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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Irrigation laws'
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1
Benin, Dmitry, and Vera Snezhko. "Water flow regulator for irrigation canals." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403038.
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A distinctive feature of the irrigated systems of the Russian Federation is a large area of irrigated areas and a significant length of irrigation canals. With a large area of the irrigated massif on small canals, the use of electricity to regulate the throughput of network hydraulic structures is economically ineffective. Preference is given to means of hydraulic automation of water supply. Regulation of the throughput of a hydraulic structure is based on the laws of fluid flow within it. On irrigation canals in Russia, as in world practice, water-operated gates are widely used. One of the disadvantages of such gates is moving metal parts and sensors, which reduce the operational reliability of structures. A new regulator of throughput is proposed, the action of which is based on the injection effect. Compression of the flow by physical elements was replaced by the circulation of surplus water supply between the outlet section of the water supply structure and the downstream. The regulator is built into the pressure drop between the high and low order channels. Regulating the throughput of the tubular water outlet automatically begins after shutting down one or more sprinklers that take water from the lower order canal. After turning the sprinklers into operation, the regulator automatically restores the original throughput. Using the theory of jet pumps, a new method has been developed for the theoretical determination of the main hydraulic characteristics of the regulator. These include the size of the nozzle and the velocities of the injection and injection streams. The derivation of theoretical dependencies was based on the classical equations of fluid mechanics; the flow within the structure was considered quasi-one-dimensional. The obtained calculated dependencies were verified using numerical and physical modeling. The data of the physical and numerical experiment were in good agreement with the theoretical dependences. Further optimization of the controller can be performed by changing its geometric parameters.
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Polenov, Dmitry. "Automated pipeline design algorithm with adaptive irrigation of agricultural facilities." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301072.
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In this paper are addressed necessary steps to create a costeffective pipeline system for plant irrigation. Particularly, focuses on properties of hydraulic dependencies, graph theory, plant productivity laws, which gives some information to design pipeline system. An algorithm for automated pipeline design. An important advantage of this algorithm is that possibility of changing the amount of irrigation due to the introduction of artificial intelligence in the water supply management system.
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Yami, Mastewal. "Sustaining participation in irrigation systems of Ethiopia: what have we learned about water user associations?" Water Policy 15, no. 6 (July 12, 2013): 961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.031.
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Community participation, defined as engaging users of schemes in the decision-making processes for the planning and implementation of irrigation projects, is critical for the sustainability of irrigation schemes. This study was carried out in three regional states of Ethiopia to investigate the contribution of water user associations (WUAs) to sustaining participation in irrigation projects. The paper demonstrates that the poor understanding of community participation and institutional development by project staff in donor-supported irrigation projects results in the poor performance of WUAs in enhancing participation in irrigation systems. The interventions of external bodies in setting up the WUA by-laws and in determining the responsibilities of users and WUA committees contributed to the low level of participation. The transfer of schemes to WUAs without building WUA committees' abilities in operation and maintenance constrained their ability to sustainably manage irrigation schemes. The WUA committees are male-dominated and the views of women are hardly represented in the decision making. Therefore, establishing WUA committees that reflect the interests and inputs of scheme users is crucial to achieve fair decision making. Local authorities and non-governmental organizations could do more to change perceptions and behaviour to reflect the importance of gender equity in sustaining the positive outcomes of irrigation at household and community levels.
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Finger, Robert, and Niklaus Lehmann. "Policy reforms to promote efficient and sustainable water use in Swiss agriculture." Water Policy 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2012): 887–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.152.
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The more sustainable use of scarce water resources is a policy goal in several countries. In this regard, current discussions on potential policy reforms in Switzerland revolve around the subsidization of water-saving irrigation technologies. Today, the share of drip irrigation systems is low, at 3%. In Switzerland, environmental laws specify levels of water flow that must not be undercut. Variable pricing of water, however, has not yet been used. This paper analyzes whether subsidies on water-saving irrigation techniques would be beneficial in this legislative setting, and shows that such subsidies may have crowding out effects because they could provide incentives to switch from non-irrigated crops (e.g. wheat) to the production of crops (e.g. potatoes) that require irrigation. This may result in even higher water withdrawal rates. Such an increased competition for water resources may also result in adverse conditions for farmers. By contrast, our analysis shows the implementation of water prices could lead to a sustainable increase in the share of water-saving technologies, to a shift from irrigated to non-irrigated crops, and therefore to a reduction of overall water use in agriculture. Thus, the introduction of water prices should have absolute priority if agricultural water policies are reformed in Switzerland.
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Mirás-Avalos, José Manuel, Emiliano Trigo-Córdoba, Rosane da Silva-Dias, Irene Varela-Vila, and Aitor García-Tomillo. "Multifractal behaviour of the soil water content of a vineyard in northwest Spain during two growing seasons." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 23, no. 4 (August 2, 2016): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-205-2016.
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Abstract. Soil processes are characterized by a great degree of heterogeneity, which may be assessed by scaling properties. The aims of the current study were to describe the dynamics of soil water content at three depths in a vineyard under rain-fed and irrigation conditions and to assess the multifractality of these time data series. Frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors were used for automatically monitoring soil water content in a vineyard located in Leiro (Ourense, northwest Spain). Data were registered at 30 min intervals at three depths (20, 40, and 60 cm) between 14 June and 26 August 2011 and 2012. Two treatments were considered: rain-fed and irrigation to 50 % crop evapotranspiration. Soil water content data series obeyed power laws and tended to behave as multifractals. Values for entropy (D1) and correlation (D2) dimensions were lower in the series from the irrigation treatment. The Hölder exponent of order zero (α0) was similar between treatments; however, the widths of the singularity spectra, f(α), were greater under irrigation conditions. Multifractality indices slightly decreased with depth. These results suggest that singularity and Rényi spectra were useful for characterizing the time variability of soil water content, distinguishing patterns among series registered under rain-fed and irrigation treatments.
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Torres, Cássia Juliana Fernandes, Camilla Hellen Peixoto de Lima, Andrea Sousa Fontes, Daniel Veras Ribeiro, Ícaro Thiago Andrade Moreira, and Yvonilde Dantas Pinto Medeiros. "A method for classifying interrelation between sectoral regulatory laws and the ‘water-energy-agriculture nexus concept’ in Brazil." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (February 8, 2021): 2158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.036.
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Abstract We propose a method to classify the level of interrelation between the water, energy and agriculture sectoral regulatory laws and selected main characteristics of the nexus concept. This method was created to be applied with sectoral regulatory laws so a study case was conducted in Brazil. The results show that all analysed legislations have low to medium interrelation with the criteria intrinsic to the nexus concept; the policies that stood out the most, regarding the number of criteria present in their scopes, were the national irrigation policy and the desertification policy; and in order to operationalize the nexus concept in management models in the Brazilian context, adjustments and a restructuring of regulatory laws are necessary. The proposed method was able to investigate the interrelation between regulatory legislations with the characteristics of the nexus concept as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
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Weber, Edward P. "Integrated Hydro-Irrigation-Restoration Systems: Resolving a Wicked Problem in the Whychus Creek Watershed (Oregon, USA)." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n2p104.
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There is an emerging problem of water scarcity associated with the water-energy nexus that has become even more complicated, and more acute, in many rural, irrigation-dependent farming and ranching communities in arid and semi-arid regions of the western U.S. and Canada. The combination of environmental laws, growing populations, increasing demand and higher costs for energy, globalized competition for agricultural commodities, and the spectre of climate change creates a wicked problem that challenges the efficacy of traditional water rights and water delivery systems, as well as the long-term sustainability of the resource-oriented communities and ecosystems involved. How might this wicked problem be resolved such that we simultaneously have more water for streams (ecological health) and growing populations, fewer fish passage obstructions, improved economic viability for working rural landscapes, more carbon free energy, adequate water quality, and improved reliability in water delivery for all water rights holders, while respecting and keeping existing water rights intact? This research analyzes the case of the Whychus Creek watershed in Oregon (USA), where an inclusive set of stakeholders collaboratively transformed the traditional irrigation system into an integrated hydro-irrigation-restoration system more fully responsive to the many different facets of the wicked problem associated with the water-energy nexus.
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Sun, Wen Hao, Ying Xiang Jiang, and Xia Li. "Research of the Evaluation on Heavy-Metal Pollution in Rice by Sewage Irrigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1594.
