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Espada, Gildo Manuel. "International law on water transfers." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880344.
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Bhurtyal, Kul Ratna. "International law and the sharing of transboundary water resources." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248650.
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The rapidly increasing population in the developing world is creating heavy pressure on the use of water for mushrooming cities, domestic consumption, and irrigated agriculture. At the same time effluents and water for human settlements, industry and agriculture are overloading the capacity of watercourses to recuperate. The use and misuse of water in one location can have far-flung effects, altering downstream resources, affecting the reliability of water flows, and degrading water quality and aquatic ecosystems. States have the tendency to use water as much as possible for their own benefit transferring the negative externalities to other riparian. In the absence of legal rule, a norm to address these tensions, water competition is likely to cause discord between groups dependent on the same resources. Several doctrines have been put forward by nations to justify their unilateral interest. International water law, a relatively new branch of international law aims to advocate that every notion sharing a watercourse is entitled to a reasonable and equitable share. Recognising the significance of international river basins, the International Law Commission, on the recommendation of United Nations General Assembly, worked for two decades to bring about a Convention to help in regulating the use of international watercourses in an equitable an reasonable manner. On this premise this study attempts to trace out a picture of the evolution and development of international water law, identifying the major issues and forces that are vital to the problem of sharing of water resources in international river basins of the world. It also tries to examine the theoretical premises of utilisation of international water resources and seeks to suggest practical and implmentable proposals for the better water sharing arrangements for the purpose of maintaining the balanced interests of all the riparian states.
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Magsig, Bjørn-Oliver. "International water law and the quest for common security." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c08da455-ef7b-4879-95f7-9674df88c3ca.
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The world’s freshwater supplies are squeezed by rapidly increasing demand, the impacts of global climate change and unsustainable management. Given the fact that water is the gossamer linking various other security issues – e.g., energy, food and environment – it seems obvious that ‘business as usual’ in transboundary water management will threaten future global stability and endanger the very foundation of international security. Yet, the much needed radical new approach is missing. This is mainly due to the fact that addressing water insecurity is a highly complex task where multilevel and polycentric forces must be balanced and coordinated. The absence of law in much of this emerging debate highlights the necessity for further understanding and elucidation, especially from the legal perspective. This PhD thesis aims to add to the discourse by providing a fresh conceptualisation of water security and developing an operational methodology for identifying the four core elements of water security – availability, access, adaptability and ambit – which must be addressed by international law. The analysis of the legal framework of transboundary freshwater management based on this contemporary understanding of water security reveals the challenges and shortcomings of the current legal regime. In order to address these shortcomings, the present mindset of prevailing rigidity and state-centrism is challenged by examining how international legal instruments could be crafted to advance a more flexible and common approach towards transboundary water interaction. Here, the concept of considering water security as a matter of ‘regional common concern’ is introduced to help international law play a more prominent role in addressing the challenges of global water insecurity. Ways for implementing such an approach are proposed and analysed by looking at international hydropolitics in Himalayan Asia. At a time when international environmental law is said to be losing relevance, the growing complexity and interdependence between states demands a break with the prevalence of thinking in silos and within national borders. This PhD thesis analyses transboundary water interaction – the fault line of international conflict in the 21st century – as a ‘case study’ for advancing public international law in order to fulfil its responsibility of promoting international peace and security.
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Moyo, Khulekani. "Water as a human right under international human rights law : implications for the privatisation of water services." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80062.
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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>Bibliography<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worsening scarcity of fresh water resources has led to an increasing number of people without sustainable access to safe water across the globe. Water privatisation has been presented as the panacea to addressing the global water crisis. Privatisation of water has heightened the impetus for the explicit recognition of water as a human right. This dissertation seeks to establish the legal status of the right to water under international human rights law. The dissertation further attempts to ascertain the scope and normative content of such a right. In order to answer these questions, this dissertation carries out a detailed analysis of the possible legal basis, scope and normative content of the right to water under international human rights law. The principal question that arises is how a State can ensure compliance with its human rights obligations in the event of involvement of non-State actors such as private corporations in the management and distribution of water services. This dissertation‘s main hypothesis is that although privatisation of water services does not relieve the State of its legal responsibility under international human rights law, such privatisation imposes certain obligations on private actors consistent with the right to water. The dissertation goes beyond articulating normative considerations and looks at implementation at the national level by highlighting good practices on the practical implementation of the right to water consistent with the normative standards imposed by the right. The dissertation‘s key contribution is its development of an accountability model to ensure that States and private actors involved in the provision of water services have clearly designated roles and responsibilities consistent with the human right to water. If properly implemented, the model has the potential to give greater specification to the normative commitments imposed by the right to water in privatisation scenarios.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verergerende skaarste van vars water bronne het aanleiding gegee tot die toename in die hoeveelheid mense sonder volhoubare toegang tot veilige water oor die hele aarde. Dit word aangevoer dat die privatisering van water die wondermiddel is om die globale water krisis aan te spreek. Die privatisering van water het aanleiding gegee tot 'n verskerpte aandrang om water uitdruklik te erken as 'n mensereg. Hierdie proefskrif poog om die regsstatus van die reg tot water te vestig binne die raamwerk van internasionale menseregte. Die proefskrif probeer verder om vas te stel wat die omvang en normatiewe inhoud van so 'n reg sal wees. Vervolgens voltrek hierdie proefskrif 'n uitvoerige analise van die moontlike regsbasis, omvang en normatiewe inhoud van die reg tot water binne die raamwerk van internasionale menseregte. Die vernaamste vraag wat opduik is hoe 'n Staat kan verseker dat sy menseregte verpligtinge nagekom word waar nie-Regeringsrolspelers soos korporasies betrokke is by die bestuur en distribusie van waterdienste. Die kern hipotese van hierdie proefskrif is dat alhoewel die privatisering van waterdienste nie die Staat verlig van sy regsverpligtinge in terme van internasionale menseregte nie, sodanige privatisering sekere verpligtinge aan privaatrolspelers voorskryf wat in lyn is met die reg op water. Hierdie proefskrif gaan verder as die artikulering van normatiewe oorwegings en kyk ook na die implementering op nasionale vlak deur goeie praktyke uit te lig met betrekking tot die prakiese implementering van die reg tot water wat konsekwent is met die normatiewe standaarde wat die reg voorskryf. Die kern bydrae van hierdie proefskrif is die ontwikkeling van 'n aanspreeklikheismodel wat versker dat Regerings en privaat rolspelers wat betrokke is by die voorsiening van waterdienste duidelik aangewysde funksies en verantwoordelikhede het wat in lyn is met die reg tot water. Indien hierdie model behoorlik implementeer word, het dit die potensiaal om grooter spesifikasie te gee aan die normatiewe verpligtinge wat deur die reg tot water voorgeskryf word in privatiserings scenarios.
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Hansén, Nora. "The Human Right to Water and its Status in International Law." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156385.
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Rieu-Clarke, Alistair Stephen. "A fresh approach to international law in the field of sustainable development : what lessons from the law of international water courses?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2004. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/9d84d8f5-7439-4ed9-9b18-f86bc9f3e95c.
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Implementing the goal of sustainable development has long been heralded as the means by which the needs of both present and future generations can be met. However, finding a long-term balance between economic, social and environmental interests, the basic tenet of sustainable development, has proved largely illusive in practice. This thesis shows that, while a number of “legal frameworks for sustainable development” have been proposed at the international level, they fail to fully capture the essence of sustainable development and international law’s capacity to support its implementation. Through a study of the law of international watercourses the thesis shows that a sophisticated legal mechanism, comprised of key substantive and procedural rights and obligations between States, exists to reconcile competing economic, social and environmental interests. Moreover, the thesis illustrates how the basic approach taken by the law of international watercourses can be used as a model for further developing international law in the field of sustainable development. The thesis is divided into four sections. The first section includes an overview of the topic area and an understanding of international law. In section two the thesis explores the meaning of sustainable development and considers the term’s relationship with international law. A detailed analysis of how the law of international watercourses seeks to reconcile competing economic, social and environmental interests is carried out in section three. The thesis concludes with a fourth section advocating the need for a fresh approach to international law and sustainable development and offering the foundations for this fresh approach based on lessons learnt from the law of international watercourses.
