Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water Level Monitoring'

En översvämning kan inträffa när som helst och var som helst i världen. En översvämning börjar när vattennivån ökar, särskilt i dagvattenbrunnar i stadsområden. Genom att utnyttja de olika moderna teknologier som Internet of Things (IoT), förluster som orsakas av en översvämning kan minskas. Därför behövs en IoT-lösning för att övervaka vattennivån i brunnarna.Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur man konstruerar och implementerar ett IoT-baserat system som övervakar vattennivån för att bygga en prototyp med LoRaWAN teknologi. Konstruktionen av prototypen utförs genom att följa stegen i en iterativ systemutvecklingsmetod. Prototypen använder ett offentligt Lora-nätverk, särskilt The Things Network (TTN). Prototypens funktioner är att mäta vattennivån med en ultraljudssensor, sända mätdata via LoRa till TTN och visualisera data på en visualiserings plattform "Cayenne" i realtid. Systemet är testad i en laboratoriemiljö. Resultaten av den konstruerade prototypen visar att den mäter vattennivån och skickar mätdata när vattennivåns tillstånd ändras. Dessutom visualiseras datan på visualiserings plattformen Cayenne.
A flood may occur anytime and anywhere in the world. A flood starts when the water level increases, especially, in the wells in the urban areas. By taking advantage of the modern technology, such as Internet of Things (IoT), the losses caused by the flood can be reduced. Therefore, an IoT-solution is needed for monitoring the water level in the wells.The aim of this thesis is to investigate how to design and implement an IoT-based system that monitors the water level to build a prototype using LoRaWAN technology. Building the prototype is done by following the steps of an iterative system development method. The prototype uses a Lora public network, specifically The Things Network (TTN). The functions of the prototype are measuring the water level by an ultrasound sensor, sending the measurement data through LoRa to TTN, and visualizing the data on the "Cayenne" dashboard in real-time. The system is tested in a lab environment. The results of the constructed prototype show that the prototype measures the water level and sends the measurement data whenever the state of the water level is changed. Additionally, the data is visualized on the Cayenne dashboard.

This research project evaluated the overall hydroperiod and effects of monitoring well design parameters on observed levels of saturation in created wetlands with high-clay subsoils at the Cedar Run 3 mitigation bank site in Prince William County, Virginia. Three complete replications of an electronic central array and an associated surrounding array of manually monitored wells and piezometers were installed. The electronic arrays contained a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) standard monitoring well, as well as piezometers and tensiometers at three depths. The manually monitored well + piezometer arrays (3 per location; 9 total) consisted of 12 variants of screen types and filter pack materials, well diameter, and unlined bore holes. The site exhibited a complex seasonal hydroperiod ranging from ponded winter conditions to deep (< -50 cm) summer dry down. The site also exhibited epiaquic (perched) conditions following summer and fall precipitation events. Apparent water levels in deep (> 1 m) piezometers exhibited an unusual hydroperiod with highest levels in summer. Differences in well/piezometer diameter, design, and packing texture/fit produced surprisingly different apparent water levels that varied from ~ 4 to over 28 cm during both the winter ponded periods and summer subsoil water table flux periods. Thus, one important finding is that relatively simple differences in well designs can have dramatic effects on observed water levels. Overall, the standard USACOE appeared to be relatively accurate for predicting saturation levels during ponded periods, but nested piezometers are preferred and more accurate for the drier summer and fall.
Master of Science

From the Proceedings of the 2012 Meetings of the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 14,2012, Glendale Community College, Glendale, Arizona
The Sierra Ancha International Cooperative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests study site or (SAEF-ICP II) is part of an international network of cooperative forest monitoring sites spread throughout Europe and the United States. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe established the ICP II network in 1985 to monitor long-term effects of transboundary air pollution. The Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest was chosen to be a part the U.S.’s network because it is the southernmost Experimental Forest in the contiguous U.S., and because it is downwind from a major metropolitan area, Phoenix, Arizona. The site monitoring includes forest overstory growth, crown condition, foliar chemistry, understory vegetation, litterfall, soil chemistry meteorology, ozone, and deposition. This paper provides an overview of the ICP forest network, and discusses the research currently underway at the Sierra Ancha ICP II site. An overview of the challenges encountered while implementing ICP Level II monitoring will also be included.