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This paper took the SongSan wastewater irrigation district of Liaoning Province, Anshan city as object of study. Base on the survey on the sewage irrigation situation, heavy metal concentration in rice grain and drinking water were measured through single pollution index evaluation and comprehensive pollution index evaluation (Nemerow index method). It could be served as the basis for environmental management and relevant laws and regulations. Experimental results showed that drinking water were not polluted by heavy mental. Sewage irrigation had a comparatively small impact on drinking water. According to the heavy mental determination results of grain crop seeds, it can conclude that the Cu and Pb content were above the national food quality standard. The pollution is serious, however, the content of Zn and Cd were below or close to the national food quality standard, which is in danger of exceeding the standard. Determined by comprehensive pollution index, it showed that the rice in the whole sewage irrigation is serious polluted by heavy mental. The heavy metal pollution presented the characteristics of extensive area-source pollution. Pollution intensity was strengthened and more difficult to be managed.
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Montesinos, Pilar, Emilio Camacho, and Serafin Alvarez. "Application of genetic algorithms for optimal seasonal furrow irrigation." Journal of Hydroinformatics 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2002.0016.
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A quasi-optimum irrigation season calendar based on economic profit maximization for sloping and runoff-free furrows can be obtained by OPTIMEC (EConomic OPTIMization, in Spanish), a seasonal furrow irrigation model based on the concept of comprehensive irrigation. The model features four components: a soil moisture model, an irrigation hydraulic model, a crop yield model and an economic optimization module. This module uses a Genetic Algorithm (GA), a heuristic technique based on the laws of natural selection, to maximize farmer profit. The GA is a suitable technique to solve the problem of profit maximization due to the difficulties inherent in traditional optimization procedures, which require an explicit function relating flow rate, water depth and profit. For its practical application the model has been implemented in a Visual Basic program. A real case is analysed to compare the irrigation season scheduling using traditional criteria (event by event scheduling) and optimization-based criteria.
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Li, Xiu Ping, Yan Ying Huang, Ning Tao Li, Chen Wen, and He Xu. "Sustainable Water Management on Reclaimed Water Use - A Case of Tianjin." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3517.
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Tianjin, due to its severe shortage and inefficient use of water resource, is now facing many problems such as land substance, pollutions of wastewater irrigation etc., which will restrict its sustainable development of social economy. As a newly, useful, and potential unconventional water resource, reclaimed water can be used broadly to improve the unsatisfied situation of water utilization in Tianjin. In this paper, based on an analysis of the status of present reclaimed water use project and associated plans of future reclaimed water utilization, the authors gave a detailed discuss on the existed problem of reclaimed water use, and then put forward some relative suggestions and recommendations about the sustainable management of reclaimed water utilization in Tianjin, such as management mechanism, reclaimed water price and economic stimulating mechanism, constructions of infrastructure, supporting of science and technology, laws and policies, and supervision system and public participation.
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Nikanorova, A. D., and S. A. Egorov. "Development of principles and norms to regulate non-navigational use of international water flows." Водные ресурсы 46, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0321-0596461114-120.
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Under conditions of water deficit due to pollution and climate change, the international community pays special attention to international laws and regulations for non-navigational use of international water flows. In this article, we provide insights into historical aspects of international public law in the sphere of regulation of international water flows for hydroelectricity, irrigation, and fishing. Herein, we analyze and identify prospects for the future development of a new branch of international public law for the regulation of international relations regarding non-navigational use of trans boundary water flows, and their protection and conservation.
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Huffaker, Ray, and Norman Whittlesey. "The allocative efficiency and conservation potential of water laws encouraging investments in on-farm irrigation technology." Agricultural Economics 24, no. 1 (December 2000): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2000.tb00092.x.
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Bandaragoda, D. J. "Limits to donor-driven water sector reforms: insight and evidence from Pakistan and Sri Lanka." Water Policy 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0004.
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Two countries in South Asia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, have embarked upon innovative measures for restructuring their institutional framework for water resources management. Both of these countries have a colonial heritage. Most of their current institutional arrangements for water resources management, particularly in the irrigation sub-sector, are greatly influenced by the laws and administrative procedures introduced during the British colonial period. In the wake of massive investment programmes sponsored by international development aid after independence, each of the two countries has collaborated with donor agencies in designing new institutional development packages. Despite similarities in terms of donor interests, the two countries seemed to be proceeding along different reform paths. Pakistan experimented with an overall change in the irrigation institutions, whereas, Sri Lanka focused on coordinating mechanisms for integrated water resources management at both river basin and national levels. In both of these cases, the progress of reform attempts seems to be grinding to a halt owing to lack of an internally generated demand for reforms.
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Bayer, Amanda, John Ruter, and Marc W. van Iersel. "Automated Irrigation Control for Improved Growth and Quality of Gardenia jasminoides ‘Radicans’ and ‘August Beauty’." HortScience 50, no. 1 (January 2015): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.1.78.
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Sustainable use of water resources is of increasing importance in container plant production as a result of decreasing water availability and an increasing number of laws and regulations regarding nursery runoff. Soil moisture sensor-controlled, automated irrigation can be used to irrigate when substrate volumetric water content (θ) drops below a threshold, improving irrigation efficiency by applying water only as needed. We compared growth of two Gardenia jasminoides cultivars, slow-growing and challenging ‘Radicans’ and easier, fast-growing ‘August Beauty’, at various θ thresholds. Our objective was to determine how irrigation can be applied more efficiently without negatively affecting plant quality, allowing for cultivar-specific guidelines. Soil moisture sensor-controlled, automated irrigation was used to maintain θ thresholds of 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, or 0.50 m3·m−3. Growth of both cultivars was related to θ threshold, and patterns of growth were similar in both Watkinsville and Tifton, GA. High mortality was observed at the 0.20-m3·m−3 threshold with poor root establishment resulting from the low irrigation volume. Height, width, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf size were greater for the 0.40 and 0.50 m3·m−3 than the 0.20 and 0.30-m3·m−3 θ thresholds. Irrigation volume increased with increasing θ thresholds for both cultivars. For ‘August Beauty’, cumulative irrigation volume ranged from 0.96 to 63.21 L/plant in Tifton and 1.89 to 87.9 L/plant in Watkinsville. For ‘Radicans’, cumulative irrigation volume ranged from 1.32 to 126 L/plant in Tifton and from 1.38 to 261 L/plant in Watkinsville. There was a large irrigation volume difference between the 0.40 and 0.50-m3·m−3 θ thresholds with little additional growth, suggesting that the additional irrigation applied led to overirrigation and leaching. Bud and flower number of ‘Radicans’ were greatest for the 0.40-m3·m−3 θ threshold, indicating that overirrigation can reduce flowering. The results of this study show that growth of the different G. jasminoides cultivars responded similarly to θ threshold at both locations. Similarities in growth and differences in irrigation volume at the 0.40 and 0.50-m3·m−3 θ thresholds show that more efficient irrigation can be used without negatively impacting growth.
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Kemerink-Seyoum, Chitata, Guzmán, Novoa-Sanchez, and Zwarteveen. "Attention to Sociotechnical Tinkering with Irrigation Infrastructure as a Way to Rethink Water Governance." Water 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081670.
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Inspired by the proposal of political scientists and anthropologists to focus on “practice” as the smallest unit of analysis for understanding politics, as well as the renewed scholarly attention to materiality, this paper sets out to show that detailed ethnographic attention to processes and acts of sociotechnical tinkering provides a useful entry-point for understanding water governance. This is so methodologically, because infrastructural forms of tinkering are very visible, and therefore researchable, manifestations of agency and change in water governance. Attention to sociotechnical tinkering helps shift the basis for understanding water realities from official norms, designs and laws to everyday practices. This in turn allows questioning, rather than assuming, how expertise and agency are exercised and distributed in water governance, thereby also providing useful information for re-thinking water politics. In addition, by explicitly engaging with the contingency and capriciousness of actual water flows, a sociotechnical tinkering approach entails a much-needed re-appreciation of the materiality of water, infrastructure and other matter, a re-appreciation that extends to those who design, construct, operate and use water infrastructure.
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Elmir Ismailovich, CHembarisov, Mirzakobulov ZHahongir Bahtiyarovich, Rahimova Matluba Naimovna, Rasulov Bahadyr Olim, and Tillaeva Zarina Umarovna. "Hydroecological monitoring of the quality of river waters of the Amudarya river basin in the territory of Uzbekistan." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 01, no. 01 (April 1, 2019): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2019-01-002.