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Hofer, Christian. "More market in water supply : understanding the international human rights law perspective /." lizenzfrei, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/61860197X.pdf.
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Moussa, Jasmin Abdel Rahman. "'Title to water' in international law and the Nile basin legal regime." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708231.
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Hu, Desheng. "Water rights in China : an international and comparative study." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2004. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/cd5309dc-320b-4d20-8382-0fd6fb5b91fa.
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China, the world's most populous country, has been experiencing a severe water crisis. This has manifested itself through water shortages, water pollution and natural water disasters, and has been exacerbated by the rapid social and economic development that has taken place in the last two decades. To deal with these problems, an integrated water resources management programme, within which an effective and enforceable water rights system can play a key role, should emerge as soon as possible under the principle of sustainable development. However, there are many problems under the water rights system in the current Chinese water law, involving the property right of water resources, the human right to water, and the environmental right to water. ... this dissertation recommends a well structured water rights system under which the economic, social and environmental values of water resources co-exist equitably in harmony.
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Nash, Brett Jason. "Confluence of the law of fresh water resources and international trade : do Canada’s international trade obligations apply to Canada’s fresh water resources?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57777.
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This thesis explores whether international trade rules apply to Canada’s fresh water resources. In order to determine if international trade rules apply, in particular the rules contained in GATT 1947, GATT 1994, and NAFTA, three questions are posed by the author. The first question focuses the enquiry on the legal characterization of fresh water resources in the selected international legal instruments to determine the obligations contained in the trade agreements apply. The second question is, if the first question cannot be answered, what other interpretive tools can be employed to come to an answer. Finally, the third question is, if international trade obligations apply the the bulk export of fresh water resources, are there any exemptions which can be employed to limit or prohibit the bulk export of the resource. In order to answer these questions, the author applies a traditional legal doctrinal analysis. This provides a method of analyzing the legal texts of the international agreements and other legal materials in an orderly and systematic manner. Using this methodology, the author engages with the primary materials to determine the ordinary meaning of the words and phrases used in the texts. In addition to the analysis of the legal texts, the author reviews the history of the development of Canada’s international trade and foreign policy through the lens of the international relations theory of exogenous shock. By using the theory of exogenous shock as an interpretive aid, the author is able to provide justification in concluding that the preferred interpretation that Canada’s international trade obligations found in GATT and NAFTA do not apply to Canada’s fresh water resources.<br>Law, Peter A. Allard School of<br>Graduate
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Makhoathi, Motsamai Johan. "From an implicit responsibility to an explicit obligation : examining the human right to water under international law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73181.
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Water is literally life. Without it, there would be no life on Earth. For this reason, access to a safe and adequate supply of water is essential for human survival. Despite this fact, however, a significant portion of the world’s population still lack access to a safe and adequate supply of water and sanitation. This is concerning because lack of a safe and adequate supply of water and sanitation often leads to a wide spread of water-related diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and typhoid, all of which annually claim the lives of thousands of people around the world. To make matters worse, despite the efforts made by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) to address this issue by recognising the human right to water as a human right in its General Comment 15 of 2002 - the issuance of which subsequently led to further recognition of the human right to water by both the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in 2010 - the recognition and the legal status of the human right to water under international law continue to be the subjects of controversy. This has resulted in uncertainty regarding the legal status, bases, normative content and the scope of the human right to water as well as the obligations arising from this right under international law. Against this background, this study sought to examine the human right to water under international law with the aim of clarifying its legal status, bases, normative content and scope as well as the correlative states’ obligations emanating from it under international. To this end, this study has demonstrated that the human right to water enjoys a dual and fragmented recognition under international law and as a result the human right to water equally enjoys a fragmented and dual but contradictory legal status under international law, which has the risk of leading to an inconsistent and ineffective implementation of the right in practice. For this reason, this study concluded that until the human right to water is codified and recognised as an explicit and an independent right under international, the current uncertainty surrounding its legal status, normative content, scope and the correlative states’ obligations emanating from it under international law will remain and as such the human right to water under international law will always be at the risk of being recognised as a mere derivative right and not as an independent right.<br>Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>Public Law<br>LLM<br>Restricted
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Harun, Ibrahim. "The impact of privatisation of water supply and services on the fulfilment of human water rights in selected developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5157_1367483357.
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Penkalla, Michaela. "Is there a universally acknowledged human right to water? : an analysis of obligations under international, regional and national law : a case study of Germany and South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20865.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to assess whether or not there is a universal human right to water. The problem of water scarcity and high death rates due to a lack of access to clean water is still prevalent across the globe today, making it hard to believe that a human right to water is still not codified in international law. This dissertation analyses international as well as national law to assess whether a human right to water is universally acknowledged by the international community despite not being codified. It is argued, that there is still no explicit universal human right to water in international law. However, this dissertation acknowledges that a human right to water does exist as a derivate right, which is almost universally acknowledged. As a derivative right, it is, however, not as equally strong as explicitly acknowledged rights in the core international human rights instruments. This dissertation also provides a brief overview of corporate involvement under the human right to water. An assessment is made as to whether or not international law imposes direct obligations and responsibilities on companies. It is argued in this dissertation that companies have a particular responsibility for the implementation of the human right to water despite states remaining the primary subjects responsible.
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Amorelli, Federico Dino. "Fight over Freshwater : The role of international law in transboundary watercourse governance." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195126.
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With a changing climate, population growth and pollution, the twenty-first cen-tury imposes new challenges in the field of water distribution. International wa-tercourses are especially vulnerable, since their transboundry nature makes the water a contested resource. Although the traditional notion that watercourses are an integral part of the sovreignity of the state, more and more states has understood the importance of regulating the relationship between states that share the same watercourse, as to avoid dispute and coordinate benefits and responsibilities. The UN water-course convention was created in 1997 to fill this gap in state-on-state relations, and to stipulate equal and sustainable shared governance. However, the inter-national community struggled in reaching a consensus over the resource alloca-tion mechanism, despite the ambitious attempts at reaching a compromise in the lead up to the convention. This has led to a general reluctance to embrace the convention, consequently creating a discrepancy in the regulatory frame-work of the different basins. The essay will discuss the role which the international legal system plays in regulating transboundry watercourse governance in terms of resource alloca-tion, cooperation, dispute settlement and environmental considerations.
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Cuhadar, Cerag Esra Rubinstein Robert A. "Evaluating track-two diplomacy in pre-negotiation a comparative assessment of track-two initiatives on water and Jerusalem in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Kucukmehmetoglu, Mehmet. "Water resources allocation and conflicts: the case of the Euphrates and the Tigris." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1389276138.
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Moynihan, Ruby Mahana. "The contribution of the UNECE water regime to international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31049.