O Brasil, sendo um país com dimensões continentais, necessita de uma infraestrutura rodoviária que proporcione deslocamentos com conforto e segurança aos seus usuários, bem como transporte eficiente de insumos. Somente através da adequada gerência de pavimentos é possível realizar medidas corretivas nos momentos apropriados, assegurando a manutenção de um nível satisfatório de serventia. Os modelos de previsão de desempenho são ferramentas imprescindíveis na gerência de pavimentos, já que permitem estimar o momento (ou volume de tráfego equivalente) do surgimento de defeitos e programar a realização de serviços de manutenção. A pesquisa relatada nesta dissertação está inserida no projeto Rede Temática do Asfalto, incentivado pela PETROBRAS, e teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de dois trechos da rodovia federal BR-290/RS, dando ênfase à análise da influência da variação do lençol freático na deflexão medida no topo deste pavimento. Dando continuidade a estudos anteriores, foram calibradas linhas de tendência propostas para a rodovia em monitoramento, através de levantamentos de deflexões, deformações permanentes, de defeitos superficiais e textura. Ademais, controlou-se a variação da profundidade do lençol freático, através da instalação de um medidor de nível de água no trecho I da BR-290/RS e analisou-se a dependência do módulo de resiliência do solo de subleito em função da umidade de compactação, com ciclos de umedecimento e secagem. Os resultados dos levantamentos demonstraram que os trechos monitorados da BR-290/RS continuam em degradação, com afundamentos nas trilhas de roda e irregularidade longitudinal bastante elevados, sugerindo que intervenções já deveriam ter sido feitas. De forma diferente, a aderência pneu-pavimento e as deflexões apresentam valores aceitáveis. Nos ensaios laboratoriais observou-se que os solos compactados no ramo seco, ou que sofreram ciclos de secagem, apresentaram valores mais elevados de módulo de resiliência do que aqueles compactados no ramo úmido, ou que sofreram ciclos de umedecimento. Os módulos de resiliência mostraram-se quase independentes do estado de tensões e os modelos k-θ apresentaram escassa significância. Por fim, a análise realizada com o software Everstress 5.0 indicou que a oscilação da umidade no subleito influencia nas deflexões do pavimento. Como esperado, quanto maior a umidade, maiores as deflexões.
Brazil, as a country with continental dimensions, needs a road infrastructure that provides comfort and safety to its users, as well as efficient transport of goods. Only through proper pavement management, rehabilitation measures may be taken at appropriate times, ensuring a satisfactory level of serviceability being maintained. Performance models are essential tools in the management of pavements since they allow estimating the time (or equivalent traffic volume) of appearance of distresses and scheduling maintenance services. The research reported in this dissertation is part of the Asphalt Thematic Network project, funded by PETROBRAS, and aimed to evaluate the performance of two sections of federal highway BR-290/RS, with emphasis on the analysis of the influence of the water table variation on deflections measured on the top of this pavement. Continuing previous studies, trend lines were calibrated for pavements under monitoring, through surveys of deflections, permanent deformations, surface distresses and texture. In addition, the variation of the water table depth was controlled by the installation of a water level meter on the section I of BR-290/RS, and the dependence of the resilience module of the subgrade soil was analyzed in function of the compaction water content, with wetting and drying cycles. The results of the surveys showed that the monitored sections of the BR-290/RS continue to deteriorate, with values of rutting and roughness quite high, suggesting that interventions should have already been done. Conversely, the tire-pavement friction and the deflections present acceptable values. In the laboratory tests, it was observed that the soils compacted in the dry branch of the compaction curve, or that underwent drying cycles, presented higher values of resilient modulus than those compacted in the wet branch, or that underwent cycles of wetting. The resilient modules were almost independent of the stress state and the k-θ models presented little significance. Finally, the analysis performed with the software Everstress 5.0 indicated that the oscillation of the humidity in the subgrade influences the deflections of the pavement. As expected, the higher the humidity, the greater the deflections.