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The article considers the problems of irrigation water quality in Central Asia through hydroecological monitoring. Practical and scientific recommendations for solving these problems are offered. There are noted the necessity of development of scientific base of researches on all aspects of water quality and protection of water resources; adoption of laws and administrative documents on protection of waters and improvement of their quality; performance of various engineering, technological actions. The hydroecological state of surface waters of large irrigated areas of the Amudarya river basin was studied for regieon: Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya, Khorezm and irrigated zones of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. It is noted that the process of salinization of irrigated lands is dangerous for the region. According to the calculations 50...55 million tons of various salts are came to irrigated annually fields. This is the reason for the deterioration of the hydrological state of irrigated agriculture in the region.
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Sekhri, Sheetal. "Wells, Water, and Welfare: The Impact of Access to Groundwater on Rural Poverty and Conflict." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.3.76.
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This paper evaluates the impact of access to groundwater on poverty using data from rural India. The estimation exploits the fact that the technology required to access groundwater changes exogenously due to constraints imposed by laws of physics at a depth of eight meters. I find that rural poverty in areas where depth from surface is below the cutoff is 9 to10 percent higher. Using survey data for a subsample of villages, I also show that disputes over irrigation water increase by 25 percent around the cutoff. Historical endowments of groundwater facilitate adoption of yield enhancing technologies over the long-run. (JEL D74, I32, O13, O15, O18, Q15, Q16)
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Gandhi, Vasant P., Nicky Johnson, Kangkanika Neog, and Dinesh Jain. "Institutional Structure, Participation, and Devolution in Water Institutions of Eastern India." Water 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020476.
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The paper examines the nature and development of the participatory water institutions in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plains of India, focusing on the aspects of structure, participation, and devolution. Though the physical development of irrigation has made considerable progress in India, the proper management and distribution of water has poised many difficulties. The consequences of this are poor efficiency in water use, inequity in distribution, disputes, high cost, and substantial under-utilization of the potential created. On the other hand, institutional initiatives that aim to improve water management and distribution are seen in some areas/locations, and show a process of arriving at better institutional arrangements. Water institutions are crucial for eastern India and though there are a few examples of spontaneous bottom-up initiatives, much of this development is driven by external interventions including laws, policies, and government programs. Even though under the government interventions, the guidelines and policies are usually uniform and top-down, the local uptake and adoption show substantial variation and divergence and this deserves study. The research is based on review of the literature as well as on six in-depth case studies, and also responses of 510 households involved with 51 participatory water institutions in the setting of the eastern Indo-Gangetic plains states of Assam and Bihar. The paper first takes a brief look at the literature on the foundations and experiences of participatory irrigation management (PIM), and then examines through the case studies and data, the development and variation in the PIM water institution in the given setting. It examines features such as laws, membership, structure, inclusion, participation/involvement and devolution. It finds that inclusion of various groups of people in the institutions is quite good except for women and youth. However, actual involvement of different people varies substantially. The issue of devolution/decentralization versus centralization in decision-making is very important to PIM, and varies across the structure and functions. The association of involvement and devolution to performance indicates that the active involvement of some functionaries and groups is very important, and that devolution in several decisions can considerably enhance performance. The observations provide many useful insights for policy and institutional design which can help improve water resource management in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plains.
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Aoki, Ricardo. "Integrated Water Development Project of Gravataí River Basin, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0067.
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The integrated Water Resources Development Project of Gravataí River Basin was prepared by the National Drainage Works Department (DNOS) and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). An attempt was made to use the capacity available in other departments and specialized institutes. The objective is to provide information for the departments involved in water resources management so as to enable them to establish specific terms for each hydrographic basin to complement the Federal, state and municipal laws. The basin problems were considered in this work including all aspects related to water resources development. With these suggestions the specialized department would be able to define their plans for the future taking into account factors that are not within their field of competence, but which should be taken into account in other fields of work . Conclusions were presented as to flow regulation, flood protection, domestic and industrial wastewater, water supply, irrigation, environmental conservation and navigation.
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Al Rosyid Noor, Aqiel, and Alfian Khunaefi. "Konsep Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013." Notaire 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v2i1.13167.
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On 2013 Supreme court nullified Law Number 7 Year 2004 on water resources management, and reenacted Law Number 11 Year 1974 on irrigation. Law Number 7 Year 2004 considered to oppose Constitution because right to utilize water can be given to the private party or individual. Although, right to utilize water by private party have been constituted under Law Number 7 Year 2004 also have been nullified by Supreme Court; however it doesn’t close any possibilities for any private party or individual to be able to manage water resource, because on Law Number 11 Year 1974 constitute that legal entitiy, social enterprise or individual authorize to utilize water and/or water resource with certain requirement through gained permission from government. However, it is question; although Law Number 7 Year 2004 have been nullified but Law Number 11 Year 1974 still in place; though, both Laws constitute similar concept on water utilization.
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Zhu, Shumei, Zhifang Zhou, Qiaona Guo, and Jun Ma. "A Study on the Cause of Layered Seawater Intrusion in the Daqing River Estuary of Liaodong Bay, China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072842.
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Groundwater over-pumping in estuary cities leads to a series of groundwater environmental problems that seriously restricts economic development. On the basis of field investigation and long-term monitoring data analysis, a three-dimensional numerical model was built in the estuary of the Daqing River in Liaodong Bay, China. The Quaternary overburden can be generalized into five layers according to particle composition and parameters in the vertical direction. There are many scattered irrigation wells pumping in the second layer, and three water source areas mainly pumping groundwater in the fourth layer. Long-term over-pumping in multi-layered aquifers causes onshore layered seawater intrusion. The laws of layered intrusion under the layered pumping were calculated and analyzed with SEAWAT-2000, and the sensitivity was analyzed with the Sobol method. Results showed that the intrusion area had an obvious layered law. Layered pumping directly affected the layered intrusion area, as different permeability, tide and barrage further affected it. The prediction study showed that the cone of depression recovered after the pumping-limit of water source areas, and the intrusion area started to retreat in the fourth layer. At that time, the pumping quantity of irrigation wells became the main reason for the increase of the intrusion area. If the water source areas are used to bear part of the irrigation demand, so as to reduce the pressure of pumping in the second layer, the overall intrusion area can be reduced by about 0.23 km2 under the same pumping quantity.
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Toure, Amadou, Duan Wenbiao, Zakaria Keita, and Abdramane Dembele. "Investigation of the water quality of daily used surface-sources for drinking and irrigation by the population of Segou in the center of Mali." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.085.
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AbstractThis study evaluates the quality and pollution status of source surface waters in Segou, Mali. The nature, sources, and extent of pollution of Comatex Stream, Cerfitex Pond, and Sonikoura River were studied for a period of twelve months (July 2016–June 2017). Analysis included 209 water samples collected from eleven different locations in the study area. Laboratory and field analysis were realized using the standard methods and concerned eleven parameters including four physicals, six chemicals and one bacteriological. Also, organoleptic parameters were observed. Most of the average values of parameters addressing the quality of water were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both the stream and river compared to the pond. Fecal coliform counts (FCC) were not in significant correlation with the temperature; pH and turbidity; but had a significant and positive correlation (P < 0.05) with conductivity: total dissolved solids (TDS); total suspended solids (TSS); Cl−; PO4−P; NO3−N and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Analysis of samples revealed a level of FCC that is above the permissible limit for both drinking water and of fresh vegetable irrigation water. In all, there is a pressing need to inform the public about the state of water bodies and the application of relevant laws regarding the proper treatment of sewage before it is discharged into surface water.
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Sun, Ying Jie, Gang Wang, Mou Lu, Bo Fu, Ying Chen, and Qing Yuan Guo. "Analysis on Migration and Transformation Law of Arsenic between Groundwater and Fishponds in the Northen Suburb Groundwater Source Field, Zhengzhou." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2948.
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Based on the test results of the samples of groundwater, fishpond water, pond sediment and topsoil, analysis on migration and transformation laws of arsenic between them was executed. The SPSS statistical analysis software (V1.70) was used, in view to find out the influencing factors about migration and transformation of arsenic. It may be concluded that arsenic in groundwater was transferred to ponds through the irrigation supplies, which was adsorbed by the iron and manganese oxidation of fishpond sediment. As the changing of environment, the arsenite in the groundwater was transformed into arsenate in the fishpond water. The main factors of influencing the arsenic forms were pH、Eh、Fe and Mn in different environments. High pH and strong oxidation condition were conducive to the adsorption of arsenic in fishpond water, while low pH and strong reductive condition were conducive to the dissolution of
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Li, Xin, Yudong Lu, Xiaozhou Zhang, Rong Zhang, Wen Fan, and Wangsheng Pan. "Influencing Factors of the Spatial–Temporal Variation of Layered Soils and Sediments Moistures and Infiltration Characteristics under Irrigation in a Desert Oasis by Deterministic Spatial Interpolation Methods." Water 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071483.
