclay. Flexural stiffness of the samples containing nanoclay is measured to be 20% higher than the samples without nanoclay while the strength remained virtually unaffected.
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Ghosh, Supratim, Breann Squires, Phyllis Shand, and Pulari Nair. "Utilization of fababean protein-stabilized structured emulsions in the replacement of animal fat in beef burgers." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/iiid4502.
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Processed meat, such as burgers are rich in animal fat which contribute significantly towards many structural and sensory properties. In this work, hybrid beef burger was developed by replacing the animal fat with fababean protein-stabilized O/W emulsions. To create a stable structured emulsions 80wt% coconut oil (CNO) was mixed with canola oil (CO). The molten oil phase (50wt%) was emulsified with 10wt% fababean protein concentrate dispersion in an industrial food processor. The hot emulsion was cooled in an ice bath while constant mixing until the temperature reached 10ºC and the emulsion transformed into a strong viscoelastic gel. The emulsion was then mixed with lean beef meat and in a bowl chopper and a grinder at 4ºC to prepare the ground meat, which was then used to prepare the burger patties using a patty maker. The animal fat control burgers contained 20% beef fat, which was fully replaced with the emulsions. A reduced beef fat burger was also made with fat content similar to the hybrid burger. The hardness of the CNO emulsion hybrid burgers were lower than the control full-fat and reduced-fat burgers, but they were significantly better than the 100% CO emulsion burger, indicating the importance of structured fat on burger structure. Interestingly, both the CNO and CO emulsion hybrid burgers showed the highest cook yield compared to the control burgers. The Warner-Bratzler shear force values of the hybrid CNO burgers were lower than the full-fat control burger, while they were similar to the reduced-fat burgers. No difference in external and interior color and size of the cooked burgers were observed among the various treatments indicating the success in replacing animal fat from beef burgers with plant protein based CNO emulsion. Such novel product could not only reduce fat but also improve the lipid profile of meat.
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Nguyen, V. T., and D. Prandle. "The Dispersion of Produced Water." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23314-ms.
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Zhang, Haipeng, Aidan Johnson, Sangjin Ryu, Seunghee Kim, and Chi (Kevin) Zhang. "Fabrication of Heterogeneous Hydrogel Models for Convection-Enhanced Drug Delivery Studies." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-67615.
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Abstract Convection-enhanced drug delivery (CED) enables faster convective dispersion of drug molecules through soft, porous tissues than diffusion, which is beneficial for treating aggressive tumors. Advancing the CED technology requires rigorous characterization of fluid transport through soft, porous tissues. When a fluid flows through soft, porous tissues, the deformation and/or structural rearrangement of the hosting solid alters the pattern and efficiency of fluid propagation. Such hydro-mechanical coupling can be understood by experimentally studying fluid flows through hydrogel phantoms that mimic soft, porous tissues in vitro. However, current studies using hydrogel-based models are limited because homogenous hydrogel models with uniform properties have been employed. To overcome this limitation, we aim to develop heterogeneous hydrogel models for CED studies by embedding agar beads (1 w/v%) in an agarose gel block (0.2 or 0.6 w/v%), and this paper introduces our fabrication method in detail. The fabrication process includes two steps: fabrication of the gel beads and dispensing the gel beads in the agarose gel. In the first step, agar gel beads were fabricated with the rotating-liquid-based drop generation method. Hot agar gel solution (∼95°C) was injected through a syringe needle with its tip immersed in cold mineral oil (∼4°C) that rotates in rigid body motion. As agar gel solution drops were sheared off from the needle tip by the bulk mineral oil motion, they became spherical due to surface tension. While falling through the mineral oil, the gel drops were cooled and became gel beads. These agar gel beads were harvested, washed in water, and stored at 4°C. Microscopy imaging of the created gel beads confirmed that the sizes of the beads were uniform. In the second step of fabrication, agarose solution was prepared at 95°C, and the precooled agar beads were mixed in the agarose solution. Then, the mixture was poured into a precooled mold (a petri dish at −20°C), and then the mold was moved into a refrigerator immediately for quick cooling and gelation. Microscopy imaging of the embedded gel beads showed two heterogeneous agarose gel blocks with embedded agar beads were produced with different sized agar gel beads, different concentration of agarose gel, and different distribution of agar gel beads in agarose gel. The presented method has the following advantages. First, the size of agar beads can be adjusted by changing the injection speed of the agar solution and the rotation speed of the mineral oil. Second, the level of heterogeneity can be modulated by changing the properties of the gel beads and block and by adjusting the volume fraction between the gel beads and the gel block. Also, it is expected that the degree of fusion between the gel beads and the gel block could be controlled by adjusting the temperature of the agar gel beads and the agarose solution, and the cooling process of their mixture. Therefore, the suggested heterogeneous gel model has the potential to elucidating fluid flow through deformable, heterogeneous porous media and thus to advancing convection-enhanced drug delivery.
Reports on the topic "Water-in-Oil Dispersion (W/O)"
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Zhao, Bei, James Laszlo, and Heather Kaminsky. PR-461-14602-R02 Sample Mixing and Centrifugal Forces on Density and Sediment-Water Results. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011492.
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The crude oil being transported by pipeline varies widely in density, viscosity, sulfur content, and other fluid properties. In a custody transfer, both parties are concerned with the quantity and the quality of the crude oil since this determines the monetary value of the transaction. The objective of this project is to investigate various factors that can impact accurate determination of the density, sediment and water content of crude. The findings will be critical to improve current procedures, including proper sample mixing and handling, analytical methodologies, and operation parameters, so that reliable and accurate custody transfer can be provided to all involved parties internationally. This project investigated the impact of mixing and analytical methodologies on crude density and S and W determination. Operating parameters tested included mixing time (3 or 5 minutes), mixing system (new or old) and sample size (3 or 7 liters). Density determination was conducted by a thermos-hydrometer test and a digital density meter and the results were compared. S and W content was quantified by the centrifuge method and Karl Fischer titration and the results were compared. For the centrifuge method, the impact of two centrifugal forces on S and W results was also studied. There is a related webinar.
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Burroughs, Jedadiah, Jason Weiss, and John Haddock. Influence of high volumes of silica fume on the rheological behavior of oil well cement pastes. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41288.
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Specialized classes of concrete, such as ultra-high-performance concrete, use volumes of silica fume in concrete that are higher than those in conventional concrete, resulting in increased water demand and mixing difficulty. This study considered the effects of eight different silica fumes in three dosages (10%, 20%, 30%) with three w/b (0.20, 0.30, 0.45) on rheological behavior as characterized by the Herschel-Bulkley model. Results indicated that the specific source of silica fume used, in addition to dosage and w/b, had a significant effect on the rheological behavior. As such, all silica fumes cannot be treated as equivalent or be directly substituted one for another without modification of the mixture proportion. The rheology of cement pastes is significantly affected by the physical properties of silica fume more so than any chemical effects.