Water and sanitation improvements together with good hygiene (WaSH) have well-known positive impacts on human development and poverty alleviation. However, universal access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains a huge challenge in many low income countries, where vast numbers of people lack these basic services. To help end this appalling state of affairs, the Millennium Development Goals and other international initiatives have been launched to reduce the proportion of underserved people. These efforts, however, have been hampered by the lack of meaningful indicators to measure coverage and to establish progress towards the goals and targets set out by the international community. From an institutional viewpoint, the competences for many sector-related responsibilities have been delegated to lower administrative levels of government. It has come to be widely accepted that such decentralization process can help to reduce poverty because local governments are assumed to be more knowledgeable about and responsive to the needs of the poor. The sector also calls for greater transparency and accountability. In all, local decision-makers are being increasingly challenged by the need to take informed decisions and give an objective account of their actions, which rely crucially on adequate monitoring and reporting systems. Amongst others, available data may be employed to i) measure progress and performance; ii) improve transparency in budgetary procedures; and iii) allocate resources to deliver services where they are most needed. Today, reliable information on key WaSH-related variables at the local level is often missing, but even when it is available, the uptake and usage of such data by policymakers is, at best, challenging. Limited capacity of recipient governmental bodies, an inadequate monitoring and reporting framework, and lack of data updating mechanisms are common reasons that hamper an adequate appropriation and continued use of the data for planning and monitoring purposes. In an effort to address the shortcomings cited above, this thesis discusses methodologies for routine data collection and develops tools and processes to support local planning. In doing so, it covers the monitoring cycle of data collection, data analysis and data dissemination. In Chapter 1, an improved approach for data collection is presented. It combines two different information sources: the water point and the household, and thus provides a more complete picture of the context in which the services are delivered. Chapter 2 reviews four different approaches that are commonly adopted for monitoring purposes: i) health impact indicators; ii) the Joint Monitoring Programme; iii) one multidimensional, water-focused composite indicator; and iv) easy-to-use planning indices designed locally on an ad hoc basis. From a policy-making perspective the usefulness of outcomes produced by each approach is discussed. Chapter 3 introduces a variety of policy tools that may be used to promote decision-making: i) composite indices; ii) a small set of simple thematic indicators; and iii) object oriented Bayesian networks (ooBn). Chapter 4 presents different alternatives to enhance data interpretation and disemination, which is crucial to promote evidence-based and equity-oriented planning. Overall, results indicate that accurate and comprehensive data, if adequately collected, exploited and visualized through simple instruments, can serve as the basis for effective targeting and prioritization, both central to sector planning. The actual application and implementation of the proposed monitoring and reporting tools and processes in the real world, however, is to a certain extent elusive; and this has been pointed out as a major weakness of this research. Two specific challenges that remain unaddressed, namely the upgrading of decision support systems, and the design of data updating mechanisms, suggest the way forward.
Assegurar l'accés a l'aigua, promoure la higiene i facilitar l'accés al sanejament ajuda a prevenir la transmissió de malalties relacionades amb una deficient provisió d’aquests serveis i reduir el risc d'epidèmies. No obstant, l'accés universal a l'aigua potable i als serveis bàsics de sanejament segueix sent un enorme desafiament en molts països en vies de desenvolupament, on un gran nombre de persones continuen sense tenir cobertes unes necessitats bàsiques. En aquest context, el sector ha vist com es posaven en marxa vàries iniciatives, com els Objectius de Desenvolupament del Mil·lenni, per tal de reduir la proporció de persones desateses. Aquests esforços, però, s'han vist obstaculitzats per la falta d'indicadors fiables alhora d’avaluar el nivell de cobertura i de mesurar els avenços envers les metes i els objectius establerts per la comunitat internacional. En els darrers anys, les competències sectorials s'han delegat a les administracions locals, sota el supòsit de que els processos de descentralització ajudarien a reduir la pobresa en base a un millor coneixement, per part de les autoritats locals, sobre les necessitats reals de la població. Així mateix, també ha anat creixent la demanda de més transparència i una millor rendició de comptes. Per tots aquests motius, cada vegada s’ha anat qüestionant més el fet de que els processos de presa de decisió no es fonamentin en informació actualitzada i basada en evidències, i no depenguin per tant d’un marc adequat que permeti el correcte seguiment, avaluació i la presentació periòdica d'informes. Entre altres coses, la informació disponible s’hauria de poder utilitzar per i) mesurar els avenços i el progrés assolit; ii) millorar la transparència i el control pressupostari; i iii) assignar els recursos disponibles de manera equitativa. Dissortadament, la informació sobre el sector és generalment escassa, però fins i tot quan és accessible, el seu ús per part dels governants és limitat. Amb la voluntat d’abordar aquest accés i ús deficient de la informació, aquesta tesi desenvolupa eines i processos per donar suport a la planificació local dels servies d’aigua i sanejament. En síntesi, es pretén cobrir tot el cicle de la informació, que integra la recollida, l’anàlisi i la seva posterior difusió. En el capítol 1 es presenta una metodologia millorada per a la recopilació de dades. Aquesta combina dues fonts d'informació: el punt d'aigua i la llar; i en conseqüència proporciona una visió més completa del context en què es proveeixen els serveis. El Capítol 2 presenta quatre enfocaments diferents a l’hora d’avaluar el nivell de servei: i) indicadors d'impacte sobre la salut; ii) el Programa Conjunt de Seguiment de la OMS i UNICEF; iii) un indicador agregat multidimensional; i iv) una bateria d’índexs de planificació dissenyats ad hoc per respondre a les necessitats locals. Es discuteix la utilitat de cada alternativa i la seva pertinença des d’una òptica de política pública. El Capítol 3 introdueix varis instruments dissenyats per a promoure la presa de decisions: i) índexs agregats; ii) indicadors temàtics senzills; i iii) les xarxes bayesianes. El Capítol 4 presenta diferents alternatives per millorar la interpretació i disseminació de la informació, que esdevenen activitats necessàries per a promoure una planificació basada en l'evidència i orientada a l'equitat. Per concloure, els resultats indiquen que l’accés a la informació, si aquesta es compila correctament, s’explota i es visualitza a través d’instruments i processos senzills, pot revertir en una correcta priorització d’accions i de grups beneficiaris i, per tant, millorar la planificació sectorial. És cert, però, que l'aplicació real i la posada en pràctica d’aquestes eines i processos no és en cap cas trivial. Es plantegen, en aquest sentit, dos reptes que suggereixen el camí a seguir: la millora dels sistemes de suport a les decisions i el disseny de mecanismes adequats per a l'actualització de dades.

The research project for this PhD set out to provide a best practice example of bringing together industry (Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group), a charitable body (The Parks Trust), non-departmental public body (Environment Agency) and academia (Cranfield University). The Parks Trust (landowner) and Hanson (quarry operator) worked together with the vision of creating a new floodplain forest landscape along a 1 km reach of the River Great Ouse following extraction of gravels from the site. It was the first project of its kind in the United Kingdom where planning permission was obtained specifically for the creation of a floodplain forest habitats post quarrying. The aim of the PhD research was to determine appropriate ecological approaches to apply to the assessment and future monitoring of habitat outcomes of a floodplain forest restoration project at a mineral extraction site. A central element of the research was the design of a scientifically justified monitoring programme, with key variables determined being: soil characteristics, water quality, vegetation development, site topography and water table level data. An Adaptive Monitoring Framework (AMF) was chosen to set the proposed monitoring within which was complemented with the hypothesis - The ratio of wet/dry vegetation within the floodplain forest is determined by the site topography and water table level. The hypothesis was tested by analysis of the key variables through fieldwork and existing data sources supplemented with a study of the water table level interaction with two typical floodplain forest tree species (Salix viminalis and Populus trichocarpa x deltoides) in a glasshouse experiment. Findings from the field and experimental research were then used within a spatially based landscape ecology scenario approach to identify the most suitable areas of the study site for specific species planting according to soil-water levels and topography in the floodplain forest. Outputs of this research enhance understanding of the key aspects to consider when assessing floodplain forest re-creation/restoration and enable guidelines and recommendations to be developed for land managers based on a long-term and an adaptive ecological monitoring approach. These management guidelines and recommendations based on a systematic scientific approach applied within the research should be appropriate to other similar restoration projects. The research provides the background evidence on what should be measured to determine the environmental changes of the floodplain forest habitat restoration as it develops towards restoration success.