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Soil moisture is the main limiting factor for crop growth and the sustainable development of oases in arid desert areas. Therefore, the temporal and spatial variation and infiltration laws of oasis soil moisture should be studied. The objective of this study is to reveal the influencing factors of the spatial–temporal variation of layered soil and sediment moisture and infiltration characteristics under irrigation in desert oases. Hydraulic conductivities were measured using the double-ring infiltrometer, while the regional and site soil moistures were measured and calibrated using weighted method and neutron moisture meter. Deterministic spatial interpolation methods, including multiquadric radial basis function, inverse distance weighted, and local polynomial regression isogram, were adopted to map the regional distribution of hydraulic conductivities, spatial soil moistures, and spatial–temporal isogram of the point site soil moistures in Yaoba Oasis, respectively. Results showed that the leading influencing factors of the (1) regional spatial soil moisture were soil and sediment permeability, stream link direction, microclimate, and dewfalls; (2) spatial layered soil and sediment moistures were microclimate and dew condensation; and (3) spatial–temporal variation at the point site profiles were soil texture, water requirement, and preferential flow. Under irrigation, soil moisture increased significantly, in which the maximum increase was 10.8 times the original state, while the recharging depth substantially increased up to 580 cm with the preferential flow. The spatial–temporal variation of the soil moisture under irrigation indicated that the best irrigation frequency should be 15 days per time. Moreover, the infiltration process can be divided into the preferential flow, piston flow, and balanced infiltration stages.
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Adegbehin, A. B., E. O. Iguisi, Y. O. Yusuf, and C. K. Dauda. "CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND IMPACT VULNERABILITY STATUS OF IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCES ON RICE AND TOMATO PRODUCTION DOWNSTREAM OF TIGA DAM, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-545.
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The focus of this empirical study is to investigate the trends of some hydro metrological parameters and Impact Vulnerability Status (IVS) of irrigation water resources on rice and tomato production in the downstream of Tiga station. Investigation was conducted using data on rainfall, temperature, evaporation and reservoir water level for 30 years in Tiga station. The data collected was used to show the trend fluctuations of each parameter for the period of study. The rainfall data was also used to analyze the Normalized Rainfall Index (NRI) in order to know periods of surplus, deficit and optimal water availability as against the required water for rice and tomato production. The rainfall pattern and water level showed increasing trend while temperature and evaporation showed a general decrease in trend. The NRI used to investigate the IVS in Tiga station downstream revealed that rice and tomato were not vulnerable to drought and flooding for 18 years while every other years were vulnerable or slightly vulnerable. However, only year 1993 appears to be very wet and highly susceptible to flooding. Findings from focus group revealed that 80% of the farmers reported floods occurrences during rainy season and deficit of water between January and March of each year. In conclusion, the IVS of farmers to climate change revealed periods of deficit, optimal and excess water availability for rice and tomato production and their vulnerability status. It was recommended that the government should strengthen laws and policies relevant in addressing climate change
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Khayitov, Kholmurod, and Nilufar Avilova. "Scientific and practical substantiation of geodetic and topographic works using GIS software in the design of hydraulic structures." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128402006.
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In this article, the scientific and practical basis of geodetic and topographic work in the design of hydraulic structures and solutions intended to improve them using GIS (Geoinformation Systems) were analysed. Geodetic and topographic works are the basis for the design, construction and reconstruction of hydraulic structures in Uzbekistan. A systematic approach to the analysis of geodetic and topographic works in the design of hydraulic structures was chosen, which was used to determine the essence of the processes and laws of scientific substantiation of projects of various hydraulic structures. The geological and topographic works were carried out to monitor the condition of the Karshi main canal, and besides, several other irrigation canals in the Kashkadarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan were studied. The main task of the Karshi main canal is to supply water to various industries, offices, institutions and irrigation canals. After taking the horizontal and vertical topographic data of the Hisorak Reservoir and processing it using the Global Mapper software, a 3D dimensional model of the Hisorak Reservoir was created.
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Setyarina, Desak Putu, I. Putu Gede Seputra, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Pengaturan terhadap Pengusahaan Air Bawah Tanah yang Dilakukan oleh Masyarakat." Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jkh.2.1.2589.276-280.
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The water has an important role in survival of all living things on this earth. Water in underground is a natural resources and the damage that occurs can cause widespread impact and repair is quite difficult. In order to guarantee the fair used and exploitation of groundwater, a permit is required. However, in the use and exploitation of groundwater, there are people and industrial parties who did not have a permit from the government related to the prevailing laws and regulations. The purpose of this research is to find out how the regulation of underground water exploitation is carried out by the community and what are the legal consequences of unlicensed underground water exploitation. The method used in this research is normative method and analysis of legal interpretation and descriptive analysis. Data sources are primary and secondary data. The research approach used in this research is an invitation-only approach and a legal concept analysis approach. The technique of conducting legal materials is carried out by means of literature study which is legal materials are collected then processed using systematic interpretation analysis. The results of this research are first, in regulating the exploitation of groundwater, the authority and legal basis used by the government as a reference in granting permits. Second, the result of not having a permit to use ground water is the sealing of the location or place and the imposition of imprisonment in accordance with the applicable laws, namely Law Number 11 of 1974 concerning Irrigation and other regulations in accordance with the respective Regional Regulations.
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Lea-Cox, John D., David S. Ross, and K. Marc Teffeau. "A Water and Nutrient Management Planning Process for Container Nursery and Greenhouse Production Systems in Maryland." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-19.4.230.
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Abstract Many states throughout the United States are now concerned about the impact of non-point source pollution on the declining quality of water in their watersheds. In 1998, the state of Maryland adopted one of the toughest nutrient management planning laws in the nation, requiring virtually all agricultural operations to write and implement nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) based management plans by December 31, 2002. The nursery and greenhouse industries are faced with a complicated task to write these nutrient management plans, since these operations grow a large number of plant species utilizing a range of fertilization and irrigation strategies. A nutrient management planning strategy has been identified that will provide an assessment of nutrient loss potential from a wide variety of production scenarios, identify the specific factors that contribute most to nutrient leaching and runoff, and enable targeted best management practices to be implemented to reduce the risk of nutrient run-off.
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Fiorucci, A. "Diagrams for evaluating groundwater quality." Water Supply 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2007): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.073.
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Some special diagrams for evaluating the chemical properties of groundwater intended for human consumption are introduced, in accordance with the Italian legislation assimilating EEC Directive 91/271 concerning the treatment of urban waste water and EEC Directive 91/676 related to the protection of waters against contamination by nitrates from agricultural sources. Although the limits imposed by the legislation reflect the Italian situation, they do however conform to directives concerning the whole European Community and offer a response to international guidelines promulgated by, for example, the World Health Organization so they are also suitable for use in national contexts other than Italy. Moreover, a diagram is introduced for monitoring the quality of water destined for agriculture, in particular for irrigation and the special issue of soil protection. In this case, in the absence of specific national and/or European laws and/or Directives, reference was made to the standards of the California Water Quality Control Board. The parameters and the relative limits have been taken from such standards, to identify three quality classes of water for agricultural use with evaluation of use. Plotting such diagrams is very simple: they can be used for improving presentation and interpretation of chemical data and, most of all, to provide comparisons between different water resources or to evaluate possible changes over time. Some examples, reported in the text, will aid understanding their use and interpretation.
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Greco, Michele, and Giovanni Martino. "1-D versus 2-D Entropy Velocity Law for Water Discharge Assessment in a Rough Ditch." Entropy 20, no. 9 (August 25, 2018): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20090638.
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Water discharge assessment in open channel flow is one of the most crucial issues for hydraulic engineers in the fields of water resource management, river dynamics, ecohydraulics, irrigation, and hydraulic structure design, among others. Recent studies state that the entropy velocity law allows expeditive methodology for discharge estimation and rating curve development due to the simple mathematical formulation and implementation. Many works have been developed based on the one-dimensional (1-D) formulation of the entropy velocity profile, supporting measurements in the lab and the field for rating curve assessment, but in recent years, the two-dimensional (2-D) formulation was proposed and applied in studies of regular ditch flow, showing good performance. The present work deals with a comparison between the 1-D and 2-D approaches in order to give a general framework of threats and opportunities related to the robust operational application of such laws. The analysis was carried out on a laboratory ditch with regular roughness, under controlled boundary conditions, and in different stages, generating an exhaustive dashboard for better appraisal of the approaches.
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Mustafayev, J. S., A. T. Kozykeeva, K. B. Abdeshev, and L. V. Kireycheva. "IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE RINSING OF SALTED LANDS TECHNOLOGY." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6, no. 444 (December 15, 2020): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.144.