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Achieving global water sustainability through a resilient international legal architecture presents one of the most pressing challenges within our resource finite planet. A staggering 42 percent of the total land area of the earth is covered by transboundary river basins, where more than 40 percent of the global population lives and depends on the ecosystem services of the 286 transboundary river basins and 200 transboundary aquifers stretching across the political boundaries of 151 countries. There is already evidence of water resources becoming a source of conflict in many regions and constraining a whole myriad of securities – climate, human, environmental, food, economic, energy – on various levels of society. The international legal architecture to manage this critical natural resource is the overarching area of inquiry in this thesis, and requires improvement to address current and predicted future transboundary water challenges, conflicts and strengthen cooperation. Despite the establishment of around 690 river basin treaties, many of these agreements completely miss or provide unclear provisions on principles and rules of international water law. Until recently there was no legally binding global treaty on transboundary watercourses and customary international law has provided the default rules in the absence of agreements and facilitated the re-interpretation of older agreements in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Now there are potentially two global treaties, with the recent entry into force of the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention and the global opening up of the 1992 pan-regional United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention, to all UN member states. There is also a plethora of other international environmental legal and non-legally binding instruments, indirectly addressing international law relevant to transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. Legal regimes for the protection and use of international river basins cannot be interpreted and applied in isolation from other relevant norms of international environmental and general international law. This thesis seeks to understand the rising role and contribution of regional approaches relevant to international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. More specifically it explores the contribution of the UNECE Water Convention and other relevant UNECE environmental instruments as a structurally distinctive ‘regime’. This thesis introduces a novel conception of a broader ‘UNECE water regime’ which includes the Water Convention, the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice (Aarhus Convention), the Convention on Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment (Espoo Convention), the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, as well as their protocols and non-binding instruments. This research demonstrates how these instruments and their institutions can be interpreted and understood to form a common framework of rules, principles and approaches which fills critical gaps in basin treaties, and collectively contributes to the clarification and development of international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. This analysis also explores institutional interaction and coordination between and beyond the UNECE pan-regional agreements, as well as the role of soft law or non-binding instruments, and state and non-state actors in the regime. This thesis seeks to contribute to a more coherent understanding of the relationship between the UNECE water regime, international water law, international environmental law and general international law. The UNECE water regime has contributed to clarifying many of the cornerstone rules and principles of international water law and it is argued that the UNECE water regime is lex specialis, which can and mostly does go beyond the UN Watercourses Convention. The UNECE water regime has also arguably spearheaded a paradigm shift in international water law, which sees it moving beyond its historically predominant focus on issues of transboundary impact and utilisation towards a stronger ecosystem orientated approach to environmental protection and equitable use of transboundary river basins. This research identifies key elements of an ecosystem approach, drawing from international environmental and international water law and demonstrates how the ecosystem approach, including ecosystem services, as supported by the UNECE water regime, affects interpretation of international water law towards enhancing ecosystem protection and intra-state equity. This research also explores how the UNECE regime goes beyond what exists elsewhere in international law and international water law on public participation and access to justice. Finally, this research examines the contribution of the UNECE regime vis-à-vis international and European Union water law, across the spectrum of pan-European river basins, especially focusing on the Danube, Sava and Western Bug basins. The UNECE water regime is the most evolved pan-regional regime of its kind, providing ambitious detailed standards and clarification of rules and principles relevant to transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. It also provides a valuable model of institutional cooperation, progressively engaging state and non-state actors. As this regime takes steps towards realising its global ambition, with almost all instruments now open to all UN member states, and the recent accession by Chad to the Water Convention, this analysis demonstrates why this is predominantly a positive endeavour but also highlights potential challenges and hurdles. This research thus explores the implications and benefits of the UNECE’s rising role in strengthening the international legal architecture to protect the world’s fragile transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems.
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Mulligan, Abigail Rosemary. "Naming as Survival: Law, Water and Settler Colonialism in Palestine." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1618943892479408.
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Petersson, Jess. "Status and Trends Associated with Indigenous Communities Inland Water and the Development of Relevant International Law." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2512.
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This thesis is written at a time when the world faces many challenges. Gross violation of human rights persists, discrimination against and alienation of marginalized groups continues, the gulf between rich and poor yawns ever wider, and the rapid degradation of the environment continues to gain momentum. One area upon which environmental degradation impacts most crucially is water. In terms of vulnerability and scarcity as a commodity, water has come to be called by some 'the new oil'. Already, water has influenced political strategies and been the cause of wars. The aim of this thesis has been, firstly, to identify the status and trends in inland water ecosystems and their immediate dependents, with particular reference to indigenous communities living close to the water source, and hence more directly affected. If the destruction of inland water ecosystems is allowed to continue unchecked, it will inevitably have disastrous universal consequences. The thesis also discusses the protection of indigenous knowledge and innovations, provided by intellectual property and other instruments, and attempts to analyse developments in international law, which have relevance for indigenous peoples in connection with the conservation, management and sustainable use of inland water systems.
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Luciuk, Stephania P. "The implementation of international obligations into domestic law, lessons from Canada and Ukraine's water protection laws." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24869.pdf.
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Svantesson, Hanna. "Where to Live When My State is Submerged Under Water? : A Study of the International Legal Protection for Climate Refugees." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76483.
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Daibes-Murad, Fadia Francis. "A progressive multidisciplinary approach for resolving the Palestinian-Israeli conflict over transboundary groundwater : what lessons from international law?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2004. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ac317338-05e2-424e-ab3c-b6f00bdda9f0.
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The rights and obligations of States concerning their shared transboundary groundwates are not fully understood. The primary reasons for this are the complex characteristics and behaviours of groundwater, and the lack of full understanding of its interconnection with the surrounding environment. Consequently, States appear to be reluctant in concluding legally binding arrangements that specifically address this topic. This complexity is further intensified under difficult political situations, whereby the Parties sharing groundwater are unable to foresee the benefits of cooperation concerning this resource. This thesis represents an inquiry into the rules and principles governing the utilization of shared transboundary groundwater, and how cooperative frameworks can be initiated implemented, in the complex political context of the Mountain Aquifer shared between Israel and Palestine. The main objective of this thesis is to achieve an integrative mutually beneficial arrangement in the case of the Mountain Aquifer, based on lessons learnt from international law. The proposal for approaching the problem within the Palestinian-Israeli context is to progressively establish a solid basis for long-term sustainable arrangements. The progressive approach starts with a non-binding flexible arrangement that can serve the short-term need, which gradually builds up into a final legally binding arrangement based on international law.
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Riva, Gabriela Rodrigues Saab. "O direito à água no direito internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-11022015-143850/.
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A presente dissertação tem como tema o direito à água e objetiva compreender como se dá sua inserção no Direito Internacional. Para tanto, pretende-se analisar o tratamento dado pelo Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente e especialmente pelo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos às questões relativas ao acesso à água, assim como à prioridade na alocação dos recursos hídricos para a satisfação das necessidades humanas. Inicialmente, procede-se a uma investigação analítica das principais discussões a respeito do acesso e da preservação da água, notadamente aquelas realizadas em conferências internacionais de cunho ambiental e explicitadas nas diversas declarações da comunidade internacional. Dedica-se, ainda de forma analítica, a refazer o caminho que levou ao reconhecimento do direito à água no âmbito dos direitos humanos, com o intuito de definir as suas bases normativas e jurisprudenciais. Finalmente, visando fornecer parâmetros doutrinários, normativos e jurisprudenciais para a ampla compreensão da presença e dos contornos do direito à água no Direito Internacional, procede-se à análise de seu conteúdo em termos de direitos e obrigações, das implicações de sua afirmação como um direito humano, assim como dos diversos aspectos de sua natureza jurídica.<br>The subject of this academic work is the right to water and it aims to understand the insertion of this human right in International Law. With that in mind, the present study intends to analyze the ways which International Environmental Law and mainly International Human Rights Law deal with issues of water access, as well as with priorities in the allocation of water resources to supply the human needs. It initially proceeds to an analytical investigation of the main discussions with regards to water access and water conservation, mostly carried out at international conferences and announced in a number of declarations on environmental issues made by the international community. This study also commits to revise the path that led to the recognition of the right to water in the human rights field, aiming to determine its normative and jurisprudential basis. Finally, in order to provide doctrinal, normative and jurisprudential parameters for a better understanding of the presence and configuration of the right to water in International Law, this work subsequently focuses on the analysis of its content in terms of rights and obligations, on the implications of its formulation as a human right, as well as on the varied aspects of its legal nature.
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Islam, M. D. Nazrul. "Equitable sharing of the water of the Ganges : applicable procedural principles and rules under international law and their adequacy." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325143.
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Jones, Patricia. "The application of equitable and reasonable utilisation to transboundary water resources disputes : lessons from international practice." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5d4b8fd3-466a-4856-9954-987ff75ea20f.
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Water resources located in more than one country are complex systems governed by customary international law embodied in a rule known as equitable and reasonable utilisation, a recent development in international law not yet been applied by an international tribunal to resolve a dispute or to allocate transboundary water resources between countries. Water scarcity on a global scale has reached critical proportions with 1.1 billion people without access to sufficient safe water for personal and domestic use; over half that number depend on transboundary watercourses that will disappear over the next century. Conflicts of use over shared water resource have the potential to escalate into armed conflict; certainty in the peaceful means to avoid and resolve disputes is needed. The thesis examines international procedural practice and jurisprudence applying equitable principles in a case study to illustrate how equitable and reasonable utilisation may be applied by an international tribunal. The survey of international practice will inform States about procedural options for dispute avoidance and resolution in disputes over the use of transboundary water resources.