This thesis aims to increase photovoltaic (PV) panel power efficiency by employing a cooling system based on water circulation, which represents an improved version of water flow based active cooling systems. Theoretical calculations involved finding the heat produced by the PV panel and the circulation water flow required to remove this heat. A data logger and a cooling system for a test panel of 20W was designed and employed to study the relationship between the PV panel surface temperature and its output power. This logging and cooling system includes an Arduino microcontroller extended with a data logging shield, temperature sensing probes, current sensors, and a DC water pump. Real-time measurements were logged every minute for one or two day periods under various irradiance and air temperature conditions. For these experiments, a load resistance was chosen to operate the test panel at its maximum power point. Results indicate that the cooling system can yield an improvement of 10% in power production. Based on the observations from the test panel experiments, a cooling system was devised for a PV panel array of 640 W equipped with a commercial charge controller. The test data logger was repurposed for this larger system. An identical PV array was left uncooled and monitored simultaneously to compare the effect of cooling, demonstrating that the cooled array provided up to an extra 132W or 20% of maximum power for sunny weather conditions. Future expansion possibilities of the project include automated water level monitoring system and water filtration systems.

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Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PROPe UNESP)
O Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) constitui uma das maiores unidades hidroestratigráficas do continente sul-americano e está entre os aquíferos mais explorados no estado de São Paulo. No município de Araraquara cumpre um importante papel no abastecimento de água, sendo responsável por mais de 65% de toda água distribuída à população. Nesse contexto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização do arcabouço hidroestratigráfico do SAG na cidade de Araraquara, bem como a avaliação do rebaixamento dos níveis d’água no aquífero, decorrente da extração atual, por meio do monitoramento automatizado e contínuo dos níveis d’água em poço tubular abandonado situado na região central da cidade. Na área de estudo foram reconhecidas três formações geológicas: Formação Pirambóia; Formação Botucatu e a Formação Serra Geral. Foram caracterizadas quatro hidrofácies: A, B e C, que representam a Formação Piramboia e D constituída pela Formação Botucatu. As unidades estão separadas por descontinuidades geológicas, reconhecidas nos perfis, e foram diferenciadas em função do conteúdo argiloso presente nos arenitos, que condicionam as propriedades hidráulicas do reservatório. Ao longo de 435 dias de monitoramento contínuo, foi observado um rebaixamento total de 4,5 m no poço monitorado, decorrentes do bombeamento realizado na cidade. A contribuição de cada um dos poços, para o rebaixamento total, foi estimada utilizando-se a equação de Cooper-Jacob. Utilizando as vazões médias históricas para cada poço de bombeamento o rebaixamento calculado foi de 4,2 metros. Observou-se que poços mais próximos ao poço de observação, em um raio de 3000 metros, apresentaram contribuições significativas no rebaixamento observado. Com esses dados é possível avaliar e, com base em projeções de demanda futura do recurso hídrico e de crescimento populacional projetado, indicar locais para a perfuração de novos poços e seu impacto nos níveis d’água.
The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) is one of the biggest hydrostatigraphic units of the sul-american continent and it is highly explored in the São Paulo State - Brazil. In the city of Araraquara the unit plays a very important role in water supply and it is responsible for over than 65% of all water distributed to the population. This current study aimed to characterize the hydrostatigraphic framework of GAS in the city of Araraquara, also to evaluate the lowering of water levels in the aquifer through the automated and continuous monitoring in an abandoned well located in the central region of the city. In the study area were recognized three geological formations : Pirambóia Formation, Botucatu Formation and Serra Geral Formation. Four Hydrofacies were characterized : A, B and C , representing the Piramboia Formation and D the Botucatu Formation. The units have been separated by the clay content in the sandstone and by the presence of discontinuities in the rock package, which determine hydraulic properties of the reservoir using geophysical wireline curves and tray sampling reports. Over 435 days, was observed a total drawdown of 4.5 m on the monitored well, resulting from the pumping to supply the city. The contribution of each well in the total observed drawdown was estimated using the Cooper-Jacob equation. When used the historical average flow rates for each pumping well, the calculated drawdown was 4.2 meters. It was observed that the wells at a distance of maximum 3000 meters had significant contributions in the observed drawdown. With this data is possible to evaluate future projections of water demand, based on the projected population growth, and to indicate potencial locals for drilling new wells and their impact on water levels.
PROPe: 006/2013

Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) data are used to report the temporal and spatial patterns of subsidence as well as the potential contributors to subsidence within the Barataria and Terrebonne Bays. In recent decades, subsidence in southeast Louisiana has become a topic of substantial and growing concern to the scientific community, the local residents, and all those invested in the region. Lidar data were acquired from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the LSU Center for Geoinformatics. The data has been manipulated to map the differenced Lidar, complete an instantaneous slope analysis, and determine the thickness of the Holocene sediments. The goal was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subsidence patterns and the dynamic processes driving subsidence within the study area. These efforts provide a better ability to plan for the future of the Louisiana working coast and mitigate against relative sea level rise and coastal land loss.