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The theoretical justification of the environmentally friendly saline leaching technology is based on a model of the evolutionary hydrogeochemical process of the natural system, which describes mass transfer in sedimentary formations during geological time, where it occurs via the molecular diffusion mechanism through the aqueous phase, namely, a portion of the dissolved salts is removed from the soil layer proportional to the amount of their solid phase enclosed within this layer. To implement the developed flushing method, saline soil flushing technologies are proposed in practice, where the water supply to the check with a furrow is regulated by feeding it to the checks in pressure mode until it is completely moistened, and then the water supply is reduced to work in a non-pressure mode, i.e. water flow rate the check is reduced until it is equal to the filtration coefficient of the soil. Moreover, the developed technology for washing saline soils based on the «soft» control of the hydrogeochemical process, which is based on the concept of the laws of natural evolutionary soil processes in the interpretation described above: the soil as an open system has stability, self-regulation and is in translational dynamic equilibrium. To implement in practice the developed methods and technology for flushing saline lands, the proposed methodology for determining the parameters of flushing technology with irrigation technique using furrows from two opposite outlet furrows of row crops, which allow to determine the irrigation time and predict the regime of soil moisture with high reliability and reliability.
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Weldemariam, Abraha Kahsay. "Assessment of lowest chromium bioaccumulation vegetables irrigated by Sheba Leather Industry contaminated water in Wukro, Tigray – Ethiopia." Current World Environment 15, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.1.14.
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High chromium concentration is threatening to the environment, since it is persistent and non-biodegradable pollutant while introduced once to our planet. Bioaccumulation capacity of chromium has carcinogenic potential to human beings. To minimize the risk of chromium bioaccumulation, the study was conducted in Wukro irrigation fields. 54 plants, 24 water and 18 soil samples were collected in triplication from the selected points of upstream, treatment plant and downstream of the Sheba leather industry. Samples were transported to advanced laboratory for chromium analysis and results were analysed by R-software. Downstream vegetable samples were measured higher chromium bioaccumulation compared to the upstream sites. Highest chromium concentration was recorded in rood edible vegetables, and the lowest was measured in fruit edible vegetables. Chromium concentration was significantly different between the upstream and downstream vegetables, water and soil samples at p<0.01, p<0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively. The chromium bioaccumulation order were root edible > leaf edible > fruit edible vegetables. Environmental laws have to be strictly enforced and further researches are recommended.
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Qureshi, Asad Sarwar, and Chris Perry. "Managing Water and Salt for Sustainable Agriculture in the Indus Basin of Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095303.
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The Indus basin of Pakistan occupies about 16 million ha (Mha) of land. The Indus River and its tributaries are the primary sources of surface water. An estimated 122 km3 of surface water is diverted annually through an extensive canal system to irrigate this land. These surface water supplies are insufficient to meet the crop water requirements for the intensive cropping system practiced in the Indus basin. The shortfall in surface water is met by exploiting groundwater. Currently, about 62 km3 of groundwater is pumped annually by 1.36 million private and public tube wells. About 1.0 million tubewells are working only in the Punjab province. Small private tubewells account for about 80% of the pumped volume. Inadequate water allocation along the irrigation canals allows excessive water use by head-end farmers, resulting in waterlogging. In contrast, the less productive use of erratic supplies by tail-end farmers often results in soil salinity. The major issues faced by irrigated agriculture in Pakistan are low crop yields and water use efficiency, increasing soil salinization, water quality deterioration, and inefficient drainage effluent disposal. Currently, 4.5 Mha (about 30% of the total irrigated area) suffers from adverse salinity levels. Critical governance issues include inequitable water distribution, minimizing the extent to which salt is mobilized, controlling excessive groundwater pumping, and immediate repair and maintenance of the infrastructure. This paper suggests several options to improve governance, water and salt management to support sustainable irrigated agriculture in Pakistan. In saline groundwater areas, the rotational priorities should be reorganized to match the delivery schedules as closely as possible to crop demand, while emphasizing the reliability of irrigation schedules. Wherever possible, public tubewells should pump fresh groundwater into distributaries to increase water availability at the tail ends. Any substantial reform to make water delivery more flexible and responsive would require an amendment to the existing law and reconfiguration of the entire infrastructure, including thousands of kilometers of channels and almost 60,000 outlets to farmer groups. Within the existing political economy of Pakistan, changing the current water allocation and distribution laws without modernizing the infrastructure would be complicated. A realistic reform program should prioritize interventions that do not require amendment of the Acts or reconstruction of the entire system and are relatively inexpensive. If successful, such interventions may provide the basis for further, more substantial reforms. The present rotational water supply system should continue, with investments focusing on lining channels to ensure equitable water distribution and reduce waterlogging at the head ends. Besides that, the reuse of drainage water should be encouraged to minimize disposal volumes. The timely availability of farm inputs can improve individual farmers’ productivity. Farmers will need to have access to new information on improved irrigation management and soil reclamation approaches. Simultaneously, the government should focus more on the management of drainage and salinity.
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DeJong, David. ""Down to the Gila": A. J. Chandler's Desert Land Scheme and the Gila River Indian Reservation, 1891-1911." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.3.v5880293q05k7287.
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In the latter nineteenth century, few American Indians had rights that powerful economic interests were bound to respect. These speculative interests in central Arizona Territory's Salt River Valley understood this and influenced federal bureaucrats and policymakers to adopt a scheme giving them access to the natural resources of the Gila River Indian Reservation. Led by A. J. Chandler and his Detroit investors, speculators took advantage of a series of poorly written, loosely interpreted, and badly managed federal laws at the turn of the twentieth century and initiated a battle over control of scarce American Indian land and water resources. At stake was the economic and cultural survival of the Pima residing on the Gila River Indian Reservation. While the Pima successfully stopped Chandler's scheme, they were unable to stop the economic transformation occurring around them. Lacking irrigation water needed to farm and sustain themselves, hundreds of Pima men cut thousands of acres of mesquite trees to sell. Chandler's scheme also hastened allotment in severalty of the reservation, encouraged the consolidation of the Pima to the central portion of the reservation, and provided Pima funds for the continued development of the off-reservation Salt River Project. But while it is easy to catapult Chandler into the role of a villain, the founder of the city that bears his name was a product of the social Darwinist philosophies of his day. Subscribing to the theory of survival of the fittest, Chandler used every means available to his advantage. A century later, the City of Chandler and the Gila River Indian twist of irony, the Gila River Indian community today accepts delivery of Salt River Project water through A. J. Chandler's Consolidated Canal, and the northern branch of the Santan floodwater canal that a century ago was designed to carry water to Chandler's ranch, now delivers irrigation water to reservation lands directly west of the former Chandler ranch. In ways A. J. Chandler never could have imagined, water today does indeed flow "down to the Gila."
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Brisson, N. "An analytical solution for the estimation of the critical available soil water fraction for a single layer water balance model under growing crops." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 2/3 (September 30, 1998): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-221-1998.
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Abstract. In the framework of simplified water balance models devoted to irrigation scheduling or crop modelling, the relative transpiration rate (the ratio of actual to maximal transpiration) is assumed to decrease linearly when the soil dries out below a critical available water value. This value is usually expressed as a fraction, F, of the maximal available soil water content. The present work aims to use the basic laws governing water transfer through the plants at a daily time step to compute F dynamically as the crop grows. It can be regarded as an expansion of Slabbers' (1980) approach to crop growing conditions. Starting from the mathematical representation given by single-root models (Gardner, 1960), an analytical expression for F is derived, using simplified hypotheses. This expression accounts for plant attributes such as the mean root radius, the critical leaf water potential for stomatal closure and the root length density profile growing with the crop. Environmental factors such as soil type and atmospheric demand also influence F. The structural influence of soil comes from the required introduction of the bulk soil hydraulic conductivity in the single-root model. The shape of the root length density profile is assumed to be sigmoidal and a new profile is calculated at each value of the rooting depth. A sensitivity analysis of F to all those factors is presented. The first general result is that F decreases as the root system grows in depth. Differences in the shape of the root profile can be responsible for differential water stress sensitivity in the early stages of growth. Yet, low critical leaf water potential can compensate partially for a poor root profile. Conversely, F is relatively insensitive to the average root radius. F sensitivity to soil type seems somewhat artificial: given the bulk soil hydraulic conductivity formula, the soil sensitivity results from F being expressed as a fraction of the maximal available soil water content. The atmospheric demand together with the rooting depth appear as the most important factors. However, when assuming predictable climatic and crop evolution, compensation occurs between those two effects leading to a relative stability of F when the crop is fully developed. Though relying on well-known physical laws, the present approach remains in the framework of single layer models with the same limitations.