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Holmström, Linn. "Water and sanitation, a fundamental human right? : A study of the United Nations legal framework towards the fundamental Human Right to water and sanitation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21453.
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The Earth consists of approximately 70 percentage of water, but only 1 percent is at present suitable to drink with no sanitation. Water is vital for human life and should be accessible to all human beings, stated even through its legal definition. Reviewed in this paper is that globalization has over the years brought both stunning benefits and openings for many individuals in regards to water and sanitation. However, these opportunities are yet not available for all, since currently approximately 2.5 billion of the world’s population lack access to sanitation, and for about 1 billion individual’s access to safe drinking water is absent. Harmed health leading to death is a crucial consequence of this enormous lack. International coherence and acknowledgement for this challenging situation is at present part of the global agenda, and through this, water and sanitation have been recognized as a fundamental human right by the United Nations (UN) and implemented in its legal framework. However, its definition can be questioned. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) declare that water shall be available and accessible for all human beings. Within several of the UNs adopted documents, water shall additionally be sufficient, affordable, safe and acceptable, and contain a certain standard of quality. Nevertheless, obstacles occur regarding these requirements through its interpretation. The question arises if the right within its classification can guarantee the fundamental right to water and sanitation to be incorporated, compatible and functional in human rights law. Besides this, the role of sustainable development and, regional and national legislations in the implementation process is additionally addressed to acknowledge how the right is ensured and protected.
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All, John David. "International utilization of shared water resources: A case study of the Colorado River Delta and Upper Gulf of California, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280002.
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Research that contributes knowledge on the ecological impacts of policies governing the utilization and management of the Colorado River could be useful in developing future policy for this internationally shared resource. This dissertation examines legal protection of endangered species habitat in Mexico and the impacts of hydrologic variability on the ecosystem in the Colorado River Delta using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite images. The working hypothesis was that climatic variability impacts the ecosystem of the Colorado River Delta and Upper Gulf and the ecological impacts influence socioeconomic activities directed toward resource utilization or extraction. The legal potentials for increasing water delivery to the Delta are evaluated and it is concluded that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) may be the only viable legal option to force greater water delivery in the region. An examination of the ESA indicates that Mexico will have to undertake certain actions to enable any legal suit to prevail and that such changes could benefit threatened habitat for endangered species and other animals. The effect of freshwater flows in the Delta and Gulf are evaluated using AVHRR Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) data. The monthly data from 1989--2000 revealed that flood flows into the Rio Hardy wetland have a positive impact upon endangered species habitat. The flood flows were evaluated through the use of a Hydrologic Response Index (HRI) that related flood-dependent to flood-independent wetlands. The same data set was used to gauge the amount of floodwater flow into the Gulf and by estimating how much was diverted to a closed basin in Mexico called the Laguna Salada. Examination of impoundment area changes in the Laguna Salada during flooding indicated that inflows never exceeded capacity and the large volumes of water released across the US/Mexico border failed to reach the Gulf. It is suggested that public or private initiatives such as the rebuilding of natural earthworks in the Colorado River channel in the upper Delta by Ducks Unlimited should be considered seriously by policy makers as a way that could promote increased flow of water to the lower Delta and Gulf.
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McAdam, Kevin Christopher. "The Human Right to Water -- Market Allocations and Subsistence in a World of Scarcity." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/384.
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Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach<br>More than one billion people do not have access to an adequate water supply and several billion lack access to basic sanitation, which is the number one cause of diseases linked to water and water contamination. In countries such as Gambia and Haiti, people live on less than 4 liters of water per day. Cholera and dysentery, two of the more deadly water-related diseases, claim around 10 million victims each year, primarily among young children and the elderly; sadly, these diseases are easily preventable. Certain areas of the world are running out of fresh water at an alarming rate, and the global distribution of water is making it increasingly more difficult for poor people to access it. Movements to commodify water and privatize the industries that provide it are, in many cases, exacerbating this situation of scarcity and trapping poor people in a cycle of water poverty. While much research has been done on the problem of water scarcity, there is currently a void in this undertaking regarding the link between scarcity and water as a human right. Therefore, this paper seeks to address the question of whether there exists a human right to water and, if so, what obligations that entails for major market actors, such as: state governments; water corporations; and international lending institutions<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: International Studies<br>Discipline: College Honors Program
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Thang, Nguyen Toan. "L'extension artificielle des côtes vers le large et ses conséquences en droit international." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210990.
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La thèse aborde une question originale et d'actualité: l'extension artificielle des côtes. Afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène dans son actualité, la thèse attache une importance à la description de la pratique des États en fournissant les informations aussi précises, aussi actuelles et aussi concrètes que possible. C'est à partir de cette pratique que la thèse répond à la question de savoir comment les règles de droit répondent aux exigences de la pratique.<p><p>En ce qui concerne la pratique des États, la thèse explique, dans une première partie, que l'extension artificielle des côtes est destinée, tantôt, à protéger les côtes contre l'élévation du niveau de la mer, tantôt à gagner des terres pour diverses fins: habitat humain, agricoles, développement des ports et de leurs infrastructures pour les besoins des navires modernes et du commerce international. Mais parallèlement, cette extension entraîne des effets négatifs pour l'écosystème côtier (chapitre I). Des travaux de ce genre ont été menés, ou vont l'être, en Europe (Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Belgique, France, R.-U. etc), aux États-Unis, en Asie (Bahreïn, Malaisie, Hong Kong, Singapour, Japon), en Australie, et sur certains archipels du Pacifique (chapitre II).<p><p>La seconde partie de la thèse examine le droit applicable au phénomène d'extension artificielle des côtes. Sont ainsi passées en revue: les règles relatives à la navigation (chapitre III), les règles relatives aux lignes de base (chapitre IV), les règles relatives aux hauts-fonds découvrants (chapitre V), les règles relatives aux îles et aux rochers (chapitre VI) et enfin les règles relatives à la protection de l'environnement marin (chapitre VII).<p><br>Doctorat en droit<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Adomėlytė, Elija. "Compliance and enforcement mechanisms in UNECE environmental Agreements: case of the UNECE convention on the protection and use of trans-boundary watercourses and international lakes." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_104317-40656.
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This master thesis researches, compares, analyses and critically evaluates compliance and enforcement mechanisms in UNECE environmental agreements in order to facilitate creation of the compliance mechanism under Water Convention. Absence of compliance mechanism starts impeding fluent functioning of Water Convention and has to be urgently established. Necessity for the compliance mechanism arises from the set of important factors: need to ensure full implementation and compliance with the Water Convention – an agreement of exceptional value and significance to our society because if governs fresh water resources; the problems of implementation and compliance arising under Convention and absence of an institute/third party able to search for solutions and give adequate and prompt responses. To begin with, up to date Water Convention is the only one functioning fresh water agreement of this kind in the world and full compliance with its requirements is the highest priority. It establishes a framework for cooperation and action in the field of trans-boundary fresh water resource management affecting area of more than 150 major rivers and 50 large lakes and their populations and has a potential to become global. Recently Parties to the Convention acknowledged the fact that they are facing certain problems related to implementation and compliance of the Convention: problems of implementation and their settlement; prevention or management of existing or potential differences in... [to full text]<br>Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti, palyginti ir kritiškai įvertinti Jungtinių Tautų Europos Ekonomikos Komisijos aplinkos apsaugos sutarčių įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmai, siekiant palengvinti tokio mechanizmo kūrimą Vandens konvencijai. Sutarties įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmo nebuvimas pradeda trukdyti efektyviam konvencijos funkcionavimui ir turi būti skubiai įdiegtas. Toks mechanizmas reikalingas dėl šių pagrindinių priežasčių: būtinybės užtikrinti visišką Vandens konvencijos (kuri yra ypatingai svarbi gamtai ir visuomenei, nes reguliuoja vandens resursus) reikalavimų įgyvendinimą, vykdymą ir laikymąsi, daugėjančių problemų, kylančių dėl konvencijos įgyvendinimo ir laikymosi, bei nebuvimo jokio instituto, galinčio adekvačiai ir greitai reaguoti bei pateikti tinkamą atsaką ir efektyvų sprendimą. Vandens konvencija yra vienintelis pasaulyje funkcionuojantis tokio pobūdžio susitarimas ir dėl to visiškas jos reikalavimų įgyvendinimo užtikrinimas yra aukščiausias prioritetas. Konvencija reguliuoja tarptautinių vandens resursų apsaugą bei naudojimą, šalių veiklą ir bendradarbiavimą teritorijoje, apimančioje daugiau kaip 150 didžiausių upių bei 50 didelių ežerų. Ji stipriai veikia šių teritorijų gyventojus bei ateityje gali tapti pasauline konvencija. Konvencijos šalys pripažino faktą, jog pastaruoju metu jos susiduria su šiomis problemomis, susijusiomis su įgyvendinimu bei laikymusi: konvencijos įgyvendinimo problemos bei jų sprendimas, konfliktai dėl... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Foster-Thorpe, Frances C. "Accountability interactions : mutliple accountabilities in the Murray-Darling basin plan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:aac0e39b-f397-4292-baf9-e99c93c98c7d.