This master thesis is dedicated to system of water monitoring for use of alternative source power supply and GSM communication. The thesis carried out research on the possibilities to take measurements on watercourses, also detailed research of photovoltaic panel, available accumulators and their charging and a synopsis of similar systems. Furthermore, the master thesis also captures design and implementation datalogger device type with possibility to send measured data to the website.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines mikromechanischen kraftgekoppelten Schwingsystems für die resonante Detektion niederfrequenter Schwingungen. Es wird ein neuartiges Prinzip vorgestellt, das es ermöglicht, niederfrequente Vibrationen frequenzselektiv zu erfassen. Mittels Amplitudenmodulation wird das niederfrequente Signal in einen höheren Frequenzbereich umgesetzt. Durch Ausnutzung der mechanischen Resonanzüberhöhung wird aus dem breitbandigen Signal ein schmales Band herausgefiltert, die anderen Frequenzbereiche werden unterdrückt. Auf diese Weise wird direkt die spektrale Information des niederfrequenten Signals gewonnen. Eine Fourier-Transformation ist hierbei nicht notwendig. Die Abstimmung des Sensors erfolgt über eine Wechselspannung und führt dadurch zu einer einfachen Auswertung. Die Schwerpunkte der Arbeit liegen in den theoretischen Untersuchungen zum neuartigen Sensorprinzip, in der Entwicklung einer mikromechanischen Sensorstruktur zum Einsatz des neuen Prinzips sowie in der Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines Messsystems zur Detektion niederfrequenter mechanischer Schwingungen mit dem neuen Sensor
This thesis describes the development and characterization of a micromechanical force coupled oscillator system for the resonant detection of low frequency vibrations. It presents a novel working principle that enables spectral measurements of low frequency vibrations. The low frequency spectral content is converted into a higher frequency range by means of amplitude modulation. Due to the mechanical resonance a narrow band is filtered out of the wide band vibration signal. The remaining frequency content is suppressed. Hence, the spectral information is directly obtained with the sensor system without a fast Fourier transform. The tuning is done with an AC voltage resulting in a simple analysis. The main focuses of the work are the theoretical analysis of this novel sensor principle, the development of the micromechanical sensor structure for the use of the novel principle as well as the development and characterization of a measurement system for the spectral detection of low frequency mechanical vibrations with the developed sensor system

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines mikromechanischen kraftgekoppelten Schwingsystems für die resonante Detektion niederfrequenter Schwingungen. Es wird ein neuartiges Prinzip vorgestellt, das es ermöglicht, niederfrequente Vibrationen frequenzselektiv zu erfassen. Mittels Amplitudenmodulation wird das niederfrequente Signal in einen höheren Frequenzbereich umgesetzt. Durch Ausnutzung der mechanischen Resonanzüberhöhung wird aus dem breitbandigen Signal ein schmales Band herausgefiltert, die anderen Frequenzbereiche werden unterdrückt. Auf diese Weise wird direkt die spektrale Information des niederfrequenten Signals gewonnen. Eine Fourier-Transformation ist hierbei nicht notwendig. Die Abstimmung des Sensors erfolgt über eine Wechselspannung und führt dadurch zu einer einfachen Auswertung. Die Schwerpunkte der Arbeit liegen in den theoretischen Untersuchungen zum neuartigen Sensorprinzip, in der Entwicklung einer mikromechanischen Sensorstruktur zum Einsatz des neuen Prinzips sowie in der Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines Messsystems zur Detektion niederfrequenter mechanischer Schwingungen mit dem neuen Sensor.
This thesis describes the development and characterization of a micromechanical force coupled oscillator system for the resonant detection of low frequency vibrations. It presents a novel working principle that enables spectral measurements of low frequency vibrations. The low frequency spectral content is converted into a higher frequency range by means of amplitude modulation. Due to the mechanical resonance a narrow band is filtered out of the wide band vibration signal. The remaining frequency content is suppressed. Hence, the spectral information is directly obtained with the sensor system without a fast Fourier transform. The tuning is done with an AC voltage resulting in a simple analysis. The main focuses of the work are the theoretical analysis of this novel sensor principle, the development of the micromechanical sensor structure for the use of the novel principle as well as the development and characterization of a measurement system for the spectral detection of low frequency mechanical vibrations with the developed sensor system.