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Lopes Simedo, Mariana Bárbara, Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra, Antonio Lucio Mello Martins, Maria Conceição Lopes, Renata Cristina Araújo Costa, Marcelo Zanata, Fernando António Leal Pacheco, and Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes. "The Assessment of Hydrological Availability and the Payment for Ecosystem Services: A Pilot Study in a Brazilian Headwater Catchment." Water 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102726.
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The assessment of water availability in river basins is at the top of the water security agenda. Historically, the assessment of stream flow discharge in Brazilian watersheds was relevant for dam dimensioning, flood control projects and irrigation systems. Nowadays, it plays an important role in the creation of sustainable management plans at the catchment scale aimed to help in establishing legal policies on water resources management and water security laws, namely, those related to the payment for environmental services related to clean water production. Headwater catchments are preferential targets of these policies and laws for their water quality. The general objective of this study was to evaluate water availability in first-order sub-basins of a Brazilian headwater catchment. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the stream flow discharge of first-order headwater sub-basins and rank them accordingly; (2) to analyze the feasibility of payment for environmental services related to water production in these sub-basins. The discharge flow measurements were conducted during five years (2012 to 2016), in headwaters in a watershed on the São Domingos River at the Turvo/Grande Watershed, represented as the 4th-largest hydrographic unit for water resources management—UGRHI-15 in São Paulo State, Brazil. A doppler velocity technology was used to remotely measure open-channel flow and to collect the data. The discharge values were obtained on periodic measurements, at the beginning of each month. The results were subject to descriptive statistics that analyzed the temporal and spatial data related to sub-basins morphometric characteristics. The discharge flows showed space–time variations in magnitude between studied headwater sub-basins on water availability, assessed based on average net discharges. The set of ecological processes supported by forests are fundamental in controlling and recharging aquifers and preserving the volume of water in headwater in each sub-basin. The upstream inflows influence downstream sub-basins. To avoid scarcity, the headwater rivers located in the upstream sub-basins must not consider basin area as a single and homogeneous unit, because that may be the source of water conflicts. Understanding this relationship in response to conservationist practices installed uphill influenced by anthropic actions is crucial for water security assessment. The headwaters should be considered a great potential for ecosystem services, with respect to the “provider-receiver” principle, in the context of payments for environmental services (PES).
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Yusuf, Iskandar A. "Analisis pengendalian pencemaran air di zona hulu Sungai Citarum dengan model multi dimensional scalling." JURNAL SUMBER DAYA AIR 12, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32679/jsda.v12i1.162.
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Citarum River is the largest river in West Java province, which due to high functionality and benefit of this river has been constructed three large cascade reservoirs: Saguling-Cirata-Jatiluhur that produce arround 1,900 MW electricity and irrigate the paddy fields with technical irrigation for DKI Jakarta over 240,000 ha and water supply through the West Tarum Canal, East Tarum Canal and North Tarum Canal.However, Citarum river is very polluted. Various efforts starting from laws and regulations as well as structuring of institution,and has been done several government programs establishing to control water pollution control. However, Citarum river can not be restorated properly due to disposal of wastewater still permits regardless of the factual condition. This study aimed at analysing the sustainability status of water pollution control in Citarum riverby applyingMulti Dimensional Scaling method covering the dimensions: Policy, Technical, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Law Enforcement and StakeholdersSupport, in order to define a proposal for him solution.The results of the study for the existing condition in 2015 that in all dimensions less sustainable.However, foryear 2030 and 2050 the so technical dimension increased significantly as a highly sustainable status followed by other dimensions achieving sustainable status. The analysis results indicated that a technical dimension can be more implemented than others, and the most difficult one is the economic dimension.
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Agrawal, G. D. "Diffuse agricultural water pollution in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0131.
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Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. Such sources are likely to be even more critical in developing countries, including India, where agriculture and rural habitats are still dominant, unlike the G7 or other affluent industrialised nations. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered. These include: (i) extremely varying rainfall and stream-flow patterns; (ii) still largely traditional agricultural practices with average application of fertilizers and pesticides and significant areas under dry farming or only marginal irrigation; (iii) a very large cattle population, with agriculture almost always linked with animal husbandry; (iv) a culture of living close to the river (if not in the river) with dominating instream uses of bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal, etc. and large-scale floodplain farming; and (v) scant respect for rules, regulations and laws alongside an extremely weak law-enforcement machinery. The paper shows that in the non-monsoon (non-flood) periods, which may account for all but 2 months of a year, agricultural diffuse pollution sources seem to have no impact on stream water quality. During these periods flows are low to minimal and pollution is dominated by the in-stream uses, sullage waters of rural communities and point discharges from urban/industrial sources, if any. Pollution due to agricultural return waters, either as wash-off or as seepage, appears to be rare during the 8-10 fair weather months. However, surface wash-off of pollutants from agricultural sources becomes the dominant factor during flood flows, and seepage/drainage from agricultural fields/soils continues to pollute streams for a month or two after the monsoons are over. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (or any other agricultural chemicals) in India is still low compared to developed countries, and while eutrophication due to high levels of washed-off nutrients is observed in rural ponds and other stagnant bodies of water receiving agricultural drainage, and excessive pesticide residuals are often reported for vegetables, fodder, milk, etc., monitoring of streams and rivers does not show any significant pollution due to nutrients or pesticides from agricultural diffuse pollution during fair weather months. High nitrate concentrations have been reported in groundwater and in many areas, such as Punjab and Haryana, these can often be linked directly to diffuse agricultural sources. The major problem of agricultural diffuse pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off during floods. The silt tends to clog up the flow channel to further encourage seasonal floodplain agriculture. This results in a vicious circle, which degrades the channel, increases flood-damage and is undesirable from ecological and sustainability points of view. High concentrations of salts and nutrients encourage growth of weeds and macrophytes after the floods have passed. The presence of organics, heavy metals and bacterial contamination renders the streamwater unfit for in-stream use or abstraction. With the introduction of intensive agriculture and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the application of much irrigation water and agricultural chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural pollution are bound to grow. Routine pollution control methods of discharge permits (or consent letters), EIAs or environmental audits, and normal enforcement measures by regulatory agencies are not likely to work for control of such pollution. Using the example of a small river in central India, Paisuni (Mandakini), the paper brings out the nature of the problems, and suggests a possible management approach.
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Paschal, C., L. Gastory, J. H. Y. Katima, and K. N. Njau. "Application of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor integrated with constructed wetland for treatment of banana winery effluent." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.062.
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Agroprocessing constitutes sizeable industries in the Eastern Africa region discharging wastes into the environment. Proper management of industrial waste is perceived as expensive and enforcement of laws is weak. Generally, there is low awareness of environmental and socio-economic consequences of polluting the environment. The Banana Investment Limited (BIL) in Arusha Tanzania which produces banana wine from ripe bananas was discharging untreated wastewater into the environment. This project aimed at treating the BIL wastewater to meet environmental standards and recover nutrients, water and energy. The feeding wastewater to the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) with flow rate of 62.4 m3/d had concentrations (mg/L) of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (4,959.3 ± 388.7), BOD5 (1,453.7 ± 110.3), total suspended solids (TSS) (2,431.0 ± 190.5), NH4+ (7.2 ± 1.1), NO3− (23.4 ± 3.2), PO43− (5.12 ± 0.73), volatile fatty acid (0.60 ± 0.09), and Alkalinity (60.00 ± 8.98). After 17 months of operation the system achieved removal efficiencies (%) of COD (99.0), BOD5 (98.6), TSS (96.0), NO3− (88.7), PO43− (50.8). There was a net generation of NH4+ (387.8%) in the system. The biogas produced in the UASB is collected at a rate of 163 m3/d and is used in the boiler at BIL. The dried sludge and the treated water are used for irrigation. The study concluded that integrating the bio-digestion process with polishing stage for water, nutrient and energy recovery ensures compliance to environmental law and provides incentive to treat wastewater while also mitigating greenhouse gases.
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Balduino, Angelo Ricardo, Deusiano Florêncio dos Reis, Albano Dias Pereira Filho, Lucas Barbosa Souza, and Marcio Galdino dos Santos. "Monitoring of water quality in the basin of São João river and detection of agrochemical glyphosate in the water reservoir for urban supply in the municipality of Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 10, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2019.002.0009.