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This thesis investigates whether different public accountability forums interact with one another when they oversee the same decision maker. It contributes to the larger study of how decision makers are held to account in constitutional democracies where the simultaneous operation of multiple accountability relationships has become routine. Looking beyond the dominant assumption that multiple forums autonomously assess a decision maker's accountability against different and diverging standards, I aim to understand whether forums can influence the standards against which other forums evaluate the same decision maker. I draw on political and normative understandings of public accountability to answer one central question: do different public accountability forums interact with one another in a way that influences the scope of what a decision maker is obliged to account for and the normative standards against which that account is evaluated? Answering this research question involves examining the mechanisms by which interactions might occur and the motivations of actors to interact. I begin by critically reviewing the literature on multiple accountabilities, arguing that existing approaches can only partially explain how public accountability is constructed in multiple accountability regimes. I argue the focus on typologies of accountability emphasise the attributes of individual forums and overlook the broader dynamics of the accountability regime. I then develop an analytical framework to examine how the interactions between different forums, and other actors, might reshape the accountability dialogue. This framework is used to analyse the case of the Murray-Darling Basin Plan in Australia (2008-2012). By presenting a contextSrich analysis of interactions between forums, and other actors, I find that multiple forums act in concert with one another and other actors to contest and then reshape the standards against which the two decision makers are evaluated. The thesis concludes by discussing the implications of recognising accountability interactions for understanding multiple accountability regimes.
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Dillon, John F. "Stories like a River: The Character of Indian Water Rights and Authority in the Wind River and Klamath-Trinity Basins." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293448.
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The ability to decisively benefit from ample sources of freshwater represents a pivotal challenge for American Indian nations and their self-determination in the western United States. Climate change, population growth, and capitalist pressures continue to escalate demand for water in an already dry land. This project set out to listen and add practical perspective to the importance of water as reflected in various forms of stories in the context of American Indian reserved water rights. It explores dynamic confluences and divergences of worldviews that influence American Indian nations' relationships with water in the present sociopolitical context. The integral relationship between literatures, laws, and tribal sovereignty constructs this study's theoretical framework as it broadens scholarship on this connection to include the implications of water rights. This approach leads to a critical, or perhaps "literary critical," background for examining two major water rights struggles in the western United States; the first being court decisions on the Wind River Indian Reservation, home of the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes, and secondly, the Klamath-Trinity Basin, where four federally recognized tribes recently partook in water rights settlement negotiations. Litigation and negotiations over vital water are presently limited to the minefield of ambiguous Western narratives on the values and uses of Indian water rights. While each conflict has its unique circumstances and personalities, EuroAmerican stories of control and superiority continue to justify the exploitation of water and subjugation of Indigenous human rights. Alternative forums might make room for restorying and more sustainably managing water.
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Nolting, Janine. "Proposed South African management framework for the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003907.
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South Africa, strategically situated at the southern tip of Africa, is edged on three sides by almost 3000 km of coastline surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (South African Tourism, 2011). This vast ocean expanse is responsible for conveying approximately 96% of South Africa’s exports (Brand South Africa, 2011). Despite the positive economic effects of the shipping industry, translocation of harmful organisms and pathogens via ballast water and sediments inside ballast water tanks has far reaching global environmental (and economic) impacts (Oliviera, 2008:1; David and Gollasch, 2008:1966). Ballast water is the water that is taken on in order to manage the draft of the ship, to help with propulsion, manoeuvrability, trim control, list and stability (Oliviera, 2008:2). The discharge of ballast water into the world’s oceans has resulted in the transfer of ecologically harmful sea-life into non-native environments (IMO, 2011), resulting in major environmental threats to our oceans (Bax, Williamson, Aguero, Gonzalez and Geeves, 2003:313). Various international documents have been developed to deal with the ballast water issue, culminating in the introduction of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (“the Convention”) in 2004. The Convention aims at achieving a reduction in the transfer and subsequent impacts of aquatic organisms via the ballast water and sediment of ships. On a local level, South Africa does not have direct legislation or regulations dealing with ballast water (Duncan, 2007:34) and relies on the combination of a number of pieces of legislation relating to environmental management, coastal management, biodiversity, alien invasive species control, port control and ship safety (National Environmental Management Act, 1998, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 2009, National Ports Act, 2005 and Merchant Shipping Act, 1951). Although the Convention was ratified by South Africa in 2008 (Department of International Relations and Cooperation, 2011) it is still not in force and there still exists no other consolidated legal mechanism through which ballast water is managed. This research has investigated the various roles, responsibilities and mandates of South African competent authorities under the aforementioned legislation in managing ballast water, and has determined that there is definite legislative and institutional fragmentation as well as overlaps. A comparative analysis of management frameworks developed both locally and internationally was conducted in order to develop a management framework for ballast water management in South Africa. Various legislative, institutional and functional aspects were identified and adapted for inclusion in a South African management framework. A co-ordinated approach to ballast water management has been developed in the management framework which is anticipated to result in more definitive roles and responsibilities of the various South African departments involved in the management of ballast water and implementation of the Convention.
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Zghaib, Rizk. "L'eau et son partage au Levant : enjeu juridique au service de la paix." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020090.
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Le cadre juridique régissant les ressources hydrauliques partagées dans la région de l’Est Méditerranéen dite du Levant souffre d’insuffisances manifestes et semble inadapté à la réalisation de la tâche que ses géniteurs lui ont assigné. Produit essentiellement de conventions bilatérales dont les dispositions s’avèrent parfois contradictoires, il est le fruit d’un contexte politique tendu, sévissant depuis longtemps dans cette partie du monde au point d’en constituer le trait de marque et valorisant une logique de confrontation entre des volontés souveraines peu soucieuses des intérêts des Etats tiers. Il dénote ainsi fermement une absence de prise de conscience du caractère commun des ressources hydrauliques et la nécessité de leur partage au sein d’une communauté d’intérêts. Il se trouve, par ailleurs, en retrait des mutations que connaît dernièrement le droit international des ressources hydrauliques partagées tant superficielles que souterraines. Loin de respecter l’unité hydrologique du bassin du Jourdain, ses stipulations ne permettent pas de donner leur plein effet aux principes de l’utilisation équitable et non dommageable de ses eaux. Or, ces principes coutumiers, désormais codifiés, préconisent une gestion intégrée et globale desdites ressources qui peine toujours à se réaliser le cas échéant. Ils se trouvent d’autant plus dénaturés dans la mesure où leur champ d’application demeure restreint incluant certains Etats riverains à l’exclusion d’autres. Pourtant, l’eau au Levant, dont la situation précaire est évidente, peut se transformer d’un élément générateur de tensions récurrentes à un facteur déclencheur d’une dynamique de coopération sur une échelle régionale. Des impératifs divers y contribueront immanquablement. Cette démarche aura toutefois tout à gagner en empruntant aux dernières avancées du droit international en la matière les modalités et procédures qu’elles prescrivent. Cet apport serait le garant d’une coopération multifonctionnelle et institutionnalisée, s’inscrivant dans un corpus juridique cohérent et global et oeuvrant à l’affermissement d’une culture de la paix<br>The current legal framework that dictates the water distribution in the Levant can be considered as inapt and insufficient in the way it overlooks the populations’ current needs. Negotiated upon through a series of bilateral conventions that favored the interests of some sovereign states at the expense of others, today’s legal framework is sustaining the long-standing political tensions in the region. In hindsight, it appears as though the bilateral conventions have shaped a status quo that failed to take into account the vital characteristic of the natural resource in question and its essential need to be shared and equitably distributed in an approach that subscribes within the common interest. Today, although the international water distribution practices witnessed significant evolution, the Levant region nevertheless still finds itself enacting an outdated framework, one that overlooks the hydrological unity of the Jordan Basin. In practice, the bilateral conventions led to a sectarian division of resources as opposed to a more balanced and fair regional one allowing a full implementation to the principles of equitable and non harmful use of international water. These customary principles, now codified, can’t fully be effective through this lacking and deficient legal framework. However, the Levant’s water resources can go from being the bearer of regional tension, to triggering a series of cooperative talks. With a high number of imperatives at stake it is only a matter of time until the regional players reconvene and adopt a more suitable and equitable distribution practice. Doing so would bring about new levels of institutionalized and cooperative practices, which would ultimately lead to a strong affirmation of peace in the region
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Mobie, Titus Risimati. "The impact of privatization of water system towards the poor a challenge to pastoral care : with special reference to the rural communities of Bushbuckridge /." Thesis, Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11062008-170236/.