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電工程系光電與材料科技碩士班
107
In this study, a semiconductor warning system was used to analyze wastewater treatment liquid levels as compared to a traditional floating sensor system. However wastewater treatment centers often experience floating sensors malfunctions that go unnoticed, delaying the processing of wastewater. When the problem is identified, more time is lost in coordination of repairs. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that the warning system can identify the malfunction and relaying the condition in an efficient and streamline manner. This new modular early warning system provides low labor costs and the convenience of an easy warning replacement. With the warning system attached to the floating sensor, the semiconductor continuously measures the light-dependent resistor utilizing the LED light and relays the data. By observing the change in resistance, it is determined whether the function of the floating sensor is normal. A microcontroller, LinkIt 7697 developed by MediaTek, is utilized to predictlifetime and send the maintainable schedules. LinkIt 7697 utilizes a large database to analyze the light-dependent resistance and interprets the findings. In addition, the early warning system is capable of instantly transmitting text messages to mobile phones and production line scheduling systems in an immediate and dangerous state. This modular early warning system provides low labor costs and the convenience of early warning replacement. Replace the floatingsensorbefore the current in-line wastewater treatment machine is shut down. A wastewater treatment system that incorporates an active warning system will be more efficient.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
觀光事業管理系
103
Hot spring resource information is the important scientific reference for management of hot spring. Taitung Chihpen hot spring is just at the beginning of the work. Before 2013 there had not any hot spring monitoring well been sited. In 2013, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science was entrusted to site a hot spring minitoring station by Water Resources Agency. This reserch is based on the datas which were monitored in two years to understand the relations aomg rainfall, water level and water temperature. Two hot spring monitoring wells which are 50 meters and 200 meters are sited on a public land, which is No.631-8 in Xuishan part inTaimali, Taitung. For the 50 meteres monitoring well, the upper part(above 15 meters deep) is in gravel, the lower part is in broken slate and slate containing quarts. For the 200 meters monitoring, the part above 5 meters deep is in broken overburden, depth from 5 to 50 meetrs is in more broken gray slate, under 50 meters deep is in slate which contains quarts. We observe the changes of water level and water temperature by continuosly monitoring. Duo to the monitored datas of the deep well were interrupted and not continuos because of the effect of construction, the research could only focus more on the shallow well. By the datas in two years, it shows the changes of water level and water temperature are highly related to rainfall. Water level of the shallow well changes with dry and rainy seasons. Rainfall rises the water level and lower the water temperature of the shallow well. It contributes the water level not much when the rainfall is less than 20 millimeters. Comparing temperatures and conductivities of the shallow and the deep wells, we found the temperature and conductivity are lower in the shallow well. We have the inference that the shallow well is more influenced by straight rainfall than deep well.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
觀光事業管理系
104
Establishing a domestic spa management data still at an initial stage, the hot springs information as an important scientific basis for the management of the spa, there are 10 domestic hot springs spa permanent stations, the study by continuous monitoring, observation and Ruisui spa water level changes in water temperature, to provide a reference spa area of water rights regulation. This study established four monitoring stations in Mizuho area, placed the instrument in monitoring stations observing changes in water level and water temperature, water level and water temperature to establish trends and finally explore the relationship between rainfall rainfall, water level, water temperature between . Two-year study monitoring data show, With the water level and water temperature is closely related to rainfall; the water level along with drought, impact of changes in the rainy season, when the day rainfall of less than 20mm, inject little effect on the water level. Water temperature and conductivity comparison Mizuho hot springs and other four wells, and found that the water temperature drops conductivity also fell, seen by vertical rainfall recharge and influence.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
觀光事業管理系
104
The variation of hot spring’s water level, quality and temperature were relative with the precipitation, ground water. For the sustainable use and better management of the hot-water resource, a water pressure and temperature monitoring program is set up to establish monitoring data. In this study, we placed some instruments into four monitoring well in Beitou Hot Spring area and to observe the change of water level and temperature and finally understand the relations among rainfall, water level and water temperature. We obtained the rainfall data from the Central Weather Bureau, and then identified the rainfall events automatically with computer programs. In the end, we added up the accumulated rainfall, and then manually researched the change of the water level and water temperature at the corresponding period. This study displays there have been fifty-eight rainfall events in the year of 2015, three of them with cumulated precipitation of more than 350 mm, which are related to typhoons and concentrated in July, August and September. It shows obviously the difference between dry and rainy seasons. By the recorded data, there is significantly a positive correlation between precipitation and the rate of water level rising, with the exelusion of the monitoring well No. BT-MW-12, which is an unsealed artesian well. It was found that except for a minority of the rainfall events, the hot spring water level hydrograph started to rise at each of them on the same day. Moreover, after several days of the rainfall, the water level rose to the peak, and then started to decline, especially when the accumated rainfall was more than 200 mm. This allowed the water level to maintain at a certain place for a while, which clearly shows the causal relationship between rainfall and recharge. Nevertheless, there is no correlation between rainfall and temperature in the monitoring wells No. BT-MW-12 and BT-MW-13. We have the inference that it is contributed to the rainfall seepage into the ground, which is caused by the bad water permeability of the aquifer, the surface water and the shallow soil of these two monitoring wells. A negative relationship between rainfall and temperature in monitoring well No. BT-MW-14 should be contributed to the good water permeability. Hence, the cold water is allowed to flow into the area and this makes the temperature drop. On the contrary, there is a positive correlation between rainfall and temperature in the monitoring well No. BT-MW-16. We suggest that it is resulted from the inflow of rainfall in the distance, the deep circulation of cold water and the hot-water resource underground which leads to evelate the temperature. Moreover, It is likely influenced by the geothermal gradient, the underground inflow of water and the rising depth temperature.