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In this work we used the Water Quality Index (WQI) aiming to evaluate the water quality and to detect glyphosate agrotoxic concentrations In the catchment reservoir for urban supply of the São João Creek, in Porto Nacional, in the state of Tocantins, the only one source of supply which has been suffering several attacks, such as agricultural and cattle raising's exploitation, where various catchments for irrigation are situated. This study was carried out monitoring of water of the São João creek, this water resource very importance for the city of Porto Nacional - TO, which has applications in multiple uses such as fishing, leasure of primary contact, water supply, landscape harmony, among others. The parameters analyzed in this work are: temperature, oxygen, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliforms, total solids and turbidity in the months from august 2017 to september 2018 employed in calculating the quality index National Sanitation Foundation (IQA-NSF) and glyphosate agrotoxic concentrations in sediment from the catchment reservoir for urban supply in the same period. The results showed that the water São João Creek can be classified as medium quality with an average of 69,10 seconds NSF, although some parameters compared with environmental laws were not in accordance with the standards determined by Resolutions 274/2000 and 357/2005 of the Brasilian National Council of Environment (CONAMA). On the other hand, concentrations of glyphosate agrotoxic did not exceed the limit allowed by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, which obtained an average of approximately 0.05 μg / L for the study period, but it should be noted that in the rainy season it reached values of 0,9 μg / L, that is, values close to the permissible limit of the European Union, indicating, thus, the accumulation in the long term.
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Osei-Kwarteng, Mildred, Joseph Patrick Gweyi-Onyango, and Gustav Komla Mahunu. "Commodity Systems Assessment Methodology of Postharvest Losses in Vegetable Amaranths: The Case of Tamale, Ghana." International Journal of Agronomy 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1747869.
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A semistructured questionnaire based on the commodity system assessment methodology (CSAM) was used to determine postharvest losses in vegetable amaranths (VA). Fifty producers and retailers were randomly selected from five and four major VA producing areas and markets, respectively, and interviewed. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses. The survey revealed that absence of laws, regulation, incentives, and inadequate technical information affected the production of VA. The utmost preproduction challenge was poor quality seeds with poor seed yield (35%), low viability (19%), and nontrueness (46%). It was noted that some cultural practices including planting pattern and density, irrigation, and fertiliser use had effects on postharvest losses. Some postharvest practices used were cleaning with water, trimming, sorting, and grading. Usually the produce was transported to marketing centers by cars and motor cycle trailers. Generally poor temperature management after harvest was a big challenge for the postharvest handling of VA. The potential of vegetable amaranths as a commodity in the study area can be enhanced by providing the necessary institutional support, incentives, and use of good management practices along the value chain. An interdisciplinary approach and quantification of losses along the chain are recommended for any future study.
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Campos Gallo, A. "Adapting and improving resilience to climate change in communities (moravian community as a pilot), by creating new capabilities based on the implementation of a new water culture; protection and management of natural resources." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 1453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1453-2015.
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Water, in all its dimensions and scope, concerns humans as civilization, individuals and communities immersed in an environment that faces serious environmental threats and changes. The efficient way to deal with this crisis is education of present and future generations, breaking paradigms, creating awareness and new development models, seeking community groups and forces to empower their water resource and care, manage and renew it in an efficient and sustainable manner. The multiple uses of water in personal uses, irrigation, agro-industry and clean energy production, transforms this resource in a strategic element to any nation. With support from the Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología (CeNAT), it was possible to formulate the “Agenda Ambiental de Moravia”, agreeing to be the “Consejo Técnico de Fuerzas Vivas” (CTFV) from Moravia - articulated network of stakeholders – the one that coordinate all actions refered to water Resources, pollution and cleaner technologies and protected Areas. CeNAT and CTFV have developed distinguished efforts to improve the Moravians quality of life, and this has led the initiative of constitution of a whole education and training project in rescuing the Upper Basin of the Río Tárcoles, through the implementation of an ecological – recreative garden ("Parque Comunitario Pulmón Verde de Moravia"), fostersing good use of natural resources, and also works as a platform for training and awareness program in Sustainable Development, based on “Hacia una Nueva Cultura del Agua” (powered through the United Nations by Dr. Pedro Arrojo Agudo and his " Feria de Aguas, Ríos y Pueblos”, presented in many countries). This initiative is projected to the national and international communities, through the “Water International Conference”, which propel initiatives, laws and decisions which enable the development of Costa Rica and other countries under a sustainable model, focused on this essential component for life on the planet.
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Pahari, Monaj Kumar. "Impact of MGNREGA on Tribal Migration in Sarenga Development Block." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526) 6, no. 1 (February 18, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v6.n1.p9.
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<em>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme is one of the most important and largest public programme in India. The main objective of this programme is to provide 100 days of assured employment to rural household and to create sustainable asset. In this paper we have studied the secondary objective of MGNREGA that is to reduce migration and creation of sustainable asset in light of tribal perspective. In this paper we work in migration data for July 2007 to June 2008 NSSO & Census of India, 2011 data. By our analysis we find that Migration is a complex process, it is not always done due to poverty and desperate situation, but complex factors (facilities, education). People especially tribals are migrating due to lack of adequate agricultural land, inadequate agricultural production, less irrigation facilities, and acute water scarcity and stringent enforcement of Forest Laws before implantation of Forest Act. At the macro level analysis, correlation between migration and MGNREGA is very weak. From the literature as well as supported by the micro-assessment, MGNREGA is helping poor and weaker section of the community by providing employment at critical period of a year (seasonal migration). In principal, MGNREGA can help to reduce temporary migration but is ineffective in long period, when several factors would change together.</em>
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Lansing, J. Stephen, Stefan Thurner, Ning Ning Chung, Aurélie Coudurier-Curveur, Çağil Karakaş, Kurt A. Fesenmyer, and Lock Yue Chew. "Adaptive self-organization of Bali’s ancient rice terraces." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 25 (June 5, 2017): 6504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605369114.
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Spatial patterning often occurs in ecosystems as a result of a self-organizing process caused by feedback between organisms and the physical environment. Here, we show that the spatial patterns observable in centuries-old Balinese rice terraces are also created by feedback between farmers’ decisions and the ecology of the paddies, which triggers a transition from local to global-scale control of water shortages and rice pests. We propose an evolutionary game, based on local farmers’ decisions that predicts specific power laws in spatial patterning that are also seen in a multispectral image analysis of Balinese rice terraces. The model shows how feedbacks between human decisions and ecosystem processes can evolve toward an optimal state in which total harvests are maximized and the system approaches Pareto optimality. It helps explain how multiscale cooperation from the community to the watershed scale could persist for centuries, and why the disruption of this self-organizing system by the Green Revolution caused chaos in irrigation and devastating losses from pests. The model shows that adaptation in a coupled human–natural system can trigger self-organized criticality (SOC). In previous exogenously driven SOC models, adaptation plays no role, and no optimization occurs. In contrast, adaptive SOC is a self-organizing process where local adaptations drive the system toward local and global optima.
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Qureshi, Asad Sarwar. "Groundwater Governance in Pakistan: From Colossal Development to Neglected Management." Water 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113017.
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Groundwater is playing an essential role in expanding irrigated agriculture in many parts of the world. Pakistan is the third-largest user of groundwater for irrigation in the world. The surface water supplies are sufficient to irrigate 27% of the area, whereas the remaining 73% is directly or indirectly irrigated using groundwater. The Punjab province uses more than 90% of the total groundwater abstraction. Currently, 1.2 million private tubewells are working in the country, out of which 85% are in Punjab, 6.4% are in Sindh, 3.8% are in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and 4.8% are in Baluchistan. The total groundwater extraction in Pakistan is about 60 billion m3. The access to groundwater has helped farmers in securing food for the increasing population. However, unchecked groundwater exploitation has created severe environmental problems. These include rapidly falling groundwater levels in the irrigated areas and increased soil salinization problems. The groundwater levels in more than 50% of the irrigated areas of Punjab have dropped below 6 m, resulting in increased pumping cost and degraded groundwater quality. Despite hectic efforts, about 21% of the irrigated area is affected by different levels of salinity. The country has introduced numerous laws and regulations for the sustainable use and management of groundwater resources, but the success has so far been limited. Besides less respect for the law, unavailability of needed data and information, lack of political will and institutional arrangements are the primary reasons for poor groundwater management. Pakistan needs to revisit its strategies to make them adaptable to local conditions. An integrated water resource management approach that brings together relevant government departments, political leadership, knowledge institutions, and other stakeholders could be an attractive option.
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Mahato, Neelima, Mohd Omaish Ansari, and Moo Hwan Cho. "Production of Utilizable Energy from Renewable Resources: Mechanism, Machinery and Effect on Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1116 (July 2015): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1116.1.