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Long, Le Thanh. "Sustanable Development as a Concept for Handling Specific Water Issues and for Law Making and Interpretation : The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case and the United Nations International Watercourses Convention." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5984.
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Long, Le Thanh. "Sustainable Development as a Concept for Handling Specific Water Issues and for Law Making and Interpretation(2) : The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case and the United Nations International Watercourses Convention." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5995.
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Ahmmad, Yadgar Kamal. "Establishing a legal framework for the use and protection of Iraq's equitable right to the Tigris and the Euphrates River Basin." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a53e1971-bbbe-4616-9ed5-17c2178069c0.
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This thesis investigates the mechanisms that might be used to determine the rights and obligations of Turkey, Syria and Iraq to govern the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin (TERB) in accordance with the international water law. In particular, it advocates for the protection of Iraq?s equitable rights through the establishment of a legal and institutional framework for joint use of the TERB. As a contribution towards addressing the issues of transboundary water law at the TERB level, this thesis explores the possibilities for potential cooperation between the three riparian States of the TERB through forming a legally binding treaty under the auspices of contemporary international water law. From this perspective, the thesis hypothesises that international law provides a solid basis on which the State of Iraq can rely on for achieving its legal entitlements to the equitable and reasonable use of the TERB. In this context, the thesis first examines international law in order to establish how it applies to the TERB. Next, the thesis considers how the legal positions of the riparian States can be determined under international law. When the aforesaid requirements are met, the thesis makes recommendations on how international water law can strengthen the legal framework for equitable joint use of the TERB. The thesis offers the methodology and analytical framework that deals with different relevant issues covered within the scope of the thesis. Later on, water uses within the TERB are discussed, followed by a literature review of publications on contemporary Middle East transboundary water conflict and cooperation. Afterwords, the thesis examines the applicable international law and international water law to the riparian States of the TERB. Finally, it explores the legal regime of the inter-State relationships in order to foster improved transboundary water management of the TERB.
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Behrmann, Christian. "Das Prinzip der angemessenen und vernünftigen Nutzung und Teilhabe nach der VN-Wasserlaufkonvention /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016733036&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Vieira, Andréia Costa. "O diálogo sustentável entre o direito do comércio internacional e o direito à água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-27012015-152818/.
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O Direito Internacional Contemporâneo é um sistema pluralista e tem se defrontado com temas os mais diversos na atual agenda internacional. Um dos temas que têm merecido a preocupação do Direito Internacional é a chamada crise da água, assim entendida como a escassez, a poluição, a crise de abastecimento, a sede do setor privado para entrar nesse mercado e os diversos conflitos internacionais em torno da água. A problemática da água envolve, principalmente, três áreas distintas do Direito Internacional, a saber: o Direito do Comércio Internacional, o Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente e o Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Para lidar com essa problemática e trazer soluções concretas à questão da água, a presente pesquisa sugere um diálogo entre essas distintas áreas do Direito. Parte do pressuposto do Direito Internacional como um sistema, apesar dos seus distintos regimes, identificando-o frente ao fenômeno da globalização e seu consequente fenômeno da governança global, emoldurado por distintos atores internacionais, distintas normas de direito e distintos fóruns de aplicação. Apresenta o Regime do Comércio Internacional e o Regime do Meio Ambiente Internacional, nos quais já se inserem as questões hídricas, e identifica possíveis diálogos entre esses regimes, moldados pela noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Afirma a existência do Regime Internacional da Água Doce e suas duas bases de construção estrutural e desenvolvimento: o Direito Internacional da Água Doce para fins diversos da navegação e o Direito Humano à Água. Apresenta os elementos de cada uma dessas defesas e conclui pela existência e desenvolvimento desse regime, cuja consolidação deve ser feita através de um diálogo com o Regime do Comércio Internacional. Nesse proposto diálogo, apresenta dois tipos de interação entre regimes: a interação conflitual e a interação relacional. Como interação conflitual, faz dialogar as normas do GATT e do GATS com as normas do Regime Internacional da Água Doce. Como interação relacional, traz propostas concretas que harmonizam o comércio internacional e a proteção das águas doces, a saber: a criação de uma agência especializada, no âmbito da ONU, para assuntos hídricos; a criação de uma Convenção Quadro sobre recursos hídricos e a criação de um Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo para a água e seu consequente mercado de water certificates. Após detalhar esse hibridismo das normas sobre recursos hídricos, conclui pela legitimidade dessa interação relacional e pelos ganhos que podem advir em favor de um desenvolvimento sustentável, através desse diálogo entre o Direito do Comércio Internacional e o Direito à Água.<br>The contemporary International Law is a pluralistic system that has faced distinct issues in the contemporary international agenda. One of these issues is the so termed water crisis, which comprises scarcity, pollution, water supply matters, the eagerness of the private sector to dominate it and the different international water conflicts. Water issues have mainly evolved through three different subjects of International Law: International Trade Law, International Environmental Law and International Law of Human Rights. To deal with these issues and to bring about real solutions to the water crisis, this research suggests a dialogue between these three different law subjects. It starts with the conjecture that International Law is a system, despite its different regimes, and identifies it within the phenomenon of globalization and its consequent phenomenon of global governance - shaped by distinct international actors, distinct rules and distinct adjudication fora. It presents the International Trade Regime and the International Environmental Regime, within which the water issues can be found, and points out possible dialogues between these regimes, shaped by the notion of sustainable development. It affirms the existence of the International Freshwater Regime and its two structural and developmental bases: the International Law of Non-Navigational Uses of Watercourses and the Human Right to Water. It introduces each element of these two subsystems and it concludes for the existence and development of the International Freshwater Regime, whose consolidation should be built on a dialogue with the International Trade Regime. Within such a proposal of dialogue, it presents two kinds of regime interaction: a conflict interaction and a relational interaction. As a conflict interaction, it brings about a dialogue between the GATT and the GATS rules and the International Freshwater Regime rules. As a relational interaction, it points out real instruments to harmonize international trade law and freshwater protection: the creation of a specialized agency under the United Nations auspices; the creation of an umbrella-convention on water resources; and the creation of a clean development mechanism and its consequent water certificates market. After explaining the hybridism of the water resources rules, it concludes for the legitimacy of this relational interaction and the gains it may have towards a sustainable development through a dialogue between International Trade Law and the Right to Water.
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Castro, Douglas de. "Tratamento jurídico internacional da água e desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-03062011-110124/.