碩士
嘉南藥理大學
觀光事業管理系
105
The hot spring monitoring data provides important scientific bases for its sustainable management. However, there is no monitoring of water level and temperature before 2015 in Guanziling, Tainan. The Water Resource Agency had entrusted our research laboratory in Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science to set up a hot spring monitoring station. This essay uses data collected during these 2 years to explore the correlations among the rainfall, water level and water temperature. There are 2 hot spring outcrops in Guanziling, Tainan. One is at Acala Temple and another at Baochuan Bridge. After an earthquake occurred on February 6th, 2015, the Acala Temple source had been stopped, but a new source appeared at Baochuan Bridge. According to the monitoring data, there is a positive correlation between the rainfall and the hot spring water level. The water level is higher when there is more rainfall. Otherwise it is lower. In the case of Baochuan Bridge, the water level is between 269.7m to 270.0m in the ditch, because the water would flow out if it’s higher than 270m. On the other hand, there is negative correlation between the spring temperature and the rainfall. The water temperature at Baochuan Bridge is around 74℃ to 65.4℃. When the spring mixed with the rainfall, the spring level will be raised up and the temperature will be reduced. The highest proportion recorded of the rainfall is about 2/3. Discharge of hot spring is between 23 cmd and 190 cmd at Baochuan Bridge. The discharge is greater when the depth is deeper. At Baochuan Bridge, the conductivity of spring water is 16,520 uS/cm, with pH 8.94, and silt bearing 30-70 g/l. At Acala Temple, the conductivity is 14,250 uS/cm, with pH 8.88, and silt bearing 0.94 g. Thus, based on these evidences, these 2 springs might come from the same source.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系
100
This research is focus to analyze and integrate the monitored data in Jiaosi Hot Spring from 2009 to 2012 (January.-March). According to the current study and monitored data, we still cannot estimate and conclude if Jiaosi Hot Spring had exceeded its security utilization limitation. We need to keep on monitoring to understand the resource variation of Jiaosi Hot Spring in the long term and find the appropriate solutions. Otherwise, sooner or later we will be facing the day that Jiaosi Hot Springs resources run dry. In this study, we placed instruments in 13 monitoring wells in Jiaosi to observe the water temperature gradient and water level variation. After that, we organize the monitored data and the run chart from 2009 to 2012. Finally, that above data was not only compared with the rainfall in Ilan, but also discussed the relationship between rainfall among, water temperature and water level. The data shows that the water level of those monitoring wells JS003-1, JS015, R002, R003, and R004 had rapidly declined 2-4 m and the temperature of water had significantly increased by 2-5℃ during the period of the residential building construction in June-September, 2010; the water level increased by 2-8m and the water temperature declined 1-3℃ due to the rainfall of typhoon in September. What we can learn from the analysis of monitored data is that the most obvious effects upon the water temperature and water level in Jiaosi are rainfall and construction. In order to build up a database for long-term reference, it''s necessary to constantly monitor the Jiaosi Hot Spring in the future.

碩士
雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
98
Under the influence of global warming, sea level began to rise, increasing intensity of the typhoon brought heavy rain, flooding caused by the disaster. At present fiber optic sensors in the field of civil engineering technology and extensive application of a more mature stage. the advantages of fiber optic are transmit low loss, electromagnetic to interfere and multiplexing, etc. This preliminary study aims at automatic fiber optic water-level monitoring by LabVIEW. The development of a real-time, accurate optical sensor system to assure the water-level of infrastraetures or industry sectors. We successfully fabricated the LPG sensor constructed in series with five gratings,with a reflective silver end. The sensitivity of LPG to water is about 2 ~ 3 nm . The Silver mirror reflection has efficiency of 69.35%.We used LabVIEW automatically to retrieve the data from optical power meter , When LPG contracted with solutions different. The results showed that with LabVIEW and LPG sensing automated prototype has been reached. Five fixed water-level measurements using LPG gratings and a reflective end.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
104
In order to monitor the raw water and water supply manages properly. The equipment of the deep well water source and the compressor which are send water to the user must be known. The operator needs to perambulate water purification plant, and measure the water level of the distributing reservoir manually. These data are not correct enough and data writing is clerical error thus leads to misjudgment easily. Besides, it is unable to use historical date to find out reason and to solve when the problem happened in the water purification equipment. It consumes time, manpower, and it cannot be improved. Moreover, it is not easy to monitor the implementation plan for water supply. Especially during the rains of typhoon season, it causes on the strain and leads to damage of the equipment easily. It causes the water shortage of users, the electricity blacked out and other disasters. In this thesis, the remote monitoring system is designed. The operator uses this system to monitor the water level and pressure. These data can be used for water level analysis and obtain the water level changes accurately. This system can adjust the pump remotely, and use the backwash principle to clean sludge. When the original water flows into the rapid filter, it can process the dirty substances of the raw water. When the water pressure and clear water tank level is abnormal, it can promptly notify the operator rushed at site, and restart the backup device to avoid the water shortage of users. This system can reduce labor costs and shuttle traffic accidents significantly. After the benefit/cost analysis, it is cost effective and is worth to popularize.