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The renewable energy sources had been known to humankind since the very beginning of the human civilization, though practiced in very primitive forms. The first civilization and subsequent greater civilizations, came up, existed, and flourished at or near river valley/basins. Rivers provided water for irrigation, domestic utilization, transportation; overall development of the entire civilization. In the latter years, the increase in the human population and certain revolutionary inventions and discoveries like fire, the wheel, and domestication of cattle and animals led the movement and spread of the human populations in the other parts of the globe far from river irrigated lands. Humans learnt to utilize underground waters and harvest rainwater for living and survival. In the course of development, there also increased demand for more energy and its storage so that it can be utilized as and when required. This brought humankind to discover the laws of thermodynamics, emergence of combustion engines, electromagnetic induction, electricity and storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. The development has been revolutionized since last few centuries with increasing demand of energy with growing industries and a faster life. Nowadays, because of massive exploitation of fossil resources for fuel and electricity, and concerns of global warming, exploring renewable energy alternatives are gaining momentum. Of many renewable resources, viz., sun, wind, water, geothermal, biomass, etc., the biomass energy is the most widely studied one in terms of both, published literature and wide social acceptance across the globe followed by solar and wind energy.The chapter presents the potential alternatives to non-renewable energy resources, mechanism and machinery to draw and exploit the energy in the usable or utilizable form; past, present, recent progresses and future scope of the ongoing researches on this subject. The chapter also deals with the relative merits or pros and cons of the massive and large scale installation of machinery to produce electricity from some of the noteworthy renewable energy resources, such as, wind, water and sun, which is affecting the local environment or natural habitats, flora and fauna; overall influence on the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
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Najjar, Dina, Bipasha Baruah, and Aman El Garhi. "Women, irrigation and social norms in Egypt: ‘The more things change, the more they stay the same?’." Water Policy 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.154.
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Abstract This paper explores how women and men participate in irrigation activities in Egypt, drawing from a survey administered to 200 men and 202 women and qualitative information from 150 interviews. Women participated in irrigation activities in 78% of the 402 households surveyed, suggesting that women are far more actively engaged in irrigation efforts in Egypt, and possibly in the wider MENA region, than is generally assumed. The diffusion of certain irrigation technologies such as drip, sprinkler and tatweer in recent years has made irrigation more socially acceptable for women to perform although some women had also been irrigating land long before these technologies became available. We identify land ownership, educational attainment, institutional support from government, donors and NGOs, and access to training in irrigational technologies as factors that enable women to optimally undertake irrigation. These factors enabled women to participate meaningfully in public institutions related to irrigation, such as water user associations (WUAs). Finally, we discovered that desire and ability to participate in WUAs declined dramatically for both women and men when institutional support was withdrawn or eroded. Thus, the paper concludes that we must look at a variety of social categories and relationships to understand women's involvement in irrigation and to identify ways to strengthen it.
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El-Amier, Yasser A., Giuliano Bonanomi, Saud L. Al-Rowaily, and Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals along Three Main Drains in Nile Delta and Potential Phytoremediation by Macrophyte Plants." Plants 9, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070910.
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The use of drainage water in the irrigation of agroecosystem is associated with environmental hazards, and can pose threats to human health. Nine heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) along three main drains in the middle Nile Delta were measures in the sediments, roots and shoots of three common macrophytes (Echinochloa stagnina, Phragmites australis and Typha domingensis). The physicochemical characteristics, as well as the enrichment factor (Ef), contamination factor (Cf), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), ecological risk factor (Er), degree of contamination (Dc) and potential ecological risk index (PERI), were determined for sediment. The metal bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF) were assessed for plants. Data revealed high contents of Cr, Zn and Cd in the upstream of the drains, while Mn, Cu and Ni were recorded in high concentrations in the downstream. Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn were recorded to be within EU (2002), CSQGD (2007) and US EPA (1999) limits, while Cd and Pb showed high a ecological risk index. This high concentration of pollutants could be attributed to unremitting industrial activities, which can bioaccumulate in the food chains and cause serious problems for humans. The root of P. australis showed the effective accumulation of most of the elements, while T. domingensis revealed the highest accumulation of Pb. However, the highest BAF shoot value was found in T. domingensis for most of the heavy metals, except for Fe and Zn in P. australis and Mn in E. stagnina. Thus, P. australis could be used as a potential phytoextractor of these hazardous metals, as an eco-friendly and cost-efficient method for remediation of the polluted drains. Further, T. domingensis could be integrated as a hyperaccumulator of Pb. Strict laws and regulations must be taken into consideration by the policymaker against unmanaged industrial activities, particularly near the water streams in the Nile Delta.
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D’Ippolito, Antonino, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Agostino Lauria. "Flow Resistance in Open Channel Due to Vegetation at Reach Scale: A Review." Water 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020116.
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Vegetation on the banks and flooding areas of watercourses significantly affects energy losses. To take the latter into account, computational models make use of resistance coefficients based on the evaluation of bed and walls roughness besides the resistance to flow offered by vegetation. This paper, after summarizing the classical approaches based on descriptions and pictures, considers the recent advancements related to the analytical methods relative both to rigid and flexible vegetation. In particular, emergent rigid vegetation is first analyzed by focusing on the methods for determining the drag coefficient, then submerged rigid vegetation is analyzed, highlighting briefly the principles on which the different models are based and recalling the comparisons made in the literature. Then, the models used in the case of both emergent and submerged rigid vegetation are highlighted. As to flexible vegetation, the paper reminds first the flow conditions that cause the vegetation to lay on the channel bed, and then the classical resistance laws that were developed for the design of irrigation canals. The most recent developments in the case of submerged and emergent flexible vegetation are then presented. Since turbulence studies should be considered as the basis of flow resistance, even though the path toward practical use is still long, the new developments in the field of 3D numerical methods are briefly reviewed, presently used to assess the characteristics of turbulence and the transport of sediments and pollutants. The use of remote sensing to map riparian vegetation and estimating biomechanical parameters is briefly analyzed. Finally, some applications are presented, aimed at highlighting, in real cases, the influence exerted by vegetation on water depth and maintenance interventions.
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Batukaev, Abdul-Malik A., Anatoly P. Endovitsky, Andrey G. Andreev, Valery P. Kalinichenko, Tatiana M. Minkina, Zaurbek S. Dikaev, Saglara S. Mandzhieva, and Svetlana N. Sushkova. "Ion association in water solution of soil and vadose zone of chestnut saline solonetz as a driver of terrestrial carbon sink." Solid Earth 7, no. 2 (March 15, 2016): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-415-2016.
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Abstract. The assessment of soil and vadose zone as the drains for carbon sink and proper modeling of the effects and extremes of biogeochemical cycles in the terrestrial biosphere are the key components to understanding the carbon cycle, global climate system, and aquatic and terrestrial system uncertainties. Calcium carbonate equilibrium causes saturation of solution with CaCO3, and it determines its material composition, migration and accumulation of salts. In a solution electrically neutral ion pairs are formed: CaCO30, CaSO40, MgCO30, and MgSO40, as well as charged ion pairs CaHCO3+, MgHCO3+, NaCO3−, NaSO4−, CaOH+, and MgOH+. The calcium carbonate equilibrium algorithm, mathematical model and original software to calculate the real equilibrium forms of ions and to determine the nature of calcium carbonate balance in a solution were developed. This approach conducts the quantitative assessment of real ion forms of solution in solonetz soil and vadose zone of dry steppe taking into account the ion association at high ionic strength of saline soil solution. The concentrations of free and associated ion form were calculated according to analytical ion concentration in real solution. In the iteration procedure, the equations were used to find the following: ion material balance, a linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, a method of ionic pairs, the laws of initial concentration preservation, operating masses of equilibrium system, and the concentration constants of ion pair dissociation. The coefficient of ion association γe was determined as the ratio of ions free form to analytical content of ion γe = Cass∕Can. Depending on soil and vadose zone layer, concentration and composition of solution in the ionic pair's form are 11–52 % Ca2+; 22.2–54.6 % Mg2+; 1.1–10.5 % Na+; 3.7–23.8 HCO3−, 23.3–61.6 % SO42−, and up to 85.7 % CO32−. The carbonate system of soil and vadose zone water solution helps to explain the evolution of salted soils, vadose and saturation zones, and landscape. It also helps to improve the soil maintenance, plant nutrition and irrigation. The association of ions in soil solutions is one of the drivers promoting transformation of solution, excessive fluxes of carbon in the soil, and loss of carbon from soil through vadose zone.