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A água a cada dia passa a ser um tema da agenda de discussões dos Estados, especialmente aqueles que compartilham o recurso nas bacias hidrográficas. O direito internacional nesta área passa a ter importância fundamental como conciliador dos usos que se fazem da água e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Encontrar o equilíbrio entre os princípios do uso equitativo e racional, não causar dano significativo e desenvolvimento sustentável é o desafio numa época de grande demanda de água.<br>Water is an issue in the agenda among States, especially those that share the resource in the hydrographical basin. International law plays fundamental role as conciliator of the uses of water and sustainable development. Finding a balance between equitable and rational use, causing no harm and sustainable development is the challenge in this time of high demand for water.
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Paiva, Toledo André de. "Les grands enjeux contemporains du droit international des espaces maritimes et fluviaux et du droit de l'environnement : de la conservation de la nature à la lutte contre la biopiraterie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020084/document.
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Le droit international de l’environnement est fondé sur deux principes fondamentaux qui sont le principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et le principe de la conservation de la nature. La conjoncture économique contemporaine se caractérise par la systématique violation de ces normes juridiques à travers la surexploitation et la pollution des écosystèmes, ainsi que l’accès clandestin aux ressources biologiques, c’est-à-dire, la biopiraterie. Cette thèse a été développée spécialement à partir des discussions sur la gestion quantitative des ressources biologiques biotiques (la faune et la flore) et des ressources biologiques abiotiques (l’eau), ainsi qu’à partir d’analyses sur le problème de la pollution. Ces analyses sont cependant toujours en connexion avec la surexploitation et la biopiraterie, qui sont vraiment deux des grands enjeux contemporains du droit international de l’environnement. Afin de démontrer combien ces questions environnementales sont désormais de portée universelle, tous les régimes d’utilisation des ressources ont été étudiés, qu’ils soient relatifs à l’air, à la mer ou à la terre. L’on a ainsi pu vérifier l’existence d’un système juridique commun de l’utilisation des ressources biologiques fondé sur la coopération internationale, la bonne foi et le devoir de ne pas causer un préjudice aux autres États, outre les deux principes fondamentaux supra. Toutes ces normes juridiques de gestion de la nature sont matérialisées dans les accords internationaux d’utilisation d’une ressource biologique fondés sur les notions de quotas de durabilité et de quotas nationaux d’exploitation. Par conséquent, les États ont la capacité d’assurer le respect du droit international de l’environnement en assurant la conservation de la nature et la lutte contre la biopiraterie<br>Environmental international law is based on two fundamental principles: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the principle of conservation of nature. The contemporary global economy is characterized by systematic violations of these legal norms through overexploitation and pollution of ecosystems, as well as the clandestine access to biological resources, or biopiracy. This thesis has been especially developed from discussions on the quantitative management of biotic biological resources (fauna and flora) and abiotic biological resources (water), in spite of the analysis on pollution, which can be found in the body of the thesis. The latter analysis is, however, always connected with the overexploitation and biopiracy, which are actually two major contemporary issues of environmental international law. For the demonstration of the generalization of these environmental issues, all regimes relating to the use of resources have been examined, independently of whether they concern the air, the sea, or land. That which could be verified is the existence of a common legal system for the use of biological resources based, in addition to the two fundamental principles mentioned supra, on international cooperation, good faith and the duty not to cause transboundary harm to other States. All these legal norms on nature management are established in international agreements on the use of a biological resource based on the notion of sustainability quotas and national quotas of exploitation. Therefore, States may control the compliance with environmental international law by ensuring the conservation of nature and the fight against biopiracy
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Msukwa, Chimwemwe Kanyamana. "Strategic interests in transboundary river cooperation in Southern Africa – the case of the Okavango." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5239.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>Bibliography<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water is life. Its availability and quality directly relates to what is possible in agriculture as well as
human health. In Southern Africa, water issues have become an important political agenda as a result
of the droughts that the region has been experiencing. The Southern Africa Development Community
(SADC), in its water protocol advises its member states to set up river basin organisations to manage
transboundary rivers in Southern Africa. The aim is to encourage the sustainable use of international
rivers.
Sharing international rivers has proven to be a very difficult issue as shown by the voting patterns on
the UN Convention on the Law of Non Navigational Uses of Transboundary Rivers and the
subsequent failure of entry into force of this convention. While strategic interests on the global levels
manifest themselves in voting patterns in forums like the UN Assembly, the situation is trickier at the
regional level. These strategic interests are ever present as a result of states’ need for recognition of
their sovereignty and the inability of states to accept any hierarchical enforcement.
This study investigates the impact of these interests at the basin level on the structure of cooperation.
With the use of a case study, namely the Okavango River Basin Commission, and guided by regime
theory, the study looks at the process of regime formation and maintenance in the basin. It concludes
that states use cooperative arrangements (international water cooperation regimes) as tools for the
strategic protection of their sovereignty.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is lewe. Die beskikbaarheid en kwaliteit het direk te betrekking op wat moontlik toeneemed is
in landbou so wel as menslike gesondheid. Water as ʼn noodsaaklike bron in suider-Afrika word meer
en meer beskou as ʼn belangrike kwessie op die politieke agenda as gevolg van droogte wat in die
streek ondervind word. ʼn Hoë vlak van belangrikheid word aan die bestuur van water binne die streek
geheg. Die SAOG (Die Suider – Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings gemeenskap), het in sy water protokol aan
sy lid state beveel om rivier kom organisasies te stig om beheer uit te oefen oor riviere in Suider-
Afrika wat oor grense heen vloei. Die doel is om lidstate aan te moedig om die volhoubare gebruik
van internasionale riviere te bevorder .
Die vedeling van internasionale riviere is ‘n komplekse kwessie soos wat VN stempatrone aandui ten
opsigte van die Wet op die Verbod teen Navigasie op Oorgrensende Riviere en die daaropvolgende
versuim van die inwerkingtreding van die Konvensie aandui. As gevolg van state se behoefte vir
erkenning van hul soewereiniteit en hul strategiese belange bly die deel van rivierkomme ‘n moeilike
internasionale probleem.
Hierdie studie ondersoek die impak van die bogenoemde belange op die kom vlak op die struktuur van
samewerking. Met die gebruik van ʼn gevallestudie, naamlik die Okovango Rivier Kom Kommissie, en
aan die hand van regime teorie, ondersoek die studie die proses van regime formasie asook die
problematiek rondom die instandhouding van die Komissie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat state
koöperatiewe reëlings (internasionale water samewerking regimes) as instrumente vir die beskerming
van hul strategiese soewereiniteit en eie belange gebruik.
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Guimarães, Luiz Ricardo. "Desafios jurídicos na proteção do sistema agüífero guarani." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2656.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-23<br>The concern about fresh water reserves on the planet has grown in the last decades
of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st due to the pollution and the
increasing consumption generated by society s industrial, agricultural and
demographic advancement. However, the fresh water existing in the Earth has been
practically the same for thousands of years and it is intrinsically connected to the
maintenance of life. There already are regions on Earth that suffer due the absence
of such precious environmental resource, and there are forecasts of increase of the
global shortage. In this scene, it was divulgated, only with preliminary studies, one of
the largest subterranean water reserves of the world, located between Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay: the Guarani Aquifer System. It has been divulged
on the media as an immense box of mineral water protected from the evil
advancement of modern civilization, and that was available to solve all of the water
problems. Such reserve exists, but there are disagreements about its dimension,
interconnection and waters´ quality. Anyway, the Guarani arouses the most diverse
economic interests in areas such as public supplying, agriculture, thermal, industry,
among many others, for being a strategic reserve for a not so distant future. To avoid
it s degradation and super exploration, the legislation that protects it and rules it s
administration must be efficient, because it s decontamination is practically unviable,
besides it s reserves may exhaust. The first obstacle is the lack of conclusive
scientific studies, what generates the need of the norms attempt to the precaution
principle. The greatest challenge is that Guarani Aquifer System is part under the
Estate, federal and international control areas at the same time. There is no
legislation specific about Guarani, been it included in the subterranean waters
protection. Brazilian s environmental legislation is considered one of the world s most
moderns. Including diverse environmental principles and having a specific space for
water resources. Besides, with the National Politic of Water Resources being
implanted since a decade ago, there are administration systems in advanced
development. In Mercosul ambit, the environmental protection system as a whole did
not left the theorist field. In the event of conflicts, arbitral courts may be used.