碩士
國立聯合大學
土木與防災工程學系碩士班
101
Typhoon events have been worse in recent years with the rainfall volume and intensity exceeding the expectation. Facing this problem, we need to recognize the limitation of flood control construction--there is the threat of flooding if the hydrological rainfall conditions exceed the designed safety standard. Thus it is very important to build a well configured alarm system, which can immediately help residents to be evacuated from the danger zone before the disasters damage them. This can help the government establish and achieve the purposes of early warning and disaster prevention as well as the protection of citizens and the reduction of the damage cost to the lowest point. 　　In this study two sets of hourly rain gauges and water level gauges were built in Tian-liao Chun to obtain the precise data of hourly rainfall volume and water level measurement through the remote readers and synchronous transmission system. The hydrological information, such as the relationship of the rainfall and regional drainage water level elevation, can be immediately calculated by statistical regression analysis. During nearly a year of monitoring data analysis, 55 and 74 rainfall (x) and water level elevation (y) relations were obtained in the two stations. By the Least squares method the regression equations y=0.4805x2+10.692x+107.68 in stationΙ, y=0.0397x2+ 28.643x+29.832 in station Πwere obtained. The coefficients of determinations (R2) are 0.9467 and 0.9404. Representative regression equation of rainfall and water levels are associated with a high resistance. Respectively, from regression equation Q10, rainfall reaches 51mm per hour at station I and 71mm at station Π. These results match with the documentation from Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Miaoli historical flood events records. The results prove the reliability and correctness of this study.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
海事資訊科技研究所
103
In this research, a LabVIEW program combining Arduino UNO, temperature and water level sensors is used to simulate remote control and monitoring of the tank temperate and water level. This study finds that the system can successfully record the real-time data of the boiler in cabin. Originally, the environment in the cabin is a struggle for the crews on duty who often rush to record the data of the temperature and water surface. With the help of this system they can easily realize and monitor the boiler’s temperature and water surface at frequent intervals. This system can not only protect the maintenance crew on duty, but also provide more information for the leaders / managers about what happens in the cabin in real time. Using this system in the boiler of cabin, the ship will be equipped with a simple and available real-time monitoring tool that is capable of detecting the early stage predictive problems and reducing the hidden calamities.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
93
This study focuses on monitoring the water level in the dike and sediment hazard regions by using self-developed 3-D Laser Scanning System. The Laser scanning system we developed has merits of low cost, high resolution and flexibility. The fundamental properties of the system have been investigated in detail. By slightly modifying the parameters of our laser system, the system can be used for many applications about disaster prevention. The feasibility of the system on monitoring the water level and sediment hazards was also demonstrated in this paper. On monitoring the water level, the experimental results show that the Laser Scanning System can automatically detect the laser spot right on the water level. The water level in the dike can therefore be measured. According to our tests, the measure length of our system whose measure error is below 5.03cm can reach 260m in a bad weather. The system can provide a warning signal in time when the flood reaches the critical water level. On monitoring the sediment hazards, the Laser Scanning System can detect not only the tiny displacement of the debris but also the large-scale movements of the debris by tracking the retro-reflectors embedded in critical targets. The average measure errors of the Laser Scanning System are less than 2.9 cm. The self-developed Laser Scanning System is portable and can be installed easily in any monitoring site. The system can be used in various complicated disaster scenarios with reconstructed detecting algorithm, for example, monitoring the water level and sediment hazards in this study.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Groundwater monitoring networks are subject to change by budgetary actions and stakeholder initiatives that result in wells being abandoned or added. A strategy for network design is presented that addresses the latter situation. It was developed in response to consensus in the state of Indiana that additional monitoring wells are needed to effectively characterize water availability in aquifer systems throughout the state. The strategic methodology has two primary objectives that guide decision making for new installations: (1) purposive sampling of a diversity of environmental variables having relevance to groundwater recharge, and (2) spatial optimization by means of maximizing geographic distances that separate monitoring wells. Design objectives are integrated in a discrete facility location model known as the p-median problem, and solved to optimality using a mathematical programming package.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子工程系
91
The devices become more and more sensitive to stress along with their down-scaling trend. In addition to leakage current and noise, mechanical stress effect could not be ignored in device operation. When it appears in the PMD (Pre-Metal Dielectric) or IMD (Inter-Metal Dielectric), it may cause the metal layer over it easily to migrate or the isolation layer would be potential to crack, especially at the corner. It means a strong impact on the reliability issue. More seriously, when it happens to the active region, it may produce drive current degradation, if the active region is placed close to the stress source. Device performance will thereby be lower than our estimation, or even the function will fail ultimately. By means of the gate rotated devices in this work, we could monitor the mechanical stress on the whole wafer. Even in the future, such type of test devices close to the main functional devices are demanded due to increased stress. We could estimate the degree mechanical stress affects in this active region and the device operation, if a complete model has been set up in advance. In other words, we can include the stress factor with parameters varying from die to die in the Spice model to eliminate the drive capability degradation through modification of circuit design or improvement our fabrication process to meet requirements.

A neural network model was developed to predict the E. Coli levels and classes in six (6) select Lake Michigan beaches. Water quality observations at the time of sampling and discharge information from two close tributaries were used as input to predict the E. coli. This research was funded by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM). A user-friendly Excel Sheet based tool was developed based on the best model for making future predictions of E. coli classes. This tool will facilitate beach managers to take real-time decisions.

The nowcast model was developed based on historical tributary flows and water quality measurements (physical, chemical and biological). The model uses experimentally available information such as total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, pH, electrical conductivity, and water temperature to estimate whether the E. Coli counts would exceed the acceptable standard. For setting up this model, field data collection was carried out during 2019 beachgoer’s season.

IDEM recommends posting an advisory at the beach indicating swimming and wading are not recommended when E. coli counts exceed advisory standards. Based on the advisory limit, a single water sample shall not exceed an E. Coli count of 235 colony forming units per 100 milliliters (cfu/100ml). Advisories are removed when bacterial levels fall within the acceptable standard. However, the E. coli results were available after a time lag leading to beach closures from previous day results. Nowcast models allow beach managers to make real-time beach advisory decisions instead of waiting a day or more for laboratory results to become available.

Using the historical data, an extensive experiment was carried out, to obtain the suitable input variables and optimal neural network architecture. The best feed-forward neural network model was developed using Bayesian Regularization Neural Network (BRNN) training algorithm. Developed ANN model showed an average prediction accuracy of around 87% in predicting the E. coli classes.