Internationally, the environmental defense mechanisms are mostly in the ambit of
ONU. Many conferences took place and its ideas were and still are used for the
advance of environmental protection. The efficacy of the international system is too
restricted and depends on the good will of the involved countries because of
sovereignty s questions. The Guarani Aquifer System needs a plain administration,
mostly on the national level, because its larger part is located inside Brazilian
territory, but it also depends on boundary agreements, under safeguard and
advisement of law and international organizations to attempt, in its exploration, the
principle of sustainable development and to have, as a primordial finality, the
provision for human use, in opposite to economic interests that would benefit only a
selected group<br>A preocupação com as reservas de água doce no planeta cresceu nas últimas
décadas do século XX e no início do XXI devido à poluição e ao crescente consumo
gerado pelo avanço industrial, agrícola e demográfico da sociedade. Mas a água
existente na Terra é praticamente a mesma há milhares de anos e está
intrinsecamente ligada à manutenção da vida. Já há regiões no mundo que sofrem
com a ausência de tão precioso recurso ambiental e há previsões de aumento da
escassez mundial. Nesse cenário, divulgou-se, com apenas estudos preliminares,
uma das maiores reservas mundiais de águas subterrâneas, situada entre Brasil,
Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai: o Sistema Aqüífero Guarani. Ele foi propagado nos
meios técnicos e na mídia como se fosse uma imensa caixa de água mineral
protegida dos avanços maléficos da civilização moderna e que estava à disposição
para resolver todos os problemas hídricos. Tal reserva existe, mas há divergências
em relação à sua dimensão, interconexão e à qualidade de suas águas. Mesmo
assim, o Guarani gera os mais diversos interesses econômicos no campo do
abastecimento público, agricultura, indústria, termal, entre outros, entendendo-se ser
uma reserva estratégica para um futuro não tão distante. Para evitar sua degradação
e superexploração, a legislação que o protege e normatiza sua gestão deve ser
eficaz, pois é praticamente inviável sua descontaminação, além de suas reservas
poderem ser esgotadas. A primeira dificuldade está na falta de estudos científicos
conclusivos, o que gera a necessidade de as normas atenderem ao princípio da
precaução. O maior desafio é o fato de o Sistema Aqüífero Guarani estar, em parte,
na esfera de domínio estadual, federal e internacional. Não existe uma legislação
específica sobre o Guarani, estando ele incluído na proteção das águas
subterrâneas. A legislação ambiental brasileira é considerada umas das mais
modernas do mundo, abrangendo diversos princípios ambientais e tendo o campo
específico dos recursos hídricos. Além disso, com a Política Nacional de Recursos
Hídricos em implantação há uma década, há sistemas de gestão em avançado
desenvolvimento. No âmbito do Mercosul, o sistema de proteção ambiental como um
todo não saiu do campo teórico, podendo se tentar acordos no âmbito dos tribunais
arbitrais. Internacionalmente, os mecanismos de defesa ambiental ficam, na maioria
dos casos, no âmbito da ONU. Diversas conferências foram realizadas e suas idéias
serviram e servem de base para o avanço da proteção ambiental. A eficácia do
sistema internacional é muito limitada e depende da boa vontade dos países
envolvidos devido à questão da soberania. O Sistema Aqüífero Guarani precisa ter
uma gestão plena, principalmente em nível nacional, pelo fato de a maior parte de
sua extensão estar em território brasileiro, mas também depende de acordos em
nível transfronteiriço, sob a salvaguarda e monitoramento do Direito e organismos
internacionais para que ele atenda, em sua exploração, ao princípio do
desenvolvimento sustentável e tenha, como finalidade primordial, o abastecimento
para consumo humano face aos interesses econômicos que beneficiariam apenas
um seleto grupo
45
Zarbakhsh, Hallie Ida. "The Potential of Islamic Finance for Environmental Sustainability and Social Equity in Iran." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461334909.
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46
Tompkins, Robyn. "Transboundary water resource management of the Pongolo River/Rio Maputo." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3273.
Full textAbstract:
In the Twenty-first Century, sustainable water management is likely to be humanity's greatest challenge in a world of ever-increasing demand. Legal instruments both international and national regulate and provide a general framework for the use and management of international waters. Future basin management agreements can be informed by examining the degree of success, in terms of sustainability and equity, achieved by such agreements. That success can be influenced by the degree to which such agreements support the human right to water implicitly stated in international customary law, through a collaborative management approach. Since 1988, attempts by communities on the Pongolo floodplain to be involved in Pongolopoort Dam releases, have met with little success. Recently, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has begun to support those efforts, but the approach remains a sectoral one, and is primarily concerned with water issues. The South African National Water Act 36 of 1998 provides for environmental management and public participation, as well as providing explicitly for the rights of individual water users, but its implementation is hampered by an overwhelming emphasis on technical considerations and a lack of political will to embrace collaborative management systems. Little effort is expended on collaborative management methods, though the level of transparency in water management is improving, despite remaining highly centralised. The level and extent of incentives for local community participation is low, and systematic monitoring is in its early development. International river basin agreements generally take a top-down or state-driven approach, though there are some examples where local cross-border communities have participated successfully in the implementation of international agreements and management of transboundary basins. South Africa, Swaziland and M09ambique signed the Interim Incomaputo Agreement, which includes the Maputo basin, in August 2002. Once again, the approach to this agreement has been highly sectoral in that negotiations were handled entirely by water officials in the relevant countries. A lack of transparency has prevailed in the negotiation stages, though through the basin studies, which will inform implementation plans, the level of participation should improve. There is overwhelming consensus that integrated management is the key to sustainable international river basin management. Formal and systematic methods for inter-departmental communication, both nationally and internationally are currently not being implemented, which has significant negative impacts on integrated management. Research in this area represents an opportunity to explore collaborative management of an international river basin in an area that is, as yet, unstressed in terms of population and water supply.<br>Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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LEE, FANG CHUNG, and 李方中. "Present Operation Principles and Practices of International Water Law." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88265453015202851655.
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Chen, Yu-Yun, and 陳宇雲. "A Study on the International Environmental Law & Water Resource System." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14798761546368377499.
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Woldemariam, Yohannes. "A critical assessment of international relations theories for managing transboundary water resources: The case of the Nile basin." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3299125.
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In Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia the connection to water is intertwined with culture and history. It cannot fully be captured by game theory based on the assumption of strategic action. Neither perceived threats to national security nor do fundamental value conflicts allow for ‘rational’ solution. Nor are market mechanisms adequate in explaining the behavior of actors around issues of water. The challenge in addressing a range of questions on transboundary river basins is one of a theoretical framework. To what extent are coherent explanatory models embedded in social theories helpful in evaluating the Nile case? The search for generalized rules has led to scholarship in which predictability, parsimony and simplicity is the measure of academically acceptable approaches and methodologies. In light of the complexity of the region where the Nile is located, narrow focus and false parsimony of theoretical concepts can oversimplify to the point of being misleading. There are a range of subjective meanings and values that water has in different societal contexts that are not amenable to the dominant international relations theories. This study utilizes a critical pluralist approach to assess existing IR theories in general and regime theory in particular. Critical pluralism can capture those aspects of culture; history and contexts attached to water that are not amenable to positivist social science and the dominant international relations theories.
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Viljoen, Salome. "The management of international watercourse systems as reflected by international law and in view of the Southern African Development Community." Diss., 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17813.
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International water law has been unable to translate its principles into effective institutions
for the management of shared water resources. National interest has often override any
real commitment to the principles of international water law as reflected by the draft
Articles of the ILC. Based on the theory of sovereignty, it emphasises a discretionary
power to co-operate. However, the community of interest's theory is rather recommended
as basis for co-operation. The draft Articles does not take sufficient account of the role
domestic water policies, international relations and economics play in the co-operation of
states. An integrated approach that considers social and economic effects within an
environmental context is proposetL The political economy of water includes the potential
of 'virtual water' through the importation of staple grains. A holistic approach, taking
global trade in agriculture into account, is recommended. The SADC countries should
also consider the potential of regional trade in 'virtual water'.<br>Law<br>LL. M. (Law)